Studies that treat quantitative fertility data analytically. References to crude data are coded under S. Official Statistical Publications. Methodological studies specifically concerned with fertility are cited in this division and cross-referenced to N. Methods of Research and Analysis Including Models, if necessary.
Analytical studies of quantitative birth data and reproduction rates and studies of fertility and its concomitants. Studies of age at marriage, divorce, and factors influencing family size are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household.
63:30242 Albizu-Campos Espiñeira, Juan
C.; Benítez Pérez, María E.; Catasús
Cervera, Sonia; Farnós Morejón, Alfonso; González
Quiñones, Fernando; Jiménez Araya, Tomás; Alfonso
Fraga, Juan C.; Alvarez Vázquez, Luisa; Sosa Marín,
Miguel; Valido Salas, Sandra; MacDonald, Alphonse. Cuba:
the fertility transition. Social change and reproductive behavior.
[Cuba: transición de la fecundidad. Cambio social y conducta
reproductiva.] 1995. 158 pp. Universidad de la Habana, Centro de
Estudios Demográficos [CEDEM]: Havana, Cuba; Oficina Nacional de
Estadísticas [ONE]: Havana, Cuba; Ministerio de Salud
Pública [MINSAP]: Havana, Cuba; United Nations Population Fund
[UNFPA]: New York, New York; Unicef: New York, New York. In Spa.
This is an analysis of the demographic transition in Cuba, focusing
on the factors influencing the trend toward low levels of fertility.
The authors conclude that the primary factor affecting reproductive
behavior has been the major transformation that has occurred in the
role of women in Cuban society, and particularly the improvements in
female education and increases in female participation in the labor
force. Social policies, combined with health policies that reduced
levels of infant mortality and gave women the means to control their
fertility, have led to a decline in inequality and a generally
homogeneous pattern of low fertility throughout the
country.
Correspondence: Universidad de la Habana, Centro
de Estudios Demográficos, Avenida 41 Número 2003, Playa
13, Havana, Cuba. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30243 Arroyo, Cristino R.; Zhang,
Junsen. Dynamic microeconomic models of fertility choice:
a survey. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1997.
23-65 pp. Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"We review existing
approaches to the specification and estimation of dynamic microeconomic
models of fertility. Dynamic fertility models explain the evolution of
fertility variates over the life-cycle as the solution to a dynamic
programming model involving economic choices. Dynamic models may be
classified into structural and reduced-form models. Structural models
generally require solution of the underlying dynamic programming
problem. Reduced-form models, while based on a structural
specification, do not. Recent innovations in estimation methodologies
make both types practical and realistic alternatives to static models
of lifetime fertility."
Correspondence: J. Zhang,
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Economics, Shatin, New
Territories, Hong Kong. E-mail: jszhang@cuhk.edu.hk. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30244 Barkalov, Nicholas B.; Dorbritz,
Jürgen. Measuring period parity-progression ratios
with competing techniques: an application to East Germany.
Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, Vol. 21, No. 4,
1996. 459-505 pp. Wiesbaden, Germany. In Eng. with sum. in Ger; Fre.
"After a brief theoretical introduction, this paper presents a
survey of period parity-progression measurement techniques, describes
their methodological principles, and examines their applicability and
[the] reliability of their resulting estimates. The survey includes
both relatively complicated detailed methods based on age- and
duration-specific fertility tables, and simple procedures, such as the
conventional age based method and the Henry indirect method. The former
[German Democratic Republic] was chosen as an application case....The
results show that the different measurement techniques produce
relatively similar estimates of the parity-progression ratios for
parities 1 to 3. Those for higher parities, as well as for parity 0,
are more dependent upon the method of
measurement."
Correspondence: N. B. Barkalov,
Development Group International, Alexandria, VA 22314. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30245 Basu, Alaka M. The
"politicization" of fertility to achieve non-demographic
objectives. Population Studies, Vol. 51, No. 1, Mar 1997. 5-18 pp.
London, England. In Eng.
"It is argued in this paper that
`perceptions' about the determinants of fertility and of fertility
decline can be `politicized' by various special interest groups; that
is, these perceptions can be used to push for policies and
interventions which often have an ambiguous relationship to actual
fertility, but are important because they already appear on the
political agenda of these groups. Such politicization is facilitated by
the near-universal consensus that fertility decline is a legitimate
goal in the developing world, by the increasing evidence that there can
be no grand theory of fertility decline, and by the willingness of
scholars to attach a policy significance to all their findings. Two
examples of such politicization in India are presented, one of which
has a socially beneficial impact, whilst the other is potentially
disruptive, to illustrate that such politicization is not without its
dangers."
Correspondence: A. M. Basu, Cornell
University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30246 Bongaarts, John; Amin,
Sajeda. Prospects for fertility decline and implications
for population growth in South Asia. Policy Research Division
Working Paper, No. 94, 1997. 41 pp. Population Council, Research
Division: New York, New York. In Eng.
The authors begin by
assessing "prospects for fertility decline in a number of
countries in [South Asia]. Next, [they] review factors affecting
post-transitional fertility, a crucial factor in long-range population
growth. [They] conclude with an overview of population projections and
policy options for reducing population
growth."
Correspondence: Population Council, Research
Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30247 Cheng, Benjamin S.; Hsu, Robert C.;
Chu, Qiyu. The causality between fertility and female
labour force participation in Japan. Applied Economics Letters,
Vol. 4, No. 2, Feb 1997. 113-5 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"Applying Hsiao's version of the Granger causality method, an
examination is carried out into the causality between fertility (BR)
and female labour (FR) participation for Japan over the period
1950-1993. A unidirectional causality appears to run from BR to FR
without feedback. The F-Statistics show that fertility negatively
affects female labour force participation but not vice versa. It
appears that women's employment does not hinder the probability of
having more children, but having small children at home strongly
discourages [women] from seeking outside
employment."
Correspondence: B. S. Cheng, Southern
University, Department of Economics, Baton Rouge, LA 70813.
Location: Princeton University Library (SXF).
63:30248 Dangol, Bishnu D.; Retherford, Robert
D.; Thapa, Shyam. Declining fertility in Nepal.
Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar 1997. 33-54 pp.
Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"This article assesses levels and
trends in fertility in Nepal between 1977 and 1995. The data are from
two national surveys conducted in 1991 and 1996. Fertility levels and
trends are estimated by using the `birth history' method and the
`own-children' method. The results show a steady decline in fertility
over the estimation period. Assuming a constant rate of fertility
decline over this period, the authors estimate that the total fertility
rate (TFR) per woman declined by 1.90 children, from 6.68 in 1977 to
4.78 in 1991. In urban areas, the TFR fell by 2.70 children, from 6.10
to 3.40; in rural areas, it fell by 1.83 children, from 6.65 to
4.82."
Correspondence: B. D. Dangol, Central Bureau of
Statistics, Population Division, Katmandu, Nepal. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30249 de Beer, J. Most
children born in summer. [Meeste kinderen in zomer geboren.]
Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking, Vol. 45, No. 5, May 1997. 6-9 pp.
Voorburg, Netherlands. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
"In the
Netherlands 5% more children are born in July and August than in other
months. Some 25 years ago most children were born in spring. The
seasonal pattern of births in northern European countries shows a peak
in spring, whereas the pattern in southern European countries has a
peak in July."
Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30250 Escallier, Robert.
Morocco in demographic transition. [Le Maroc, en transition
démographique.] Méditerranée, Vol. 81, No. 1.2,
1995. 107-12 pp. Aix-en-Provence, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
Although Morocco has entered the second stage of an apparently
irreversible demographic transition, major differences in demographic
behavior by place of residence and region persist. The author notes
that outlying and remote areas continue to experience traditional
levels of high fertility, whereas fertility has declined significantly
in urban areas; this suggests that urban women have benefited from the
new opportunities for education and employment that have become
available through modernization.
Correspondence: R.
Escallier, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Centre de la
Méditerranée Moderne et Contemporaine, 38 parc Valrose,
06108 Nice Cedex 2, France. Location: Dartmouth College
Library, Hanover, NH.
63:30251 Garenne, Michel L.; Frisch, Rose
E. Natural fertility. Study Designs and Statistics
for Infertility Research, Vol. 5, No. 2, Apr 1994. 259-82 pp.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In Eng.
"This article focuses on
fertility in the absence of contraception (natural fertility), the main
topic of interest for the study of infertility. It presents the levels
and patterns of natural fertility in human populations and discusses
the demographic effect of the main environmental factors affecting
natural fertility: nutrition, physical activity, and diseases. It does
not include the study of behavioral factors of fertility, such as
marriage patterns, taboos, and
contraception."
Correspondence: M. L. Garenne, Centre
Français sur la Population et le Développement, 15 rue de
l'Ecole de Médecine, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30252 Gómez de León Cruces,
José. Recent trends, differentials, and
institutional agents. [Tendencias recientes, diferencias y agentes
institucionales.] Démos, No. 9, 1996. 8-10 pp. Mexico City,
Mexico. In Spa.
The author discusses fertility trends in Mexico,
based on data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Planning.
Contraceptive use is also examined, with attention to type of method
used, marital status, parity, education, and source of
contraceptives.
Correspondence: J. Gómez de
León Cruces, Consejo Nacional de Población, Avenida Angel
Urraza 1137, Col. Del Valle, C.P. 03100 Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30253 Hotz, V. Joseph; Klerman, Jacob A.;
Willis, Robert J. The economics of fertility in developed
countries. In: Handbook of population and family economics, edited
by Mark R. Rosenzweig and Oded Stark. 1997. 275-347 pp. Elsevier
Science Publishers: Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
In this
chapter, the authors review the literature, initiated by Gary Becker's
seminal paper in 1960, on the economics of fertility as it applies to
fertility behavior in developed countries. "We have two primary
objectives. First, we seek to review the important theoretical
developments, or model features, spawned by the attempts to explain
household fertility behavior within a neoclassical framework. In the
process we characterize how the development of the theory of the
allocation of time, the concepts of household production theory, and
human capital investment theory, among others, helped improve our
understanding of the fertility decisions of households in developed
societies. Second, we attempt to characterize the implications that
these models provide for empirical assessments of the determinants of
fertility behavior....We characterize the identification problems as
they arise in this context, and we highlight several studies which, in
our view, follow exemplary strategies for obtaining estimates of causal
relationships, especially with respect to their
credibility."
Correspondence: V. J. Hotz, University
of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:30254 Khan, H. T. Abdullah. A
multilevel modelling approach to the determinants of urban and rural
fertility in Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 12,
No. 1, Mar 1997. 55-76 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
The author
examines fertility determinants in Bangladesh, using data from the 1989
Bangladesh Fertility Survey. "The subject of this paper is
threefold: firstly to define the hierarchical levels for the data used
in this study and establish multilevel models, secondly to examine the
hierarchical variation in fertility between different levels, and
thirdly to explore the selected determinants of urban and rural
fertility rates....Perhaps the most important contribution here is that
cultural and decision-making variables have been found to play an
important role in explaining fertility in Bangladesh apart from [other]
groups of variables. Religion was found to have a significant influence
in rural areas, particularly among older women. This would seem to
suggest that increasing urbanization may help to reduce this influence
and thus reduce overall fertility rates for the
country."
Correspondence: H. T. A. Khan, University of
Dhaka, Department of Statistics, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30255 Kollmann, Robert.
Endogenous fertility in a model with non-dynastic parental
altruism. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1997.
87-95 pp. Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"A model of fertility
choice is studied in which the utility of parents depends on how much
they consume, on how many children they have and on the consumption of
their children. Hence, parents are altruistic towards their children,
but in a more limited sense than in the much discussed dynastic
fertility model presented by Becker and Barro (1988). The concept of a
(subgame perfect) bequest equilibrium is used to solve the non-dynastic
model considered here. The steady state birth rate is lower in the
non-dynastic model than in the Becker-Barro model. However, the key
qualitative predictions concerning the dynamic behavior of fertility
are strikingly similar in both models."
Correspondence:
R. Kollmann, Université de Grenoble 2, UFR Sciences
Economiques, B.P. 47, 38040 Grenoble Cedex 9, France. E-mail:
koll@grenet.fr. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30256 Leridon, Henri. The
biological and social determinants of fertility: an overview. [Les
facteurs biologiques et sociaux de la fécondité: une vue
d'ensemble.] In: Démographie: analyse et synthèse. Causes
et conséquences des évolutions démographiques,
Volume 3. Apr 1997. 1-19 pp. Centre Français sur la Population
et le Développement [CEPED]: Paris, France; Università
degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Scienze Demografiche:
Rome, Italy; Università degli Studi di Siena, Facoltà di
Giurisprudenza: Siena, Italy. In Fre.
Some of the basic terms used
in the analysis of fertility are defined, including fertility and
fecundity, the reproductive period, birth intervals, the menstrual
cycle, fecundability, pregnancy duration, and postpartum
amenorrhea.
Correspondence: H. Leridon, Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex
14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30257 Li, Jianmin. An analysis
of the mechanism that precipitates and limits the economic
ramifications of fertility decline in China. Chinese Journal of
Population Science, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1996. 373-7 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"This study is an analysis of the mechanism that
precipitates the economic ramifications of fertility decline [in China]
from the perspectives of human life cycle and the relationship between
individual economic behavior and the country's macroeconomic
environment."
Correspondence: J. Li, Nankai
University, Institute of Population and Development, Tianjin, China.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30258 Lu, Hongping. The impact
of Chinese traditional culture on population transition. Chinese
Journal of Population Science, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1996. 437-45 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng.
"Traditional culture exerts an
important impact on population transition. This is particularly true in
China, a country with a long history of civilization. The impact is
double-sided, with both positive and negative sides. Some aspects of
the traditional culture have contributed, directly or indirectly, to
the tremendous achievement China has made in population control. At the
same time, it is true that traditional culture also places great
obstacles for the transition of the Chinese population. So to
accelerate the transition, it is necessary to take an objective look at
traditional Chinese culture and ascertain what benefits might be gained
from it."
Correspondence: H. Lu, Hebei University,
Population Research Institute, Hebei, China. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30259 Manning, Linda M.; Samarayanake, V.
A. Fertility rates and the socio-economic environment in
Missouri. International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 22, No.
7, 1995. 59-71 pp. Bradford, England. In Eng.
"In order to
understand the impact of economy-wide socio-economic forces on
fertility, [the authors examine] economies which are homogeneous with
respect to political, cultural and historical character, which also
contains subsectors characterized by socioeconomic diversity. [They
first look] at previous research on fertility and then [use] Missouri
as a representative example of such an
economy."
Correspondence: L. M. Manning, University of
Missouri, Department of Economics, Rolla, MO 65401. Location:
World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.
63:30260 Mbizvo, M. T.; Bonduelle, M. M. J.;
Chadzuka, S.; Lindmark, G.; Nystrom, L. Unplanned
pregnancies in Harare: What are the social and sexual
determinants? Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 45, No. 6, Sep
1997. 937-42 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
This article presents
results of a hospital-based study undertaken in Harare, Zimbabwe, to
estimate the extent of unplanned or unintended pregnancy among mothers
giving birth at the hospital. "Out of 923 deliveries, 41% were
unplanned and 9% unwanted." Factors analyzed included age, parity,
educational status, employment status, marital status, income, and
living arrangements. The authors conclude that "there are
documentable social and reproductive factors underlying unwanted
pregnancy. Risk factors for unplanned pregnancy form a pattern similar
to those for maternal mortality. Thus unplanned pregnancy is a major
indicator of the presence of factors known to increase the risk of
maternal death."
Correspondence: M. T. Mbizvo,
University of Zimbabwe Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, P.O. Box A178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
63:30261 Muñoz Pérez,
Francisco. Childless couples in Portugal and Spain.
[Las parejas sin hijos en Portugal y España.] Revista
Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, Vol. 70,
Apr-Jun 1995. 39-66 pp. Madrid, Spain. In Spa.
The author examines
fertility declines in Portugal and Spain, using census data for the
period 1970-1991. The focus is on the proportion of childless couples
and the average number of births per couple. Results show that
fertility declines in both countries are similar to other Western
European countries. There is more geographical variation in Spain, and
voluntary childlessness is rare in both
countries.
Correspondence: F. Muñoz Pérez,
Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur,
75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:30262 Mutharayappa, Rangamuthia; Choe,
Minja Kim; Arnold, Fred; Roy, T. K. Son preference and its
effect on fertility in India. National Family Health Survey
Subject Report, No. 3, Mar 1997. 35 pp. International Institute for
Population Sciences [IIPS]: Mumbai, India; East-West Center, Program on
Population [POP]: Honolulu, Hawaii. In Eng.
"Using data from
the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey, this report assesses the
prevalence of son preference in India as a whole and in the 19 most
populous states....The analysis compares the ideal number of sons and
the ideal number of daughters mentioned by Indian women as well as
contraceptive use by women with two sons and women with two daughters.
It goes on to compare the situation for boys and girls in terms of
immunization rates, period of breastfeeding, prevalence of three common
childhood diseases and likelihood of treatment, prevalence of chronic
undernutrition among children under age 4, and infant and child
mortality rates. On nearly all these measures and in most states, male
children have a decided advantage over female children. Son preference
is particularly strong in northern and central India and somewhat
weaker in the southern and western regions. Next, the analysis uses
life-table methods and hazard models to examine the effect of son
preference on fertility....In states where fertility is very high or
very low, the effect is small, as expected, but in states with
intermediate levels of fertility (between 2.0 and 3.0 children), it
varies widely. It is highest in Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat, and
Maharashtra and lowest in West Bengal and most of the southern states.
If gender preferences could be eliminated entirely, the fertility level
in India would decline by about 8 percent."
Correspondence:
International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station
Road, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088, India. E-mail: ipps.nfhs@axcess.net.in.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30263 Pandey, Arvind; Sreenivasan, S.;
Sexena, P. C.; Suchindran, C. M. Differentials of the
maternal age at first and last births in selected states of India.
Janasamkhya, Vol. 11, No. 2, Dec 1993. 73-100 pp. Kariavattom, India.
In Eng.
"This is an attempt to examine the age distribution of
mothers at the time of first and last births in the selected four
[Indian] states and compare the results with those of Kerala State. The
four Hindi speaking states are in great contrast to the state of Kerala
with respect to socio-economic and demographic conditions. Hence here
[the authors] also study the differentials in the maternal age at first
and last birth by the socio-economic categories. The data for this
study are taken from the fourth report of the SRS published in
1984."
Correspondence: A. Pandey, International
Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai
400 088, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30264 Pathak, K. B.; Pandey,
Arvind. Biosocial aspects of human fertility: models and
applications. ISBN 81-7018-802-4. 1994. xiv, 149 pp. B. R.
Publishing: Delhi, India. In Eng.
This volume contains 13 papers
that were presented at a workshop organized during the Tenth Annual
Convention of the Indian Society for Medical Statistics. The workshop
was entitled Modelling of Biosocial Process and Birth Intervals.
"These papers covered a wide range of modelling problems and
related issues of human fertility. The discussion centered around the
estimation of various biosocial determinants of fertility such as
post-partum amenorrhea, duration and pattern of breast-feeding,
primary, secondary and adolescent sterilities. Models for the analysis
of first conceptive delays and subsequent birth intervals were debated.
A couple of papers were devoted to the estimation of mean age at
different order of births on the one hand and to study the childbearing
process in a life table form on the other. Some points were raised
regarding the estimation of mean duration of post-partum amenorrhea
from the data on breast-feeding duration and a new methodology was
suggested. Papers related to the estimation of fecundability,
instantaneous and cohort parity progression ratios were also
presented."
Correspondence: B. R. Publishing, D. K.
Publishers Distributors (P), A-6 Nimri Community Centre, Ashok Vihar,
Phase IV, Delhi 110 052, India. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:30265 Pozo Avalos, Arturo; Médico,
Asesor. Fertility in Ecuador. [La fecundidad en el
Ecuador.] Correo Poblacional y de la Salud, Vol. 5, No. 1, Mar 1997.
39-46 pp. Quito, Ecuador. In Spa.
The authors analyze fertility
trends in Ecuador, with a focus on differences according to educational
level and region of residence. The impact of contraceptive use and
other intermediate variables is considered.
Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30266 Schultz, T. Paul. Demand
for children in low income countries. In: Handbook of population
and family economics, edited by Mark R. Rosenzweig and Oded Stark.
1997. 349-430 pp. Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam, Netherlands.
In Eng.
This chapter reviews the literature on the microeconomics
of fertility, with an emphasis on understanding fertility behavior and
population growth in developing countries and the effects of economic
development on population growth. The relevant statistics on fertility,
levels of economic development, and family planning efforts in
developing countries are first introduced. Next, the author reviews
microeconomic models of fertility. The chapter ends with an empirical
analysis of the main determinants of fertility change and variation.
The author concludes that although a substantial part of cross-country
fertility differentials and changes in fertility over time within
countries can be explained by variations in the level and sex
composition of schooling, the decline of the importance of agriculture,
and reductions in mortality associated with economic development, there
is little evidence of the influence of family planning programs on
fertility.
Correspondence: T. P. Schultz, Yale University,
Box 1987, Yale Station, 277 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30267 Shapiro, David; Tambashe, B.
Oleko. Education, employment, and fertility in Kinshasa
and prospects for changes in reproductive behavior. Population
Research and Policy Review, Vol. 16, No. 3, Jun 1997. 259-87 pp.
Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This paper examines fertility
behavior of women in Kinshasa, Zaire's capital city with a population
of roughly four million. We look at relationships linking women's
education, employment, and fertility behavior (children ever born, age
at first marriage, contraception, abortion, breastfeeding, and
pospartum abstinence), using data from a 1990 survey of
reproductive-age women. Other things equal, there are significant
differences by educational attainment and by modern sector employment
in lifetime fertility and in most of the proximate determinants as
well. The results suggest that modern contraception and abortion are
alternative fertility control strategies in Kinshasa, with abortion
appearing to play an important role in contributing to the observed
fertility differentials by education and
employment."
Correspondence: D. Shapiro, Pennsylvania
State University, College of the Liberal Arts, Department of Economics,
416 Kern Building, University Park, PA 16802-3306. E-mail:
d89@psuvm.psu.edu. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30268 Singh, O. P.; Pathak, D. S.
A probability distribution for forward birth interval regardless of
parity. Janasamkhya, Vol. 11, No. 2, Dec 1993. 129-34 pp.
Kariavattom, India. In Eng.
"A probability model for the
forward birth interval under very simple and frequently used
assumptions has been derived. The model incorporates the effect of
foetal wastage. To illustrate the use of the model the mean of the
birth interval has been calculated."
Correspondence:
O. P. Singh, Udai Pratap College, Department of Statistics,
Varanasi 221 002, India. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:30269 Tiefenthaler, Jill.
Fertility and family time allocation in the Philippines.
Population and Development Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, Jun 1997. 377-97,
464, 466 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"While it is obvious that a birth will increase a woman's time
devoted to child care, it is less obvious where the additional time
comes from. Using data from the Philippines, the author estimates the
average time spent in child care, market work, housework, and leisure
by mothers, fathers, and older children both before and after the birth
of a child. Comparison of the effects of the birth on time allocation
across households indicates that the time adjustments made after the
birth of a first child are significantly greater than those made after
the births of subsequent children. The results also indicate that
mothers bear over 90 percent of the time costs of children in families
with no older children. When older children are present, however,
mothers' percentage contribution falls
considerably."
Correspondence: J. Tiefenthaler,
Colgate University, Department of Economics, Hamilton, NY 13346.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30270 Tripathy, P. K.; Rao, I. S.; Pradhan,
P. N. An analysis of selected demographic parameters in
fertility data of Orissa. Janasamkhya, Vol. 11, No. 2, Dec 1993.
113-22 pp. Kariavattom, India. In Eng.
"This work attempts to
estimate the selected demographic parameters and analyse fertility data
of [the Indian state of] Orissa." Comparison is made with India as
a whole.
Correspondence: P. K. Tripathy, Utkal University,
Post-graduate Department of Statistics, P.O. Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar
751 004, Orissa, India. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30271 Véron, Jacques.
The decrease of fertility in the world. [La baisse de la
fécondité dans le monde.] Bulletin de l'Association de
Géographes Français, Vol. 73, No. 2, Mar 1996. 86-95 pp.
Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"Fertility has
strongly declined over the last three decades but a high fertility
level persists in a part of the developing world, especially in Africa.
Disparities are therefore very pronounced (the TFR [total fertility
rate] varies from 1.3 to 7.6 children per woman). The causes of
disparities and changes are diverse and complex. They are all linked to
the development process."
Correspondence: J.
Véron, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue
du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: U.S.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
63:30272 Yip, Chong K.; Zhang, Junxi.
A simple endogenous growth model with endogenous fertility:
indeterminacy and uniqueness. Journal of Population Economics,
Vol. 10, No. 1, 1997. 97-110 pp. Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"This paper studies the equilibrium dynamics and indeterminacy
of equilibria in an endogenous growth model with endogenous fertility
choice. We characterize the conditions that give rise to a unique
equilibrium as well as multiple equilibria. Whenever there exists a
unique equilibrium, it will be globally determinate; when multiple
equilibria arise, indeterminacy occurs. In particular, we find that two
equilibria occur--one is associated with high fertility and low growth,
while the other is associated with low fertility and high growth. A
parameterized example is given to assess the empirical feasibility of
our results. The validity of the neo-Malthusian relation between
fertility and growth is then re-examined. Finally, we study the
relation between growth and welfare and compare different balanced
growth equilibria in terms of their lifetime-attained
utility."
Correspondence: C. K. Yip, Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Department of Economics, Shatin, New
Territories, Hong Kong. E-mail: chongkeeyip@cuhk.edu.hk. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on differences in fertility patterns and levels in subgroups of a population. Also included are studies on age-specific fertility, such as teenage pregnancy.
63:30273 Alfonso Fraga, Juan C.
Adolescent fertility: some factors affecting trends in Cuba over
the last decade. [La fecundidad adolescente: algunos elementos
sobre su comportamiento en Cuba en la ultima decada.] Oct 1992. 21 pp.
Comité Estatal de Estadísticas, Instituto de
Investigaciones Estadísticas: Havana, Cuba. In Spa.
Trends
in adolescent fertility in Cuba are analyzed over the period 1981-1991.
The author notes that adolescent fertility declined over this period,
and that Cuban fertility as a whole remained below replacement level
throughout the decade.
Correspondence: Comité
Estatal de Estadísticas, Instituto de Investigaciones
Estadísticas, Almendares No. 156, Esquina a Desague, Gaveta
Postal 6016, Havana, Cuba. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:30274 Bender, David L.; Leone, Bruno;
Barbour, Scott; Stalcup, Brenda; Thompson, Stephen P.
Teenage pregnancy: opposing viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints
Series, ISBN 1-56510-562-1. LC 96-48031. 1997. 190 pp. Greenhaven
Press: San Diego, California. In Eng.
This is a collection of
readings giving various opposing viewpoints on aspects of teenage
pregnancy in the United States. The questions addressed are: Is teenage
pregnancy a serious problem? What factors contribute to teenage
pregnancy? How can teenage pregnancy be prevented? and What new
initiatives would reduce teenage pregnancy?
Correspondence:
Greenhaven Press, P.O. Box 289009, San Diego, CA 92198-9009.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30275 Dinkel, R. H.; Lebok, U. H.
The fertility of migrants before and after crossing the border: the
ethnic German population from the former Soviet Union as a case
study. International Migration, Vol. 35, No. 2, 1997. 253-70 pp.
Oxford, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Empirical
data on persons of German ethnic origin migrating to Germany from the
former Soviet Union are used to calculate their relative fertility
levels before and after arriving in their new host country....A
relatively strong fertility decline was observed for German origin
migrants (Aussiedler) from the former Soviet Union during their first
years in Germany....Surprisingly, the fertility of this former
high-fertility population fell to a level much lower than the already
low German fertility. The extraordinarily high fertility levels of
certain religious groups within the former Soviet Union fell even more
rapidly after arrival in their new home
country."
Correspondence: R. H. Dinkel,
Universität Bamberg, Bevölkerungswissenschaft,
Feldkirchenstraße 21, 8600 Bamberg, Germany. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30276 Jeffery, Roger; Jeffery,
Patricia. Population, gender and politics: demographic
change in rural north India. Contemporary South Asia, Vol. 3, ISBN
0-521-46116-2. 1997. xvi, 278 pp. Cambridge University Press: New York,
New York/Cambridge, England. In Eng.
This study, which is based on
fieldwork carried out in the 1980s and early 1990s in the Bijnor
District of Uttar Pradesh in northern India, was originally designed to
examine the extent to which gender relations were related to changes in
fertility in a rural population in which demographic change was
generally slow. In particular, the authors "examine the
demographic processes in two castes--the Hindu Jats and the Muslim
Sheikhs--and ask why there are higher levels of fertility among the
Sheikhs. The authors conclude that explanations can be only partially
attributed to narrowly economic concerns, to gender relationships or to
religion. Rather, the different economic and political interests and
positions of the two groups within the locality are the defining
factors. Given their marginalization from the formal urban economy ,
the Sheikhs have little incentive, for example, to have small families
or to invest in the education of their children. In contrast, the
Jats--who are locally dominant--are using birth control and educating
their children for as long as possible. In the final chapter, the
authors demonstrate the significance of their analysis for a wider
understanding of the problems of population and politics in India
generally."
Correspondence: Cambridge University
Press, Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30277 Khlat, M.; Deeb, M.; Courbage,
Y. Fertility levels and differentials in Beirut during
wartime: an indirect estimation based on maternity registers.
Population Studies, Vol. 51, No. 1, Mar 1997. 85-92 pp. London,
England. In Eng.
"In this paper, total fertility estimates for
Greater Beirut in the mid-eighties and early nineties are presented,
and changes in socio-religious differentials of fertility across time
are explored....The estimates of total fertility for Beirut shifted
from 2.60 in 1984 to 2.52 in 199l, and were higher for Muslims than for
Christians in the two periods. The regression analysis showed that (1)
the difference between the two religious groups persisted after control
for social class, and in fact applied to lower social class; (2)
fertility dropped between the two dates in the lower social class, and
more so for Muslims than for Christians. In comparison with other
countries of the region, the decline in Beirut was found to be
relatively modest."
Correspondence: M. Khlat, Institut
National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675
Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30278 Manlove, Jennifer. Early
motherhood in an intergenerational perspective: the experiences of a
British cohort. Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 59, No.
2, May 1997. 263-79 pp. Minneapolis, Minnesota. In Eng.
"Using
nationally representative longitudinal data from Great Britain, this
study examines the fertility patterns of daughters of teen mothers. It
tests several mechanisms to help explain how early motherhood is
reproduced across generations, including an earlier inherited age of
menarche, poor family and educational environments, and an early ideal
age of childbearing among daughters of teen mothers. Some support is
provided for all mechanisms except for an early inherited age at
menarche. Even after controlling for family, school, and individual
factors, daughters of teen mothers were more likely to have a birth in
their teens and into their early 20s."
Correspondence:
J. Manlove, Child Trends, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 100,
Washington, D.C. 20008. E-mail: jmanlove@childtrends.org. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30279 Pandey, G. D.; Tiwary, R. S.
Fertility in Hill Korwas--a primitive tribe of Madhya Pradesh.
Man in India, Vol. 76, No. 4, Dec 1996. 325-9 pp. Ranchi, India. In
Eng.
"Hill Korwa is one of the seven primitive tribes of
Madhya Pradesh. Fertility behaviour of 604 eligible couples of Hill
Korwa tribe of Surguja district has been studied in this paper. The
observations have indicated that the total fertility rate in Hill Korwa
couples is about half (2.9) of the non-primitive tribal (5.3) and rural
couples (5.9) of the same region. The fecundability at younger ages in
this tribe has been also found about 2/3 of the fecundability observed
in above two communities."
Correspondence: G. D.
Pandey, Regional Medical Research Centre for Tribals, Nagpur Road, P.O.
Garha, Jabalpur 482 003, India. Location: Princeton University
Library (PR).
63:30280 Rao, Mohan. Myths of
reproductive profligacy of poor: evidence from Mandya District.
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 32, No. 25, Jun 21-27, 1997.
1,447-9 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"Literature is replete with
images of the reproductive profligacy of the poor in India. In much
popular understanding, this is frequently adduced as the cause of the
poverty of the poor and indeed of the country....But is this `common
sense' assertion based on sound empirical evidence? Krishnaji has drawn
attention to its empirical fallacy in a number of publications.
Reviewed briefly here is the empirical evidence on family size, child
survival and fertility by socio-economic categories followed by the
findings from a small study carried out in the Mandya district of
Karnataka in south India."
Location: Princeton
University Library (PF).
63:30281 Ugbomeh, Benard A.
Rural-urban fertility differentials in Bendel State: myth or
reality? Indonesian Journal of Geography, Vol. 27, No. 69, Jun
1995. 51-9 pp. Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In Eng.
"The paper
examines fertility differentials between the rural and urban areas of
the former Bendel State [Nigeria]. Studies in the 1960s show no
discernible pattern of rural-urban fertility differentials in Africa,
Nigeria inclusive. Although some studies have recorded urban fertility
being actually higher than the rural, others have shown the contrary
with the rural areas having higher fertility level. There is therefore
the need for a clarification of the controversy. The present paper aims
at filling this gap by establishing if fertility differentials between
both communities are myth or reality in Bendel State." The author
concludes that fertility in urban areas is lower than in rural
areas.
Correspondence: B. A. Ugbomeh, Delta State
University Abraka, Department of Geography and Regional Planning,
Abaraka, Delta State, Nigeria. Location: Yale University
Library, New Haven, CT.
63:30282 van Nimwegen, Nico; Beets,
Gijs. Divergence and convergence in demographic patterns:
similarities and dissimilarities in France and the Netherlands.
[Divergentie en convergentie in demografische patronen: overeenkomsten
en verschillen tussen Frankrijk en Nederland.] Bevolking en Gezin, No.
2, 1995. 107-23 pp. Brussels, Belgium. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
"In the last two centuries France and the Netherlands have
witnessed strongly diverging demographic developments. In France, for
example, fertility decline already started in the second half of the
18th century, whereas in the Netherlands this decline only started at
the end of the 19th century. For a long time Dutch fertility was
considerably higher than in France. Moreover, the mortality situation
has traditionally been more favourable in the Netherlands than in
France. However, from 1965 to the present, a process of convergence has
been taking place: both countries are now confronted with an
unprecedented low fertility level."
Correspondence: N.
van Nimwegen, Nederlands Interdisciplinair Demografisch Instituut,
Postbus 11650, 2502 AR The Hague, Netherlands. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on infertility, as well as studies of spontaneous abortion, prematurity, and other relevant pathologies of pregnancy.
63:30283 Curtis, Kathryn M.; Savitz, David A.;
Arbuckle, Tye E. Effects of cigarette smoking, caffeine
consumption, and alcohol intake on fecundability. American Journal
of Epidemiology, Vol. 146, No. 1, Jul 1, 1997. 32-41 pp. Baltimore,
Maryland. In Eng.
"Data from the Ontario [Canada] Farm Family
Health Study were analyzed to determine whether smoking, caffeine, or
alcohol use among men and women affect fecundability....Cigarette
smoking among women and men was associated with decreased
fecundability....Caffeine consumption of 100 mg or less versus more
than 100 mg in women and men was not associated with
fecundability....Decreases were observed among women who were coffee
drinkers...and men who were heavy tea drinkers...regardless of caffeine
content. Alcohol use among women and men was not associated with
fecundability. These data are consistent with previous studies of the
adverse effect of tobacco on fecundability in female smokers and
suggest an effect of smoking among males."
Correspondence:
K. M. Curtis, Centers for Disease Control and Reproduction,
Division of Reproductive Health, MS K-34, 4770 Buford Highway NE,
Atlanta, GA 30341-3724. Location: Princeton University Library
(SZ).
63:30284 Luna, F.; Polo, V.;
Fernandez-Santander, A.; Moral, P. Spontaneous abortion
pattern in an isolated Mediterranean population: La Alta Alpujarra
Oriental (Southeast Spain). Human Biology, Vol. 69, No. 3, Jun
1997. 345-56 pp. Detroit, Michigan. In Eng.
"The effects of
several family and embryonic factors on the abortion pattern in a rural
Mediterranean population (La Alta Alpujarra Oriental, Southeast Spain)
were analyzed from interview data on 3,163 pregnancies from the first
half of the twentieth century. No significant differences in
spontaneous abortion rates were detected between endogamous and
exogamous couples. The abortion pattern of this population is
characterized mainly by family and embryonic factors. High rates of
early abortions were significantly associated with maternal age and
pregnancy order, and parental consanguinity was linked with a notable
decrease of abortion frequency during the earlier stages of pregnancy.
A tendency toward a higher risk for abortion was also confirmed for
twinship of the fetus."
Correspondence: F. Luna,
Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento Biología Animal
I, Sección Antropología, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30285 Sundby, Johanne; Schei,
Berit. Infertility and subfertility in Norwegian women
aged 40-42: prevalence and risk factors. Acta Obstetricia et
Gynecologica Scandinavica, Vol. 75, No. 9, 1996. 832-7 pp. Copenhagen,
Denmark. In Eng.
"There are few population estimates of the
prevalence of infertility that also include some information about
medical conditions and social classification of study objects. This is
a study of 4,034 out of a total of 5,139 (78% of all invited) women in
one county of Norway....This survey found permanent primary infertility
in 2.6% of the women. Subfertility, as at least one year's delay of
pregnancy, was reported by 7.7%. A history of different reproductive
problems was associated with impaired fertility. Thirty-two percent of
primary infertile women had a history of PID, 13% had experienced
amenorrhea and almost 40% reported premenstrual tension, compared with
lower frequencies in women with normal fertility (11.0%, 3.3% and 29.4%
respectively)."
Correspondence: J. Sundby, Medical
Anthropology, UiO, Post Box 1130, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies concerning activities, including family planning programs, that are primarily designed to influence fertility.
General aspects of fertility control, primarily those concerned with family planning and family planning programs.
63:30286 Aparicio, Ricardo; Angulo,
Yvon. Unmet need for family planning. [Demanda
insatisfecha de planificación familiar.] Démos, No. 9,
1996. 28-30 pp. Mexico City, Mexico. In Spa.
The authors analyze
the unmet need for family planning in Mexico. Aspects considered
include family size, age, education, and rural or urban place of
residence.
Correspondence: R. Aparicio, Facultad
Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Apartado 5429, 1000 San
José, Costa Rica. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:30287 Barkat, Abul; Rahman, Mati U.; Bose,
Manik L. Family planning choice behaviour in urban slums
of Bangladesh: an econometric approach. Asia-Pacific Population
Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar 1997. 17-32 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"This article is aimed at focusing on the intensity of family
planning practices in the urban slums of Bangladesh. The choice
behaviour of slum dwellers for family planning has been analyzed in the
framework of an appropriate econometric model. Some policy implications
emerging from the study are also provided. One important policy
implication of the study is that programmatic efforts should be
enhanced and strengthened for accelerating family planning practices to
arrest the unbridled population growth in Bangladesh's urban
slums."
Correspondence: A. Barkat, University of
Dhaka, Department of Economics, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30288 Entwisle, Barbara; Rindfuss, Ronald
R.; Walsh, Stephen J.; Evans, Tom P.; Curran, Sara R.
Geographic information systems, spatial network analysis, and
contraceptive choice. Demography, Vol. 34, No. 2, May 1997. 171-87
pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"How does family planning
accessibility affect contraceptive choice? In this paper we use
techniques of spatial analysis to develop measures of family planning
accessibility, and evaluate the effects of these geographically derived
measures in a multilevel statistical model of temporary method choice
in Nang Rong, Thailand. In our analyses we combine spatial data
obtained from maps and Global Positioning System (GPS) readings with
sociodemographic data from surveys and administrative records. The new
measures reveal (1) important travel time effects even when family
planning outlets are close by; (2) independent effects of road
composition; (3) the relevance of alternative sources of family
planning supply; and (4) the importance of the local history of program
placement."
Correspondence: B. Entwisle, University of
North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, University Square, CB 8120,
124 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997. E-mail:
entwisle.cpc@mhs.unc.edu. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:30289 Garcia, Sandra G.; Snow, Rachel;
Aitken, Iain. Preferences for contraceptive attributes:
voices of women in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. International
Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 2, Jun 1997. 52-8 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Spa; Fre.
"Ten
focus-group discussions on attributes of contraceptive methods were
held in 1994 with 77 low-income women living in 10 neighborhoods in
Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. The discussions indicated that the women
strongly preferred highly effective contraceptives that would allow
users to maintain regular monthly bleeding and that would not cause
unpleasant side effects. Monthly bleeding was especially important to
these women, since it provided reassurance that pregnancy had been
prevented. Secrecy from partners was important to some, but not to the
majority of women in the focus groups. Among the numerous obstacles to
method acceptance identified were unwanted bleeding problems, partner's
objections, fear that an irreversible method might produce intolerable
side effects, concern that providers would insert a device without
consent, fear of not being able to conceive quickly after stopping use
and discomfort with having to interrupt intimacy or touch oneself to
insert a method."
Correspondence: R. Snow, Harvard
University, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Population
and International Health, Cambridge, MA 02138. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30290 Hasan, Yousuf; Maru, Rushikesh M.;
Simmons, Ruth; Ashraf, Ali. Sterilisation trends in
Bangladesh: supply side determinants. Economic and Political
Weekly, Vol. 32, No. 27, Jul 5-11, 1997. 1,656-63 pp. Mumbai, India. In
Eng.
"A government's ability and determination to promote
family planning services largely depends on its political will as well
as the types of policies and programmes it carries out. This paper
looks at sterilisation trends in Bangladesh since 1965 and examines
various programme and policy hypotheses that have been associated with
the observed trends." Particular attention is given to the factors
associated with the decline in the number of male and female
sterilizations since 1984.
Location: Princeton University
Library (PF).
63:30291 Jaccard, James; Helbig, Donald W.;
Wan, Choi K.; Gutman, Marjorie A.; Kritz-Silverstein, Donna C.
The prediction of accurate contraceptive use from attitudes and
knowledge. Health Education Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 1, Feb 1996.
17-33 pp. Thousand Oaks, California. In Eng.
"A framework of
the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior was
described in the context of [U.S.] couples' use of birth control. It
was hypothesized that when knowledge of behavioral enactment is
present, attitudes and beliefs about susceptibility to pregnancy will
be predictive of accurate use of the diaphragm. Respondents were 111
women who participated in a three-wave panel design focusing on
diaphragm use. Analyses indicated that the level of knowledge about
what a woman should do to use the diaphragm correctly was high. Correct
knowledge, however, did not translate into accurate behavior.
Motivational factors focusing on attitudes, perceived susceptibility to
pregnancy, and normative factors were also
relevant."
Correspondence: J. Jaccard, State
University of New York, Department of Psychology, Social Science 112,
Albany, NY 12222. Location: U.S. Library of Congress,
Washington, D.C.
63:30292 Jinadu, Musa K.; Olusi, S. O.;
Ajuwon, Bade. Traditional fertility regulation among the
Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria. I. A study of prevalence, attitudes,
practice and methods. African Journal of Reproductive Health, Vol.
1, No. 1, Mar 1997. 56-64 pp. Benin City, Nigeria. In Eng. with sum. in
Fre.
"This study was conducted among Yoruba women and
traditional healers [in Nigeria's Oranmiyan area] with the aim of
identifying and describing the practice, preparation, and
administration of traditional contraceptives....Findings revealed that
knowledge of the traditional contraceptives is nearly universal among
the Yoruba population, and the traditional contraceptive prevalence
rate is 7.1 percent. The use of traditional contraceptives was
significantly more common among uneducated women and among women aged
20 to 29 years old. Findings also revealed the existence of four main
varieties of traditional contraceptive devices, the methods of
preparation of the traditional contraceptives, varieties of herbal and
animal products used, methods of administration, and taboos against
usage."
Correspondence: M. K. Jinadu, Obafemi Awolowo
University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Ile-Ife,
Nigeria. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30293 Jinadu, Musa K.; Ajuwon,
Bade. Traditional fertility regulation among the Yoruba of
southwestern Nigeria. II. A prospective study of
use-effectiveness. African Journal of Reproductive Health, Vol. 1,
No. 1, Mar 1997. 65-73 pp. Benin City, Nigeria. In Eng. with sum. in
Fre.
"This study investigated the effectiveness of traditional
contraceptives commonly used by Yoruba women, and the attitudes of
users and non-users towards family planning services and contraceptives
in Nigeria....The study found that 5.6 percent of the users and 34.5
percent of the non-users became pregnant during the follow-up period.
Contraceptive failure was experienced by users of the waistband and
ring methods. The main barriers to the use of modern contraceptives as
described by women were the negative attitudes of men and the fear of
side effects."
Correspondence: M. K. Jinadu, Obafemi
Awolowo University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing,
Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30294 Lasee, Ashraf; Becker, Stan.
Husband-wife communication about family planning and contraceptive
use in Kenya. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 23,
No. 1, Mar 1997. 15-20, 33 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in
Fre; Spa.
"According to couple data from the l989 Kenya
Demographic and Health Survey, both knowledge and approval of family
planning are virtually universal in Kenya: Among 98% of couples, one or
both partners know of at least one modern method, and among 85% of
couples both partners approve of family planning. Discussion with the
partner about family planning was reported in 82% of couples. However,
only 67% of wives and 75% of husbands correctly predicted their
spouse's approval of family planning. Knowledge and approval of family
planning, husband-wife communication, desire for more children and
ideal family size are all significantly associated with current use.
Multiple logistic regression analyses show that husband-wife
communication, particularly the wife's perception of her husband's
approval of family planning, is highly associated with current
contraceptive use (odds ratio of 4.2). Dialogue appears to increase the
effectiveness of communication: Specifically, one spouse's perception
of the other spouse's approval is more likely to be correct if they
have discussed family planning than if they have not, and this
relationship significantly affects contraceptive
use."
Correspondence: A. Lasee, Aga Khan University,
Department of Community Health, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi
74800, Pakistan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30295 Li, Weixiong; Li, Rose M.; Chen,
Hao-Chia; Do, Won Hahn. Proceedings of the Beijing
International Symposium on Fertility Regulation. Fertility regulation:
present and future. Pub. Order No. 97-4118. Mar 1997. xiv, [478]
pp. U.S. National Institutes of Health [NIH], National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development [NICHD]: Bethesda, Maryland. In Eng.
These are the proceedings of an international symposium on
fertility regulation held in Beijing, China, May 21-25, 1995. The focus
of the symposium was on "the need to improve the quality of life
and to accelerate development of methods that will permit societies to
achieve their population goals and to improve the quality of
reproductive health services". Following an introductory chapter
on general issues of population and family planning, there are chapters
with papers written primarily by scholars from China on the pituitary,
ovary, uterus, and placenta; male reproduction; progestogen and
antiprogestogen in fertility regulation; intrauterine devices;
contraceptive methods; new techniques for reproductive research; and
social science in population control. The primary geographical focus is
on China.
Correspondence: U.S. National Institute for Child
Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, EPN-640,
Bethesda, MD 20892. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30296 Mahmood, Naushin; Ringheim,
Karin. Factors affecting contraceptive use in
Pakistan. Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 35, No. 1, Spring
1996. 1-22 pp. Islamabad, Pakistan. In Eng.
"Using data from
the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey of 1990-91, this study
examines the effect of selected socio-cultural and supply factors on
contraceptive use as reported by married women of reproductive ages. In
addition to the expected positive relationship of woman's age, number
of living children, education, and place of residence with
contraceptive use, it is theorised that there are five factors
potentially affecting fertility regulation in the socio-structural
context of Pakistan. These include the extent of communication between
husbands and wives, religious beliefs, female autonomy, son preference,
and the family planning service and supply variables. Using logistic
regression analysis, the results of the study indicate that the
explanatory power of these five factors is significant in affecting the
use of contraception in both urban and rural
areas."
Correspondence: N. Mahmood, Pakistan Institute
of Development Economics, P.O. Box 1091, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30297 Margolis, Sara P.
Population policy, research and the Cairo Plan of Action: new
directions for the Sahel? International Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 2, Jun 1997. 86-9 pp. New York, New York. In
Eng.
"I have argued here that the assumption that there is
little or no demand for contraception in countries like those of the
Sahel may in part be an artifact of the methods, models and means of
demographic estimation used in the region. In other words, if you don't
ask the right questions, you will get the wrong answers. If the demand
and unmet need for modern contraception is misunderstood, then
population programs' lack of impact may result from our failure to
determine the appropriate target populations and the associated
barriers to method use. This at least may be the case in the Sahel,
where population programs continue to tenaciously target married men
and women in their reproductive years."
This paper was
originally presented at the 1996 Annual Meeting of the Population
Association of America.
Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:30298 McEwan, John; Wadsworth, Jane;
Johnson, Anne M.; Wellings, Kaye; Field, Julia. Changes in
the use of contraceptive methods in England and Wales over two decades:
Margaret Bone's surveys and the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and
Lifestyles. British Journal of Family Planning, Vol. 23, No. 1,
Apr 1997. 5-8 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"Surveys of
contraceptive use [in England and Wales] in 1970 and 1975 are compared
with data from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles
(NSSAL) carried out in 1990-1991. NSSAL data have been analysed so as
to present results in a manner comparable with the earlier surveys.
Results show that there has been a marked increase in the use of
sterilisation by couples in long-term relationships, and marked changes
in the profile of contraceptive methods used by single women. Trends
are discussed in relation to data from ONS [Office for National
Statistics], to availability of methods and to social changes over 20
years."
Correspondence: J. McEwan, Lewisham and
Southwark Community Services, Division in Family Planning and
Reproductive Health Care, Optimum Health Services NHS Trust, London,
England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30299 Meirik, O.; Benagiano, G.
Twenty years of epidemiology in fertility regulation. Revue
d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique/Epidemiology and
Public Health, Vol. 44, No. 6, 1996. 577-87 pp. Paris, France. In Eng.
with sum. in Fre.
"This paper summarizes findings from
epidemiological research in fertility regulation which have helped in
formulating policies nationally and internationally, without pretending
to be all-encompassing; rather, it should help in demonstrating the
usefulness and importance of epidemiological research and in discussing
outstanding issues of public health
relevance."
Correspondence: O. Meirik, World Health
Organization, Special Programme of Research, Development and Research
Training in Human Reproduction, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27,
Switzerland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30300 Ó'Gráda, Cormac; Duffy,
Niall. Fertility control early in marriage in Ireland a
century ago. CEPR Discussion Paper, No. 1109, Jan 1995. 17 pp.
Centre for Economic Policy Research [CEPR]: London, England. In Eng.
"Data were extracted from the 1911 Irish manuscript census to
study the regional variation in the extent and character of family
limitation strategies in Ireland a century ago. Regression analysis of
the data shows evidence of `spacing' in both urban and rural Ireland.
Further analysis of the so-called `replacement' problem also produces
results consistent with `spacing'."
Correspondence:
Centre for Economic Policy Research, 25-28 Old Burlington Street,
London W1X 1LB, England. Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund
Library, Washington, D.C.
63:30301 Omondi-Odhiambo. Men's
participation in family planning decisions in Kenya. Population
Studies, Vol. 51, No. 1, Mar 1997. 29-40 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"This study measures the effects of men's participation in
family planning decisions [in Kenya], and identifies the conditions
which would stimulate greater participation by men in family planning
decisions. The principal conclusions are that Kenyan men do participate
in these decisions, take an interest in planning their families,
support family planning and use contraception to achieve their
goals....In particular, the study shows that lack of communication
between husband and wife may be a more important obstacle to the
adoption of contraception than men's
opposition."
Correspondence: Omondi-Odhiambo, P.O. Box
66592, Nairobi, Kenya. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30302 Perez, Aurora E.; Palmore, James
A. Reevaluating the unmet need for family planning in the
Philippines. Asia-Pacific Population Research Report, No. 10, Apr
1997. 16 pp. East-West Center, Program on Population [POP]: Honolulu,
Hawaii. In Eng.
"Most studies of unmet need for family
planning have used a standard definition of unmet need based on an
apparent discrepancy between fertility preferences and contraceptive
practice....An analysis of results from the 1993 National Demographic
Survey in the Philippines suggests that this definition may result in
an underestimate. The authors propose a new definition that classifies
women with unmet need into three groups: those with unmet need
according to the standard definition, those with unmet need due to
health risk, and those with unmet need due to poor contraceptive
use....Applying the new definition, the report analyzes the effects of
women's social, economic, and demographic characteristics on unmet need
for family planning and draws several policy recommendations from the
results."
Correspondence: East-West Center,
Publication Sales Office, 1601 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96848-1601.
Author's E-mail: aeperez@cssp.upd.edu.ph. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:30303 Phillips, James F.; Binka, Fred N.;
Adjuik, Martin; Nazzar, Alex; Adazu, Kubaje. The
determinants of contraceptive innovation: a case-control study of
family planning acceptance in a traditional African society.
Policy Research Division Working Paper, No. 93, 1997. 38 pp. Population
Council, Research Division: New York, New York. In Eng.
"In
1994, the Navrongo Health Research Centre (NHRC) launched a
three-village pilot project in the Kassena-Nankana District of northern
Ghana to develop a program of community-based health and family
planning services. This paper presents findings from a case-control
study of the determinants of early adoption of family planning in this
pilot study. Findings show that personal preference to limit or space
childbearing is a less important determinant of contraceptive
innovation than is husband's support, spousal communication, or social
interaction about family planning."
Correspondence:
Population Council, Research Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza,
New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30304 Semaan, Salaam; Lauby, Jennifer;
Walls, Carla. Condom use with main partners by sterilized
and non-sterilized women. Women and Health, Vol. 25, No. 2, 1997.
65-85 pp. Binghamton, New York. Distributed by Haworth Document
Delivery Service, 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. E-mail:
getinfo@haworth.com. In Eng.
"This study examined condom use
with main partners by surgically sterilized and non-sterilized women at
risk for HIV infection. Data were obtained from 379 African American
women residing in low-income urban communities [in the United States].
Sterilized women were one-fifth as likely as non-sterilized women to
use condoms. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that for both
groups of women, higher perceived benefits of condom use for disease
prevention were associated with condom use. In addition, younger age,
self-efficacy for condom use, peer support for condom use, and whether
condoms were ever used for pregnancy prevention were associated with
condom use among non-sterilized women. Results of this study indicate
the role of fertility status in condom use and the value of developing
targeted prevention programs that reach women at high risk for HIV
infection."
Correspondence: S. Semaan, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention,
National Center for HIV/STD/TB Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, E-37,
Atlanta, GA 30333. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30305 Senanayake, Pramilla.
Women and the family planning imperative. In: Population and
global security: environmental challenges II, edited by Nicholas
Polunin and Mohammad Nazim. 1994. 155-74 pp. Foundation for
Environmental Conservation: Geneva, Switzerland; Energy and Environment
Society of Pakistan: Lahore, Pakistan. In Eng.
"Women's roles
in society, particularly their contribution to family well-being and
social stability, are widely conditioned by their ability to control
their own fertility....In many countries, the best years of their
lives, from adolescence to the menopause, may be squandered when they
are denied the knowledge and means to control their own fertility. For
the world as a whole, this represents a loss of human resources on a
massive scale....I believe that a new ethical framework for action is
needed. Such a framework must recognize that people are the primary
resource for development. In this ethical framework, women and their
needs should be the central focus."
Correspondence: P.
Senanayake, International Planned Parenthood Federation, Regent's
College, Regent's Park, London NW1 4NS, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30306 Sheykhi, Mohammad T. The
socio-psychological factors of family planning with special reference
to Iran: a theoretical appraisal. International Sociology, Vol.
10, No. 1, Mar 1995. 71-82 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"Iran's explosive population growth, which increases the
country's population by about 1.9 million people annually, is causing a
considerable strain on resources and the environment, and the coming
generations will be facing a serious situation unless this trend is
reversed....This study [investigates] the social and psychological
factors involved in family planning. The general findings of surveys
conducted so far demonstrate that few people know anything about family
planning and methods of contraception. Social, cultural and religious
institutions seem to inhibit the expansion of family planning.
Moreover, the lack of economic and social security promotes a large
family size and prevents contraceptive use. However, social change in
Iranian society will eventually be brought about by urbanisation,
industrialisation and education, and the ensuing modernisation of
values is expected to increase the use of contraceptives and lead to
changes in the associated social and cultural
institutions."
Correspondence: M. T. Sheykhi,
Sharak-E-Apadana, Block No. 30 (S2) Entrance No. 1, Tehran 13918, Iran.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30307 Svare, Edith I.; Kjaer, Susanne K.;
Poll, Paul; Bock, Johannes E. Determinants for
contraceptive use in young, single, Danish women from the general
population. Contraception, Vol. 55, No. 5, May 1997. 287-94 pp.
New York, New York. In Eng.
"Determinants for contraceptive
use were studied in 5,031, non-pregnant women aged 20-29 years from the
general population in Denmark....Important predictors of using one
contraceptive method were lifetime number of sexual partners, parity,
and age at first sexual intercourse for condoms and age for oral
contraceptives. Also, women with a previous legal abortion were more
likely to use condoms currently and women with a history of STDs were
less likely to use condoms, but more likely to use OCs. Lifetime number
of sexual partners was the only predictor of double
contraception."
Correspondence: S. K. Kjaer, Danish
Cancer Society, Division for Cancer Epidemiology, Strandboulevarden 49,
2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:30308 Tórrez Pinto, Hugo;
García, Franklin; Montaño, Jaime. Factors
affecting reproduction in the Bolivian population.
[Consideraciones reproductivas de la población boliviana.] 1996.
96 pp. Ministerio de Desarollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente,
Dirección de Políticas de Población: La Paz,
Bolivia. In Spa.
This study on contraceptive practice, prevalence,
and knowledge in Bolivia is based primarily on data from the
Demographic and Health Surveys carried out in 1989 and 1994,
supplemented with data from official sources. It has chapters on the
population's reproductive health; factors affecting fertility in
Bolivia; contraceptive knowledge, practice, and methods; unmet needs
for family planning; and projected future demands for
contraception.
Correspondence: Ministerio de Desarrollo
Sostenible y Medio Ambiente, Dirección de Políticas de
Población, La Paz, Bolivia. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:30309 Touré, Lalla.
Male involvement in family planning: a review of the literature and
selected program initiatives in Africa. [Participation des hommes
à la planification familiale: revue de la littérature et
analyse d'initiatives choisies de programmes en Afrique.] Nov 1996. 30,
36 pp. Support for Analysis and Research in Africa [SARA]: Washington,
D.C. In Eng; Fre.
"This paper draws from programs and from the
literature to outline male attitudes and behaviors, highlighting key
factors influencing contraceptive use in Africa, drawing lessons
learned from selected male-involvement initiatives, and finally
suggesting some recommendations for the next steps in engaging men in
family planning issues."
Correspondence: Support for
Analysis and Research in Africa, c/o U.S. Agency for International
Development, 320 21st Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20523. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30310 Valente, Thomas W.; Watkins, Susan
C.; Jato, Miriam N.; van der Straten, Ariane; Tsitsol, Louis-Philippe
M. Social network associations with contraceptive use
among Cameroonian women in voluntary associations. Social Science
and Medicine, Vol. 45, No. 5, Sep 1997. 677-87 pp. Oxford, England. In
Eng.
"This paper examines the association between social
networks and contraceptive use. Using data from a survey of women
belonging to voluntary associations in Yaoundé, Cameroon, we
find that the behavior and characteristics of the members of a
respondent's personal networks are associated with her contraceptive
use, over and above a set of her own individual characteristics that
are usually found to be important. Respondents who report that their
network partners approve of contraception, use it, and encourage the
respondent to use [it] are more likely to use contraception themselves;
the association with encouragement is particularly strong. Moreover,
there is a strong association between the specific methods of
contraception used by a respondent and those used by her network
partners, suggesting that members of personal networks exchange and
evaluate specific methods."
Correspondence: T. W.
Valente, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health,
Department of Population Dynamics, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore,
MD 21205. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
63:30311 Varga, Christine A. The
condom conundrum: barriers to condom use among commercial sex workers
in Durban, South Africa. African Journal of Reproductive Health,
Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar 1997. 74-88 pp. Benin City, Nigeria. In Eng. with
sum. in Fre.
"We examined socio-cultural and economic
determinants of condom use among 100 female South African commercial
sex workers. The symbolism and dynamics of condom use between sex
workers and their clientele were explored. These issues were also
investigated when sex workers negotiated sex with their personal
partners. An additional focus was the extent to which HIV/AIDS
influences women's condom use in these situations. Results demonstrate
considerable contrast between factors influencing condom use in
professional versus private sex situations. With clients, practical
issues such as financial strain were the major obstacles to condom use.
With personal sex partners, sex workers avoided condoms due to their
negative symbolism....HIV/AIDS awareness had minimal impact on condom
use."
Correspondence: C. A. Varga, University of
Natal, Department of Social Anthropology, Durban 4041, South Africa.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30312 Visaria, Leela. Unmet
need for family planning in Gujarat: a qualitative exploration.
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 32, No. 17, Apr-May 1997. 29-36 pp.
Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"Over the last decade there has been a
growing interest in estimating women's unmet need for contraceptive
services. This paper briefly reviews the National Family Health Survey
estimates of unmet need to describe a macro perspective for discussing
the findings based on focus group discussions with women in two
districts of Gujarat [India]. It draws attention to the issues and
considerations which go into the calculations of women with respect to
unmet need which are rarely captured in large-scale
surveys."
Correspondence: L. Visaria, Gujarat
Institute of Development Research, Near Gota Char Rasta, Gota,
Ahmedabad 382 481, India. Location: Princeton University
Library (PF).
Selected studies on the medical aspects of fertility control methods, including studies on side effects and use-effectiveness.
63:30313 Capitanio, Antonella. A
nonparametric method to analyze basal body temperature dynamics.
[Un metodo non parametrico per l'analisi della dinamica della
temperatura basale.] Statistica, Vol. 56, No. 2, Apr-Jun 1996. 189-200
pp. Bologna, Italy. In Ita. with sum. in Eng.
"In this paper a
non-parametric method for the analysis of basal body temperature is
proposed. Particularly the proposed technique focuses on the time speed
of the studied phenomenon. An empirical application shows how the
presented method can be used to identify anomalous
cycles."
Correspondence: A. Capitanio,
Università degli Studi di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze
Statistiche, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30314 Chasen-Taber, Lisa; Willett, Walter
C.; Stampfer, Meir J.; Spiegelman, Donna; Rosner, Bernard A.; Hunter,
David J.; Colditz, Graham A.; Manson, JoAnn E. Oral
contraceptives and ovulatory causes of delayed fertility. American
Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 146, No. 3, Aug 1, 1997. 258-65 pp.
Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
The return of fertility following the
use of oral contraceptives is examined using a 1989 nested case-control
study within a cohort of 116,686 female registered U.S. nurses.
"Cases comprised 1,917 married nurses without previous pregnancy
who were unable to become pregnant for at least 1 year and were
subsequently diagnosed with primary ovulatory infertility. Controls
comprised 44,521 married parous nurses with no history of infertility
and no pregnancies lasting less than 6 months. After allowing for 2
years of suppressed fertility following discontinuation of oral
contraceptive use and excluding women with signs of menstrual or
hormonal disorder, the authors found that the multivariate relative
risk for ovulatory causes of delayed fertility was 1.2...for ever
users. There was no statistically significant trend of increasing risk
with increasing duration of use and younger age at first use. The fact
that 88 percent of cases reported an eventual pregnancy by 1993
suggests that absolute fertility was not
impaired."
Correspondence: L. Chasen-Taber, Channing
Laboratory, 3rd Floor, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.
Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
63:30315 Lindberg, Laura D.; Sonenstein, Freya
L.; Ku, Leighton; Levine, Greg. Young men's experience
with condom breakage. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No.
3, May-Jun 1997. 128-31, 140 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"The study examines young [U.S.] men's experiences with condom
breakage as one aspect of effective condom use, using retrospective
reports from a nationally representative sample of men aged 17-22. It
focuses on young men's annual risk of experiencing any breakage and
identifies characteristics associated with an elevated risk of
breakage." Results indicate that "23% of those using condoms
reported experiencing at least one condom break during the previous 12
months. Of all condoms used, 2.5% had broken. In multivariate analyses,
increased experience with condoms reduced the likelihood of
experiencing condom breakage. Recent sex education was associated with
an almost 80% decrease in the risk of breakage among young men who used
condoms infrequently. Young males who had ever had a sexually
transmitted disease (STD), or whose sexual partner had had an STD, were
almost three times as likely as other respondents to have experienced
condom breakage."
Correspondence: L. D. Lindberg,
Urban Institute, Population Studies Center, 2100 M Street NW,
Washington, D.C. 20037. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30316 Roberts, Sarah J. The
immediate effects of the pill safety scare on usage of combined oral
contraceptives in north east England. Journal of Epidemiology and
Community Health, Vol. 51, No. 3, Jun 1997. 332-3 pp. London, England.
In Eng.
"In October 1995, following advice from the Committee
on Safety of Medicines, the Department of Health issued a press release
concerning the use of seven brands of combined oral contraceptive
pills....Doctors were recommended to review all women using the seven
brands and advise them to change to lower risk types....The abrupt
change in contraceptive advice for over half the women [surveyed in
northeastern England] taking the pill has had a substantial immediate
impact on the types of pills prescribed, and there are preliminary
indications that up to 5% of users may have stopped using effective
contraception, albeit temporarily. Consequently, overall health risks
may have risen in the short term."
Correspondence: S.
J. Roberts, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Wolfson Unit of Clinical
Pharmacology, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30317 Rugpao, Sungwal; Beyrer, Chris;
Tovanabutra, Sodsai; Natpratan, Chawalit; Nelson, Kenrad E.; Celentano,
David D.; Khamboonruang, Chirasak. Multiple condom use and
decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand. Journal of
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, Vol. 14,
No. 2, 1997. 169-73 pp. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In Eng.
"We measured rates of condom slippage and breakage during
heterosexual commercial sex in northern Thailand. Of 7,594 condoms
examined in 4,734 client visits (5,040 sex acts), breakage was noted in
1.8% of single condom use (49.3% of acts), as compared with 0.2% with
two condoms (49% of sex acts), and no breaks with more than two condoms
(1.2% of sex acts)....Slippage occurred in only 0.1% of sex acts.
Case-control analysis indicated that multiple clients, younger aged
clients, sex after midnight, and high intensity (rough) sex were
associated with condom breaks. The decline in breakage may be
attributable to greater expertise in condom use by sex workers and
clients, in response to the successful Thai national `100% Condom
Campaign'. Use of more than one condom during sex has been initiated by
sex workers and their clients, a community response to condom promotion
messages and fears of HIV infection."
Correspondence:
C. Beyrer, Chiang Mai University, Research Institute for Health
Sciences, P.O. Box 80 CMU, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies evaluating either the demographic impact or other criteria of effectiveness of family planning programs.
63:30318 Smith, Herbert L.; Tu, Ping; Merli,
M. Giovanna; Hereward, Mark. Implementation of a
demographic and contraceptive surveillance system in four counties in
North China. Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 16, No.
4, Aug 1997. 289-314 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This
paper details efforts to implement a demographic and contraceptive
surveillance system in four counties in North China....We discuss the
interaction between data collection and policy implementation--its
general forms, its manifestations in modern China, and its relevance
for the current project. We describe the system that we are
implementing--what the old system looked like, and how we have tried to
improve it. We evaluate the system's functioning over three years,
based on field observations and preliminary data from one of the
project's four counties. We conclude that there has been progress in
the timely accumulation of standardized data; but there remains an
antinomy whereby, past a point, an emphasis on data quality has the
effect of sensitizing those responsible for recording data to the
problematic nature of such data, thereby weakening
accuracy."
Correspondence: H. L. Smith, University of
Pennsylvania, Population Studies Center, 3718 Locust Walk,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6298. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
Studies concerned with the interrelations between fertility control and attitudinal variables, including studies on wanted and unwanted pregnancy and children, motivation for parenthood, sex preference, and voluntary childlessness. Studies on knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) of family planning and attitudes toward family size are classified under this heading.
63:30319 Amazigo, Uche; Silva, Nancy; Kaufman,
Joan; Obikeze, Daniel S. Sexual activity and contraceptive
knowledge and use among in-school adolescents in Nigeria.
International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 1, Mar 1997.
28-33 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Among 2,460 secondary school students surveyed in two
southeastern Nigerian states, only 36% could correctly identify the
most likely time for conception to occur. Female students were
considerably more likely than males to understand the timing of
conception (46% vs. 25%); less dramatic differences emerged by
students' residence and grade in school. Among students who supplied
information about their sexual activity, 40% had had intercourse; the
proportion who were sexually experienced climbed from 26% of
14-year-olds to 54-55% of 18-19-year-olds. While 36% of the young women
had had sexual partners who were roughly their age, 25% had been
involved with older businessmen; the young women said they have
intercourse more frequently and are less likely to restrict intercourse
to the safe period of their cycle when they are involved with older
partners than when they have boyfriends their own age. Only 17% of
sexually active students had ever used a contraceptive method other
than abstinence."
Correspondence: U. Amazigo,
University of Nigeria, Department of Zoology, Nsukka, Nigeria.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30320 Calvès, Anne-Emmanuèle;
Meekers, Dominique. The advantages of having many children
for women in formal and informal unions in Cameroon. CEPED Series,
No. 3, ISBN 2-87762-106-5. Jul 1997. 38 pp. Centre Français sur
la Population et le Développement [CEPED]: Paris, France. In
Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"The analysis of data from the 1991
Cameroon Demographic Health Survey (CDHS) demonstrates that married
women, women in co-residential informal unions, and women in
non-co-residential informal unions have different perceptions of the
advantages and disadvantages of having many children. These findings
are important for improving the efficiency of future population
policies designed to reduce levels of fertility. The results also show
that non-co-residential and co-residential informal unions are
conceptually different from marriages, which strongly suggests that the
reported increases in the prevalence of informal unions in many African
societies indicate an important change in the African family, the
implications of which are still poorly
understood."
Correspondence: Centre Français
sur la Population et le Développement, 15 rue de l'Ecole de
Médecine, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30321 Davies, James B.; Zhang,
Junsen. The effects of gender control on fertility and
children's consumption. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 10,
No. 1, 1997. 67-85 pp. Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"Effects of
sex preference on investments in children's human capital, bequests and
fertility are studied, with and without sex selection, in a model based
on parental altruism. Both pure sex preference, a feature of the
parental utility function, and indirect preference, which arises from
gender-related differences in earnings opportunities, are examined.
When there is no gender control the impact of pure sex preference is
seen in smaller consumption for daughters than for sons. However, when
gender control is exerted, sex preference raises the sex ratio and it
is possible that sisters may, on average, consume no less than their
more numerous brothers. In an example of the model with specific
functional forms, parents who practise gender control have larger
families than if sex selection techniques were unavailable. The effect
is magnified if sons' earnings opportunities are better than
daughters'."
Correspondence: J. Zhang, Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Department of Economics, Shatin, New
Territories, Hong Kong. E-mail: jszhang@cuhk.edu.hk. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30322 Gwako, Edwins L. M.
Married women's ideal family size preferences and family planning
practices: evidence from rural Kenya. Social Science Journal, Vol.
34, No. 3, 1997. 369-82 pp. Greenwich, Connecticut. In Eng.
"This article examines the...trends in women's ideal family
size preferences and family planning practices in rural Kenya. By using
primary data collected from three samples drawn from the Abagusii,
Abaluyia and Masai ethnic groups, the research findings suggest a
declining trend in ideal family size preferences and increasing rates
in the adoption of family planning methods. These research findings
hold some important implications for the reversion of the recorded high
population growth rates particularly among the Abagusii and Abaluyia of
western Kenya." The data concern a random sample of 600 currently
married women aged 15-49 from the three ethnic groups concerned and
were collected by the author in 1991-1993.
Correspondence:
E. L. M. Gwako, Washington University, Department of Anthropology,
Campus Box 1114, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
63:30323 Hollos, Marida; Larsen,
Ulla. From lineage to conjugality: the social context of
fertility decisions among the Pare of Northern Tanzania. Social
Science and Medicine, Vol. 45, No. 3, Aug 1997. 361-72 pp. Oxford,
England. In Eng.
"This paper is a case study of the linkages
between selected characteristics of the social organization in a
particular ethnic group and reproductive values and behavior.
Specifically, it examines factors that might be responsible for the
acceptance of contraception and an expressed desire for a relatively
small number of children among the Pare of Northern Tanzania. It is
hypothesized that with the increasing shift towards wage labor and
diminishing dependence on land and lineage relations, there is a
growing reliance on the conjugal bond and the development of a
partnership marriage in which husbands and wives perceive their
interests as mutual. This facilitates communication, particularly about
family planning. Research methodology consisted of a two-pronged
approach and combined an intensive ethnographic study of the households
in the Ugweno District of the Pare mountains with individual surveys
administered to a sample of 512 women and in-depth interviews conducted
with 20 women regarding the value of children and contraceptive and
birth histories."
This paper was originally presented at the
1995 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: U. Larsen, Harvard School of
Public Health, Department of Population and International Health, 665
Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
63:30324 Jones, Rachel K.; Brayfield,
April. Life's greatest joy?: European attitudes toward the
centrality of children. Social Forces, Vol. 75, No. 4, Jun 1997.
1,239-69 pp. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. In Eng.
"This study
estimates the effects of selected personal characteristics on attitudes
toward the centrality of children in six European countries: Austria,
Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, and the former West
Germany. Using data from the 1988 International Social Science Survey
(ISSP), our analysis demonstrates that Europeans do not share a common
perspective on children: Italians view children as more central, while
the Dutch view children as less central, with the other countries in
between. We also find that progressive attitudes toward women's work
and family roles are negatively associated with favorable attitudes
toward the centrality of children in all six countries, although gender
itself has no significant effect in Austria, Ireland, Italy, and West
Germany. Surprisingly, women are less likely than men to view children
as central in Great Britain and the
Netherlands."
Correspondence: R. K. Jones, Tulane
University, Department of Sociology, 220 Newcomb Hall, New Orleans, LA
70118-5698. E-mail: rachelj@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30325 Kumar, Surinder; Sapru,
Rita. Social marketing: a study of retailers' knowledge
about condom in Delhi. Health and Population: Perspectives and
Issues, Vol. 19, No. 2, Apr-Jun 1996. 63-9 pp. New Delhi, India. In
Eng. with sum. in Hin.
"Social marketing is the strong
instrument available for enhancing contraceptive availability and use.
And the retailer has the key role to play. For the retailer to play the
significant role of promoter and provider of contraceptives, he/she
must have adequate knowledge about condoms. This study was conducted in
the Union Territory of Delhi to assess the retailers' knowledge about
condoms, covering a sample of 252 retailers....The study concludes that
the retailers selling socially marketed condoms had very poor knowledge
about the proper method of use of [the] condom, its storage and disease
prevention benefits."
Correspondence: S. Kumar,
Employees State Insurance Corporation, New Delhi, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30326 Lahai-Momoh, Judith C.; Ross, Michael
W. HIV/AIDS prevention-related social skills and knowledge
among adolescents in Sierra Leone, West Africa. African Journal of
Reproductive Health, Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar 1997. 37-44 pp. Benin City,
Nigeria. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"This study examined the
association between HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions
among high school students age 14 years and older who attended school
in two large urban towns, Bo and Freetown, Sierra Leone, West
Africa....Some 52 percent of the subjects who had intercourse reported
that they used condoms. Factors related to condom use were age,
knowledge about HIV/AIDS, and anxiety about disclosure of HIV/STD
problems. Data indicate that intercourse was common and that greater
condom use was associated with less anxiety over sexual negotiation and
greater anxiety over disclosure of having HIV or an
STD."
Correspondence: M. W. Ross, University of Texas,
School of Public Health, Center for Health Promotion Research and
Development, P.O. Box 20186, Houston, TX 77225. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30327 Lee, Sung Yong. Sex
preference versus number preference: the case of Korea. Korea
Journal of Population and Development, Vol. 25, No. 2, Dec 1996. 235-67
pp. Seoul, Republic of Korea. In Eng.
"This paper examines
whether son preference has a strong positive effect on fertility rates
via number preference. To test this hypothesis, [South] Korea was used
as a case because Korea still shows strong son preference but its
fertility rates have reached below the replacement level....Statistical
analysis shows that the existence of a son has a stronger effect on
fertility behavior in Korea than the number of children. Nevertheless,
the effects of son preference may not have a significant effect on the
fertility rates since the probability of having only daughters becomes
lower as the parities increase....In spite of the existence of the
strong son preference, the ideal (or desired) number of children [has]
decreased in [South] Korea. Moreover, the means to control the number
of children, such as abortions, have been supported by the Korean
government policies. Through sex-selective technologies, abnormally
higher sex ratios at birth have occurred since
1985."
Correspondence: S. Y. Lee, Sungkyunkwan
University, 53, 3-ga, Myungryun-dong, Chongro-ku, Seoul 110-745,
Republic of Korea. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30328 Mensch, Barbara S.; Arends-Kuenning,
Mary; Jain, Anrudh; Garate, Maria R. Avoiding unintended
pregnancy in Peru: does the quality of family planning services
matter? International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 23, No.
1, Mar 1997. 21-7 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre;
Spa.
"An analysis linking data on pregnancy intentions from
the 1991-1992 Peru Demographic and Health Survey with information from
a 1994 follow-up survey found that among 1,093 women from Nor-Oriental
del Marañón and Lima who participated in both surveys,
20% had a mistimed or unwanted pregnancy in the 29 intervening months.
In all, 15% had an unintended pregnancy ending in a live birth and 5%
an unintended pregnancy with another outcome....Unintended pregnancies
were predominantly attributable to failure of a traditional
contraceptive method (35% of such pregnancies) or nonuse of any method
(26%). The proportion of women who failed to meet their reproductive
goals between surveys declined as their education and the quality of
available family planning services, as measured by a 1992 situation
analysis, improved. The effect of quality of care on women's ability to
avoid unwanted fertility was significant in logistic regression models
including only service factors and women's demographic characteristics.
In models including rural-urban residence and region, neither these
variables nor quality of care had a significant
effect."
Correspondence: B. S. Mensch, Population
Council, Research Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY
10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30329 Myers, Scott M. Marital
uncertainty and childbearing. Social Forces, Vol. 75, No. 4, Jun
1997. 1,271-89 pp. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. In Eng.
"I use
data from a U.S. sample of married adults and hypotheses guided by the
Uncertainty Reduction Theory of Parenthood...to examine how marital
solidarity and uncertainty affect the odds of having a child. The
analyses do not support the idea that couples who lack marital
solidarity and are unhappy with their marriages use childbearing as a
strategy to increase solidarity and, in turn, reduce marital
uncertainty. Instead, the dominant pattern is that a solid marriage and
compatibility between spouses encourage parenthood and higher-order
childbearing. The results are also discussed in terms of economic and
normative theories of fertility."
Correspondence: S.
M. Myers, Iowa State University, Department of Sociology, 107 East
Hall, Ames, IA 50011. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30330 Nerlove, Marc; Razin, Assaf; Sadka,
Efraim. Children: a capital good or a base for income
redistribution policies. Public Finance/Finances Publiques, Vol.
48, Suppl., 1993. 78-84 pp. The Hague, Netherlands. In Eng.
"The economic implications of various normative perceptions
(valuations) of children are explored. On the one extreme, there is the
approach which views children as merely an `old-age security', that is,
children are some substitute for pension funds in the absence of
well-developed capital markets. On the other extreme, there is the
endogenous fertility approach, according to which parents care about
both the number of and welfare of their children. Parents accordingly
choose both the number and welfare of their children in response to
economic constraints and opportunities. The analysis of the economic
implications of the various approaches is both positive and
normative."
Correspondence: M. Nerlove, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. Location: World Bank, Joint
Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.
63:30331 Ngoc, Nguyen Thi Nhu; Ellertson,
Charlotte; Surasrang, Yukolsiri; Loc, Ly Thai. Knowledge
and attitudes about emergency contraception among health workers in Ho
Chi Minh City, Vietnam. International Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 2, Jun 1997. 68-72 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng. with sum. in Spa; Fre.
"In a series of focus groups
and in-depth interviews, physicians, midwives and other family planning
providers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, were questioned about their
knowledge and attitudes regarding use of three methods of emergency
contraception--the Yuzpe regimen, a levonorgestrel-only regimen and
postcoital insertion of a copper-bearing IUD. Most providers were
familiar with the concept of emergency contraception and endorsed its
practice, but lacked accurate and detailed information about method
use. They also overestimated contraindications and potential side
effects. Providers advocated for additional training for themselves and
for druggists, who provide these methods over the counter. Participants
generally agreed about the need for more empirical information about
the safety and efficacy of these methods, but disagreed about the
degree to which emergency methods should be made readily available to
women in Vietnam."
Correspondence: N. T. N. Ngoc, Hung
Vuong Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:30332 Rasevic, Mirjana. Family
planning as a lifestyle. [Planiranje porodice kao stil zivota.]
Stanovnistvo, Vol. 34, No. 3-4, Jul-Dec 1996. 61-81 pp. Belgrade,
Yugoslavia. In Scr. with sum. in Eng.
The author discusses family
planning and changing attitudes toward family size in developed and
developing countries. The effects of the value of children, changing
norms, economic conditions, social change, and promotion of family
planning programs are considered.
Correspondence: M.
Rasevic, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Institut Drustvenih Nauka, Centar za
Demografska Istrazivanja, Narodnog fronta 45, 11000
Belgrade,Yugoslavia. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30333 Schoen, Robert; Kim, Young J.;
Nathanson, Constance A.; Fields, Jason; Astone, Nan M. Why
do Americans want children? Population and Development Review,
Vol. 23, No. 2, Jun 1997. 333-58, 463-6 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Prevailing theories of fertility
behavior do not explain what sustains fertility in industrialized
countries. Extending James Coleman's concept of social capital, the
authors argue that the social resource value of children is an
important factor motivating childbearing. Data for the United States
from the 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households are used to
test hypotheses regarding how fertility intentions are influenced by
the social resource value of children, the economic costs of children,
and the effect of children on parental career. The social resource
value of children emerges as a powerful predictor of fertility
intentions across groups stratified by race, gender, union status, and
parity. Children create social capital for parents, an important and
previously underappreciated reason for why Americans want
children."
Correspondence: R. Schoen, Johns Hopkins
University, Department of Population Dynamics, Baltimore, MD 21218.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30334 Serour, G. I.; Ragab, A. R.
Biosocial aspect of unwanted pregnancy: a case study from rural
Egyptian community. Population Sciences, Vol. 15, Jan 1996. 13-26
pp. Cairo, Egypt. In Eng.
"The paper reports on the biosocial
aspect of unwanted pregnancy in a rural Egyptian community. This study
is contexted in terms of reproductive health, shortcomings of family
planning programmes and the problem of unwanted pregnancy in
Egypt....Findings are outlined in terms of contraception behaviour,
unwanted pregnancy and abortion."
Correspondence: G.
I. Serour, Al-Azhar University, International Islamic Center for
Population Studies and Research, Department of Biostatistics and
Medical Demography, P.O. Box 1894-11651, Cairo, Egypt. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on induced abortion, including those on attitudes, with the exception of studies primarily concerned with government regulation of abortion, which are coded under M.2. Measures Affecting Fertility. Studies of spontaneous abortion appear under F.3. Sterility and Other Pathology.
63:30335 Blank, Rebecca M.; George, Christine
C.; London, Rebecca A. State abortion rates: the impact of
policies, providers, politics, demographics, and economic
environment. Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 15, No. 5, Oct
1996. 513-53 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This paper
uses data on [U.S.] abortion rates by state from 1974-1988 to estimate
two-stage least squares models with fixed state and year effects.
Restrictions on Medicaid funding for abortion are correlated with lower
abortion rates in-state and higher rates among nearby states. A maximal
estimate suggests that 19-25% of the abortions among low-income women
that are publicly funded do not take place after funding is eliminated.
Parental notification laws for teen abortions do not significantly
affect aggregate abortion rates. A large number of abortion providers
in a state increases the abortion rate, primarily through inducing
cross-state travel."
Correspondence: R. M. Blank,
Northwestern University, Department of Economics, 2003 Sheridan Road,
Evanston, IL 60208. E-mail: rblank@nwu.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (PF).
63:30336 Blayo, Chantal. The
situation concerning abortion in France. [Le point sur
l'avortement en France.] Population et Sociétés, No. 325,
Jun 1997. [4] pp. Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques
[INED]: Paris, France. In Fre.
A review of recent trends in induced
abortion in France is presented using official data from the compulsory
reporting of induced abortions introduced in 1975. The author analyzes
the characteristics of women having abortions, the incidence of repeat
abortions, abortion mortality, and the relation between abortion and
contraception.
Correspondence: Institut National d'Etudes
Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14,
France. E-mail: ined@ined.fr. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:30337 Brown, Robert W.; Jewell, R.
Todd. The impact of provider availability on abortion
demand. Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 14, No. 2, Apr 1996.
95-106 pp. Huntington Beach, California. In Eng.
"This paper
applies a fertility-control model to estimate the responsiveness of
abortion demand to travel-cost variations using county-level data [for]
the state of Texas. Abortion rates as well as pregnancy rates appear to
be sensitive to availability-induced variations in the travel cost of
abortion services. In particular, the results suggest that residents in
counties with longer travel distances to the nearest abortion provider
have lower abortion rates and lower pregnancy
rates."
Correspondence: R. W. Brown, University of
North Texas, Department of Economics, Denton, TX 76203-3826.
Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington,
D.C.
63:30338 Ellertson, Charlotte.
Mandatory parental involvement in minors' abortions: effects of the
laws in Minnesota, Missouri, and Indiana. American Journal of
Public Health, Vol. 87, No. 8, Aug 1997. 1,367-74 pp. Washington, D.C.
In Eng.
The effects of laws mandating parental involvement in
minors' abortions in three U.S. states are analyzed using Poisson and
logistic models fitted to vital records. "In each state, the
in-state abortion rate for minors fell (relative to the rate for older
women) when parental involvement laws took effect. Data offered no
empirical support for the proposition that the laws drive up birthrates
for minors. Although data were incomplete, the laws appeared to
increase the odds of a minor's traveling out of state for her abortion.
If one judges from the available data, minors who traveled out of state
may have accounted for the entire observed decline in the in-state
abortion rate, at least in Missouri. The laws appeared to delay minors'
abortions past the eighth week, but probably not into the second
trimester."
Correspondence: C. Ellertson, Population
Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location:
Princeton University Library (SZ).
63:30339 Henshaw, Stanley K.
Teenage abortion and pregnancy statistics by state, 1992.
Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 3, May-Jun 1997. 115-22 pp.
New York, New York. In Eng.
"This article provides an update
of national trends in rates of abortions and pregnancies among women
aged 15-19 through 1992 (the latest year for which data are available)
and births through 1995. It also presents the most accurate available
estimates of state-level teenage abortion and pregnancy
statistics." Results indicate that "in 1992, 112 pregnancies
occurred per 1,000 U.S. women aged 15-19; of these, 61 ended in births,
36 in abortions and 15 in miscarriages. Black teenagers' rates of
pregnancies, births and abortions were 2-3 times those of whites;
Hispanic teenagers had rates of births and abortions between those of
blacks and whites. While similar proportions of pregnant black and
non-Hispanic white teenagers had abortions (40% and 38%, respectively),
the proportion was lower among Hispanics (29%)....Between 1991 and
1995, the birthrate of black teenagers fell from 116 to 96 per 1,000, a
level well below that of Hispanics (106 per
1,000)."
Correspondence: S. K. Henshaw, Alan
Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30340 Hug, Chrystel. Abortion
in Ireland. [L'avortement en Irlande.] Irlande Politique et
Sociale, No. 5, 1994. 43-64 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in
Eng.
"From the ultimate taboo subject, abortion curiously
became the most debated issue in the eighties....On this issue, as on
other socio-moral issues, Irish society might be now coming of age--now
that the logic of the law has been pushed to its extreme and back. This
article retraces the trials and tribulations the issue has gone
through."
Correspondence: C. Hug, University College
Cork, Cork, Ireland. Location: Yale University Library, New
Haven, CT.
63:30341 Joyce, Theodore; Kaestner,
Robert. State reproductive policies and adolescent
pregnancy resolution: the case of parental involvement laws.
Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 15, No. 5, Oct 1996. 579-607 pp.
Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
"State laws regulating
abortion have increased markedly in the wake of recent Supreme Court
decisions. We test whether laws that require minors to notify or obtain
consent from a parent before receiving an abortion affect the
likelihood that a pregnancy will be terminated. We use individual data
on births and abortions from three southern states, South Carolina,
Tennessee, and Virginia. We find that South Carolina's parent consent
statute is associated with a decline of 10 percentage points in the
probability of abortion among non-black minors of 16 years of age. We
find no effect for any other age or racial group and conclude that the
impact of parental involvement laws on the pregnancy resolution of
minors is not large."
Correspondence: T. Joyce,
National Bureau of Economic Research, 50 East 42nd Street, 17th Floor,
New York, NY 10017-5405. Location: Princeton University
Library (PF).
63:30342 Koonin, Lisa M.; Smith, Jack C.;
Ramick, Merrell; Strauss, Lilo T.; Hopkins, Frederick W.
Abortion surveillance--United States, 1993 and 1994. Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 46, No. 4, Aug 8, 1997. 37-98 pp.
Atlanta, Georgia. In Eng.
"This report summarizes and reviews
information reported to CDC regarding legal induced abortions obtained
in the United States during 1993 and 1994. This analysis also includes
recently reported abortion-related deaths that occurred during
1991....Since 1990, the number of abortions has declined each year.
Since 1987, the abortion-to-live-birth ratio also has declined; in
1994, it was the lowest recorded since 1977. This decrease in the
abortion ratio reflected the lower proportion of pregnant women who
obtained an induced abortion. As in previous years, deaths related to
legal induced abortions occurred rarely (i.e., approximately one death
per 100,000 legal induced abortions)." Extensive data are
provided.
Correspondence: L. M. Koonin, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention
and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health (C06), Atlanta,
GA 30333. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30343 Levine, Phillip B.; Trainor, Amy B.;
Zimmerman, David J. The effect of Medicaid abortion
funding restrictions on abortions, pregnancies and births. Journal
of Health Economics, Vol. 15, No. 5, Oct 1996. 555-78 pp. Amsterdam,
Netherlands. In Eng.
"This paper considers whether [U.S.]
state Medicaid abortion funding restrictions affect the likelihood of
getting pregnant, having an abortion and bearing a child. We exploit a
natural experiment afforded by Supreme Court decisions and employ more
traditional multivariate models with alternative fixed effect
specifications. An analysis of 12 years of state-level data indicate
that restrictions are associated with a reduction in abortions and
either no change or a reduction in births, implying fewer pregnancies.
Subsequent analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY)
is consistent with these findings and show the response is concentrated
among the low-income population."
Correspondence: P.
B. Levine, Wellesley College, Department of Economics, Wellesley, MA
02181. Location: Princeton University Library (PF).
63:30344 Nations, Marilyn K.; Misago, Chizuru;
Fonseca, Walter; Correia, Luciano L.; Campbell, Oona M. R.
Women's hidden transcripts about abortion in Brazil. Social
Science and Medicine, Vol. 44, No. 12, Jun 1997. 1,833-45 pp. Oxford,
England. In Eng.
"Two folk medical conditions, `delayed'
(atrasada) and `suspended' (suspendida) menstruation, are described as
perceived by poor Brazilian women in Northeast Brazil. Culturally
prescribed methods to `regulate' these conditions and provoke menstrual
bleeding are also described, including ingesting herbal remedies,
patent drugs, and modern pharmaceuticals....The authors argue that the
ethnomedical conditions of `delayed' and `suspended' menstruation and
subsequent menstrual regulation are part of the `hidden reproductive
transcript' of poor and powerless Brazilian women. Through popular
culture, they voice their collective dissent to the official, public
opinion about the illegality and immorality of induced abortion and the
chronic lack of family planning services in Northeast Brazil....The
development of safer abortion alternatives should consider women's
hidden reproductive transcripts."
Correspondence: C.
Misago, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of
Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Maternal and Child Epidemiology
Unit, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
63:30345 Nilsen, Stein T.; Iversen,
Ole-Erik. The pill scare--more legal abortions.
[Negativ omtale av p-piller--økning av antall
svangerskapsavbrudd.] Tidsskrift for den Norske
Lægeforening/Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association, Vol.
29, No. 116, 1996. 3,486-8 pp. Oslo, Norway. In Nor. with sum. in Eng.
"The reports on a higher risk of venous thromboembolism
associated with third generation oral contraceptives (OCs) received a
great deal of media attention in Norway. The Norwegian Medicines
Control Authority recommended restricting the use of third generation
OCs....During the first six months of 1996, the number of legal
abortions in 11 hospitals covering 60% of all legal abortions in Norway
increased by 297, or 7%, compared with the same period in 1995. A
continuous downward trend in the number of legal abortions during the
period 1990-95 has been broken, and replaced by an increase, which
could represent a greater risk to women's health than a few cases of
venous thromboembolism."
Correspondence: S. T. Nilsen,
Kvinneklinikken, Sentralsjukehuset i Rogaland, 4003 Stavanger, Norway.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30346 Okonofua, Friday.
Preventing unsafe abortion in Nigeria. African Journal of
Reproductive Health, Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar 1997. 25-36 pp. Benin City,
Nigeria. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"This paper reviews
pertinent literature and identifies research needs relating to unsafe
abortion in Nigeria....In the first part of the article, a conceptual
framework for developing a research agenda to prevent unsafe abortion
among Nigerian women is articulated....In the second section of the
article, we offer a detailed description of the available research data
as well as gaps in knowledge on unsafe abortion in Nigeria. In the
final part of the paper, recommendations are made on priority areas of
research that are capable of stemming the high rate of morbidity and
mortality from unsafe abortion among Nigerian
women."
Correspondence: F. Okonofua, Women's Health
and Action Research Centre, 4 Alofoje Street off Uwasota Street, Benin
City, Edo State, Nigeria. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:30347 Osis, Maria J. D.; Hardy, Ellen;
Faúndes, Anibal; Rodrigues, Telma. Difficulties
encountered in gathering information from the population of women on
illegal abortion. [Dificuldades para obter
informações da população de mulheres sobre
aborto ilegal.] Revista de Saúde Pública, Vol. 30, No. 5,
Oct 1996. 444-51 pp. São Paulo, Brazil. In Por. with sum. in
Eng.
"The frequency and conditions under which induced
abortion was performed in a region of S. Paulo State [Brazil] are
investigated. The women were interviewed at home using a pre-tested,
structured questionnaire. Most of the women interviewed declared they
had never had an abortion nor had they thought of having one, and four
percent referred to having had an induced abortion. However, another
16.7 percent said that they had taken tea or medicine at least once to
bring on their menses. In this group, most of the women who thought
they were pregnant at that time said they [had] never had an abortion,
in spite of having bled after drinking tea or medicine. The results
lead to the conclusion that women tend to omit information on the
practice of abortion when questioned directly. This is especially true
of those who use oral means to bring on their menses and who seemed not
to consider this a way of inducing an
abortion."
Correspondence: M. J. D. Osis, Centro de
Pesquisas das Doenças Materno-Infantis de Campinas, Caixa Postal
6181, 13081-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. E-mail:
cemicamp@turing.unicamp.br. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:30348 Singh, Susheela; Wulf, Deirdre;
Jones, Heidi. Health professionals' perceptions about
induced abortion in South Central and Southeast Asia.
International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 2, Jun 1997.
59-67, 72 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Spa; Fre.
"Although the legal status and the availability of induced
abortion are highly variable in South Central and Southeast Asia,
findings from a 1996 survey of 232 knowledgeable health professionals
indicate that women of all socioeconomic levels obtain abortions, and
many procedures take place in settings that may increase the risks to
the woman's health. Overall, the vast majority of nonpoor urban women
seeking abortions are believed to go to medically trained providers;
however, roughly one-third to one-half of poor women in both urban and
rural areas turn to a wide range of nonmedical providers or induce
their abortion themselves. Of all women having abortions in these
countries, about one-third are thought to experience medical
complications, and only about half of these are hospitalized for
treatment; thus, an estimated one in seven women having an abortion are
hospitalized for the treatment of complications. The estimated abortion
rate of 30 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-44 suggests that each
year, 3% of women in South Central and Southeast Asia have an abortion;
therefore, according to the survey results, about 1% are likely to
suffer medical complications."
Correspondence: S.
Singh, Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30349 Singh, Susheela; Sedgh,
Gilda. The relationship of abortion to trends in
contraception and fertility in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico.
International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 1, Mar 1997.
4-14 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"We indirectly project levels of abortion using a methodology
that relies on estimates of the number of women who are hospitalized
for the treatment of complications related to induced abortion. Because
good trend data on contraceptive use in the past two decades are now
available, we can examine the changing relationship from the late 1970s
until the early 1990s between induced abortion and contraceptive use in
three large countries of Latin America: Brazil, Colombia and Mexico.
Specifically, we address the following questions: Have trends in
abortion incidence and in contraceptive prevalence been interrelated?
Has this relationship varied by country, or by region within countries?
And how do contraceptive use and abortion, respectively, account for
fertility levels and for changes in the fertility
rate?"
Correspondence: S. Singh, Alan Guttmacher
Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30350 Thukral, A. K. Female
foeticide and sex ratio. Journal of Human Ecology, Vol. 4, No. 1,
1993. 51-4 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The recent introduction
and usage of sex determination tests have become rather a curse for the
female foetus in India. The practice of aborting female embryo[s]
emanates from the male preference in our society. The present report
simulates the sex ratio ensuing from the practice of female foeticide.
The analysis takes into consideration the rank of the child at which
the couple practises the female foeticide in order to have a male
child, assuming that the couple does not practise female foeticide to
have more than one child of male sex...."
Correspondence:
A. K. Thukral, Guru Nanak Dev University, Department of Botanical
Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Amristar 1430 05, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:30351 van de Walle, Etienne.
Flowers and fruits: two thousand years of menstrual
regulation. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 38, No. 2,
Autumn 1997. 183-203 pp. Cambridge, Massachusetts. In Eng.
The
hypothesis that Western couples in antiquity, the Middle Ages, and
early modern times purposely regulated their fertility through early
abortion by using a number of plant substances is challenged.
"Based on an examination of medical and scientific literature, in
particular, this article argues that plant substances were taken
primarily to stimulate the natural process of menstruation, and that
their use as abortifacients was a rare deviation from the norm....[The
author argues] that there were powerful reasons to prescribe these
drugs, even though it was recognized that they should be treated with
caution, lest they interfere with pregnancy. [He shows] that the
hypothesis of widespread fertility control by means of these substances
does not find much support in the sources consulted. [He also
investigates] whether these substances have left a trace in the
literature about abortion."
Correspondence: E. van de
Walle, University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Center, 3718
Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6298. Location: Princeton
University Library (SH).
63:30352 Winikoff, Beverly; Sivin, Irving;
Coyaji, Kurus J.; Cabezas, Evelio; Xiao, Bilian; Gu, Sujuan; Du,
Ming-kun; Krishna, Usha R.; Eschen, Andrea; Ellertson,
Charlotte. The acceptability of medical abortion in China,
Cuba and India. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol.
23, No. 2, Jun 1997. 73-8, 89 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum.
in Spa; Fre.
"In a comparative study of the acceptability of
medical abortion and surgical abortion among women in developing
countries, patients at clinics in China, Cuba and India were allowed to
choose between a surgical procedure and a medical regimen of
mifepristone and misoprostol. The most common reasons women cited for
choosing medical abortion were their desire to avoid surgery and
general anesthesia; the reasons they mentioned most frequently for
choosing surgical abortion were speed, simplicity and effectiveness.
The failure rate for medical abortion varied from 5% in India to 16% in
Cuba, while that for surgical abortion ranged from 0% in India to 4% in
Cuba. Although side effects were more frequently reported by women who
chose medical abortion, the majority of women at all sites were either
satisfied or highly satisfied with their abortion experience,
regardless of method (medical, 84-95%; surgical, 94-100%). At every
site, medical abortion clients were significantly more likely than
surgical clients to report being highly satisfied...but also were more
likely to report not being satisfied....In China and India, women who
had a medical abortion were significantly more likely than those who
had a surgical abortion to say they would choose the same method
again."
Correspondence: B. Winikoff, Population
Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on lactation, nutrition, fecundability, sex behavior, menarche and menopause, and other biological factors or social customs as they affect fertility directly. Factors affecting contraceptive practice and factors affecting fertility indirectly are not included here.
63:30353 Davies-Adetugbo, Anita A.
Sociocultural factors and the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding
in rural Yoruba communities of Osun State, Nigeria. Social Science
and Medicine, Vol. 45, No. 1, Jul 1997. 113-25 pp. Oxford, England. In
Eng.
"This paper reports on local knowledge and attitudes of
breastfeeding and the sociocultural factors that shape its practice in
poor rural Yoruba communities of Southwestern Nigeria. The study has
conducted 10 focus group discussions among homogeneous groups of
grandmothers, pregnant women, lactating mothers, husbands, and
community health workers, and a questionnaire survey of 256 third
trimester pregnant women. All women in these communities breastfeed
their infants on demand, and for up to two years, because breastmilk is
universally accepted as the best food for babies, and breastfeeding
spaces births."
Correspondence: A. A. Davies-Adetugbo,
Obafemi Awolowo University, College of Health Sciences, Department of
Community Health, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
63:30354 Nath, Dilip C.; Goswami,
Giti. Determinants of breast-feeding patterns in an urban
society of India. Human Biology, Vol. 69, No. 4, Aug 1997. 557-73
pp. Detroit, Michigan. In Eng.
"This study uses data from a
retrospective survey conducted in 1991-1992 to investigate current
breast-feeding patterns and to identify the key factors that influence
the duration of exclusive breast feeding and infant's age at the time
of weaning in an urban Hindu society of the northeast Indian state of
Assam. Applying life table procedures and a hazards regression model,
we found evidence that the median duration of exclusive breast feeding
and infant's age at the time of weaning were negatively associated with
mother's education, per capita income, and social status of the
household....Male infants were found to have a significantly lower risk
of early weaning than female infants."
Correspondence:
D. C. Nath, Gauhati University, Department of Statistics, Guwahati
781 014, Assam, India. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
Studies on nonmarital fertility, including illegitimacy. Studies of common-law marriage and other forms of cohabitation or voluntary single parenthood are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household.
63:30355 Ermisch, John F.; Wright, Robert
E. The economic environment and entry to single parenthood
in Great Britain. Applied Economics, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan 1996.
483-9 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"The study estimates a
hazard-rate model of the socioeconomic factors influencing the risk of
entering single parenthood among British women, through pre-marital
births to never-married women. Higher welfare benefits and higher
unemployment levels moderately increase the likelihood of a pre-marital
birth. The male-female wage ratio has little impact. The facts of being
in education or employment are associated with a lower risk of a
pre-marital birth among this group of women. This suggests that flows
into single parenthood `select' women in poorer economic
circumstances."
Correspondence: J. F. Ermisch,
University of Essex, ESRC Research Centre on Micro-Social Change,
Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex C04 3SQ, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (FST).
63:30356 Garssen, M. J.; Sprangers, A.
H. Nonmarital fertility by mother's country of birth.
[Buitenechtelijke vruchtbaarheid naar geboorteland van de moeder.]
Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking, Vol. 45, No. 6, Jun 1997. 6-11 pp.
Voorburg, Netherlands. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
"The number
of non-marital births in the Netherlands has doubled between 1985 and
1995, from 14.8 thousand to 29.9 thousand....There are major
differences in the share of illegitimate fertility between countries of
birth of the mother. Women born in Turkey or Morocco show the lowest
shares (4.5% and 4.9% respectively)....The proportion of non-marital
births among women born in countries of the European Union (excluding
the Netherlands) was above average but similar to that of their
countries of origin. The largest shares of non-marital births are
recorded among women born in the Netherlands Antilles/Aruba and in
Suriname."
Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30357 Hoffman, Saul D.; Foster, E.
Michael. Economic correlates of nonmarital childbearing
among adult women. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 3,
May-Jun 1997. 137-40 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"In this
research note, we examine socioeconomic correlates of nonmarital
childbearing among [U.S.] women aged 20 or older. We present an
assessment of how these women are faring along a number of important
socioeconomic dimensions compared with women with different marital and
fertility histories. Our goal is to provide preliminary evidence as to
the potential economic implications of this growing demographic
phenomenon." Results indicate that "the socioeconomic status
of women who have had a nonmarital birth as an adult is similar to that
of women who had a birth as an adolescent: they have similar median
income-to-needs ratios (2.29 vs. 2.17), and similar rates of poverty
(20% vs. 23%) and welfare receipt (22% vs. 19%). Women who have had
both teenage and postteenage nonmarital births fare particularly
poorly: their median family income is $11,280; nearly half receive
welfare; and 55% are officially poor."
Correspondence:
S. D. Hoffman, University of Delaware, Department of Economics,
Newark, DE 19716. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:30358 Stevans, Lonnie K. Aid
to families with dependent children (AFDC) and non-marital births in
the USA: an examination of causality. Applied Economics, Vol. 28,
No. 1, Jan 1996. 417-27 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"Utilizing a sample of 2,964 unmarried women over the period
1979-88 from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a test was
performed to determine the causal direction of relationship between
receipt of aid to families with dependent children (AFDC) and the
decision to have a non-marital birth. The existence of `causality' is
defined as the lack of a simultaneous relationship or joint dependency
between these variables. One of the most interesting findings was a
failure to reject the hypothesis that these choices are jointly
determined. Both were found to depend upon variables that are
demographic, economic, personal, and family related. The profiles
derived from the specification and estimation of a simultaneous
equation system with discrete endogenous variables depict a woman whose
fertility and economic decisions were predominantly based on economic
deprivation, demographic situation and family
instability."
Correspondence: L. K. Stevans, 134
Hofstra University, Department of BCIS/QM, Hempstead, NY 11735.
Location: Princeton University Library (FST).
63:30359 Winegarden, C. R.; Bracy,
Paula. Welfare benefits and illegitimacy in the U.S.:
reconciling contradictory trends. Southern Economic Journal, Vol.
64, No. 1, Jul 1997. 167-79 pp. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. In Eng.
"In the continuing public debate over `welfare reform' in the
U.S., one of the most controversial issues concerns the extent (if any)
to which record levels of illegitimate births may be caused by the
program of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). Paralleling
the popular controversy, an expanding research literature provides
widely disparate answers to this question....Economic theory
unequivocally predicts a positive `AFDC effect' on out-of-wedlock
childbearing. However, there is no escaping the fact that the recent
upsurge in illegitimacy in the U.S. has occurred in the face of steep
declines in the real value of welfare benefits per dependent
family."
Correspondence: C. R. Winegarden, University
of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606. Location: Princeton University
Library (PF).
