H. Migration

Studies that treat quantitative data on migration analytically. Methodological studies concerned primarily with migration are coded in this division and cross-referenced to N. Methods of Research and Analysis Including Models, as appropriate. Includes some consideration of policy aspects, but studies relating primarily to policies designed to affect migration are coded under M.3. Measures Affecting Migration.

H.1. General Migration

Studies that concern both international and internal migration.

65:40878 Bähr, Jürgen; Mertins, Günter. Impacts of economic crisis and economic reforms on migration behavior in Cuba. [Die Auswirkungen von Wirtschaftskrise und Wirtschaftsreformen auf das Wanderungsverhalten in Kuba.] Erdkunde, Vol. 53, No. 1, Jan-Mar 1999. 14-34 pp. Bonn, Germany. In Ger. with sum. in Eng.
The extent to which the economic crisis and subsequent economic reforms in Cuba have affected patterns of migration is explored using official data and other sources. "On the one hand, previous migration tendencies, as the emigration to the USA, the in-migration into the capital and the out-migration from the peripheral eastern part of the country, have noticeably increased. On the other hand, however, new migration destinations have developed. Those are not only the considerably extended or newly founded tourism centres, but also favourably situated agrarian areas...which have on the one hand hugely profited from the reform in the agrarian regions, and on the other hand have cushioned a part of the employees dismissed from state industrial firms and service enterprises. The partial liberalisation of the labour market by the admission of `Work on one's own account' has allowed labour-orientated migrations [to] come to the fore. These are likely to increase in the future and will on the whole lead to an intensified attractiveness of the bigger cities. With that, the regional disparities, which could have been to a large extent removed during the socialist era, will increase again."
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40879 Bandyopadhyay, Sabari; Chakraborty, Debesh. Migration in the north-eastern region of India during 1901-1991: size, trend, reasons and impact. Demography India, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1999. 75-97 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The paper has discussed the migration in the North-Eastern region [of India] and its trend, reasons and impact. With the help of the Census data, we have studied the pattern of migration in the region by dividing it into three components--(i) Migrants to the North-Eastern region from outside of India. (ii) Migrants to [the] North-Eastern region from [the] rest of India. (iii) Migrants who undertook migratory movements within the region."
Correspondence: S. Bandyopadhyay, Jadavpur University, Department of Economics, Calcutta, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40880 Boyle, Paul; Halfacree, Keith; Robinson, Vaughan. Exploring contemporary migration. ISBN 0-582-25161-3. 1998. xiv, 282 pp. Longman: Harlow, England. In Eng.
This textbook aims to introduce the topic of migration in both developed and developing countries. Various quantitative and qualitative methods used to describe and analyze migration are discussed, and several theoretical approaches used to explain migration patterns are summarized. There are chapters on the spatial impact of migration, defining and measuring migration, contrasting conceptual approaches in migration research, migration and employment, migration and the life course, migration and the quality of life, migration and social engineering, forced migration, and migration and culture. The book includes a bibliography.
Correspondence: Addison Wesley Longman, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow CM20 2JE, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40881 Boyle, Paul; Halfacree, Keith. Migration and gender in the developed world. Routledge Research in Population and Migration, ISBN 0-415-17144-X. LC 98-44333. 1999. xi, 328 pp. Routledge: New York, New York/London, England. In Eng.
This is a selection of papers by various authors focusing on gender aspects of migration in the developed countries. The papers are as follows: A longitudinal and regional analysis of gender-specific social and spatial mobilities in England and Wales 1981-91, by Tony Fielding and Susan Halford; Gender variations in migration destination choice, by David Atkins and Stewart Fotheringham; The employment consequences of migration: gender differentials, by Anne Green, Irene Hardill, and Stephen Munn; Who gets on the escalator? Migration, social mobility and gender in Britain, by Irene Bruegel; The effect of family migration, migration history and self-selection on married women's labour market achievement, by Thomas Cooke and Adrian Bailey; Family migration and female participation in the labour market: moving beyond individual-level analyses, by Paul Boyle, Keith Halfacree, and Darren Smith; Migration, marriage and the life course: commitment and residential mobility, by Norman Bonney, Alison McCleery, and Emma Forster; Residential relocation of couples: the joint decision-making process considered, by Jenny Seavers; To follow the chicken or not? The role of women in the migration of Hong Kong professional couples, by Lin Li and Allan Findlay; Gender variations in the characteristics of migrants living alone in England and Wales 1991, by Ray Hall, Philip Ogden, and Catherine Hill; On the journeys of the gentrifiers: exploring gender, gentrification and migration, by Liz Bondi; Gender issues in Irish rural out-migration, by Catriona Ní Laoire; Gender relations and identities in the colonization of "Middle England", by Martin Phillips; Residential change: differences in the movements and living arrangements of divorced men and women, by Lynn Hayes and Alaa Al-Hamad; Gender, migration and household change in elderly age groups, by Emily Grundy and Karen Glaser; Differential migrations through later life, by Anthony Warnes; and Inside and outside the Pale: diaspora experiences of Irish women, by Bronwen Walter.
Correspondence: Routledge, 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40882 Findley, Sally E. Women on the move: perspectives on gender changes in Latin America. Gender in Population Studies/Le Genre dans Les Etudes de Population, 1999. 40 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
This study reviews what is known about female migration in the Caribbean and Latin America. There are chapters on levels of female migration, why women migrate, profiles of female migrants, and strategies of economic insertion of female migrants.
Correspondence: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, 34 rue des Augustins, 4000 Liège, Belgium. E-mail: iussp@iussp.org. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40883 Forster, Emma; McCleery, Alison. Search for a primary influence in the migration decision: preliminary evidence for life cycle as a summary measure. In: Population, Planning and Policies, edited by Lars-Erik Borgegård, Allan M. Findlay, and Erik Sondell. CERUM Report, No. 5, ISBN 91-7191-397-1. 1997. 129-52 pp. Umeå University, Center for Regional Science: Umeå, Sweden. In Eng.
This is one of the papers in a volume publishing the proceedings of a conference on population, planning, and policies hosted by Umeå University, Sweden. "This paper will attempt an analysis of motivational factors [in migration decisions] by assessing the relative importance of factors such as employment, life cycle, housing and quality of life in migration decision-making, while at the same time weighing up the consideration given to structural and individual causes.... The findings in this paper use data from the Migration and Housing Choice Survey (MHCS), co-ordinated by the Centre for Planning, Strathclyde University and the Department of Social Sciences, Napier University." The geographical focus is on Scotland.
Correspondence: E. Forster, Napier University, Department of Psychology and Sociology, Redwood House, 66 Spylaw Road, Edinburgh EH10 5BR, Scotland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40884 Guest, Philip. Mobility transitions within a global system: migration in the ESCAP region. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4, Dec 1999. 57-72 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"This article focuses on the context within which migration occurs in the ESCAP region. It covers the patterns of migration according to countries' stage in the demographic transition process and level of economic development. It points out that, although international migration is receiving increased attention, it is internal migration that makes up the vast majority of moves. Internal migration is characterized by a high proportion of temporary migrants, a significant proportion of whom are female, and people moving from rural to urban areas. The article also discusses urbanization and international migration as well as the impacts of these processes. It concludes with a number of predictions about the pattern of migration in the first quarter of the twentieth century, during which migration is expected to come to the forefront as a demographic, economic, social and political issue."
Correspondence: P. Guest, Mahidol University, Institute for Population and Social Research, 25/25 Puthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40885 Hochstadt, Steve. Mobility and modernity: migration in Germany, 1820-1989. ISBN 0-472-10944-8. LC 98-40110. 1999. xviii, 331 pp. University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
The relationship between mobility and modernization is examined using data on German migrations over the past 200 years. "Migration rates in Germany rose continuously throughout the nineteenth century, and have fallen during the twentieth century. Mobility, [the author] argues, was not an unprecedented accompaniment to industrialization, but a traditional rural response to specific economic changes. [The author's]...analysis of urban in- and outmigration shows the mechanism of urbanization to have been the migration of families rather than the much greater, but also more circular, migration of single men and women."
Correspondence: University of Michigan Press, 639 Greene Street, P.O. Box 1104, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.

65:40886 Hugo, Graeme. Gender and migrations in Asian countries. Gender in Population Studies/Le Genre dans Les Etudes de Population, ISBN 2-87108-071-2. 1999. 37 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
The increasing participation of women in Asian migration is examined in this paper. There are chapters on data considerations, internal migration involving women, international migration, explaining female migration, the migration of women and exploitation, and migration and female empowerment.
Correspondence: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, 34 rue des Augustins, 4000 Liège, Belgium. E-mail: iussp@iussp.org. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40887 Illés, Sándor; Tóth, Pál P. Migration. [Migráció.] ISBN 963-7109-73-0. 1998. 310; 238 pp. Központi Statisztikai Hivatal: Budapest, Hungary. In Hun. with sum. in Eng.
These two volumes contain a selection of articles by various authors on aspects of migration in Hungary. The first volume has articles on both historical migration and migration immediately after World War II in Hungary and neighboring countries; there are also articles on internal migration by age, rural-urban migration, suburbanization near Budapest, urbanization, internal migration in Italy, and migration of families or households. The second volume contains articles on changes in the regulations governing foreign travel, the impact of emigration on the demography of Hungary, international labor migration, the brain drain, and other international migration topics.
Correspondence: Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, Keleti Károly Utca 5-7, 1024 Budapest, Hungary. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40888 Lin, Ji-Ping; Liaw, Kao-Lee. Return and onward migrations of the young labor force in Taiwan: evidence from the data of the 1990 census. Journal of Population Studies, No. 20, Oct 1999. 63-92 pp. Taipei, Taiwan. In Eng. with sum. in Chi.
"This paper [seeks] to identify and assess the determinants of 1985-90 interprefectural return and onward migrations of the young non-native labor force (aged 25-29 in 1990) in Taiwan.... The following are the main findings. First, disappointments are more likely to result in return migrations.... Second, the U-shaped effect of previous migration distance in the return/onward model...supports the disappointment hypothesis.... Third, return migration is selective of the less educated labor force... Fourth, agricultural workers are particularly prone to remigrate and choose return option from prefectures with a high non-agricultural share of total employment. Fifth, the relative sensitivity of male and female labor force...[is] substantially affected by the patriarchal ideology; within this value system, breadwinners are (1) more prone to move onward, (2) less prone to return, and (3) more responsive to the pushes and pulls of market forces than non-breadwinners."
Correspondence: J.-P. Lin, Academia Sinica, Institute of Economics, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40889 Lu, Max. Do people move when they say they will? Inconsistencies in individual migration behavior. Population and Environment, Vol. 20, No. 5, May 1999. 467-88 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This study investigates behavioral inconsistencies in migration using data drawn from the 1985, 1987 and 1989 rounds of he American Housing Survey (AHS). Mobility is inferred by comparing occupants of the same housing units in two consecutive surveys. The results show that a substantial number of people do not realize their intention to move and many move unexpectedly; with or without prior intentions to move, movers and stayers appear to differ significantly in terms of their sociodemographic characteristics. The extent to which individuals act consistently with their intentions also differs along with their attributes (e.g., tenure, age, education and gender). The paper discusses possible reasons for behavioral inconsistencies in migration based on recent developments in social psychological theories of human behavior."
Correspondence: M. Lu, Kansas State University, Department of Geography, Dickens Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40890 Lucassen, Jan; Lucassen, Leo. Migration, migration history, history: old paradigms and new perspectives. International and Comparative Social History, No. 4, ISBN 3-906762-14-9. 1999. 454 pp. Peter Lang: Frankfurt am Main, Germany. In Eng.
"During the last decade studies have indicated that migration has been a normal, structural element of human societies throughout history. Progress in migration and settlement studies under this new paradigm has been so substantial that a new state of the art is needed. This book presents a reconsideration of current theoretical perspective encompassing enlightened insights in diverging specialisms in the field of migration history, such as slavery studies, ethnic history, macro-economic migration studies, and gypsy studies. The seventeen essays in this volume, written by leading scholars in the field, collectively represent a pioneering effort in migration and settlement studies. They address the problems of ongoing specialization (and hence the need for synthesis) and the difficulties of integrating the consequences of this new paradigm into general histories."
Correspondence: Peter Lang, Eschborner Landstraße 42-50, Postfach 940225, 60460 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40891 McCleery, Alison; Forster, Emma. Developing a Scottish Migration Monitor: a co-operative approach. IASSIST Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 4, Winter 1995. 12-22 pp. Los Angeles, California. In Eng.
"The Migration and Housing Choice (Scotland) Survey was conducted in the early nineties by researchers from two Scottish Universities; Strathclyde and Napier. The purpose of the survey was to discover the intentionality, namely, the motivation behind household migration patterns, to use the data for academic research and to inform decision making by urban and regional planning agencies in both the public and private sector. We regard the work done to date as a large pilot study for what may become an ongoing Scottish Household Migration Monitor. This paper contains descriptions of the following: context of the survey; conduct of the survey; data handling issues; the role of Edinburgh University Data Library; [and] assessment of strategy and future plans."
Correspondence: A. McCleery, Napier University, Department of Economics, 219 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH14 1DJ, Scotland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40892 Milazi, Dominic. Migration within the context of poverty and landlessness in southern Africa. In: Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume I: Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Reginald Appleyard. 1998. 145-64 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
The relationship between landlessness and emigration in rural communities in Lesotho and South Africa is explored. The author describes the high dependence of these communities on incomes derived from migrant labor because of population pressure on limited land supply, poor natural resources, and extreme poverty. The importance of resolving problems associated with land ownership in the post-apartheid era is noted.
Correspondence: D. Milazi, University North West, Faculty of Social Sciences, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40893 Ogden, Philip; Charbit, Yves. Migration and ethnicity in the United Kingdom. [Migration et ethnicité au Royaume-Uni.] Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1999. 187 pp. Association pour l'Etude des Migrations Internationales [AEMI]: Poitiers, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
This is a special issue on migration and ethnicity in the United Kingdom. Articles are included on ethnic groups in the census, geographical patterns of internal migration, and international migration flows and regimes.
Selected items are cited elsewhere in this issue of Population Index.
Correspondence: Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales, MSHS, 99 avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France. E-mail: remi@mshs.univ-poitiers.fr. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40894 Pieke, Frank N.; Mallee, Hein. Internal and international migration: Chinese perspectives. ISBN 0-7007-1076-0. 1999. xi, 354 pp. Curzon Press: Richmond, England. In Eng.
This collective work is the product of a workshop held in Oxford, England, July 3-5, 1996, and contains 16 papers on aspects of both internal and international migration concerning China. They are: Introduction: Chinese and European perspectives on migration, by Frank N. Pieke; The "static" decades: interprovincial migration in pre-reform China, by Diana Lary; Internal migration in China: a dualistic approach, by Kam Wing Chan; Selectivity, migration reasons and backward linkages of rural-urban migrants: a sample survey of migrants to Foshan and Shenzhen in comparative perspective, by Thomas Scharping; Migrant construction teams in Beijing, by Victor Yuan and Xin Wong; The floating population and the integration of the city community: a survey on the attitudes of Shanghai residents to recent migrants, by Jinhong Ding and Norman Stockman; Issues in the fertility of temporary migrants in Beijing, by Caroline Hoy; Moving stones from China to Europe: the dynamics of emigration from Zhejiang to Europe, by Mette Thunø; "To get rich quickly in Europe!"--reflections on migration motivation in Wenzhou, by Li Minghuan; Patterns of migration from Zhejiang to Germany, by Karsten Giese; Zhejiang village in Beijing: creating a visible non-state space through migration and marketized networks, by Xiang Biao; Chinese organizations in Hungary, 1989-1996: a case study in PRC-oriented community politics overseas, by Pál Nyíri; Exporting the "Wenzhou model" to Beijing and Florence: labour and economic organization in two migrant communities, by Luigi Tomba; Female autobiographies from the Cultural Revolution: returned Xiaxiang educated women in the 1990s, by Nora Sausmikat; Separation, reunion and the Chinese attachment to place, by Charles Stafford; Of exceptionalisms and generalities, by Ronald Skeldon and Graeme Hugo.
Correspondence: Curzon Press, 15 The Quadrant, Richmond TW9 1BP, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40895 Pratten, David T. Reconstructing community: the intermediary role of Sahelian associations in processes of migration and rural development. African Rural and Urban Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1996. 49-77 pp. East Lansing, Michigan. In Eng.
"The position of migrant associations in Africa's social, political, and economic development has been subject to an array of contrasting and apparently contradictory interpretations. These groups, formed by migrant communities who share a common rural identity, have been described as both welfare systems for poor migrants and vehicles for a politically ambitious elite.... This article does not attempt to synthesize these positions but rather to indicate that such contrasting perspectives are not mutually incompatible, and that, in pursuing the development of their communities, rural and urban associations encompass dialectical processes."
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40896 Saith, Ashwani. Migration processes and policies: some Asian perspectives. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1999. 285-311 pp. Quezon City, Philippines. In Eng.
"This article argues that perspectives of migration as a matter of individual choice or structural coercion are limited in explaining Asian experiences in internal and international migration. Migration experiences in Asia range from early coerced and state-mediated migrations to migrations that are mostly demand-determined. A few exceptional cases, such as that of Malaysia, Indonesia's transmigration programs, and enforced migration on account of infrastructural projects, are noted. Also highlighted is migration in China before and after 1978. The Chinese path is distinct in that before market reforms, there was little rural to urban migration despite a high rate of industrialization. After 1978, rural to urban migration and urbanization increased, but was still lower compared to the rest of Asia. Whether China will go the same way as other Asian countries and how the state will respond to the challenges of increasing migration remain to be seen."
Correspondence: A. Saith, Institute of Social Studies, P.O. Box 29776, 2502 LT The Hague, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40897 Sassen, Saskia. Guests and aliens. ISBN 1-56584-481-5. LC 98-33126. 1999. xxi, 202 pp. New Press: New York, New York. In Eng.
This study, which is translated from the original German, is about the history of migration in Europe. "It shows the extent to which international and inter-regional labor migrations have been both a widespread and a strategic component of Europe's urbanization and industrialization history over the last three centuries, whether it was the seasonal long-distance migrations of the Hollandgänger from Westphalia to Amsterdam in the late 1700s or the migrations of Italians to build railroads and cities in Germany in the 1800s." The author considers the relevance of the historical experience of migration in Europe to attempts to develop suitable migration policies in today's world.
Correspondence: New Press, 450 West 41st Street, New York, NY 10036. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40898 Sivini, Giordano. Social disintegration and migration processes in Sub-Saharan Africa. [Disgregazione sociale e processi migratori nell'Africa subsahariana.] Africa, Vol. 53, No. 1, 1998. 17-46 pp. Rome, Italy. In Ita. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
"Modern migrations in Sub-Saharan Africa are the consequence of social transformations caused by colonialism and by the following rural and urban crisis. The author examines the different migration flows and the consequences in the origin and destination areas. On the one hand he analyses in detail the circular migrations and on the other the urban informal sector. He asserts, on a theoretical basis, that modern migrations are a way to resist...marginalisation and to find better conditions of life."
Correspondence: G. Sivini, Università di Calabria, Dipartimento di Sociologia e di Scienza Politica, Via P. Bucci, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende, Calabria, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40899 Sjöberg, Örjan; Tammaru, Tiit. Transitional statistics: internal migration and urban growth in post-Soviet Estonia. Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 51, No. 5, 1999. 821-42 pp. Abingdon, England. In Eng.
The problems associated with studying migration patterns in the Soviet-successor states in the light of inadequate and changing data collection systems are illustrated using the example of Estonia. The focus is on "identifying the consequences of a change in reporting regulations and practices. To this end a survey of individual migration histories was conducted in 1997. This exercise, to the extent that it yielded a more reliable set of data than that which official statistic afford, indicates that post-Soviet migration data are little better than their Soviet-era predecessors: different but still deficient. The contrasts between our survey returns and officially reported statistics are outlined, as are the sources of divergence."
Correspondence: Ö. Sjöberg, Stockholm School of Economics, P.O. Box 6501, 113 83 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: orjan.sjoberg@hhs.se. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40900 Skeldon, Ronald. Migration in Asia after the economic crisis: patterns and issues. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, Sep 1999. 3-24 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"This article finds that the economic crisis that began in parts of Asia in the middle of 1997 has altered the migration patterns that emerged during the first half of the 1990s, but in unexpected ways. It provides a broad regional assessment of the economic and social impacts and concludes by drawing out implications for policy and making a number of recommendations for governments to consider in order to prevent a worsening of the situation."
Correspondence: R. Skeldon, Mahidol University, Institute for Population and Social Research, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40901 Spaan, Ernst. Labour circulation and socioeconomic transformation: the case of East Java, Indonesia. NIDI Report, No. 56, ISBN 90-70990-76-8. 1999. 374, [22] pp. Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute [NIDI]: The Hague, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This thesis deals with determinants and process of labour migration, within the context of East Java province, a region experiencing rapid socioeconomic change.... The main purpose of the dissertation is to explore the diversity of labour mobility, and identify the determinants, characteristic features and main consequences of these mobility patterns on the macro (national, region), meso (community) and micro level (household, individual). We have compared three different areas in East Java, which differ in their agro-ecological, developmental and socio-cultural features."
Correspondence: Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, Postbus 11650, 2502 AR The Hague, Netherlands. E-mail: Info@Nidi.NL. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40902 Trager, Lillian. Mobility, linkages, and "local" institutions in African development. African Rural and Urban Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1996. 7-23 pp. East Lansing, Michigan. In Eng.
"African peoples have moved from one place to another for a variety of reasons; much of the history of the continent depends on the movement and interaction of peoples in time and space. In the colonial and post-independence eras, those movements became central to the existence of people in many parts of the region, ranging from labor migration to mines in central and southern Africa, to coastal movements of young men in the Sahel, to urban migration throughout all of sub-Saharan Africa. Older forms of movement, such as pastoralism, have continued as well. And in recent years, the movements of refugees fleeing natural and man-made disasters, especially war, have added to the image of a continent of people on the move.... This...essay briefly reviews the study of African mobility and linkages.... It then considers...how our understanding of African development can be enhanced by comprehending the importance of movement and connections for large numbers of African people"
Correspondence: L. Trager, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Box 2000, 900 Wood Road, Kenosha, WI 53141-2000. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40903 Vitkovskaya, Galina. Potential migration of Russian-speaking populations from central Asia to Russia. In: Population under duress: the geodemography of post-Soviet Russia, edited by George J. Demko, Grigory Ioffe, and Zhanna Zayonchkovskaya. 1999. 149-75 pp. Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado/Oxford, England. In Eng.
This analysis of the potential for further migration of the Russian-speaking population in the states of the former Soviet Union is based on a 1994-1995 survey of 1,080 families of non-titular populations in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan. The author estimates that about 2.5 million Russian speakers will seek to leave these three countries to migrate to Russia over the next five years.
Correspondence: G. Vitkovskaya, Moscow Carnegie Center, Moscow, Russia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40904 Wein, Norbert. Demographic changes in Asiatic Russia: migratory flows in Siberia and the Far East after the collapse of the Soviet Union. [Bevölkerungsbewegungen im asiatischen Rußland: Migrationsströme in Sibirien und im Fernen Osten nach dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion.] Osteuropa, Vol. 49, No. 9, Sep 1999. 908-22 pp. Stuttgart, Germany. In Ger.
Despite significant regional migration since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, the total population of Siberia and Russia's Far East has remained fairly constant. There have, however, been significant migratory flows within the region which have altered the population distribution. There was a reverse migration to more rural regions from the impoverished cities. Ethnic Russians are migrating into Russia from the autonomous regions and republics, while non-Russians are migrating back into these areas. The more northern and remote regions have lost population, while Western Siberia has gained inhabitants. Finally, emigrants to foreign countries constitute a "brain drain" for the Russian Federation, while labor migrants from south-east Asia are increasing the potential for social conflict in an already precarious economy.
Correspondence: N. Wein, University of Düsseldorf, 4000 Düsseldorf, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

H.2. International Migration

Studies concerned with international migration, including the brain drain.

65:40905 Adepoju, Aderanti. Emigration dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume I: Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Reginald Appleyard. 1998. 17-34 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
This chapter summarizes some of the main findings from the joint United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and International Organization for Migration (IOM) research project, carried out over the period 1993-1997, on the emigration dynamics of Sub-Saharan Africa. Topics covered include poverty and landlessness, conflict and loss of state capacities, ethnicity and ethnic conflicts, population policies, regional economic cooperation, and international legal treaties.
Correspondence: A. Adepoju, IDEP, Population, Human Resources and Development in Africa, Dakar, Senegal. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40906 Afolayan, A. A. Emigration dynamics in Nigeria: landlessness, poverty, ethnicity and differential responses. In: Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume I: Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Reginald Appleyard. 1998. 35-68 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
"The purpose of this study is: to describe, analyse and evaluate the socioeconomic factors of landlessness, poverty and ethnicity as these influence emigration dynamics in Nigeria through a study of selected representative sample communities; to identify, analyse and evaluate differential emigration responses to the socioeconomic factors of landlessness, poverty and ethnicity in the selected communities; and to make relevant findings for the use of governments of both donor and recipient countries of the Nigerian emigrants."
Correspondence: A. A. Afolayan, University of Ibadan, Department of Geography, Ibadan, Nigeria. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40907 Akgündüz, Ahmet. Migration to and from Turkey, 1783-1960: types, numbers and ethno-religious dimensions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1, Jan 1998. 97-120 pp. Abingdon, England. In Eng.
"Migratory movements to and from Turkey during the period between 1783 and 1960 are analysed by grouping them under two headings: non-economic migrations and economic migrations. The size, ethno-religious composition and causes of each movement are considered. The article pays special attention to the mass economic migration from Turkey (the Ottoman Empire) to North and South America. Turks were represented in very small numbers in this migration given that they constituted the largest group within the Ottoman population.... The article also considers whether there is any continuity or relationship between the migrations of the pre-1960 period and the post-1960 labour migration to Western Europe."
Correspondence: A. Akgündüz, University of Amsterdam, Institute of Migration and Ethnic Studies, Rokin 84, 1012 KX Amsterdam, Netherlands. E-mail: akgunduz@pscw.uva.nl. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40908 Alders, M.; de Beer, J. Forecasts of international migration 1998-2050. [Migratieprognose 1998-2050.] Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking, Vol. 47, No. 12, Dec 1999. 38-47 pp. Voorburg, Netherlands. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
"It is [predicted] that immigration [to the Netherlands] will stabilise in the long run due to two counteracting forces. The growing immigration pressure from poor countries is assumed to be balanced by...increasingly restrictive immigration policy. Emigration rates are assumed to decline.... Nevertheless the absolute number of emigrants will increase from 82 thousand in 1997 to over 100 thousand in the long run, due to the increase in population size. As a result net migration will decline from 40 thousand in the late 1990s to less than 25 thousand in the long run. It is assumed that the odds are two to one that net migration in 2015 will be between 13 thousand and 48 thousand."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40909 Angenendt, Steffen. Asylum and migration practices in the European Union. ISBN 3-7713-0577-2. 1999. 345 pp. Europa Union Verlag: Bonn, Germany; Forschungsinstitut der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik E.V. [DGAP]: Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
This collective work is about the growing importance of the European Union as a preferred destination for both migrants and refugees. Although many of the issues of migration policy are dealt with at the European level, individual countries have continued to make decisions on many important migrant-related issues, including who to admit and how to integrate new immigrants. Following a general introduction, in which structures, challenges, and policies concerning asylum and migration are examined in a comparative perspective, the situation in each member country is described in a separate chapter.
Correspondence: Europa Union Verlag, Postfach 1529, 5005 Bonn, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40910 Appleyard, Reginald. Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume I: Sub-Saharan Africa. ISBN 1-84014-554-4. LC 98-73509. 1998. xi, 365 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
This is one of four volumes devoted to the results of a joint research project of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) on emigration dynamics between 1993 and 1997. This volume contains nine papers by various authors on emigration dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Selected items are cited elsewhere in this issue of Population Index.
Correspondence: Ashgate Publishing, Gower House, Croft Road, Aldershot GU11 3HR, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40911 Appleyard, Reginald. Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume II: South Asia. ISBN 1-84014-553-6. LC 98-73509. 1998. xiv, 293 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
This is one of four volumes devoted to the results of a joint research project of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) on emigration dynamics between 1993 and 1997. This volume contains nine papers by various authors on emigration dynamics in Southern Asia.
Selected items are cited elsewhere in this issue of Population Index.
Correspondence: Ashgate Publishing, Gower House, Croft Road, Aldershot GU11 3HR, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40912 Appleyard, Reginald. Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume III: Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. ISBN 1-84014-551-X. LC 98-73885. 1999. xi, 334 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
This is one of four volumes devoted to the results of a joint research project of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) on emigration dynamics between 1993 and 1997. This volume contains nine papers by various authors on emigration dynamics in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.
Selected items are cited elsewhere in this issue of Population Index.
Correspondence: Ashgate Publishing, Gower House, Croft Road, Aldershot GU11 3HR, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40913 Appleyard, Reginald. Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume IV: the Arab region. ISBN 1-84014-552-8. LC 99-73629. 1999. xii, 277 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
This is one of four volumes devoted to the results of a joint research project of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) on emigration dynamics between 1993 and 1997. This volume contains six papers by various authors on emigration dynamics in the Arab countries of the Middle East. The contents are: New perspectives on political economy of migration in the Middle East, by Nazli Choucri; Emigration dynamics in Egypt, by Mayar Farrag; Emigration dynamics in Maghreb, by Nadji Safir; Emigration dynamics in Jordan, Palestine and Lebanon, by Seteney Shami; Migration dynamics in the GCC countries, by Lynne Evans and Ivy Papps; and Conceptualizing and simulating emigration dynamics, by Charles W. Stahl and Wylie Bradford.
Correspondence: Ashgate Publishing, Gower House, Croft Road, Aldershot GU11 3HR, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40914 Arif, G. M.; Irfan, Mohammad. Population mobility across the Pakistani border: fifty years experience. Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 36, No. 4, Part II, Winter 1997. 989-1,009 pp. Islamabad, Pakistan. In Eng.
"This paper describes population mobility across borders experienced by Pakistan during the past fifty years.... The dichotomy of this population mobility into inward and outward flow reveals that while the former can be traced to political factors like the partition of the Subcontinent and the Afghan war, the latter mostly represents a job-oriented move.... Differences emanate from the pattern of permanent or temporary settlement abroad, characteristics of the emigrants particularly in terms of human capital endowments and the nature of links maintained with families in Pakistan which have a bearing on the inflow of remittances." A comment by S. I. Cohen (pp.1,006-9) is included.
Correspondence: G. M. Arif, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, P.O. Box 1091, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40915 Auerbach, Alan J.; Oreopoulos, Philip. Generational accounting and immigration in the United States. NBER Working Paper, No. 7041, Mar 1999. 26, [8] pp. National Bureau of Economic Research [NBER]: Cambridge, Massachusetts. In Eng.
"This paper reconsiders the fiscal impact of immigrants [in the United States] over time, using the technique of generational accounting.... (1) Because new immigrants represent a larger fraction of future generations than of present ones, shifting the burden onto future generations also shifts it, relatively, onto new immigrants.... (2) When a policy of `fiscal responsibility' is followed, whether there is a fiscal gain from immigration depends on the extent to which government purchases rise with the immigrant population [and] (3) The impact of immigration on fiscal balance is extremely small relative to the size of the overall imbalance itself. Thus, immigration should be viewed neither as a major source of the existing imbalance, nor as a potential solution to it."
Correspondence: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138. Author's E-mail: auerbach@econ.berkeley.edu. Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

65:40916 Azam, Farooq-I. International migration dynamics in high and low migration districts of Pakistan. In: Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume II: South Asia, edited by Reginald Appleyard. 1998. 147-75 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
"The aim of the present study is to delineate what constitutes the migration dynamic in a labour sending country [Pakistan]. Understanding factors which cause migration is the first step towards finding durable solutions for economic and social autonomy of a country, and essential for incorporating such an important phenomenon as labour migration into the planning framework. Both economic and social conditions (such as the nature and structure of economy, employment opportunities, etc.) at macro level and individual characteristics (such as age, educational attainment, skills level, etc.) at micro level, may interact to produce the migration dynamic in a given geographical area which would reflect its migration potential. The study attempts to provide a model which could be followed for determining this migration potential." The data for the study are from two districts, one with high levels and one with low levels of migration.
Correspondence: F.-I. Azam, Overseas Pakistanis Division, Welfare and Services Division, Islamabad, Pakistan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40917 Baganha, Maria I.; Góis, Pedro. International migrations to and from Portugal: What do we know and where do we go? [Migrações internacionais de e para Portugal: o que sabemos e para onde vamos?] Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, No. 52-53, Nov-Feb 1998-1999. 229-80 pp. Coimbra, Portugal. In Por.
This is a general review of the published literature on international migration trends affecting Portugal since the end of World War II, with emphasis on the most recent 20 years. The article is in two parts, the first dealing with emigration and the second with immigration.
Correspondence: M. I. Baganha, Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Economia, Avenida Dias da Silva 165, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40918 Baganha, Maria I. Portuguese emigration and international migration trends (1855-1974): a historical synthesis. [A emigração portuguesa e as correntes migratórias internacionais (1855-1974): síntese histórica.] Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos, Vol. 13, No. 38, Apr 1998. 29-55 pp. Buenos Aires, Argentina. In Por. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
"The article reviews Portuguese emigration in the nineteenth and twentieth century within [the] world context. Portugal becomes a mass migration country from the third quarter of the nineteenth century onwards; two different cycles being clearly distinguishable: overseas migrations until 1930 and European migrations afterwards. Portugal comes into the picture of European migrations in the sixties, after signing agreements with France, the Netherlands and Germany. The evolution of the Portuguese legal [frameworks] for migration is analyzed, the criteria that dictated them and their relation to clandestine migration [discussed]. Finally the emigration flows as per period, origin and destination are considered, as well as social and economic patterns of migrants."
Correspondence: M. I. Baganha, Universidad de Coimbra, Faculdade de Economia, Avenida Dias da Silva 165, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40919 Baldwin-Edwards, Martin; Arango, Joaquin. Immigrants and the informal economy in southern Europe. South European Society and Politics, Vol. 3, No. 3, ISBN 0-7146-4925-2. Winter 1998. 274 pp. Frank Cass: Portland, Oregon/London, England. In Eng.
This special issue contains 10 articles by various authors, which together make up an interim assessment of the evolution of the immigration situation in the countries of southern Europe, together with a comparative analysis of how the governments of the recipient countries have responded to immigration. The papers are: Where free markets reign: aliens in the twilight zone, by Martin Baldwin-Edwards; A survey of the economics of illegal migration, by Andreas Jahn and Thomas Straubhaar; Illegality, enlightenment and ambiguity: a hot Italian recipe, by Giovanna Zincone; The mass legalization of migrants in Italy: permanent or temporary emergence from the underground economy?, by Emilio Reyneri; Immigrants in the Spanish labour market, by Ubaldo Martínez Veiga; Italian and Spanish labour leaders' unconventional immigration policy preferences, by Julie R. Watts; Multicultural insertions in a small economy: Portugal's immigrant communities, by David Corkill and Martin Eaton; Immigration, clandestine work and labour market strategies: the construction sector in the metropolitan region of Lisbon, by Jorge Macaísta Malheiros; Greece: the contours of a fragmented policy response, by Martin Baldwin-Edwards and Rossetos Fakiolas; Socio-spatial dynamics and exclusion of three immigrant groups in the Athens conurbation, by Theodoros Iosifides and Russell King; and Trafficking for sexual exploitation and the sex business in the new context of international migration: the case of Italy, by Giovanna Campani.
Correspondence: Frank Cass Publishers, Newbury House, 900 Eastern Avenue, London IG2 7HH, England. E-mail: info@frankcass.com. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40920 Bandiyono, Suko; Raharto, Aswatini; Romdiati, Haning. Legal or illegal? The choice facing migrants from Flores to Malaysia. Development Bulletin, No. 48, Apr 1999. 37-40 pp. Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"This article will report on a case study of an Eastern Indonesian population which regularly migrates overseas in search of work. This is the population of East Flores, which has developed a pattern of migrating to the state of Sabah in Malaysia. This case study will be used as the basis for considering issues of migration policy."
Correspondence: S. Bandiyono, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Center for Population and Manpower Studies, PPT-LIPI, Gedung Widya Graha Lt. X, Jalan Gatot Subroto 10, Djakarta Selatan, Indonesia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40921 Berliner Institut für Vergleichende Sozialforschung (Berlin, Germany). The former Soviet Union. Migration, No. 29-31, 1998. 148 pp. Berlin, Germany. In Eng. with sum. in Ger.
This collection of articles examines various aspects of migration flows in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union.
Selected items are cited elsewhere in this issue of Population Index.
Correspondence: Verlagsabteilung des Berliner Instituts für Vergleichende Sozialforschung, Edition Parabolis, Schliemannstraße 23, 10437 Berlin, Germany. Location: New York Public Library, New York, NY.

65:40922 Blanc-Chaléard, Marie-Claude. Immigration and national logic. [Immigration et logiques nationales.] Le Mouvement Social, No. 188, Jul-Sep 1999. 160 pp. Les Editions de l'Atelier/Editions Ouvrières: Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
This special issue contains seven papers on aspects of immigration in Europe, with particular emphasis on France. The issue is a product of a seminar held in October 1997 at the University of Orleans, France. The emphasis is on the role of the state in receiving countries and the consequences of policy decisions for the immigrants in those countries.
Selected items are cited elsewhere in this issue of Population Index.
Correspondence: Les Editions de l'Atelier/Editions Ouvrières, 12 avenue Soeur-Rosalie, 75013 Paris, France. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40923 Böcker, Anita; Groenendijk, Kees; Havinga, Tetty; Minderhoud, Paul. Regulation of migration. International experiences. ISBN 90-5589-095-2. 1998. 279 pp. Spinhuis: Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This book brings together researchers from various countries and disciplines, including history, political science and sociology of law. They discuss the attempts by different governments to regulate migration flows and to assess the effects of the instruments they use to do so. The book is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the regulation of migration in a historical perspective, particularly the socio-economic context of regulation and the short-term and long-term effects of immigration policy. The second part presents case studies of successful and unsuccessful regulation and means to provide an explanation of the effects. The last part is devoted to the East-West migration in Europe and the current developments in the region."
Correspondence: Het Spinhuis Publishers, Oudezijds Achterburgwal 185, 1012 DK Amsterdam, Netherlands. E-mail: spinhuis@pscw.uva.nl. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40924 Bonifazi, Corrado; Cerbara, Loredana. Foreign immigrants: Italian public opinion and attitudes. [Gli immigrati stranieri: valutazioni, conoscenze e giudizi degli italiani.] Studi Emigrazione/Migration Studies, Vol. 36, No. 133, Mar 1999. 3-38 pp. Rome, Italy. In Ita. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
The results of three official surveys carried out in Italy in 1987-1988, 1991, and 1997 on the attitude and opinions of Italians concerning immigrants are presented. The emphasis is on changes in attitudes over time. Particular attention is given to the results of the most recent survey. The analytical methods employed include cluster analysis in order to identify the characteristics of people with similar opinions.
Correspondence: C. Bonifazi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerche sulla Popolazione, Viale Beethoven 56, 00144 Rome, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40925 Bös, Mathias. Migration as a problem of open societies: globalization and social change in Western Europe and North America. [Migration als Problem offener Gesellschaften: Globalisierung und sozialer Wandel in Westeuropa und Nordamerika.] ISBN 3-8100-1697-7. LC 97-143603. 1997. 230 pp. Leske und Budrich: Opladen, Germany. In Ger.
The development of international migration flows to and from the United States, Germany, and France are analyzed with the aim of developing a sociological theory linking the internal institutions of nation states with global migration systems. Chapter 1 lays the theoretical groundwork by discussing theories of endogenous and exogenous factors of social change, especially as they pertain to globalization and the opening and closing of boundaries. It also looks at migration theories and "ethnicization". Chapter 2 examines the development of migration systems and citizenship laws. Chapter 3 covers the interaction between globalization tendencies, expressed in migration systems, and the closing and opening of social and national boundaries.
Correspondence: Leske und Budrich, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Straße 27, 51379 Leverkusen, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40926 Botelho, Vera L. International migration and transnationalism: an empirical account. Danish Center for Demographic Research, Research Report, No. 8, ISBN 87-90736-08-7. Mar 1999. 22 pp. Odense University, Danish Center for Demographic Research: Odense, Denmark. In Eng.
"Recent studies on international migration have stressed the rise of new patterns of immigrants. A theoretical framework, termed `transnationalism' has been developing to account for this new phenomenon.... This study is an attempt to provide a relevant test of the empirical bases of transnationalism. For this, we have taken the Brazilian immigration to British Columbia (Canada) as a case study, focusing our analysis on two aspects of the migration process: adaptation and maintenance of ethnicity."
Correspondence: Odense University, Danish Center for Demographic Research, Hollufgaard, Hestehaven 201, 5220 Odense SØ, Denmark. Author's E-mail: vera@statdem.ou.dk. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40927 Braga Martes, Ana C. Brazilians in Massachusetts. [Brasileños en Massachusetts.] Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos, Vol. 13, No. 39, Aug 1998. 257-88 pp. Buenos Aires, Argentina. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
"Brazilian emigration to countries in North America, Europe, Latin America and Asia, a movement unseen so far, started in the 1980s. This movement was first registered by the media, but received little attention from scholars. This article aims at providing a deeper knowledge on Brazilian emigration regarding the following aspects: Who are the Brazilian emigrants? Why are they leaving their country? To answer these questions, data collected on field work in Massachusetts, where the second greatest concentration of Brazilian immigrants exists, are analyzed."
Correspondence: A. C. Braga Martes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6166, CEP 13081 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40928 Brown, Mary E. Shapers of the great debate on immigration: a biographical dictionary. Shapers of the Great American Debates, No. 1, ISBN 0-313-30339-8. LC 98-21664. 1998. xxv, 322 pp. Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut. In Eng.
"Natives and immigrants, men and women, people from all regions, races, and religions, and people from all walks of life have brought varying perspectives to the long-running debate on immigration. Drawing from a large cast of characters--from Thomas Jefferson, Booker T. Washington, and Cesar Chavez to Jane Addams, Henry Ford, and Patrick McCarran--this book introduces students to people who have contributed to U.S. immigration policy from the Revolution to the present. Showing how each person's opinion drew from personal experience and thus added a new dimension to the debate, the book encompasses such issues as immigration and economics, partisan politics, culture, public opinion, and ethics."
Correspondence: Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Box 5007, Westport, CT 06881. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40929 Cagiano de Azevedo, Raimondo. International migrations as a factor of security and cooperation in Europe. Acta Universitatis Carolinae: Geographica, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1997. 21-33 pp. Prague, Czech Republic. In Eng. with sum. in Cze.
Some of the problems that are raised by current immigration trends in Europe are examined. The focus is on the development of cooperative agreements among the countries of origin and destination to deal with these problems.
Correspondence: R. Cagiano de Azevedo, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Facoltà di Economia, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, Rome 00161, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40930 Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada (Ottawa, Canada). Canada...the place to be: annual immigration plan for the year 2000. [Le Canada...pays par excellence: plan d'immigration pour l'an 2000.] ISBN 0-662-64552-9. 1999. 17, 17 pp. Ottawa, Canada. In Eng; Fre.
This document lays out, as required by law, the immigration plan for Canada for the year 2000. It includes estimates of the total number of immigrants, including refugees, to be admitted during the year. Data on immigration for the period 1996-1998 are also included.
For the 1999 immigration plan, see 64:40446.
Correspondence: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Communications Branch, Jean Edmonds Tower South, 365 Laurier Avenue West, 19th Floor, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 1L1, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40931 Capaldi, Nicholas. Immigration: debating the issues. Contemporary Issues, ISBN 1-57392-142-4. LC 97-6542. 1997. 324 pp. Prometheus Books: Amherst, New York. In Eng.
This book contains a selection of pieces by various authors that argue the case for and against immigration in the United States. "Divided into five parts, this volume covers several controversial areas: why there is a debate about immigration, immigration's historical and legal background, the economics and politics of immigration, the cultural challenge of immigration, and English as the national language."
Correspondence: Prometheus Books, 59 John Glenn Drive, Amherst, New York 14228-2197. Location: Princeton University Library (SPIA).

65:40932 Carter, Susan B.; Sutch, Richard. Historical perspectives on the economic consequences of immigration into the United States. NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long Run Growth, No. 106, Dec 1997. v, 48, [30] pp. National Bureau of Economic Research [NBER]: Cambridge, Massachusetts. In Eng.
"This paper highlights the distinctive features of the theoretical approach taken by scholars who analyzed the impacts of the mass migration into the United States in the two decades preceding World War I. Broadly speaking, this literature was couched in terms of the `aggregate production function,' and emphasized advancing technology, productivity change, and changes in factor proportions. Attention was focused on the close interrelatedness among the many diverse elements in the economy. A notable difference between the historical studies and the recent literature on the impacts of immigration is the propensity of the current literature to concentrate only on the first-round consequences. It is easy to show that these will be harmful to resident workers who face direct competition. Economic historians writing about the earlier period of high immigration went beyond the first-round effects. Taking a long-run perspective, they identified many aspects of the mass immigration that were beneficial from the point of view of the resident population."
Correspondence: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138. Author's E-mail: susan.carter@ucr.edu. Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

65:40933 Carter, Thomas J. Illegal immigration in an efficiency wage model. Journal of International Economics, Vol. 49, No. 2, Dec 1999. 385-401 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This paper studies illegal immigration using an efficiency wage/dual labor market model. The illegal immigrants are endogenously sorted, completely or incompletely, into secondary labor markets. The effects of immigration on native workers are more complex than in standard models of factor mobility. As illegals first enter the country, natives may gain because the number of primary sector jobs rises. With enough illegals in the country, natives are hurt because the migrants increasingly take those primary sector jobs. Enforcing immigration laws by deporting migrants who work in primary sector jobs is Pareto-superior to other forms of enforcement." The geographical focus is on the United States and other host countries.
Correspondence: T. J. Carter, Oklahoma City University, Department of Economics, 2501 North Blackwelder, Oklahoma City, OK 73106. E-mail: tcarter@frodo.okcu.edu. Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

65:40934 Castillo García, Manuel A.; Palma Calderón, Silvia I. Central American international emigration: trends and impacts. In: Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume III: Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, edited by Reginald Appleyard. 1999. 285-331 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
"The present study is based upon the model proposed by the IOM/UNFPA research project to analyse recent emigration trends and changes compared with previous courses of emigration. Recent developments have greatly influenced the social dynamics of each Central American country, as well as their emigration patterns. For the purposes of this study, we define Central America as comprising Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.... One hypothesis in this study addresses the relation between the degree of insecure and unstable living conditions of the population and the emergence of emigration as an option for survival."
Correspondence: M. A. Castillo García, El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Demográficos y de Desarrollo Urbano, Camino al Ajusco 20, 10740 Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40935 Castles, Stephen. Globalisation and migration: some pressing contradictions. 1997. 9 pp. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO]: Paris, France. In Eng.
This is a keynote address delivered to the Intergovernmental Council of Unesco on aspects of globalization and international migration. The focus is on what the author identifies as nine fundamental contradictions in the process of globalization, and on the recent rapid growth in international migration. The full text is available on the Web at http://www.unesco.org/most/igc97cas.htm.
Correspondence: UNESCO Publishing, Promotion and Sales Division, 1 rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France. E-Mail: publishing.promotion@unesco.org.

65:40936 Castles, Stephen; Miller, Mark J. The age of migration: international population movements in the modern world. 2nd ed. ISBN 1-57230-381-6. LC 98-16000. 1998. xvi, 336 pp. Guilford Press: New York, New York. In Eng.
"This study provides a global perspective on the nature of migration movements, why they take place, and their effects on countries as different as Britain and the USA, Australia and Germany, and Canada and France. Showing how migration almost always leads to formation of ethnic minorities, the book examines how growing ethnic diversity affects economies, cultures, and political institutions and challenges existing forms of citizenship and national identity. This second edition has been completely revised and updated, including increased coverage of new migrations in Africa and Latin America and a new chapter on the Asia-Pacific region."
For the first edition, published in 1993, see 60:20424.
Correspondence: Guilford Publications, 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40937 Chamberlain, Mary. Caribbean migration: globalised identities. ISBN 0-415-16580-6. LC 97-45099. 1998. xi, 272 pp. Routledge: New York, New York/London, England. In Eng.
This is a collection of studies by various authors on aspects of migration from the Caribbean to other parts of the world. The 16 studies are organized into six parts, which are entitled: Rethinking diaspora; Migration narratives; Ethnicity and identity; Family and identity; Caribbean migration cultures; and Gender, socialisation and survival in Caribbean communities. "This anthology brings together a multidisciplinary approach to Caribbean migration from historians, anthropologists, sociologists and geographers. It takes a comparative perspective on the migration experiences of Caribbeans not only within the Caribbean, but to North America and to the European metropoles of Britain, France and the Netherlands. It shifts the focus away from the causes of migration, towards the nature and meaning of the migration experience, a shift which has radical implications for those concerned with the consequences of migration and its future. It investigates migration as a continuing historical event which has been informed by, and continues to inform, a vibrant culture of transnational and circular migration, in the `home' and in the `host' countries."
Correspondence: Routledge, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40938 Chastanet, Monique. Soninke migration over the long term: strategies and identities. [Les migrations soninkées dans la longue durée: stratégies et identités.] Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, Vol. 39, No. 153, 1999. 169-77 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
This is a review article of two recent books about international migration by the Soninke people originally from Mali, Senegal, or Mauritania. The two books are Willing migrants: Soninke labor diasporas, 1848-1960, by François Manchuelle; and Les Soninké en France. D'une histoire à l'autre, by Mahamet Timera. The author describes how this migration has changed over time, and how the settlement patterns of migrants in the countries of destination are also changing.
Correspondence: M. Chastanet, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, (UPRESA 8054), Centre de Recherches Africaines, 15 quai Anatole France, 75700 Paris, France. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40939 Chau, Nancy H.; Stark, Oded. Migration under asymmetric information and human capital formation. Review of International Economics, Vol. 7, No. 3, Aug 1999. 455-83 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"We study the migration of skilled workers, along with the skill acquisition incentives created by the prospect of migration. We trace out the dynamics of migration as foreign employers accumulate experience in deciphering the skill levels of individual migrants. It is found that migration by the relatively highly skilled is followed by return-migration from both tails of the migrant skill distribution; that the possibility of migration induces skill acquisition at home; that until the probability of discovery reaches its steady state equilibrium, migration consists of a sequence of moves characterized by a rising average skill level; and that migration of skilled workers can entail a home-country welfare gain."
Correspondence: O. Stark, University of Oslo, Department of Economics, P.O. Box 1095, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40940 Chesnais, Jean-Claude. Immigration and the population of the United States. [L'immigration et le peuplement des Etats-Unis.] Population, Vol. 54, No. 4-5, Jul-Oct 1999. 611-34 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
"The settling of the United States is a recent event. Unlike the colonization of South America, where a small minority of Europeans imposed its law upon several million Amerindian occupants, the colonization of North America was based on the early importation of African slaves (roughly 400,000, most of whom were introduced in the eighteenth century) and above all the massive arrival of Europeans (nearly 40 million), which reached its maximum between 1845 and 1915.... Following a period in which the frontiers were relatively closed (1915-1965), immigration resumed, with racial preference eliminated. In 1998, the population of the United States reached 270 million inhabitants. Its ethnic composition is undergoing far-reaching changes: in a few years, Hispanics will outnumber Blacks, a development that is causing concern over linguistic unity, previously based on English and now threatened by the spread of Spanish. In a state like California, the traditional `White non-Hispanic' majority is about to be overtaken by the `minorities' (Hispanics, Blacks, Asians, Amerindians)."
Correspondence: J.-C. Chesnais, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex 20, France. E-mail: chesnais@ined.fr. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40941 Chesney, Marc; Hazari, Bharat R.; Sgro, Pasquale M. Immigration, unemployment and welfare. International Economic Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2, Summer 1999. 59-74 pp. Seoul, Republic of Korea. In Eng.
"The recent flows of immigrants to many countries has been categorised by both legal/illegal migrants. Such migration flows have occurred despite the presence of domestic unemployment of various categories of labour. It has also been observed that migration has lowered the reward of unskilled workers. These problems are analysed on the basis of two alternative models: (i) where skilled workers and (ii) where unskilled workers are unemployed. It is shown that migration may raise both skilled/unskilled employment and welfare under plausible factor intensity conditions. More importantly, illegal migration may help in lowering the relative price of the non-traded good while the impact of migration on structural adjustment is ambiguous."
Correspondence: M. Chesney, Groupe HECS Department of Economics, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France. Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

65:40942 Clark, William A. V. Regional outcomes of large-scale migration in postindustrial America. In: Migration and restructuring in the United States: a geographic perspective, edited by Kavita Pandit and Suzanne D. Withers. 1999. 95-112 pp. Rowman and Littlefield: Lanham, Maryland/London, England. In Eng.
This chapter focuses on the nature and outcome of recent large-scale migration to the United States. "Most national research, however, does not deal with outcomes at the regional level. How are migrants doing in specific regions? Are there variations across the major immigrant states, and what do regional patterns say about future trajectories of the most recent waves of immigrants? The research reported in this chapter focuses on these questions, on changes in wages, education, poverty and dependency levels across five major immigrant states--Arizona, California, Florida, New York, and Texas."
Correspondence: W. A. V. Clark, University of California, Department of Geography, 1255 Bunche Hall, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1524. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40943 Clarke, James A.; Dobson, Janet A.; Salt, John. International migration flows and regimes in the United Kingdom. [Flux et régimes des migrations internationales au Royaume-Uni.] Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1999. 145-66 pp. Poitiers, France. In Fre.
This article gives a summary of the relevant policy governing international migration concerning the United Kingdom, as well as an introduction to the sources of data on the topic. Three main streams of immigration are identified: those seeking employment, those seeking asylum, and those with historical British connections due to the country's colonial and imperial past. Trends in these three streams over time are analyzed.
Correspondence: J. A. Clarke, University College London, Department of Geography, London WC1, England. E-mail: jclarke@geography.ucl.ac.uk. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40944 Coleman, David; Wadensjö, Eskil; Jensen, Bent; Pedersen, Søren. Immigration to Denmark: international and national perspectives. ISBN 87-7288-775-3. 1999. 348 pp. Aarhus University Press: Aarhus, Denmark; Rockwool Foundation Research Unit: Copenhagen, Denmark. In Eng.
"As in other Western European countries, immigration has been one of the hottest and most enduring issues in the political debate in Denmark. But what are the overall conditions under which immigration takes place, and what are the economic implications of immigration for the Danish welfare state?" In this book, the authors "place immigration in an international framework, describing the importance of global population trends for international migration, together with the main destinations of these migrations, and, in particular, the migration streams to Europe. [They] also discuss international treaties and national laws as means of regulating migration towards the European continent."
Correspondence: Aarhus University Press, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40945 Cotesta, Vittorio. Mass media, ethnic conflicts, and immigration: a research project based on the content of Italian newspapers in the 1990s. [Mass media, conflitti etnici e immigrazione: una ricerca sulla comunicazione dei quotidiani nell'Italia degli anni novanta.] Studi Emigrazione/Migration Studies, Vol. 36, No. 135, Sep 1999. 387-559 pp. Centro Studi Emigrazione: Rome, Italy. In Ita.
This special issue contains a selection of papers on how Italian newspapers covered the subject of immigration over the course of the 1990s. The contents are as follows: Mass media, migration, and ethnic conflicts in Italy: a quantitative analysis, by Mauro Cotesta and Simone De Angelis; Names and images of "the other": a multidimensional analysis of the information on migration, by Sabrina Stoppiello; Mass media, ethnic conflicts, and identity of the Italians, by Vittorio Cotesta; Ethnic conflicts, solidarity, and attitudes in the Italian newspapers, by Massimo Pendenza; Italy in the context of Mediterranean migration, by Michela C. Pellicani; and Maternity and abortion in the experience of immigrant women in Milan, by Patrizia Farina and Laura Terzera.
Correspondence: Centro Studi Emigrazione, Via Dandolo 58, 00153 Rome, Italy. E-mail: cser@pcn.net. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40946 Coughlan, James E.; McNamara, Deborah J. Asians in Australia: patterns of migration and settlement. ISBN 0-7329-4562-3. 1997. vi, 338 pp. MacMillan Education: South Melbourne, Australia. In Eng.
This study attempts to provide the relevant data and an objective analysis of Asian immigration in Australia. It "includes overview chapters of the politics of Asian migration over the years, the patterns of migration, where Asians have found jobs, and the characteristics of Asian students in Australia. These are followed by detailed chapters on the patterns of migration and settlement of the major migrating Asian communities. The book concludes with an analysis of the results of research contained in earlier chapters, identifying areas of success and problems within the broader Asian community in Australia."
Correspondence: MacMillan Education, 107 Moray Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library.

65:40947 Cozzani de Palmada, María R. Foreign immigrants: City dwellers of the world at the end of the millennium? [Inmigrantes extranjeros: ¿Ciudadanos del mundo globalizado de fin del milenio?] Revista Geográfica, No. 123, Jan-Dec 1996-1997. 93-106 pp. Mexico City, Mexico. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
"The international migration phenomenon has acquired a different dimension because its effects--demographic changes and different cultural expressions--on receptive states or unions of states are added to the effects of the process of transnationalization of strong economies, which advances on national identities.... The purpose of this paper is to analyze current migratory flows, to measure their impact on areas of attraction and to show different alternatives of frontier permeability."
Correspondence: M. R. Cozzani de Palmada, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40948 Delaunay, Daniel; Tapinos, Georges. The extent of illegal migration in Europe. Volume 1: summary report. [La mesure de la migration clandestine en Europe. Volume 1: rapport de synthèse.] EUROSTAT Working Paper, Vol. 3, No. 7, Mar 1998. 104 pp. European Communities, Statistical Office [EUROSTAT]: Luxembourg. In Fre.
The focus of this study is on measuring the extent of illegal immigration in Europe in general and in the European Union in particular, and on how to arrive at better estimations of the number of illegal immigrants. The work consists of a synthesis of country reports from nine member countries. There are sections on the methodology for collecting data and the available data sources, the methods used in various European countries to estimate the number of illegal immigrants, and possible ways to improve these estimates in the future.
For Volume 2, see elsewhere in this issue.
Correspondence: European Communities, Office for Official Publications, 2985 Luxembourg. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40949 Delaunay, Daniel; Tapinos, Georges. The extent of illegal migration in Europe. Volume 2: the experts' report. [La mesure de la migration clandestine en Europe. Volume 2: rapport des experts.] EUROSTAT Working Paper, Mar 1998. [200] pp. European Communities, Statistical Office [EUROSTAT]: Luxembourg. In Eng; Fre.
The focus of this study is on measuring the extent of illegal immigration in Europe and on how to arrive at better estimations of the number of illegal immigrants. This volume presents country reports, in either English or French, for the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Portugal, Italy, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic.
For Volume 1, see elsewhere in this issue.
Correspondence: European Communities, Office for Official Publications, 2985 Luxembourg. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40950 Devoto, Fernando J. Migrations from Marche to Argentina, the question of scale and the possibilities of building a regional typology (1882-1927). [Las migraciones de Las Marcas a la Argentina, la cuestión de la escala y las posibilidades de una tipología regional (1882-1927).] Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos, Vol. 13, No. 38, Apr 1998. 69-107 pp. Buenos Aires, Argentina. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
This is an analysis of migration from the Italian province of Marche to Argentina over the period 1882-1927. Trends in emigration from the province are compared with contemporary emigration trends from Italy as a whole. Differences in emigration patterns within the province during this period are also identified.
Correspondence: F. J. Devoto, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto Ravignani, 25 de Mayo 217, 2o piso, 1002 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40951 DeWind, Josh. Immigration studies and the Social Science Research Council. American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 42, No. 9, Jun-Jul 1999. 1,280-4 pp. Thousand Oaks, California. In Eng.
"The Social Science Research Council (SSRC) has twice mobilized scholars to promote the study of immigration to the United States. Although 70 years apart, the Committee on Scientific Aspects of Human Migration (1924-1927) and the Committee on International Migration (1994-present) were formed within similar demographic and political contexts.... [The author discusses] how immigration studies have developed into a subfield within the social sciences during the 20th century and suggests some future research goals."
Correspondence: J. DeWind, Social Science Research Council, International Migration Program, 810 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10019. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40952 Dirks, Gerald E. Factors underlying migration and refugee issues: responses and cooperation among OECD member states. Citizenship Studies, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1998. 377-95 pp. Abingdon, England. In Eng.
"As the twentieth century concludes, international migratory pressures are more intense than in any previous era. What distinguishes this period from earlier ones is that the supply of willing receiving destinations for would-be migrants has fallen far behind the demand. This article sets out to examine the more significant root causes behind international migration, to identify the reasons explaining the rapid rise of migration issues on the agendas of OECD governments, to discuss the varied responses to these pressures from these same governments, and to speculate about how the global migration phenomenon will continue to evolve and what stance will be adopted by concerned governments in both sending and probable and actual receiving states."
Correspondence: G. E. Dirks, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario LS2 3A1, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SF).

65:40953 Djamba, Yanyi K. African immigrants in the United States: a socio-demographic profile in comparison to native blacks. Journal of Asian and African Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, May 1999. 210-5 pp. Leiden, Netherlands. In Eng.
"Using data from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. censuses (5% Public Use Microdata Samples), this paper provides the socio-demographic profile of African immigrants in comparison to native blacks. The results show that the number of Africans living in the United States has increased by 6% per year between 1980 and 1990, but the growth has been greater for blacks (11%) than for whites (4%). This racial difference in growth changed the composition of the African immigrant population from predominantly white (60%) in 1980, to predominantly black (47%) in 1990; other races counted only for 11% in 1980 and 9% in 1990. Compared to native blacks, black and white African immigrants are more educated, less likely to be on welfare, more heavily concentrated in some states, more likely to be married, and more employable. These characteristics are key determinants of the future conditions of native blacks and African immigrants in the United States."
Correspondence: Y. K. Djamba, University of Texas, Population Research Center, 1800 Main Building, Austin, TX 78712. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40954 Douki, Caroline. Lucchesi at work or Italian emigrants? Identities confronted by transnational mobility, 1850-1914. [Lucquois au travail ou émigrés italiens? Les identités à l'épreuve de la mobilité transnationale, 1850-1914.] Le Mouvement Social, No. 188, Jul-Sep 1999. 17-41 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
This is an analysis of the large-scale international migration from the Lucca area of central Italy that took place between 1850 and 1914. The focus of the study is on how the growing concept of the national state affected this migration over time. "These new constraints on mobility came to rebuild social identities: declining inherited local identities were combining with a new emerging citizenship and a more precise sense of transnational spaces, at a time when the nation-state legal norms and ideology were being enforced. These migratory experiences generated as many misunderstandings and tensions as adaptations allowing both local, social and national identities. So, we see once again that the concept of identity can only operate once historicized."
Correspondence: C. Douki, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Fontenay-Saint-Cloud, Saint-Cloud, France. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40955 Dyatlov, Viktor I.; Dorokhov, Dimid A.; Lyustritski, Dmitri G.; Palyutina, Yelena V. The new Chinese diaspora in Irkutsk and the receiving society. Migration, No. 29-31, 1998. 63-82 pp. Berlin, Germany. In Eng. with sum. in Ger.
"In the past few years, the CIS countries have been integrated into the global migration system and the Russian Federation in particular, almost unnoticed by the western public, has become a country of immigration not only for migrants from the former Soviet Union. The authors make this clear in their article on the restoration of a Chinese diaspora in the eastern Siberian town of Irkutsk on Lake Baikal. They sketch a vivid picture of the migration routes and the settlement, occupational and business strategies of the Chinese migrants."
Correspondence: V. I. Dyatlov, Irkutsk State University, ul. Levitana 17, kv. 10, 664054 Irkutsk, Russia. Location: New York Public Library, New York, NY.

65:40956 Escobar Latapí, Augustín; Bean, Frank D.; Weintraub, Sidney. The dynamics of Mexican emigration. In: Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume III: Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, edited by Reginald Appleyard. 1999. 18-116 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
An attempt is made to identify the major factors affecting current international migration patterns between Mexico and the United States. The focus is on the changes that might be occurring in the dynamics of this migration and in the relative importance of the factors that affect it. Factors considered include the rapid rise in the population of working age in Mexico in the 1980s and the exacerbated pressure on an economy that was already in trouble, economic restructuring, changes in U.S. migration policy, and changes in trade relations and patterns. Particular attention is given to the impact of economic restructuring on migration.
Correspondence: A. Escobar Latapí, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social, Avenida Juárez 975, Sector Juárez, 44100 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40957 Espenshade, Thomas J. The challenge of illegal immigration. In: America's demographic tapestry: baseline for the new millennium, edited by James W. Hughes and Joseph J. Seneca. 1999. 61-77 pp. Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, New Jersey. In Eng.
The challenge that illegal immigration poses for the United States is explored. The author first spells out the demographic dimensions of current illegal immigration. He then analyzes the determinants and consequences of illegal immigration, and describes changes in public opinion about this migration. Finally, he reviews the history and effectiveness of policy attempts to control illegal migration.
Correspondence: T. J. Espenshade, Princeton University, Office of Population Research, 21 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ 08544-2091. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40958 Fassmann, Heinz; Hintermann, Christiane. Potential East-West migration. Czech Sociological Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, Spring 1998. 59-72 pp. Prague, Czech Republic. In Eng.
"This article is based on a large survey which tries to identify the migration potential in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. More than 4,000 persons were asked if they want to migrate, which steps they have undertaken to realise the migration, what their social circumstances are and what they expect of staying and working abroad. One main result was the fact that all scenarios that predict an imminent exodus of people from East and Central Europe are exaggerating the real dimension of East-West migration. The migration potential in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary is somewhere between a possible 4 million and a more likely 700,000 persons."
Correspondence: H. Fassmann, Technical University, Geographical Department, Arcisstrasse 21, 80290 Munich, Federal Republic of Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40959 Feldman, David. Immigration, immigrants, and the state in Great Britain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. [L'immigration, les immigrés et l'état en Grande-Bretagne aux XIXe et XXe siècles.] Le Mouvement Social, No. 188, Jul-Sep 1999. 43-60 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"This essay examines the relationship between the state and immigrants in Britain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It focuses not only on attempts by the state to restrict immigration but also on the treatment of immigrants under successive welfare systems. In doing so it questions whether the nineteenth century really was a golden age for immigrants. In the twentieth century the state has promoted increasingly strict laws against immigration, but the success of these laws has been limited. However, the growth of the central state has led not only to the exclusion of potential immigrants but also to the inclusion of immigrants within the welfare system. Moreover, in the nineteenth century applications by immigrants to poor law authorities and to charities could lead to expulsion from the country."
Correspondence: D. Feldman, University of London, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, England. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40960 Findley, Sally; Sow, Salif. From season to season: agriculture, poverty and migration in the Senegal River Valley, Mali. In: Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume I: Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Reginald Appleyard. 1998. 69-144 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
The authors examine factors affecting the decision to emigrate in the Upper Senegal River Valley region at the borders of Mali, Senegal, and Mauritania. The focus is on the relationships among landlessness, unemployment, poverty, and migration. The authors analyze how the Soninke people use their land and how the decisions they make about land use enter into family or individual decisions to migrate.
Correspondence: S. Findley, Columbia University, School of Public Health, Morningside Heights, New York, NY 10027. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40961 Firat, Düzgün. Migration as a stressor of Turkish families: effects on social identity and the family system. [Die Migration als Belastungsfaktor türkischer Familien: Auswirkungen auf die soziale Identität und das Familiensystem.] ISBN 3-86064-453-X. LC 97-125326. 1996. 210 pp. Kovac: Hamburg, Germany. In Ger.
This study is concerned with the impact of migration on Turkish families, especially those who have emigrated to Germany. After an overview of Turkish family structure in Turkey and a brief section on migration, the author borrows from other disciplines such as sociology and political science to examine interfamily relations, child-raising practices, health, social networks, ethnic identity, housing, and employment among Turks living in Germany. A theoretical section introduces the results of a survey conducted among Turkish families in Turkey and Germany.
Correspondence: Verlag Dr. Kovac, Arnoldstraße 49, 22763 Hamburg, Germany. Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

65:40962 Forrest, James; Johnston, Ron. Disadvantage, discrimination and the occupational differentiation of migrant groups in Australia. International Journal of Population Geography, Vol. 5, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1999. 277-96 pp. Chichester, England. In Eng.
"There is a substantial debate in the literature regarding the occupational differentiation of migrant groups within their host country's labour market. Are migrants simply disadvantaged because of their educational qualifications, skills, linguistic abilities, and so on, or are they also discriminated against? This paper explores that question using recently obtained data for the 52 largest migrant groups in Australia. It finds clear evidence of disadvantage related to educational qualifications and, particularly, facility with the English language--although these operate differentially for males and females--plus differences that reflect the particular programmes under which recent migrants have entered the country."
Correspondence: R. Johnston, University of Bristol, School of Geographical Sciences, University Road, Bristol B58 1SS, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40963 France. Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques [INSEE] (Paris, France). A look at immigration since 1945. [Regards sur l'immigration depuis 1945.] Synthèses, No. 30, ISBN 2-11-067384-2. Oct 1999. 64 pp. Paris, France. In Fre.
This publication includes five studies on aspects of immigration to France since 1945. The studies are: Fifty years of family reunification in France, by Catherine Kohler and Suzanne Thave; Political asylum: 121,000 refugees live in France, by Alexis Spire; The regularization of undocumented foreigners, by Guy Lucas and Suzanne Thave; Acquisitions of French nationality since 1945, by Alexis Spire and Suzanne Thave; and Waves of immigration and of return migration, by Suzanne Thave.
Correspondence: Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, 18 boulevard Adolphe Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40964 Frejka, Tomas; Okólski, Marek; Sword, Keith. In-depth studies on migration in Central and Eastern Europe: the case of Ukraine. Economic Studies, No. 12, Pub. Order No. GV.E.99.II.E.5. ISBN 92-1-116707-8. 1999. x, 146 pp. UN Economic Commission for Europe [ECE]: Geneva, Switzerland; United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]: New York, New York. In Eng.
"The aim of this study was to draw a comprehensive picture of international population movements/mobilities in Ukraine, to determine the key factors influencing migratory movements, to elucidate the nature, trends and patterns of international migration, and migration behaviour, as well as assessing the consequences of migration." The study covers the period 1975-1994, with the focus on 1992-1994. The methods used are based on the ethnosurvey methodology developed by Massey and others for the study of Mexican-U.S. migration. The survey included some 440 households containing around 1,500 individuals. The results suggest that between 30 and 40 percent of households surveyed had individuals with recent international migration experience.
Correspondence: UN Economic Commission for Europe, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40965 Fundação Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento (Lisbon, Portugal). Metropolis International Workshop, proceedings. Lisbon, September 28-29, 1998. ISBN 972-97246-9-5. Jun 1999. 319 pp. Lisbon, Portugal. In Eng.
These are the proceedings of an international workshop on the place of immigrants and ethnic minorities in cities of the Mediterranean region. The papers are: Spatial concentration and mobility in Milan, by Antonio Tosi and Marco Lombardi; Immigrant integration in the United States: still a model for emulation?, by Mark J. Miller; Prospects for future migration from the Maghreb to Europe: impact of economic policies, by Donatella Giubilaro; Immigrants and the labour market: the Portuguese case, by Maria I. Baganha, João Ferrão, and Jorge M. Malheiros; Modes of insertion of illegal migrants in the labour market: the case of Greece, by Maria Frangouli-Papantoniou; The city as context: approaches to immigrants and cities, by Caroline B. Brettell; Minority residential histories in the city: context, process and outcome, by Paul White; Immigration, social-spatial marginalisation and urban planning in Lisbon: challenges and strategies, by Maria L. Fonseca; Ethnic minorities and housing problems, by María J. Lago Avila; Immigrants in Europe: between integration and exclusion, by Joaquín Arango; Portugal and migration in global and European perspectives, by Martin O. Heisler; Children of immigrants: a situation in flux between tensions and integration, by David Justino, Maria M. Marques, Tiago Ralha, Susana Palácio, and Hugo de Seabra; and Identity, rights and claims-making: changing dynamics of citizenship in postwar Europe, by Yasemin Soysal.
Correspondence: Fundação Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento, Lisbon, Portugal. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40966 Gaillard, Anne M.; Gaillard, Jacques. International migration of the highly qualified: a bibliographic and conceptual itinerary. CMS Bibliographies and Documentation Series, ISBN 1-57703-007-9. 1998. 142 pp. Center for Migration Studies: Staten Island, New York. In Eng.
This is an unannotated bibliography of 1,816 references to both published and unpublished works written between 1954 and 1995 on the international migration of highly qualified workers. An introductory essay analyzes the main characteristics of the works included in the bibliography.
Correspondence: Center for Migration Studies, 209 Flagg Place, Staten Island, NY 10304-1122. E-mail: cmslft@aol.com. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40967 Gaillard, Anne M.; Gaillard, Jacques. The international circulation of scientists and technologists: A win-lose or win-win situation? Science Communication, Vol. 20, No. 1, Sep 1998. 106-15 pp. Thousand Oaks, California. In Eng.
"The dramatic contrasts in opinion about the effects of international scientific migration are traced to its intrinsic character as a polymorphic, recurrent phenomenon whose costs and benefits have never been successfully evaluated. The tendency to assign countries the status of `winner' or `loser' in migration patterns is shown to be of dubious usefulness in an era of changing economic paradigms and increased interconnection of scientists via electronic communication networks. Nevertheless, those countries with neither improving economies nor easy and inexpensive network connections may still find themselves at a disadvantage in the global flow of scientific talent."
Correspondence: J. Gaillard, International Foundation for Science, Grev Turegatan 19, 114 38 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: jga@ifs.se. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40968 Gaillard, Jacques; Gaillard, Anne M. Brain drain, returns, and diasporas. [Fuite des cerveaux, retours et diasporas.] Futuribles, No. 228, Feb 1998. 25-49 pp. Paris, France. In Fre.
The consequences of the brain drain of technically qualified professionals from developing to developed countries for the countries of origin are explored. The authors note that these consequences vary considerably from country to country, and that some countries have found a way to profit from this trend by finding ways to draw on the pool of scientific and technical experience that the expatriate elite provides. Ways in which the countries of origin, particularly those that are experiencing rapid rates of development, are able to use this expatriate expertise or even encourage the return migration of expatriates are described.
Correspondence: J. Gaillard, Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération, 213 rue Lafayette, 75480 Paris Cedex 10, France. E-mail: jacques.gaillard@ifs.se. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

65:40969 Gaillard, Jacques; Gaillard, Anne M. The international mobility of brains: Exodus or circulation? Science, Technology and Society, Vol. 2, No. 2, Jul-Dec 1997. 195-228 pp. New Delhi, India. In Eng.
This article is an introduction to a special issue on the brain drain. It consists of a historical review of the circulation and mobility of scientists through the ages, and briefly summarizes the papers included in the issue.
Correspondence: J. Gaillard, Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération, LSSD, 32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40970 Gallo, Gerardo. Changes in international mobility and relevant Italian migration in Germany. [La transizione della mobilità internazionale e l'attualità dell'emigrazione italiana in Germania.] Studi Emigrazione/Migration Studies, Vol. 36, No. 133, Mar 1999. 147-54 pp. Rome, Italy. In Ita. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
Recent trends in Italian emigration are examined based on a review of the relevant literature. The focus is on emigration to other European Union countries.
Correspondence: G. Gallo, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Scienze Demografiche, Via Nomentana 41, 00161 Rome, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40971 Gans, Herbert J. Filling in some holes: six areas of needed immigration research. American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 42, No. 9, Jun-Jul 1999. 1,302-13 pp. Thousand Oaks, California. In Eng.
The author identifies "six main `holes' or areas of needed immigration research. Three of these concern processes of immigrant incorporation: the persisting question of selectivity in emigration and immigration...; intergenerational differences in adaptation...; and macrolevel economic, political, and societal factors shaping those patterns of adaptation. Three other areas involve the field of immigration scholarship itself: insider versus outsider roles among immigration researchers, the need for more empirical research on the choices (and omissions) of topics and groups that draw the attention of immigration scholars, and the role of funding agencies in shaping the field of study...."
Correspondence: H. J. Gans, Columbia University, Department of Sociology, Morningside Heights, New York, NY 10027. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40972 Ghosh, Bimal. Huddled masses and uncertain shores: insights into irregular migration. Refugees and Human Rights, Vol. 2, ISBN 90-411-0531-X. 1998. xvi, 201 pp. Martinus Nijhoff: The Hague, Netherlands; International Organization for Migration [IOM]: Geneva, Switzerland. In Eng.
This study attempts to analyze worldwide trends in irregular, or illegal, migration. "It seeks to provide within a single framework a reasonably comprehensive analysis of irregular migration in its different aspects and dimensions: its nature, characteristics and magnitude; its causes, conditions and consequences; and the inadequacies of existing policies and measures. Against the backdrop of this analysis, the study in its last chapter puts forward a set of specific proposals which can be woven into a coherent and comprehensive strategy to combat irregular migration."
Correspondence: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Postbus 58, 9700 MB Groningen, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

65:40973 Goza, Franklin. Brazilian immigration to Ontario. International Migration, Vol. 37, No. 4, 1999. 765-89 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
This analysis of migration from Brazil to Canada is based on interviews with 205 Brazilian immigrants in Toronto in 1991. "A large proportion of the immigrants who arrived after 1987, the year a visa requirement was initiated for Brazilians, gained entry by claiming to be `refugees'. Because of numerous court system delays, this strategy permitted them to work, study and collect social benefits until all their appeals, no matter how spurious, were exhausted. Meantime, many acquired English skills and on-the-job training which enabled them to score high enough on the Canadian immigrant point scale to become legal permanent residents."
Correspondence: F. Goza, Bowling Green State University, Department of Sociology, Bowling Green, OH 43403-0231. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40974 Greenwood, Michael J.; McDowell, John M. Legal U.S. immigration: influences on gender, age, and skill composition. ISBN 0-88099-190-9. LC 99-38679. 1999. xii, 295 pp. W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research: Kalamazoo, Michigan. In Eng.
The authors aim to analyze the factors influencing the composition of the legal immigrant pool in the United States, and to describe the economic effects of this immigration. "The research that is described here is based on a `human capital' approach to immigration. Although we attempt to account for factors such as political conditions and religion in source countries, much of our focus is on the benefits and costs of migrating legally to the United States.... Perhaps the most unique type of variable included in the study is a vector or set of source-country social program indicators.... The study is organized as follows. [After an introductory chapter,] Chapter 2 sketches the history of U.S. immigration policy, and Chapter 3 provides a brief history of U.S. immigration. Chapter 4 provides details on the data that underlie the models that are estimated in Chapters 5 through 8. Chapter 5 discusses a model of the determinants of overall U.S. immigration. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 develop models of the gender, age, and occupational composition of U.S. immigration, respectively;... Chapter 9 provides a summary and conclusions."
Correspondence: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 300 South Westnedge Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49007-4686. E-mail: wyrwa@we.upjohninst.org. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40975 Gross, Dominique M. Immigration flows and regional labor market dynamics. IMF Working Paper, No. 98/47, Apr 1998. 29 pp. International Monetary Fund: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"The paper analyzes the ability of a regional labor market [British Columbia, Canada] to absorb growing flows of immigrant workers with declining levels of skills during relatively high unemployment. The impact of the size of the flow and the skill characteristics of the immigrants are analyzed. It is found that immigration is positively related to unemployment in the short run but in the long run is negatively related. Also, a higher skill level among immigrants makes them more effective in their job search in the short run. Finally, increasing the discrepancy between the skill distribution of immigrants and that of the existing workforce is desirable, as both types of labor appear to be complements in the short-run."
Correspondence: International Monetary Fund, 700 19th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20431. Author's E-mail: dgross@imf.org. Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.

65:40976 Gunatilleke, Godfrey. Macroeconomic implications of international migration from Sri Lanka. In: Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume II: South Asia, edited by Reginald Appleyard. 1998. 113-46 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
"The main objectives of this study are to examine and analyse current trends in labour migration [from Sri Lanka] in relation to the domestic labour market; assess the implications of the outflow for the national development strategy which is being pursued and which aims at high economic growth and rapid employment creation; examine the impact of high economic growth on the outflow of labour for employment abroad; and on the basis of this analysis to draw conclusions that are relevant for migration policies."
Correspondence: G. Gunatilleke, Marga Institute, P.O. Box 601, 93/10 Dutugemunu Mawatha, Colombo 6, Sri Lanka. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40977 Gunatilleke, Godfrey. The role of networks and community structures in international migration from Sri Lanka. In: Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Volume II: South Asia, edited by Reginald Appleyard. 1998. 71-112 pp. Ashgate: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
Aspects of international migration from Sri Lanka are explored. "This study examines the way in which informal networks and community structures operate in two processes of migration, legal and illegal. It analyses factors that have worked to motivate, facilitate and promote migration and examines the processes which maintain the home country-host country link and act as a stabilizing factor in the return flow. Although the study intended originally to cover both economically driven and politically motivated migration, it was decided to concentrate on the economically driven migration." The data are for a purposively selected sample of 37 returning migrants, 16 of whom were illegal migrants.
Correspondence: G. Gunatilleke, Marga Institute, P.O. Box 601, 93/10 Dutugemunu Mawatha, Colombo 6, Sri Lanka. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40978 Hanson, Gordon H.; Spilimbergo, Antonio. Illegal immigration, border enforcement, and relative wages: evidence from apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border. American Economic Review, Vol. 89, No. 5, Dec 1999. 1,337-57 pp. Nashville, Tennessee. In Eng.
"In this paper, we examine illegal immigration in the United States from Mexico. We address two questions. The first is, how responsive is illegal immigration to changes in U.S. and Mexican real wages? While long-run U.S.-Mexico wage differences create obvious pressures for immigration from Mexico, short-run movements in relative wages may also contribute to immigration by encouraging Mexican residents to ride out Mexican economic downturns in the United States. The second question is, what effect does enforcement of the border have on illegal immigration? Current U.S. policy is predicated on the idea that border enforcement reduces attempts at illegal entry, in part by demonstrating that the cost of crossing the border is too high to be worthwhile. We do not know in practice whether such a deterrent effect exists or how costly border enforcement is as a means to control illegal entry."
Correspondence: G. H. Hanson, University of Michigan, Department of Economics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

65:40979 Hatton, Timothy J.; Williamson, Jeffrey G. The age of mass migration: causes and economic impact. ISBN 0-19-511651-8. LC 97-1305. 1998. ix, 301 pp. Oxford University Press: New York, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
This study examines the causes and effects of the mass migration of about 55 million Europeans to the New World of the Americas that occurred between 1850 and 1914. Among the questions considered are: "Why did a nation's emigration rate typically rise with early industrialization? How did immigrants choose their destinations? Where international labor markets segmented? How successfully did migrants assimilate in host country labor markets? Did immigrants `rob' jobs from locals? [and] Did emigration improve the lot of those left behind?" A major conclusion is that this mass migration made an important contribution to the striking convergence of living standards between poor and rich countries.
Correspondence: Oxford University Press, 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

65:40980 Hugo, Graeme. Asia and the Pacific on the move: workers and refugees, a challenge to nation states. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Vol. 38, No. 3, Dec 1997. 267-86 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"In the last 30 years international migration has been transformed from being of little or no significance in Asia to being of substantial economic, social, political and demographic importance. Two types of migration which have increased greatly in significance since the 1970s are international labour migration and refugee movements.... It is argued that two elements, proliferating migrant social networks and the emergence of a vibrant immigration industry, have given a momentum to international migration which to some extent limits the power of nation states to control it. There is some concern among countries in the region that the increase in migration is creating excessive economic dependence upon the export of labour. Fears that migration threatens social cohesion depend upon the extent to which migrants settle permanently in destination areas."
Correspondence: G. Hugo, University of Adelaide, Department of Geography, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. E-mail: ghugo@arts.adelaide.edu.au. Location: Cornell University Library, Ithaca, NY.

65:40981 Ibrahim, Salim. The issue of "foreigners" in Germany: facts, gaps, and necessary actions. [Die "Ausländerfrage" in Deutschland: Fakten, Defizite und Handlungsimperative.] ISBN 3-88864-242-6. LC 98-215729. 1997. 200 pp. Verlag für Akademische Schriften [VAS]: Frankfurt am Main, Germany. In Ger.
In the first section of this book, the author gives an overview of the history of migration from and to Germany, noting continuities with the present and describing the economic and social significance of migration for Germany. The second section is titled "Social structure and immigration situation of the resident foreign population in Germany". It contains chapters on the demography, social structure, and legal situation of foreigners, including nationality, education, income, households, and spatial distribution; employment and occupations, including unemployment; and permanence and integration of immigrants and their offspring. The third section makes some recommendations in the areas of immigration and integration policy.
Correspondence: Verlag für Akademische Schrif