Studies that treat quantitative mortality data analytically. Methodological studies primarily concerned with mortality are cited in this division and cross-referenced to N. Methods of Research and Analysis Including Models, if necessary. The main references to crude data are in the vital statistics items in S. Official Statistical Publications.
Studies of overall mortality and comparisons of several types of mortality. Studies dealing with two or more of the topics listed in this division are classified under the major section covered, or, if this is not self-evident, included here under General Mortality.
65:30080 Akoto, Eliwo M.; Mudubu Konande,
Léon; Rakotondrabe, Patricia. The recent and future
mortality decline in developing countries: myth or reality?
[Baisse récente et future de la mortalité dans les pays
en voie de développement: mythe ou réalité?] In:
Morbidité, Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure,
Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de
Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 534-43 pp. Association
Internationale des Démographes de Langue Française
[AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de France: Paris,
France. In Fre.
Recent mortality trends in developing countries
around the world are reviewed using data from published sources. The
authors note that although mortality has declined significantly over
the last 20 years, considerable variations in the pace of the decline
exist among countries. The importance of carrying out regular
demographic and health surveys to provide the data to monitor these
trends is emphasized.
Correspondence: E. M. Akoto, Institut
de Formation et de Recherche Démographiques, B.P. 1556,
Yaoundé, Cameroon. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:30081 Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF] (Paris,
France). Morbidity and Mortality: Problems of Measurement,
Trends, and Future Prospects. International conference held in Sinaia
(September 2-6, 1996). [Morbidité, Mortalité:
Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective.
Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996).] Publications de
l'AIDELF, No. 8, ISBN 2-950-93562-1. 1998. v, 737 pp. Association
Internationale des Démographes de Langue Française
[AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de France: Paris,
France. In Fre.
These are the proceedings of a conference of
francophone demographers, held on September 2-6, 1996, in Sinaia,
Romania, on aspects of mortality and morbidity. There were three
sessions at the conference. The first was about problems in measuring
morbidity and mortality. The second examined morbidity and mortality
trends in society and public health, in the physical and professional
environment, and in genetic factors. The third session discussed
possible future trends in morbidity and mortality.
Selected items
will be cited in this or subsequent issues of Population
Index.
Correspondence: Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française, Secrétariat
Général 133, boulevard Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex 20,
France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30082 Catteau, Christine.
Recorded mortality in Réunion. [La mortalité
observée à la Réunion.] In: Morbidité,
Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution,
Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre
1996). 1998. 136-46 pp. Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France;
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
Current
mortality trends in Réunion are analyzed based on data from
official sources. The reasons behind the higher rates of mortality on
the island than in metropolitan France are examined. There are sections
concerning the demographic situation on the island and its impact on
mortality, the rapid decline in mortality that has taken place in
recent years, the main causes of death, and
AIDS.
Correspondence: C. Catteau, DDASS, Réunion,
France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30083 Cazes, Marie H. Future
mortality perspectives based on causes of death over the next 30
years. [Prospectives de la mortalité à partir des
causes de décès à l'horizon des trente prochaines
années.] In: Morbidité, Mortalité:
Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective.
Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 544-56 pp.
Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue
Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de
France: Paris, France. In Fre.
The author reviews the current
global mortality situation by analyzing trends in causes of death, with
the aim of identifying possible future trends in mortality for the next
30 years. Four main contemporary mortality patterns are identified:
that of the developed countries of the West, the countries of Eastern
Europe and the former Soviet Union, developing countries with low
levels of mortality, and developing countries with high mortality. The
author concludes that, with the exception of Africa, mortality trends
are likely to decline, although the gap between the more and less
favored countries will probably grow larger.
Correspondence:
M. H. Cazes, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133
boulevard Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex 20, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30084 Clerc, Paul. A picture
of future life-expectancy trends from a UN perspective: each country's
unique path toward a common ceiling. [Image des progrès
futurs de survie dans les perspectives des Nations Unies: vers le
plafond universel, un chemin par pays.] In: Morbidité,
Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution,
Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre
1996). 1998. 557-75 pp. Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France;
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
The author
conducts a general review of UN efforts over the past 40 years to
project future trends in mortality and life expectancy; the focus is on
describing some of the problems inherent in this undertaking. He notes
how it has been necessary progressively to increase the estimated
maximum length of human life based on actual mortality experience. The
question of whether there is one single universal norm for life
expectancy, or whether this may be country-specific to some extent, is
considered.
Correspondence: P. Clerc, Université de
Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30085 Di Pino, Antonino; Pirri,
Pasquale. Analysis of survival functions by a logistic
derivation model: the "generalized de moivre" function.
Genus, Vol. 54, No. 3-4, Jul-Dec 1998. 35-54 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng.
with sum. in Ita; Fre.
"The Generalized De Moivre (GDM) is an
analytical survival function deriving from the idea originally put
forth by De Moivre.... We compare the GDM and the [Heligman-Pollard
model].... We discuss the interpretation of the parameters of the GDM,
and we show how they vary according to the mortality context examined,
and how they can be profitably used for practical purposes.... [We]
argue for a wider use of the GDM in computer-aided demographic analysis
of survival." The models are tested using data from Italian life
tables for the period 1901-1992.
Correspondence: A. Di
Pino, Università degli Studi di Messina, Istituto di Economia,
Statistica e Analisi del Territorio, Via T. Cannizzaro 9, 98100
Messina, Italy. E-mail: dipino@imeuniv.unime.it. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30086 Dopico, Fausto; Reher,
David-Sven. The decline in mortality in Spain,
1860-1930. [El declive de la mortalidad en España,
1860-1930.] ADEH Monografía, No. 1, ISBN 84-930864-0-1. 1998.
168 pp. Asociación de Demografía Histórica [ADEH]:
Bilbao, Spain. In Spa.
The first chapter in this study describes
the methodology used to analyze the mortality transition that has
occurred in Spain. The second chapter applies these methods to analyze
the mortality decline that took place between 1860 and 1930 by major
historical region. The third chapter examines mortality differentials
between rural and urban areas. Life tables for Spain for the country as
a whole and for the regions are provided in an appendix for 1900, 1910,
1920, and 1930.
Correspondence: Asociación de
Demografía Histórica, Universitat d'Alacant, Campus
Universitari de Sant Joan, Ap. de Correus 374, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30087 Eschbach, Karl; Hagan, Jacqueline;
Rodriguez, Nestor; Hernández-León, Rubén; Bailey,
Stanley. Death at the border. International Migration
Review, Vol. 33, No. 2, Summer 1999. 430-54 pp. Staten Island, New
York. In Eng.
"Debates about United States border control
policies have generally ignored the human costs of undocumented
migration. We focus attention on these costs by estimating the number,
causes and location of migrant deaths at the southwest border of the
United States between 1993 and 1997.... Deaths from hyperthermia,
hypothermia and dehydration increased sharply from 1993 to 1997 as
intensified border enforcement redirected undocumented migration flows
from urban crossing points to more remote crossing areas where the
migrants are exposed to a greater risk of
death."
Correspondence: K. Eschbach, University of
Houston, Center for Immigration Research, Houston, TX 77204-3477.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30088 Glavce, Cristiana; Popescu,
Irina. The influence of pronatalist policies on mortality
and on the biological fitness of the newborn in Romania between 1989
and 1994. [L'influence des politiques natalistes sur la
mortalité et la qualité biologique du nouveau-né
en Roumanie, entre 1989 et 1994.] In: Morbidité,
Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution,
Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre
1996). 1998. 376-88 pp. Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France;
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
The
demographic consequences of the dramatic change from the strongly
pronatalist policy in Romania up to 1989 to a more laissez-faire
attitude after the fall of Ceausescu are analyzed, with particular
reference to the impact on fertility, natural increase, and infant and
maternal mortality, as well as on the size and weight of newborn
babies. Comparisons are made with other countries in the region. The
most important demographic effect has been a radical decline in
fertility, which, combined with relative stability in mortality, has
resulted in a natural decrease of the population. Significant declines
in infant and maternal mortality have also occurred. The number of
large infants at birth and the proportion of premature births have
declined as well.
Correspondence: C. Glavce,
Académie Roumaine, Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques, 71102
Bucharest, Romania. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:30089 Gognalons-Nicolet, Maryvonne;
Derriennic, F.; Monfort, C.; Cassou, B. Social prognostic
factors of mortality in a random cohort of Geneva subjects followed up
for a period of 12 years. Journal of Epidemiology and Community
Health, Vol. 53, No. 3, Mar 1999. 138-43 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The authors "analyse the relative risk (RR) of mortality
related to social factors independent of health status and occupational
category [in Geneva, Switzerland].... There were several social
prognostic factors of mortality with relative risks greater than 3.0
(RR>3.0) independent of health and occupational status. These
factors were: a period of unemployment during life time, the feeling of
not demonstrating initiative in the occupational setting, and not
having participated in social activities."
Correspondence:
M. Gognalons-Nicolet, HUG-Belle-Idée, Unité
d'Investigation Clinique, 2 Chemin du Petit-Bel-Air, 1225
Chène-Bourg, Switzerland. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30090 Hertrich, Véronique;
Meslé, France. Mortality and socioeconomic
policies: the example of four countries in Eastern and Central
Europe. [Mortalité et politiques socio-économiques:
le cas de 4 pays d'Europe centrale et orientale.] In: Morbidité,
Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution,
Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre
1996). 1998. 395-412 pp. Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France;
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
The extent
to which the social, economic, and political changes that have occurred
in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have affected mortality
is analyzed using the examples of Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine.
The data are from widely available published sources for Hungary and
Poland, recently published sources for Russia, and unpublished sources
for Ukraine. The authors first describe general mortality trends in
these countries, focusing on changes in age-specific mortality and in
causes of death. They then analyze in more detail the main causes of
death for men of working age, the sector of the population most
affected by deteriorating mortality trends, and attempt to relate
increases in specific causes of death to changes in health, economic,
and socio-political policies.
Correspondence: V. Hertrich,
Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout,
75980 Paris Cedex 20, France. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:30091 Irudaya Rajan, S.; Bhat, P. N. Mari;
Dyson, Tim. Mortality and fertility transition in Kerala:
a historical investigation. ISBN 81-7075-047-4. LC 98-901670.
1998. xv, 184 pp. Hindustan Publishing Corporation: New Delhi, India.
In Eng.
The authors trace mortality and fertility trends in Kerala,
India, using parish records. They deal with "the quality of parish
data and some basic trends of births, deaths and marriages separately.
The linkage analysis is carried out to draw some inferences on the
trends of fertility and mortality on the basis of linking births,
marriages and deaths. In addition a comparison of the results obtained
in Trivandrum has been made with those of a similar study carried out
in respect of the Bombay parishes by the senior author of this book.
The study in the book is mainly confined to the present century due to
the absence of data for the nineteenth
century."
Correspondence: Hindustan Publishing
Corporation, 4805/24 Bharat Ram Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi 110 002,
India. Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
65:30092 Jiménez Aboitiz, Ricardo;
Gómez Redondo, Rosa; Camarero Rioja, Luis A.; Serrano
González, Miguel A. The unequal contribution of the
Andalucian and Castilian populations to increased Spanish
longevity. [La desigual contribución de las poblaciones
andaluza y castellanoleonesa al aumento de la longevidad
Española.] Boletín de la Asociación de
Demografía Histórica, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1998. 135-68 pp.
Barcelona, Spain. In Spa. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
"Taking the
[theory] of the health transition as a reference, this article gives a
comparative analysis of the mortality in Andalusia and Castile-Leon
[Spain] between 1977 and 1990. The two populations have greatly
advanced in their respective mortality transitions; however, a dynamic
analysis of the mortality by age, sex and cause of death, reveals the
existence of a favourable difference for Castile-Leon.... Consequently,
both populations contribute unequally to increasing Spanish
longevity...."
Correspondence: R. Jiménez
Aboitiz, Universidad de Valladolid, Plaza de Santa Cruz 8, 47002
Valladolid, Spain. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:30093 Kailash. A demographic
profile of the Marathwada earthquake victims. Population
Geography, Vol. 18, No. 1-2, Jun-Dec 1996. 47-60 pp. Chandigarh, India.
In Eng.
"[The] Marathwada earthquake, one of the worst natural
calamities in India so far, happened to be a factor in the loss of
thousands of human and animal lives and the destruction of a vast
stretch of natural environment. In this study an attempt has been made
to enlist the quake affected victims and to analyse their demographic
characteristics in terms of their distribution at district
level."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30094 Levy, Michel L. The
rectangularization of the survival curve. [Le rectangularisation
de la courbe des survivants.] In: Morbidité, Mortalité:
Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective.
Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 576-9 pp.
Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue
Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de
France: Paris, France. In Fre.
Some aspects of life expectancy in
countries with very high levels of life expectancy are considered,
using the example of France. The maximum extension of the length of
human life in ideal conditions is discussed.
Correspondence:
M. L. Levy, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133
boulevard Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex 20, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30095 Lucas, David. A note on
the mortality of British troops in Australia and New Zealand
1788-1864. Journal of the Australian Population Association, Vol.
14, No. 1, May 1997. 69-76 pp. Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"The Monthly Returns to the War Office in London are used to
calculate death and sickness rates for British troops in Australia and
New Zealand. In the first half of the century death rates peak in
1835-39 before declining, and are generally lower than for troops
stationed in Britain. The sickness rates show no clear trend,
apparently because of the impact of epidemics and
war."
Correspondence: D. Lucas, Australian National
University, Research School of Social Sciences, Graduate Studies in
Demography, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30096 Mihaila, Valentina; Enachescu, Dan;
Badulescu, Maria. The effect of avoidable deaths on life
expectancy in Romania. [L'effet des décès
évitables sur l'espérance de vie à la naissance en
Roumanie.] In: Morbidité, Mortalité: Problèmes de
Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective. Colloque
international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 591-7 pp.
Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue
Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de
France: Paris, France. In Fre.
An attempt is made to calculate how
many of the deaths that occurred in Romania in 1994 could have been
avoided if better medical services had been available in the country at
that time. The authors also attempt to estimate the percentage of these
deaths that could have been avoided by preventive measures, and the
percentage that could have been avoided by medical intervention. They
conclude that improvements in the country's medical services alone
could change the rate of natural increase from a negative to a positive
one.
Correspondence: V. Mihaila, Institut d'Hygiène,
de Santé Publique, de Services de Santé et de Gestion,
Bucharest, Romania. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:30097 Montgomery, Mark R.
Mortality decline and the demographic response: toward a new
agenda. Policy Research Division Working Paper, No. 122, 1999. 43
pp. Population Council: New York, New York. In Eng.
"This
paper urges that individual perceptions and beliefs about mortality
risks, conspicuously absent from the demographic research agenda, be
studied directly. It proceeds to link mortality perceptions to health
care decisionmaking and investments in children. The paper concludes by
calling for a new agenda on mortality
decline."
Correspondence: Population Council, Policy
Research Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017.
Author's E-mail: mmontgomery@popcouncil.org. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30098 Muñoz Pradas,
Francisco. Models of mortality: do they have a time
dimension? [Les modèles de mortalité: ont-ils une
dimension temporelle?] In: Morbidité, Mortalité:
Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective.
Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 221-30 pp.
Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue
Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de
France: Paris, France. In Fre.
The use of models in the analysis of
mortality where the available data are limited or of poor quality is
examined. The author first describes some of the problems inherent in
the analysis of mortality. He then shows how specific models have been
applied to data for Finland, France, and Japan, and the problems that
have arisen in such analyses. Finally, he considers how the time factor
could be added in order to improve the value of such models to the
analysis of mortality trends.
Correspondence: F.
Muñoz Pradas, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193
Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:30099 Muresan, Cornelia.
Future mortality trends by cause of death in Romania.
[Perspectives de la mortalité par causes de décès
en Roumanie.] In: Morbidité, Mortalité: Problèmes
de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective. Colloque
international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 521-33 pp.
Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue
Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de
France: Paris, France. In Fre.
Recent trends in mortality in
Romania are first reviewed, with a particular focus on identifying the
sectors of the population that have experienced a decline in life
expectancy in recent years and explaining its causes. The author
concludes that it is impossible to forecast future trends in mortality
because of uncertainties in the pace of current socioeconomic and
health service reforms. Four alternative projections of future trends
in life expectancy are therefore provided, based on a range of
optimistic and pessimistic assumptions concerning future socioeconomic
and health trends.
Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:30100 Ngueyap, Ferdinand. The
pace of extending the lifespan, causes of death in Africa and Asia, and
differences between cities and rural areas. [Vitesse d'allongement
de la vie, causes de décès en Afrique et en Asie et
disparités entre villes et campagnes.] In: Morbidité,
Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution,
Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre
1996). 1998. 350-69 pp. Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France;
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
Using
published UN data, the author analyzes differences between Africa and
Asia in the areas of life expectancy increases and general morbidity,
as well as differences between rural and urban areas. Attention is
given to the reasons why life expectancy in many parts of the
developing world has not increased as much as was expected back in the
1970s, and to the growing gaps in life expectancy between rich and poor
countries and between urban and rural areas. Consideration is also
given to the reliability of the available data. The achievements of
most Asian countries and the relative failure of African countries in
extending life expectancy is contrasted.
Correspondence: F.
Ngueyap, Institut de Formation et de Recherche Démographiques,
B.P. 1556, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30101 Nizard, Alfred. On
measuring age-specific mortality and general mortality, and on male
excess mortality at all ages. [Sur la mesure de la
mortalité par âge et tous âges et sur la
surmortalité masculine tous âges.] In: Morbidité,
Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution,
Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre
1996). 1998. 205-20 pp. Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France;
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
Two
indexes used in the analysis of mortality by age, mortality rates and
quotients, are examined and compared. A new formula for estimating the
quotient is proposed. The concepts discussed are illustrated using data
for France. The author then proceeds to consider male excess mortality,
and proposes a new measure of excess mortality based on life tables by
sex alone.
Correspondence: A. Nizard, Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex
20, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30102 Noumbissi, Amadou.
Illnesses of the circulatory system and life expectancy in
Mauritius: some theoretical hypotheses. [Les maladies de
l'appareil circulatoire et durée de vie à Maurice:
hypothèses théoriques.] In: Morbidité,
Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution,
Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre
1996). 1998. 580-90 pp. Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France;
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
The
characteristics of mortality in contemporary Mauritius are first
analyzed. Next, the author calculates the impact on life expectancy of
the elimination of selected major causes of death, such as diseases of
the respiratory tract and perinatal illnesses. The results suggest that
further improvements in mortality can realistically be expected, but
that these will benefit women more than men and lead to a wider gap in
life expectancy between the sexes.
Correspondence: A.
Noumbissi, Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de
Démographie, 1 place Montesquieu, B.P. 17, 1348
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:30103 Péron, Yves. The
growth in life expectancy as a consequence of the elimination or
reduction in specific causes of death. [L'accroissement de
l'espérance de vie en cas d'élimination ou de
réduction de mortalités particulières.] In:
Morbidité, Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure,
Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de
Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 598-605 pp. Association
Internationale des Démographes de Langue Française
[AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de France: Paris,
France. In Fre.
Three alternative ways of measuring the number of
years of life lost to specific causes of death are described and
illustrated using Canadian data for the period 1990-1992. The three
alternatives are potential years of life lost, losses in life
potential, and decreases in life expectancy.
Correspondence:
Y. Péron, Université de Montréal,
Département de Démographie, C.P. 6128, Succursale
Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30104 Reher, David. Back to
the basics: mortality and fertility interactions during the demographic
transition. Continuity and Change, Vol. 14, No. 1, May 1999. 9-31
pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"In this article, I will
present a dynamic context for the analysis of mortality and fertility
in the course of the demographic transition, based on the experience of
a sizeable sample of rural parishes taken from the central part of
Spain.... The analysis can be couched in purely dynamic terms, taking
into account the timing and intensity of changes in both mortality and
fertility, and evaluating the ways in which they affect each other....
By taking the data from a specific, though large, sample of villages,
we can see local variations relatively uncluttered with much of the
cultural, social and economic heterogeneity which dogs studies based on
very large levels of aggregation."
Correspondence: D.
Reher, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias
Políticas y Sociología, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040
Madrid, Spain. Location: Princeton University Library (SF).
65:30105 Rychtariková, Jitka.
Recent health transitions in the Czech Republic. [La
transition sanitaire récente de la République
tchèque.] Espace, Populations, Sociétés, No. 3,
1998. 371-9 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France. In Fre. with sum. in
Eng.
"The Czech Republic has not known the mortality increase
observed in other ex-communist countries during the transition period.
On the contrary, since 1991, mortality decrease has intensified. A
favorable turnover has been noticed for adults and the elderly, the
latter due to [a] fast decrease in mortality from circulatory
diseases.... The increase in life expectancy at birth between 1989 and
1996 by 2.26 years for males and 1.86 years for females was due to a
decline in mortality due to circulatory
diseases...."
Correspondence: J. Rychtariková,
Faculté des Sciences, Département de Démographie
et de Géodémographie, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech
Republic. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30106 Sardon, Jean P. An
alternative approach to the analysis of mortality: the period measure
and components by cause. [Une analyse alternative de la
mortalité: indicateur conjoncturel et composantes par cause.]
In: Morbidité, Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure,
Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de
Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 191-204 pp. Association
Internationale des Démographes de Langue Française
[AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de France: Paris,
France. In Fre.
The author introduces the concept of the period
measure of mortality and illustrates its use by applying it to the
analysis of French mortality data. He also shows how this indicator can
be used in the analysis of causes of death, including differences by
age.
Correspondence: J. P. Sardon, Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex
20, France. E-mail: ined@ined.fr. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30107 Sartor, Francis. The
impact of air pollution on mortality: limitations of analyzing
chronological series data. [Impact de la pollution de l'air sur la
mortalité: limites de l'analyse des séries
chronologiques.] In: Morbidité, Mortalité:
Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective.
Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 281-90 pp.
Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue
Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de
France: Paris, France. In Fre.
The author presents a critical
analysis of studies linking the fluctuations in relatively low levels
of urban atmospheric pollution in developed countries to fluctuations
in daily mortality. He concludes that the causal nature of this linkage
is still unproven, and that methods clearly establishing such a link
should be developed before taking decisions to change current
guidelines on acceptable levels of atmospheric
pollution.
Correspondence: F. Sartor, Institut
d'Hygiène et d'Epidémiologie, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14,
1050 Brussels, Belgium. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:30108 Shah, Sunil; Peacock, Janet.
Deprivation and excess winter mortality. Journal of
Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 53, No. 8, Aug 1999. 499-502
pp. London, England. In Eng.
The authors "investigate the
effect of material deprivation on the winter rise in mortality and
temperature dependent variations in mortality...[in] Croydon, London,
United Kingdom.... This study confirms the relation between overall
mortality and deprivation and the marked rise in mortality in winter
but shows no evidence of a relation between deprivation and excess
winter mortality. The study was based on the mortality experience of
two million person years and should have been able to detect effects of
the magnitude previously described in social class based
analysis."
Correspondence: J. Peacock, St. George's
Hospital Medical School, Department of Public Health Sciences, Cranmer
Terrace, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30109 Sougareva, Marta; Golemanov, Nikolai;
Borissova, Kremena. Social restructuring and mortality in
Bulgaria. [Restructuration sociale et mortalité en
Bulgarie.] In: Morbidité, Mortalité: Problèmes de
Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective. Colloque
international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 389-94 pp.
Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue
Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de
France: Paris, France. In Fre.
The demographic impact of the
socioeconomic and political changes that have taken place in Bulgaria
since 1989 are briefly assessed. The most important impact has been an
increase in mortality, particularly among men of working age. Increases
in infant mortality, particularly in rural areas, have also
occurred.
Correspondence: M. Sougareva, Académie des
Sciences de Bulgarie, Institut de Démographie, 1517 Sofia,
Bulgaria. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30110 Termote, Marc. The
synthetic mortality index. An unknown indicator. [L'indice
synthétique de mortalité. Un indicateur méconnu.]
In: Morbidité, Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure,
Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de
Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 183-90 pp. Association
Internationale des Démographes de Langue Française
[AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de France: Paris,
France. In Fre.
The various advantages of the synthetic mortality
index are first described. The value of this indicator is then
demonstrated with some empirical examples using data for Canada and a
selection of developed countries.
Correspondence: M.
Termote, Université du Québec, INRS-Urbanisation, C.P.
8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30111 Thierry, Xavier. Excess
mortality related to widowhood. The impact of trauma by sex, age, and
duration of time since the event. [La surmortalité
consécutive au veuvage. L'impact d'un traumatisme selon le sexe,
l'âge et la durée écoulée depuis
l'événement.] In: Morbidité, Mortalité:
Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective.
Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 157-71 pp.
Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue
Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de
France: Paris, France. In Fre.
This is an analysis of the impact of
becoming a widow or a widower on the mortality of the surviving
partner, using French vital statistics data for the period 1969-1974.
There are sections on the available data, mortality immediately
following the event, mortality differentials by duration of widowhood,
and duration of the time period over which the event affects mortality.
A methodological annex is included.
Correspondence: X.
Thierry, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133
boulevard Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex 20, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30112 Turner-Musa, Jocelyn; Leidner, David;
Simmens, Samuel; Reiss, David; Kimmel, Paul L.; Holder,
Barbara. Family structure and patient survival in an
African-American end-stage renal disease population: a preliminary
investigation. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 48, No. 10, May
1999. 1,333-40 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"We explore the
relationship between family structure, defined as marital status and
household composition, and patient survival [in the United States].
Patient gender was examined as a possible moderator in this
relationship. Using data from a survey of 476 African-American
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, a significant association
between household composition and patient survival was found.
Results...indicated that patients who live in `complex' households
(i.e. those with a partner and/or others) are at greater risk for
shortened survival as compared to those who live alone or with a
spouse/partner (p>0.05). When we examined whether patient gender
moderates this relationship, female patients who live in these
households were found to be at 2 times greater risk for shortened
survival (p>0.01) than female patients who live alone or with their
spouse/partner only."
Correspondence: J. Turner-Musa,
Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Department of Mental
Hygiene, 624 North Broadway Street, Baltimore, MD 21205. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
65:30113 Valkovics, Emil.
Mortality after World War II. [Halandóság a
második világháború után.]
Statisztikai Szemle, Vol. 77, No. 1, Jan 1999. 16-36 pp. Budapest,
Hungary. In Hun. with sum. in Eng.
Mortality trends in Hungary
since World War II are analyzed. Two periods are distinguished; the
first, from 1946 to 1966, was a period of declining mortality and
increasing life expectancy, and the second, from 1966 until the
present, was a period of rising mortality and declining life
expectancy, particularly for males, coupled with relatively stable
mortality levels for females. The author analyzes differences in causes
of death by age in these two periods.
Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30114 Vallin, Jacques; Meslé,
France. The role of vaccination in the mortality
decline. [Le rôle des vaccinations dans la baisse de la
mortalité.] INED Dossiers et Recherches, No. 74, Jan 1999. 16
pp. Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques [INED]: Paris,
France. In Fre.
This is an attempt to estimate the impact of the
use of vaccinations against certain infectious diseases on the
mortality decline, and to isolate this specific factor from the many
other medical advances that also helped to bring about that decline.
The authors first present a comparative analysis of the relationship
between vaccination and mortality in developed countries for which the
data needed for such an analysis are available, focusing in particular
on data for France. The extent to which the results of such an analysis
can be applied to the current situation in Sub-Saharan Africa is then
considered.
Correspondence: Institut National d'Etudes
Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex 20,
France. E-mail: ined@ined.fr. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:30115 Vishnevsky, Anatoly; Shkolnikov,
Vladimir. Russian mortality: past negative trends and
recent improvements. In: Population under duress: the
geodemography of post-Soviet Russia, edited by George J. Demko, Grigory
Ioffe, and Zhanna Zayonchkovskaya. 1999. 59-71 pp. Westview Press:
Boulder, Colorado/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This chapter
focuses on the significant mortality decline of 1995-1996 and on the
dramatic structural distinctions of mortality processes in Russia as
compared to those in the West." Sections are included on the
1995-1996 rise in life expectancy at birth; age peculiarities of recent
changes in mortality; mortality decline and causes of death;
peculiarities of the contemporary Russian mortality pattern; losses
from premature deaths; and forecasts of mortality
changes.
Correspondence: A. Vishnevsky, Institute for
Economic Forecasting, Center for Demography and Human Ecology, Moscow,
Russia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies dealing primarily with fetal and neonatal mortality, except those dealing with spontaneous abortions, which are classified under F.3. Sterility and Other Pathology, and those studies dealing with induced abortions, which are classified under F.4.5. Induced Abortion. Perinatal mortality is defined as mortality occurring between the twenty-eighth week of gestation and the seventh day of life.
65:30116 Carlson, Elwood; Hoem, Jan M.;
Rychtarikova, Jitka. Trajectories of fetal loss in the
Czech Republic. Demography, Vol. 36, No. 3, Aug 1999. 327-37 pp.
Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"Using data for 555,038
pregnancies conceived in the Czech Republic in 1987-1990, we show that
pronounced differences in fetal survival in the middle trimester of
pregnancy by marital status, educational level, and labor force
attachment become much smaller at full term; survival differences by
age at conception and number of previous deliveries show relatively
constant proportional hazards throughout gestation. Social inequalities
in postpartum life chances have been documented previously, but we show
that similar inequalities exist before
birth."
Correspondence: E. Carlson, University of
South Carolina, Department of Sociology, Columbia, SC 29208. E-mail:
carlson@garnet.cla.sc.edu. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:30117 Forssas, Erja; Gissler, Mika;
Sihvonen, Marja; Hemminki, Elina. Maternal predictors of
perinatal mortality: the role of birthweight. International
Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jun 1999. 475-8 pp. Oxford,
England. In Eng.
"By using a nationwide set of data [for
Finland] the purpose of this study was to make a broad analysis of the
role of eight maternal characteristics in perinatal mortality, first by
identifying potential risks for perinatal mortality and second by
assessing how much of the excess mortality of these risk factors can be
attributed to their tendency to cause low birthweight." Results
indicate that "excess mortality due to maternal risk factors
occurred mainly through their tendency to cause low
birthweight."
Correspondence: E. Forssas, National
Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Health Services
Research Unit, P.O. Box 220, 00531 Helsinki, Finland. E-mail:
erja.forssas@stakes.fi. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:30118 Rajan, S. Irudaya; Mohanachandran,
P. Estimating infant mortality in Kerala. Economic
and Political Weekly, Vol. 34, No. 12, Mar 20-26, 1999. 713-6 pp.
Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"This brief note has two objectives:
Firstly, to explore the possible reasons of high stillbirth rate and
perinatal mortality in Kerala [India]; secondly, [to determine] why the
SRS [Sample Registration System] underestimates the IMR as low as
14.... In the process, we also assess the reasons for high infant
mortality rate (37 in 1991) in Kerala as revealed using the census
data...."
Location: Princeton University Library (PF).
65:30119 Senturia, Kirsten D. A
woman's work is never done: women's work and pregnancy outcome in
Albania. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 3, Sep 1997.
375-95 pp. Arlington, Virginia. In Eng.
"During 1993 and 1994,
a cohort of 1,199 pregnant women [in Albania], were followed to
identify how work factors related to spontaneous abortion, infant low
birth weight, gestation length, and perinatal mortality.... Results
reveal that certain work factors directly correlated with low birth
weight, miscarriage, and/or perinatal death. The significant factors
included: fewer household helpers, standing, working in a hot
environment, commuting, walking and carrying, and lifting heavy weights
on the job."
Correspondence: K. D. Senturia, Seattle
King County Department of Public Health, Seattle, WA. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
Studies of infant mortality under one year of age, including neonatal mortality occurring after the seventh day of life, and childhood mortality after one year of age. The subject of infanticide, deliberate or implied, is also classified under this heading.
65:30120 Anderson, Barbara A.; Silver, Brian
D. The geodemography of infant mortality in the Soviet
Union, 1950-1990. In: Population under duress: the geodemography
of post-Soviet Russia, edited by George J. Demko, Grigory Ioffe, and
Zhanna Zayonchkovskaya. 1999. 73-103 pp. Westview Press: Boulder,
Colorado/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"We focus on a major
dimension of the trends in infant mortality in the Soviet Union: the
geographic distribution of infant mortality and the relative
contributions of different regions to the all-Union rates. We examine
the diversity of changes in infant mortality by region...and for the
urban and rural populations of the Soviet Union. Our main goal is to
provide an accurate description of regional trends and distributions of
reported infant deaths and infant mortality rates between 1950 and
1990."
Correspondence: B. A. Anderson, University of
Michigan, Department of Sociology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1070.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30121 Barbieri, Magali; Toulemon,
Laurent. The social inequality of children with regard to
mortality. Problems of observation and measurement.
[L'inégalité sociale des enfants devant la mort.
Problèmes d'observation et de mesure.] In: Morbidité,
Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution,
Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre
1996). 1998. 115-25 pp. Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France;
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
The two
sources of data on differentials in infant mortality by socioeconomic
status in France are first described. These are the registered births
and deaths recorded in the vital statistics system, and data collected
in family surveys conducted in conjunction with the national census.
The main purpose of this study is to demonstrate that, although the
linking of vital records is the only way to obtain exact data, family
surveys using large samples can also provide useful and reliable
data.
Correspondence: M. Barbieri, Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex
20, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30122 Blayo, Yves. Mortality
by sex among young children in China. [La mortalité selon
le sexe des jeunes enfants en Chine.] In: Morbidité,
Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution,
Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre
1996). 1998. 327-36 pp. Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France;
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
The
reasons for excess mortality of female infants and children up to five
years of age revealed in recent Chinese data are analyzed. The author
first examines sex ratios in general and the quality of the available
Chinese data. He then notes that the country's population control
policy, combined with the socioeconomic and cultural pressures to have
at least one surviving son, have combined to create conditions
encouraging higher mortality among female infants and children. The
specific causes include sex-selective abortion, the abandonment of
female children, non-registration of girl babies, sex-specific
differences in breast-feeding and infant nutrition, and sex-selective
usage of available health services.
Correspondence: Y.
Blayo, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard
Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex 20, France. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30123 Burström, Bo; Diderichsen, Finn;
Smedman, Lars. Child mortality in Stockholm during
1885-1910: the impact of household size and number of children in the
family on the risk of death from measles. American Journal of
Epidemiology, Vol. 149, No. 12, Jun 15, 1999. 1,134-41 pp. Baltimore,
Maryland. In Eng.
"This study investigated the effect of
crowding on the risk of measles death. Individual entries in a
population-based register and on death certificates for children aged
0-15 years living in one parish in Stockholm in 1885, 1891, and 1910
(n=36,718) were used to analyze cause-specific and overall death rates
in relation to household size and the number of children in the
household, using Cox regression analysis. Bivariate analysis identified
significant relations between crowding and the cause-specific risk of
death, which were subsequently tested while controlling for other known
risk factors for childhood death."
Correspondence: B.
Burström, Karolinska Institute, Division of Social Medicine,
Department of Public Health Sciences, Norrbacka, 171 76 Stockholm,
Sweden. Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
65:30124 Cooper, William O.; Hickson, Gerald
B.; Mitchel, Edward F.; Edwards, Kathryn M.; Thapa, Purushottam B.;
Ray, Wayne A. Early childhood mortality from
community-acquired infections. American Journal of Epidemiology,
Vol. 150, No. 5, Sep 1, 1999. 517-24 pp. Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
"The present study focused on deaths during a 10-year period
[1985-1994] from confirmed community-acquired infections in children
less than 5 years of age. The study was conducted in Tennessee and
utilized linked birth and death certificate files, U.S. Census Bureau
data, Medicaid enrollment files, and hospital medical records. The
study objectives were to identify maternal and child characteristics
that were independent predictors of death from infection and to
determine if these factors could be used to identify a segment of the
population with a substantial excess risk of mortality from infection,
who might serve as target groups for future
interventions."
Correspondence: W. O. Cooper, Division
of General Pediatrics, Suite 5028 Medical Center East, Nashville, TN
37232-8555. Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
65:30125 De Braekeleer, Marc. The
effects of consanguinity on infant mortality: an epidemiological
approach. [Les effets de la consanguinité sur la
mortalité infantile: une approche
épidémiologique.] In: Morbidité, Mortalité:
Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective.
Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 498-510
pp. Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue
Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de
France: Paris, France. In Fre.
The effects of consanguinity on
infant mortality are analyzed using data from published studies. The
results indicate that there are higher risks of abnormalities in
children born to those who are closely related: both first cousins and
uncles/nieces. The implications for societies where such marriages are
common are discussed.
Correspondence: M. De Braekeleer,
Université du Québec, 555 boulevard de
l'Université, Chicoutimi, Quebec G7H 2B1, Canada. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30126 Elghffar, F. Abd; Bhuyan, K.
C. Socio-economic factors influencing child mortality in
north-eastern Libya. Turkish Journal of Population
Studies/Nüfusbilim Dergisi, Vol. 20, 1998. 57-77 pp. Ankara,
Turkey. In Eng. with sum. in Tur.
The authors analyze determinants
of child mortality in northeastern Libya. "This study...attempts
to (i) estimate the average child mortality by selected
socio-demographic factors, (ii) discriminate the couples by child
mortality level, and (iii) identify the important social factors which
influence mortality."
Correspondence: F. A. Elghffar,
Garyounis University, Department of Statistics, Benghazi, Libya.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30127 Filmer, Deon; Pritchett,
Lant. Child mortality and public spending on health: How
much does money matter? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper,
No. 1864, Dec 1997. 41 pp. World Bank: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The
authors "use cross-national data to examine the impact on child
(under 5) and infant mortality of both nonhealth (economic, cultural,
and educational) factors and public spending on health.... [They find
that] roughly 95 percent of cross-national variation in mortality can
be explained by a country's per capita income, the distribution of
income, the extent of women's education, the level of ethnic
fragmentation, and the predominant religion [and that] public spending
on health has relatively little impact...."
Correspondence:
World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Room MC3-638, Washington, D.C.
20433. E-mail: sfallon@worldbank.org. Location: World Bank,
Joint Bank-Fund Library, African Development Centre, Washington, D.C.
65:30128 Kanaiaupuni, Shawn M.; Donato,
Katharine M. Migradollars and mortality: the effects of
migration on infant survival in Mexico. Demography, Vol. 36, No.
3, Aug 1999. 339-53 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"We
apply multilevel methods to data from Mexico to examine how village
migration patterns affect infant survival outcomes in origins. We argue
that migration is a cumulative process with varying health effects at
different stages of its progression, and test several related
hypotheses. Findings suggest higher rates of infant mortality in
communities experiencing intense U.S. migration. However, two factors
diminish the disruptive effects of migration: migradollars, or migrant
remittances to villages, and the institutionalization of migration over
time. Mortality risks are low when remittances are high and decrease as
migration becomes increasingly salient to livelihoods of
communities."
This paper was originally presented at the 1996
Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: S. M. Kanaiaupuni, University of
Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology, 1180 Observatory Drive,
Madison, WI 53706-1393. E-mail: skanaiau@ssc.wisc.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30129 Krishan, Gopal. Map
Series: 3. Infant mortality in India. Population Geography, Vol.
18, No. 1-2, Jun-Dec 1996. 65-71 pp. Chandigarh, India. In Eng.
The
author assesses the extent of infant mortality in India, with a focus
on geographical variations.
Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:30130 Li, Liying. Causes of
infant mortality in China: 1988-1990. Free Inquiry in Creative
Sociology, Vol. 26, No. 512, May 1998. 2 pp. Stillwater, Oklahoma. In
Eng.
"Using the data for infant mortality in China in
1988-1990 from the World Health Organization, this paper offers a
preliminary examination of causes of infant mortality in China during
the period from 1988 to 1990. The major findings of the study are (1)
the pattern of Chinese infant mortality is generally consistent with
that of most developing countries; (2) diseases of the respiratory
system, perinatal mortality and accidents as well as injuries consist
of the 3 major categories which all together account for about 80 to 90
percent of overall infant mortality rates; (3) rural infants still die
at a higher rate than urban infants; and (4) no significant gender
discrepancy exists between male and female infant deaths [from] the
different causes. The study shows [that] although Chinese infant
mortality rates have declined dramatically during the last few decades,
the infant mortality patterns still resemble those in less developed
nations. Hence, there is room for improvement in sanitary conditions
and public health measures, for economic development and higher living
standards, and for advances in medical
technology."
Correspondence: L. Li, Southwest Missouri
State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 901 South
National Avenue, Springfield, MO 65804-0095. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
65:30131 MacDorman, Marian F.; Atkinson,
Jonnae O. Infant mortality statistics from the 1997 period
linked birth/infant death data set. NCHS National Vital Statistics
Reports, Vol. 47, No. 23, Jul 30, 1999. 23 pp. U.S. National Center for
Health Statistics [NCHS]: Hyattsville, Maryland. In Eng.
"This
report presents 1997 period [U.S.] infant mortality statistics from the
linked birth/infant death data set (linked file) by a wide variety of
maternal and infant characteristics.... [It] presents infant mortality
data by race and Hispanic origin of the mother, birthweight, period of
gestation, sex of infant, plurality, trimester of pregnancy prenatal
care began, maternal age, maternal educational attainment, live-birth
order, marital status, mother's place of birth, maternal smoking during
pregnancy, age at death, and underlying cause of death for the 50
States and the District of Columbia. Data for Puerto Rico, the Virgin
Islands, and Guam are available on the linked file and other vital
statistics public-use data tapes."
Correspondence:
U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, 6525 Belcrest Road,
Hyattsville, MD 20782-2003. E-mail: nchsquery@cdc.gov. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30132 Milimo, John T. PRA
study of the rising childhood mortality in Zambia. LC 98-980108.
Apr 1997. viii, 35 pp. University of Sussex, Institute of Development
Studies [IDS]: Brighton, England. In Eng.
An analysis of recent
trends in childhood mortality in Zambia is presented, with particular
reference to mortality differentials between districts served by a
mission hospital and those served by a government facility. Data are
from hospital records and from focus group and other participatory
appraisal methods. Attention is given to the causes of rising levels of
mortality in children under five years of age. The deteriorating health
system in the country is identified as a major reason for increases in
child mortality. Areas served by mission hospitals suffer less from
such declines in the quality of health services.
Correspondence:
University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies, Falmer,
Brighton BN1 9RH, England. Location: U.S. Library of Congress,
Washington, D.C.
65:30133 Muñoz Pradas,
Francisco. The regional distribution of infant mortality
in Spain around 1860: a reconsideration of data and levels. [La
distribución territorial de la mortalidad infantil en
España entorno a 1860: una reconsideración de datos y
niveles.] Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía
Histórica, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1998. 187-222 pp. Barcelona, Spain.
In Spa. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
The author examines regional
patterns of infant mortality in Spain around 1860. "This article
presents a methodology of correction of demographic data of that time
involved in the estimation of infant mortality rates.... Comparisons
between results presented here and other available estimations stress
territorial differences between North...and South...of the Iberian
peninsula and, especially, high levels of infant mortality in some
provinces in central Spain."
Correspondence: F.
Muñoz Pradas, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193
Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:30134 Muthulakshmi, R. Female
infanticide: its causes and solutions. ISBN 81-7141-383-8. 1997.
[xii], 132 pp. Discovery Publishing House: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
This is a study of female infanticide in India, using the example
of the Piramalai Kallar, a dominant caste in a tribal community in
which girls are seen as economic burdens. Particular attention is given
to the relationship between illiteracy and female
infanticide.
Correspondence: Discovery Publishing House,
4831/24, Prahlad Street, Darya Ganj, New Delhi 110 002, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30135 Pinnelli, Antonella; Mancini,
Paola. Mortality by cause of death in Italy from 1887 to
1940. [Mortalité par cause de décès en Italie
de 1887 à 1940.] In: Morbidité, Mortalité:
Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective.
Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 337-49 pp.
Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue
Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de
France: Paris, France. In Fre.
Trends in Italian infant and child
mortality up to age 14 are analyzed by cause over the period 1887-1940.
The primary objective is to identify the main reasons why infant and
child mortality declined so much over this period by examining changes
in the causes of death. The authors identify improvements in general
hygiene at the end of the nineteenth century as the first major cause
of the decline. The increasing control achieved during the 1920s over
diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis was the next major
contributor, together with improvements in infant nutrition and health.
The importance of improvements in the health infrastructure is also
noted.
Correspondence: A. Pinnelli, Università degli
Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Via Nomentana 41, Rome 00161, Italy.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30136 Popa, Ion; Enachescu, Dan; Florescu,
Silvia. Changes in infant mortality levels and trends in
Romania. [Les modifications du niveau et l'évolution de la
mortalité infantile en Roumanie.] In: Morbidité,
Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution,
Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre
1996). 1998. 108-14 pp. Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France;
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
Using data
on infant mortality in Romania over the last 43 years, the authors
evaluate trends in infant mortality in relation to other demographic
trends. They compare probabilities of death for children under one year
of age at three points in time. A model of monthly variations in infant
mortality is developed in order to permit decision makers to identify
and act on problems as they arise.
Correspondence: I. Popa,
Institut d'Hygiène, de Santé Publique, de Services de
Santé et de Management, Bucharest, Romania. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30137 Riddle, Liesl. The
Turkish child mortality puzzle continues: evidence from the 1993
Demographic and Health Survey. Texas Population Research Center
Paper, No. 97-98-06, 1997-1998. 22 pp. University of Texas, Texas
Population Research Center: Austin, Texas. In Eng.
"The
purpose of this paper is twofold. First, the Gürsoy model, based
on a small sample with limited generalizability, will be applied to a
nationally representative demographic and health survey to examine the
effectiveness of paternal and household characteristics as predictors
of child mortality. Second, variables not included in the Gürsoy
model but available in the Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS)
will be incorporated into the model."
Correspondence:
L. Riddle, University of Texas, Population Research Center, 1800
Main, Austin, TX 78712-1088. E-mail: lriddle@prc.utexas.edu.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30138 Root, Graham P. M.
Disease environments and subnational patterns of under-five
mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of
Population Geography, Vol. 5, No. 2, Mar-Apr 1999. 117-32 pp.
Chichester, England. In Eng.
"This paper maps and describes
the distribution of under-five mortality at the provincial level for
spatially contiguous countries in East and southern Africa and West
Africa. Following this, the degree to which socio-economic factors and
regional disease environments are responsible for the spatial patterns
is examined with the aid of regression models and join-count
statistics."
Correspondence: G. P. M. Root, WHO,
Southern Africa Malaria Control Program, Box 348, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30139 Rychtaríková,
Jitka. Social and biological factors of infant
mortality. [Sociální a biologické faktory
kojenecké úmrtnosti.] Demografie, Vol. 41, No. 2, 1999.
95-104 pp. Prague, Czech Republic. In Cze. with sum. in Eng.
"The study was based on individual records of births linked
with individual records of infant deaths for the Czech Republic in
1986-1992. The linked file contained 882,316 records (single live
births). The research focused on analyzing the differences in the risk
of children dying according to [the] following factors: birth weight,
duration of gestation, sex, birth order, age of child at death,
mother's age, education and marital status.... Standardization showed
that birth weight and the duration of gestation were the key predictors
of infant survival, followed by birth order and the mother's education.
The mother's age and marital status did not affect significantly infant
mortality risk."
Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:30140 Scott, Susan; Duncan, C. J.
Malnutrition, pregnancy, and infant mortality: a biometric
model. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 30, No. 1,
Summer 1999. 37-60 pp. Cambridge, Massachusetts. In Eng.
"Changes with time in endogenous and exogenous infant
mortality in a community in preindustrial Northwest England suggest
that the population was living under marginal conditions with poor
nutritive standards. Overall, farming practices and quality of the diet
did not improve until 1750 when a reduction in infant mortality
apparently led to a population boom. Bourgeois-Pichat plots of infant
mortality were different in the three social classes that have been
identified. The clear breaks in the plots for the elites and tradesmen
classes probably reflected the different nutrition of mothers before
and during pregnancy, as well as the different infant feeding practices
before and after weaning."
Correspondence: S. Scott,
University of Liverpool, School of Biological Sciences, Liverpool L69
3BX, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SH).
65:30141 Staiculescu Brezeanu, Ana R.
Infant mortalitya challenge for Romanians. Results of
socio-demographic research in the department of Constanta. [La
mortalité infantile--un défi pour les roumaines.
Résultats de recherches socio-démographiques dans le
département de Constanta.] In: Morbidité,
Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution,
Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre
1996). 1998. 370-5 pp. Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France;
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
Recent
trends in infant mortality in the Romanian department of Constanta are
analyzed using data from official sources. Information is included on
seasonal variations in infant mortality from 1988 to 1995 and on
neonatal mortality from 1991 to 1995.
Correspondence: A. R.
Staiculescu Brezeanu, Académie Roumaine, Centre de Recherches
Anthropologiques, 76117 Bucharest, Romania. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30142 Terra de Souza, Ana C.; Cufino,
Ennio; Peterson, Karen E.; Gardner, Jane; Vasconcelos do Amaral, Maria
I.; Ascherio, Alberto. Variations in infant mortality
rates among municipalities in the state of Ceará, Northeast
Brazil: an ecological analysis. International Journal of
Epidemiology, Vol. 28, No. 2, Apr 1999. 267-75 pp. Oxford, England. In
Eng.
"To determine the interrelationships between potential
predictors of infant mortality [in the state of Ceará, Brazil],
we classified 11 variables into proximate determinants..., health
services variables..., and socioeconomic factors...and included the
variables in each group simultaneously in linear regression models....
The paradoxical direct association between household income and infant
mortality was present only in models including female illiteracy rate,
and suggests that among these municipalities, increases in income
unaccompanied by improvements in female education may not substantially
reduce infant mortality."
Correspondence: A. C. Terra
de Souza, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Maternal and
Child Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies of age-specific mortality and of mortality in special groups defined by age.
65:30143 Koschin, Felix. What
about the height of the force of mortality at the end of human
life? [Jak vysoká je intenzita úmrtnosti na konci
lidského zivota?] Demografie, Vol. 41, No. 2, 1999. 105-19 pp.
Prague, Czech Republic. In Cze. with sum. in Eng.
The author
assesses the use of a modified Gompertz-Makeham model to measure
mortality above age 85 in the Czech Republic. "This curve
corresponds very well with the empirical data for ages of 85-95 years
not only for the Czech but even for the West-European populations....
At the end of the Eighties and during the Nineties mortality decrease
of 80 years old and above has significantly accelerated; at...this rate
we should reach the European level in about 10 years. As regards
the...population [65 and above] mortality decrease has considerably
accelerated only with males; in [the] case of females acceleration was
lower."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30144 Preston, Samuel H.; Elo, Irma T.;
Stewart, Quincy. Effects of age misreporting on mortality
estimates at older ages. Population Studies, Vol. 53, No. 2, Jul
1999. 165-77 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"This study examines
how age misreporting typically affects estimates of mortality at older
ages. We investigate the effects of three patterns of age
misreporting--net age overstatement, net age understatement, and
symmetric age misreporting--on mortality estimates at ages 40 and
above. We consider five methods to estimate mortality.... For each of
the age misreporting patterns and each of the methods of mortality
estimation, we find that age misstatement biases mortality estimates
downwards at the oldest ages."
Correspondence: S. H.
Preston, University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Center, 3718
Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6298. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30145 Rahman, M. Omar. Age and
gender variation in the impact of household structure on elderly
mortality. International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 28, No. 3,
Jun 1999. 485-91 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This study
examines the impact of relationship to head of household, and the
presence of co-resident spouses and sons on elderly mortality in rural
Bangladesh with a particular focus on age and gender differences....
Relationship to head of household and the presence of spouses and sons
have powerful impacts on reducing mortality for elderly men and women
in rural Bangladesh with the effects varying significantly by gender
and age. Furthermore, individual rather than joint access to material
resources is an important determinant of elderly
mortality."
Correspondence: M. O. Rahman, Harvard
School of Public Health, Department of Population and International
Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies that present actual life table data and all studies concerned primarily with life tables, including the appropriate methodological studies. Life table studies that are concerned with topics other than mortality are classified under the appropriate heading and cross-referenced to this heading.
65:30146 Maccheroni, Carlo; Billari,
Francesco. A generalization from the extinct generations
method for estimating a multistate table by marital status in extreme
old age. [Une généralisation de la méthode
des générations éteintes pour l'estimation d'une
table multi-états par état matrimonial aux très
grands âges.] In: Morbidité, Mortalité:
Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective.
Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 172-82 pp.
Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue
Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de
France: Paris, France. In Fre.
Official Italian data are used to
develop life tables by marital status in extreme old age for women born
between 1870 and 1879.
Correspondence: C. Maccheroni,
Università Bocconi, Institut de Méthodes Quantitatives,
Milan, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on the ratio of mortality in different subgroups of a population, classified according to certain criteria, such as sex, social class, occupation, and marital status. Also includes studies on excess mortality and comparative mortality.
65:30147 Agnihotri, Satish B.
Inferring gender bias from mortality data: a discussion note.
Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4, Apr 1999. 175-200 pp.
London, England. In Eng.
"In a recent issue of this journal
Klasen (1996) and Svedberg (1990, 1996) have expressed diverging
opinions on the nature of gender bias in sub-Saharan Africa. The
divergence arises partly out of the choice of indicators and partly out
of the choice of standards. It is possible, however, to infer the
existence of such bias without using referents from some external
`standard' population. Such an approach, using the infant and the
under-five mortality data by sex and the data on sex ratios in the 0-4
and 5-9 age groups from the Indian population census of 1981, is
described below. It is suggested that this type of approach will be
useful in resolving the above debate."
Correspondence:
S. B. Agnihotri, Government of Orissa, Department of Women and
Child Development, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa 751 001, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (PF).
65:30148 Benach, Joan; Yasui, Yutaka.
Geographical patterns of excess mortality in Spain explained by two
indices of deprivation. Journal of Epidemiology and Community
Health, Vol. 53, No. 7, Jul 1999. 423-31 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The authors "analyse the geographical patterns and the
magnitude of the association between deprivation and mortality in Spain
[and] estimate the excess of mortality in more deprived areas of the
country by region. [Data are from a] cross sectional ecological study
using 1991 census variables and mortality data for 1987-1992.... Two
indices of deprivation strongly predict mortality in two age groups.
Excess number of deaths in the most deprived geographical areas account
for 10% of total number of deaths annually. In Spain there is great
potential for reducing mortality if the excess risk in more deprived
areas fell to the level of the most affluent
areas."
Correspondence: J. Benach, Pompeu Fabra
University, Occupational Health Unit, Department of Experimental
Sciences, Health and Technology, Carrer Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003
Barcelona, Spain. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:30149 Bobak, Martin; Hense, Hans-Werner;
Kark, Jeremy; Kuch, Bernhard; Vojtisek, Petr; Sinnreich, Ronit;
Gostomzyk, Johannes; Bui, Mai; von Eckardstein, Arnold; Junker, Ralf;
Fobker, Manfred; Schulte, Helmut; Assmann, Gerd; Marmot,
Michael. An ecological study of determinants of coronary
heart disease rates: a comparison of Czech, Bavarian and Israeli
men. International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jun
1999. 437-44 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
The authors investigate
possible determinants of the large differences in cardiovascular
disease rates between Eastern and Western Europe. "This was an
ecological study comparing random samples of men aged 45-64 years
selected from three cities representing populations with different
rates of cardiovascular mortality: Pardubice (Czech Republic), Augsburg
(Bavaria, Germany), and Jerusalem (Israel).... The mortality rates in
the study populations, as well as the prevalence of coronary heart
disease in study samples, were highest in Czech, intermediate in
Bavarian and low in Israeli men.... The results provide indirect
support for the importance of dietary factors in the East-West
morbidity and mortality divide."
Correspondence: M.
Bobak, University College London, Department of Epidemiology and Public
Health, International Centre for Health and Society, 1-19 Torrington
Place, London WC1E 6BT, England. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30150 Brimblecombe, Nic; Dorling, Danny;
Shaw, Mary. Mortality and migration in Britain, first
results from the British Household Panel Survey. Social Science
and Medicine, Vol. 49, No. 7, Oct 1999. 981-8 pp. Oxford, England. In
Eng.
"This study investigates the extent to which current
geographical variations in mortality are influenced by patterns of
migration since birth. It is based on a longitudinal study of migrants
which consists of a representative sample of 10,264 British residents
born after 1890 and enumerated as part of the British Household Panel
Study in 1991. Between 1991 and 1996, 527 of the study members died and
these deaths were analysed by area of residence at birth and in 1991 at
both the regional and local district geographical scales. These were
compared with findings from the Office for National Statistics
Longitudinal Study.... The majority of geographical inequalities in
mortality are found at the local, not regional level.... In Britain,
between region mortality ratios vary by a few percentage points whereas
between districts mortality ratios vary by as much as a factor of
two...."
Correspondence: N. Brimblecombe, University
of Bristol, School of Geographical Science, University Road, Bristol
BS8 1SS, England. E-mail: danny.dorling@bristol.ac.uk. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
65:30151 Denis, Marie-Noële.
Mortality and causes of death in Alsace: a lifestyle in
question. [Mortalité et causes de décès en
Alsace: un mode de vie en question.] In: Morbidité,
Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution,
Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre
1996). 1998. 413-21 pp. Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France;
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
Despite
the relative prosperity and the high quality of medical services in
Alsace, mortality in the region remains relatively high in comparison
with France as a whole, particularly for men and women over age 45. The
main cause of this excess mortality is to be found in the lifestyle
that predominates in the region, involving an unhealthy diet combined
with high levels of alcohol and tobacco
consumption.
Correspondence: M.-N. Denis, Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30152 Gragnolati, Michele; Elo, Irma T.;
Goldman, Noreen. New insights into the Far Eastern pattern
of mortality. Population Studies, Vol. 53, No. 1, Mar 1999. 81-95
pp. London, England. In Eng.
"Some of the highest levels of
excess mortality of males found anywhere in the world were present in
several Far Eastern populations during the 1960s and 1970s but have
progressively disappeared since that time. This study uses
cause-of-death data to determine the diseases responsible for the
existence and attenuation of these sex differences in Hong Kong,
Singapore, and Taiwan. The results indicate that respiratory
tuberculosis is the single most important underlying cause of the
existence and attenuation of the pattern, that the role of liver
diseases is not clear cut, and that other causes (such as
cardiovascular diseases) are also
important."
Correspondence: M. Gragnolati, Office of
Population Research, Princeton University, 2l Prospect Avenue,
Princeton, NJ 08544-2091. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:30153 Gutmann, Myron P.; Frisbie, W.
Parker; DeTurk, Peter; Blanchard, K. Stephen. Dating the
origins of the epidemiologic paradox among Mexican Americans.
Texas Population Research Center Paper, No. 97-98-07, 1997-1998. 26 pp.
University of Texas, Texas Population Research Center: Austin, Texas.
In Eng.
"This paper describes the history of the epidemiologic
paradox, the surprising finding that in many circumstances Mexican
American infants, children, and adults have lower mortality than one
would expect given their social, economic, and demographic situation.
In particular, they have mortality equal to or lower than comparable
non-Hispanic whites, and lower than that of comparable African
Americans.... In this paper we want to describe the history of the
epidemiologic paradox, and try to reveal when it began."
This
is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1997 Annual
Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: M. P. Gutmann, University of
Texas, Population Research Center, 1800 Main, Austin, TX 78712-1088.
E-mail: myron@prc.utexas.edu. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:30154 Hemström, Örjan.
Does the work environment contribute to excess male mortality?
Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 49, No. 7, Oct 1999. 879-94 pp.
Oxford, England. In Eng.
"The aim of the present study is to
examine whether work-related factors contribute to excess male
mortality. All Swedish deaths during 1970-80 and 1980-86 were analysed
with Poisson regressions--for all individuals and for labour force
participants--in order to estimate gender mortality rate ratios for all
causes, circulatory diseases and external causes. Results for all men
and women, as well as results restricted to those in full-time
employment, revealed that no work-related factors contribute to excess
male mortality. For the period 1980-86, a more detailed analysis was
performed, and work environment exposures were aggregated from a
secondary data source. In accordance with previous studies, it was
found that men experience unhealthier physical work environments than
women and that women experience unhealthier psychosocial work
environments than men."
Correspondence: Ö.
Hemström, Stockholm University, Department of Sociology, 106 91
Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: hemstrom@sociology.su.se. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
65:30155 Hemström, Örjan.
Explaining differential rates of mortality decline for Swedish men
and women: a time-series analysis, 1945-1992. Social Science and
Medicine, Vol. 48, No. 12, Jun 1999. 1,759-77 pp. Exeter, England. In
Eng.
"The aim of this study is to identify social factors that
could be related to differential rates of mortality decline for men and
women in Sweden. The annual changes in fifteen indicators and their
relationship with changes in absolute excess male mortality were
analyzed by means of time series analysis for the period 1945-1992....
I discuss the finding that there seem to be connections between, on the
one hand, changes in general social factors such as economic growth and
labor market factors, and perhaps urbanization and alcohol and
cigarette consumption on the other. I therefore suggest that
gender-specific consumer behavior, seen as an outcome of
gender-specific norm systems, is one mechanism which links changes in
general social factors to changes in excess male
mortality."
Correspondence: Ö. Hemström,
Stockholm University, Department of Sociology, 106 91 Stockholm,
Sweden. E-mail: hemstrom@sociology.su.se. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
65:30156 Johnson, Norman J.; Sorlie, Paul D.;
Backlund, Eric. The impact of specific occupation on
mortality in the U.S. National Longitudinal Mortality Study.
Demography, Vol. 36, No. 3, Aug 1999. 355-67 pp. Silver Spring,
Maryland. In Eng.
"We compare mortality differences for
specific and general categories of occupations using a national cohort
of approximately 380,000 persons aged 25-64 from the U.S. National
Longitudinal Mortality Study.... Higher risk is observed in moving
across the occupational spectrum from the technical, highly skilled
occupations to less-skilled and generally more labor-intensive
occupations. Mortality differences obtained for social status groups of
specific occupations are almost completely accounted for by adjustments
for income and education. Important differences are shown to exist for
selected specific occupations beyond those accounted for by social
status, income, and education."
Correspondence: N. J.
Johnson, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Demographic Statistical Methods
Division, Room 3725-3, Washington, DC 20233. E-mail:
norman.j.johnson@ccmail.census.gov. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30157 Juel, Knud; Mosbech, Johannes;
Hansen, Eva S. Mortality and causes of death among Danish
medical doctors 1973-1992. International Journal of Epidemiology,
Vol. 28, No. 3, Jun 1999. 456-60 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
The
authors "examine the mortality pattern of Danish doctors for the
period 1973-1992.... The doctors' mortality was lower than that of the
general population. Both sexes showed a standardized mortality ratio
(SMR) below one for cancer, circulatory diseases and other natural
causes.... The SMR for suicide was significantly increased..., in
particular because of an increased number of suicides by poisoning. In
addition female doctors displayed a relatively high mortality due to
accidents and other types of violent
death."
Correspondence: K. Juel, Danish Institute for
Clinical Epidemiology, 25 Svanemollevej, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
E-mail: kj@dike.dk. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:30158 Korten, A. E.; Jorm, A. F.; Jiao, Z.;
Letenneur, L.; Jacomb, P. A.; Henderson, A. S.; Christensen, H.;
Rodgers, B. Health, cognitive, and psychosocial factors as
predictors of mortality in an elderly community sample. Journal of
Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 53, No. 2, Feb 1999. 83-8 pp.
London, England. In Eng.
The authors "examine whether
cognitive and psychosocial factors predict mortality once physical
health is controlled...[using data from] Canberra and Queanbeyan,
Australia [that covered] a sample of 897 people aged 70 or over and
living in the community.... For the sample as a whole, the significant
predictors of mortality were male sex, poor physical health, poor
cognitive functioning, and low neuroticism. Men had an adjusted
relative risk of mortality of 2.5 compared with women. For the male
sub-sample, poor self rated health and a poor performance on a speeded
cognitive task were significant predictors, while for women, greater
disability, low systolic blood pressure, and a low score on a dementia
screening test were the strongest
predictors."
Correspondence: A. E. Korten, Australian
National University, NHMRC Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Centre,
Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:30159 Morrell, Stephen; Taylor, Richard;
Quine, Susan; Kerr, Charles; Western, John. A case-control
study of employment status and mortality in a cohort of Australian
youth. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 49, No. 3, Aug 1999.
383-92 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"The purpose of this study
is to correlate mortality with employment status in two cohorts of
young Australian males, aged 17-25 years, from 1984 to 1988. Two youth
cohorts consisting of an initially unemployed sample (n=1,424 males)
and a population sample (n=4,573) males, were surveyed annually
throughout the study period.... A statistically significant increasing
linear trend in odds ratios of male mortality for most cause groups was
found across the employment categories.... Suicide was higher, but not
statistically significantly, in those unemployed or not in the
workforce."
Correspondence: R. Taylor, University of
Sydney, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Edward Ford
Building A-27, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. E-mail:
richardt@pub.health.usyd.edu.au. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
65:30160 Rahman, M. Omar. Family
matters: the impact of kin on the mortality of the elderly in rural
Bangladesh. Population Studies, Vol. 53, No. 2, Jul 1999. 227-35
pp. London, England. In Eng.
"This study uses high quality
longitudinal data on kin availability, proximity, and marital status
from the Matlab surveillance area in rural Bangladesh to explore the
impact of kin members on the survival of the elderly over a six year
period. The results--from discrete time hazard models--suggest that the
presence of a spouse, sons, and brothers substantially improves
survivorship, but with differing effects by the sex of the elderly and
the number of sons and brothers."
Correspondence: M.
O. Rahman, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Population
and International Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30161 Reijneveld, Sijmen A.; Verheij,
Robert A.; de Bakker, Dinny H. Relative importance of
urbanicity, ethnicity and socioeconomic factors regarding area
mortality differences. Journal of Epidemiology and Community
Health, Vol. 53, No. 7, Jul 1999. 444-5 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"A higher mortality rate in areas with increased socioeconomic
deprivation has been found in many studies. Results are difficult to
compare, however, because different indicators of area deprivation have
been used.... The aim of this study is to examine the relative
importance of income and dependence on benefits when looking at small
area differences in premature mortality [in the Netherlands], and the
influence of other area characteristics such as ethnicity and
urbanicity."
Correspondence: S. A. Reijneveld, TNO
Institute of Prevention and Health, Department of Public Health, P.O.
Box 2215, 2301 CE Leiden, Netherlands. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30162 Robinson, W. Courtland; Lee, Myung
Ken; Hill, Kenneth; Burnham, Gilbert M. Mortality in North
Korean migrant households: a retrospective study. Lancet, Vol.
354, No. 9175, Jul 24, 1999. 291-5 pp. New York, New York/London,
England. In Eng.
"We assessed mortality trends in North Korea
since 1995.... At 15 randomly selected sites in China, 440 North Korean
adult migrants were interviewed during July-September, 1998.
Respondents were asked about births, deaths, and migration patterns in
their households between mid-1994 and mid-1998, and about household
food sources.... Among North Korean households that include a recent
migrant to China, mortality has increased and household size has
declined since 1995."
Correspondence: W. C. Robinson,
Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Center
for Refugee and Disaster Studies, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
21205. E-mail: wcrobinson@hotmail.com. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:30163 Sorenson, Susan B.; Shen,
Haikang. Mortality among young immigrants to California:
injury compared to disease deaths. Journal of Immigrant Health,
Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 1999. 41-7 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
The
authors "investigated adolescent and young adult immigrants' risk
of death due to disease and injury.... The death certificates of 15- to
34-year-old California residents who died from 1989 through 1993
comprised the study population. Disease and injury deaths were
identified using ICD-9 codes on the California Master Mortality data
files. Frequencies and gender-standardized rates and risk ratios were
calculated by nativity (U.S., non-U.S.) and by ethnicity and
nativity." The results suggest that "young immigrants, at
least in terms of mortality, do not constitute a burden in that they
are at lower or similar risk of death than U.S.-born
youth."
Correspondence: S. B. Sorenson, University of
California, School of Public Health, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los
Angeles, CA 90095-1772. E-mail: sorenson@ucla.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30164 Thierry, Xavier. Risks
of mortality and excess mortality during the first ten years of
widowhood. [Risques de mortalité et de surmortalité
au cours des dix premières années de veuvage.]
Population, Vol. 54, No. 2, Mar-Apr 1999. 177-204 pp. Paris, France. In
Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
"This article breaks down the
different factors responsible for the excess mortality of widowed
persons compared with married persons: an immediate excess mortality
due to the `shock of widowhood', an excess mortality due to the living
conditions of widowed persons, [and] an excess mortality that predates
widowhood. Using French civil registration data for the period from
1969 to 1991, the article describes the evolution in mortality risks
after widowhood by sex, age at widowhood, and in particular by the
duration of widowhood.... In relative terms, the excess mortality of
widowed persons is lower the longer the time since the start of
widowhood, the improvement being rapid in the first three years, and
slower subsequently."
Correspondence: X. Thierry,
Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout,
75980 Paris Cedex 20, France. E-mail: thierry@ined.fr. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30165 Trovato, Frank; Lalu, N. M.
Changing sex differences in life expectancy in Australia between
1970 and 1990. Journal of the Australian Population Association,
Vol. 14, No. 2, Nov 1997. 187-200 pp. Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"In this study we decompose the gender based survival
difference [in Australia] in 1970, 1980 and 1990 into components that
can be attributed to different causes of death. Our analysis indicates
that a significant component of the constriction in the differential
was due to males having made larger gains than females over time with
respect to heart disease, accidents and violence excluding suicide, and
lung cancer.... We discuss [the] findings in the context of emerging
epidemiological trends in the industrialized world, and the
implications these have for the future of the sex differential in
survival."
Correspondence: F. Trovato, University of
Alberta, Department of Sociology, Population Research Laboratory,
Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H4, Canada. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30166 Vaccarino, Viola; Parsons, Lori;
Every, Nathan R.; Barron, Hal V.; Krumholz, Harlan M.
Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial
infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 341, No. 4, Jul
22, 1999. 217-25 pp. Boston, Massachusetts. In Eng.
"There is
conflicting information about whether short-term mortality after
myocardial infarction is higher among [U.S.] women than among men after
adjustment for age and other prognostic factors. We hypothesized that
younger, but not older, women have higher mortality rates during
hospitalization than their male peers.... We analyzed data on 384,878
patients (155,565 women and 229,313 men) who were 30 to 89 years of age
and who had been enrolled in the National Registry of Myocardial
Infarction 2 between June 1994 and January 1998.... After myocardial
infarction, younger women, but not older women, have higher rates of
death during hospitalization than men of the same age. The younger the
age of the patients, the higher the risk of death among women relative
to men. Younger women with myocardial infarction represent a high-risk
group deserving of special study."
Correspondence: V.
Vaccarino, Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of
Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College Street, P.O. Box 208034, New
Haven, CT 06520-8034. E-mail: viola.vaccarino@yale.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (SZ).
65:30167 Valkovics, Emil. Some
considerations on the nature of transformations in the functions of
life tables in light of changes in mortality rates by age and
cause. [Quelques considérations sur la nature des
transformations des fonctions de la table de mortalité sous
l'influence du changement des taux de mortalité par âge et
par causes.] In: Morbidité, Mortalité: Problèmes
de Mesure, Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective. Colloque
international de Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 231-46 pp.
Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue
Française [AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de
France: Paris, France. In Fre.
This study is concerned with the
problems of analyzing the differences among various life expectancies
at birth and at other ages, and particularly with the role of specific
causes of death in those differences. The concepts discussed are
illustrated with Hungarian life tables.
Correspondence: E.
Valkovics, Kozponti Statisztikai Hivatal, Institute of Demographic
Research, Keleti Karoly U.5-7, 1525 Budapest II, Hungary. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30168 Wood, Evan; Sallar, Anthony M;
Schechter, Martin T.; Hogg, Robert S. Social inequalities
in male mortality amenable to medical intervention in British
Columbia. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 48, No. 12, Jun 1999.
1,751-8 pp. Exeter, England. In Eng.
"The objective of this
study is to examine the rates of mortality among different social
classes and socioeconomic groups of British Columbian males from causes
of death amenable to medical intervention.... For almost every cause of
death examined, the rate of mortality was higher in individuals of
lower social and socioeconomic classes than in individuals of the upper
social and socioeconomic classes. These results were consistent
regardless of the social class component, education, occupation, or
income...being measured. The mortality gradient was most notable in
deaths due to hypertensive heart disease, tuberculosis, asthma and
pneumonia and bronchitis."
Correspondence: R. S. Hogg,
University of British Columbia, British Columbia Centre for Excellence
in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, 608-1081 Burrard
Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada. E-mail: bobhogg@hivnet.ubc.ca.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
65:30169 Yen, Irene H.; Kaplan, George
A. Neighborhood social environment and risk of death:
multilevel evidence from the Alameda County Study. American
Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 149, No. 10, May 15, 1999. 898-907 pp.
Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
"The current research examined
the effect of overall neighborhood social environment on 11-year risk
of death.... The authors developed a three-component neighborhood
social environment scale: (1) commercial stores; (2) population
socioeconomic status; and (3) environment/housing. Data from the 1983
wave of the Alameda County Study (n=1,129) [California] and deaths over
11 years were analyzed with two-level logistic regression models. Age-
and sex-adjusted risk of death was higher for residents in low social
environment neighborhoods.... Mortality risks were significantly higher
in neighborhoods with a low social environment.... When each component
of the neighborhood social environment characteristics score was
examined separately, each was found to be associated with higher risk
for mortality, independent of individual risk
factors."
Correspondence: I. H. Yen, University of
California, School of Public Health, Behavioral Risk Factors Training
Program, 140 Warren Hall, Box 7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360.
Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
Studies of demographic relevance on causes of death. Studies of morbidity and of public health measures are included only if they relate specifically to mortality. Also included are maternal mortality and comparisons of causes.
65:30170 Ayiga, Natal; Ntozi, James P. M.;
Ahimbisibwe, Fred E.; Odwee, Jonathan O.; Okurut, Francis N.
Causes, patterns, differentials and consequences of AIDS mortality
in northern Uganda. In: The continuing HIV/AIDS epidemic in
Africa: responses and coping strategies, edited by I. O. Orubuloye,
John C. Caldwell, and James P. M. Ntozi. 1999. 139-54 pp. Australian
National University, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population
Health, Health Transition Centre: Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"Increased AIDS mortality in northern Uganda is worrying. This
paper used data from a base line survey of three ethnic groups in
northern Uganda, the Iteso, the Langi and the Lugbara. Mortality levels
in northern Uganda are high among those under five (27%), young and
middle-aged adults 20-39 years (26.7%) and adults aged 40 years and
over (35.1%).... AIDS and AIDS-related mortality was found to be rising
between 1982 and 1997 and its rate of increase among females was nearly
twice that among males. The most affected age groups were adolescents
and young adults. All cause-specific mortality was significantly
affected by age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, time
periods, and ethnicity."
Correspondence: N. Ayiga,
Makerere University, Department of Population Studies, P.O. Box 7062,
Kampala, Uganda. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30171 Booth, Heather. Patterns
of suicide: factors affecting age-sex distributions of suicide in
Western Samoa and Fiji Indians. Working Papers in Demography, No.
77, 1999. 34 pp. Australian National University, Research School of
Social Sciences, Demography Program: Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"This paper examines age-sex patterns of suicide in...two
high-suicide populations [Western Samoa and the Indian population of
Fiji] and seeks to explain why female youth suicide exceeds that of
males. Female suicide is concentrated at young ages to a greater extent
than male. It is argued that this is due to differing causal factors.
For females in both populations, these comprise sexuality, marriage and
childbearing, whilst for males, economic and social status are
important. The underlying factors for both sexes are gender and power
in the context of social change."
Correspondence:
Australian National University, Research School of Social
Sciences, Demography Program, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30172 Bourgoin, Nicolas.
Suicide and professional activity. [Suicide et activité
professionnelle.] Population, Vol. 54, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1999. 73-101 pp.
Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
"This article
explores the variable effect of joblessness on suicide, by sex and age,
with middle-aged men emerging as the most sensitive to job loss. For
people in work, the suicide rate rises as social class falls, which is
the same pattern as for general mortality. The relationship between
occupation and suicide is explored through an analysis of the
correlations between frequency of unemployment, level of income and
education, and suicide.... [Results suggest] that in addition to
life-style factors, related to social class, there are other effects
due to the professional activity itself and the conditions in which it
is exercised."
Correspondence: N. Bourgoin, Institut
National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout, 75980
Paris Cedex 20, France. E-mail: bourgoin@ined.fr. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30173 Burnley, I. H.
Socio-demographic and spatial aspects of male mortality from
HIV-AIDS related diseases in New South Wales, Australia,
1990-1994. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 49, No. 6, Sep 1999.
751-62 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This paper examines
differential and spatial dimensions of mortality of males from HIV-AIDS
related diseases in New South Wales [Australia] during the five-year
period 1990-1994. The analysis involves direct standardisation in broad
age groups from 15 upwards, with investigation of variations by marital
status, occupational status, large birthplace groups and geographic
area. The aim is to examine which marital status, socioeconomic and
birthplace groups were [at] greater risk of dying from HIV-AIDS related
diseases, which age-groups contained the greater mortalities within
each of the socio-structural dimensions examined, which communities
contained the highest mortality levels and whether there were
socio-demographic variations in mortality profiles between communities.
These analyses may assist in the more precise targeting of groups at
risk."
Correspondence: I. H. Burnley, University of
New South Wales, School of Geography, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
E-mail: I.burnley@unsw.edu.au. Location: Princeton University
Library (PR).
65:30174 Chesnais, Jean-Claude.
Homicide and suicide in the industrial world. The case of
Russia. [L'homicide et le suicide dans le monde industriel. Le cas
russe.] Population, Vol. 54, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1999. 127-30 pp. Paris,
France. In Fre.
The author compares current trends in Russia
concerning violent deaths with the situation in other developed
countries. The data sources for deaths from homicide and suicide are
first reviewed. The author notes that, if current rates persist, one
out of every 25 men will commit suicide between the ages of 25 and 65;
if the risks of homicide are added, then the risk of death for men
between these ages increases to 1 in 15. With regard to violent deaths
as a whole, the author notes that if Russia could achieve the same
levels of mortality as France, almost 250,000 lives a year could be
saved. Alcohol abuse is a major cause of the high rate of male
mortality.
Correspondence: J.-C. Chesnais, Institut
National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout, 75980
Paris Cedex 20, France. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:30175 Florescu, Silvia; Popa, Ion; Niculae,
Constantinovici. Mortality differentials from
gynecological causes associated with pregnancy and delivery in relation
to changes in abortion laws. [Les variations de la
mortalité par pathologie gynécologique et associée
à la grossesse et à l'acouchement par rapport au
changement survenu dans la législation de l'avortement.] In:
Morbidité, Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure,
Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de
Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 126-35 pp. Association
Internationale des Démographes de Langue Française
[AIDELF]: Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de France: Paris,
France. In Fre.
Maternal mortality in Romania over the past 10
years is analyzed. The objectives are to analyze maternal mortality
trends in general, to investigate the extent to which changes in the
laws concerning abortion have influenced mortality from abortion and
other related gynecological causes, and to examine how these changes in
maternal mortality have affected infant life expectancy at
birth.
Correspondence: S. Florescu, Institut
d'Hygiène, de Santé Publique, de Services de Santé
et de Management, Bucharest, Romania. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30176 Geronimus, Arline T.; Bound, John;
Waidmann, Timothy A. Poverty, time, and place: variation
in excess mortality across selected U.S. populations, 1980-1990.
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 53, No. 6, Jun 1999.
325-34 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The authors "describe
variation in levels and causes of excess mortality and temporal
mortality change among young and middle aged adults in a regionally
diverse set of poor local populations in the USA.... Substantial
variability exists in levels, trends, and causes of excess mortality in
poor populations across localities. African American residents of
urban/northern communities suffer extremely high and growing rates of
excess mortality. Rural residents exhibit an important mortality
advantage that widens over the decade.... Deaths attributable to
circulatory disease are the leading cause of excess mortality in most
locations."
Correspondence: A. T. Geronimus, 1420
Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30177 Gorjanc, Michael L.; Flanders, W.
Dana; VanDerslice, James; Hersh, Joel; Malilay, Josephine.
Effects of temperature and snowfall on mortality in
Pennsylvania. American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 149, No. 12,
Jun 15, 1999. 1,152-60 pp. Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
"The
relation between exposure to severe cold weather and mortality is
examined in a retrospective [U.S.] study of deaths occurring during the
month of January from 1991 to 1996 in Pennsylvania.... The authors
estimated mortality rates for total deaths and deaths due to ischemic
heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, and respiratory diseases by
analyses based on generalized estimating equations. Total mortality
increased on days of `extreme' climatic conditions, that is, when
snowfall was greater than 3 cm and when temperatures were below
-7degrees C.... On days of extreme conditions, mortality due to
ischemic heart diseases tripled among males aged 35-49 years...,
increased for men aged 50-64 years..., and rose for males aged 65 years
and older.... Among females, mortality for those aged 65 years and
older increased for respiratory causes...and cerebrovascular
causes...."
Correspondence: J. Malilay, Centers for
Disease Control, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of
Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, Environmental Hazards
Epidemiology Section, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Mailstop F-46, Atlanta,
GA 30341-3724. Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
65:30178 Greenland, Philip; Daviglus, Martha
L.; Dyer, Alan R.; Liu, Kiang; Huang, Cheng-Fang; Goldberger, Jeffrey
J.; Stamler, Jeremiah. Resting heart rate is a risk factor
for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality. American
Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 149, No. 9, May 1, 1999. 853-62 pp.
Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
"In a prospective cohort study,
associations of resting heart rate with risk of coronary,
cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality in age-specific
cohorts of black and white men and women were examined over 22 years of
follow-up. Participants were employees from 84 [U.S.] companies and
organizations in the Chicago, Illinois, area.... In summary, heart rate
was a risk factor for mortality from coronary disease, all
cardiovascular diseases, and all causes in the younger men and in
middle-aged men and women, and for cancer mortality in middle-aged men
and women."
Correspondence: P. Greenland, Northwestern
University Medical School, Department of Preventive Medicine, 680 North
Lake Shore Drive, Suite 1102, Chicago, IL 60611. Location:
Princeton University Library (SZ).
65:30179 Gu, Ken; Cowie, Catherine C.; Harris,
Maureen I. Diabetes and decline in heart disease mortality
in U.S. adults. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association,
Vol. 281, No. 14, Apr 14, 1999. 1,291-7 pp. Chicago, Illinois. In Eng.
The authors "compare [U.S.] adults with diabetes with those
without diabetes for time trends in mortality from all causes, heart
disease, and ischemic heart disease [using data from]...the First
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) conducted
between 1971 and 1975 (n=9,639) and the NHANES I Epidemiologic
Follow-up Survey conducted between 1982 and 1984 (n=8,463).... The
decline in heart disease mortality in the general U.S. population has
been attributed to reduction in cardiovascular risk factors and
improvement in treatment of heart disease. The smaller declines in
mortality for diabetic subjects in the present study indicate that
these changes may have been less effective for people with diabetes,
particularly women."
Correspondence: M. I. Harris,
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and
Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Natcher Building, Room 5AN24, 45 Center
Drive, MSC 6600, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail: harrism@ep.niddk.nih.gov.
Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
65:30180 Hossain, M. Zakir; Mian, M. Abul B.;
Kumar, Alok. Effect of elimination of leading causes of
death in rural Bangladesh: potential gains in life expectancies.
Demography India, Vol. 27, No. 2, Jul-Dec 1998. 301-10 pp. Delhi,
India. In Eng.
"In this paper an attempt has been made to
observe the effect of the elimination of infectious and diarrhoeal
diseases on the expectation of life at different age groups [in rural
Bangladesh] by sex during 1984 and 1995.... The data analyzed here were
collected and primarily reported by Demographic Surveillance system
(DSS)-Matlab.... The obtained results reflect that the gain in the
expectation of life was affected more by diarrhoeal diseases than
infectious diseases for all age groups and for both the sexes in both
Comparison and Treatment [areas] in both [the] 1984 and 1995 periods
with a few negligible exceptions."
Correspondence: M.
Z. Hossain, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Department
of Statistics, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30181 Keuzeta, Jean J.
Mortality from malaria: how can it be measured? [La
mortalité par paludisme: comment la mesurer?] In:
Morbidité, Mortalité: Problèmes de Mesure,
Facteurs d'Evolution, Essai de Prospective. Colloque international de
Sinaia (2-6 septembre 1996). 1998. 86-90 pp. Association Internationale
des Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF]: Paris,
France; Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
Problems related to measuring mortality from malaria are examined,
with particular reference to the situation in Cameroon. The impact of
temperature, which in turn is dependent on altitude, on the incidence
of malaria is noted. Recognizing the weakness of current methods used
to measure mortality from this cause, the author requests more input
from demographers to improve measurement
methods.
Correspondence: J. J. Keuzeta, OCEAC, Observatoire
Régionale de la Santé, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30182 Law, Malcolm; Wald,
Nicholas. Why heart disease mortality is low in France:
the time lag explanation. British Medical Journal, Vol. 318, No.
7196, May 29, 1999. 1,471-6 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"In
France mortality from ischaemic heart disease is about a quarter of
that in Britain. The major risk factors are no more favourable in
France, and this so called `French paradox' has not been satisfactorily
explained.... The French paradox is usually attributed to the higher
consumption of alcohol in France, notably of wine, and some have
suggested a specific effect of red wine. In this article we assess
quantitatively the extent to which this and other possible explanations
can account for the low rate of heart disease in France. We then
consider a novel `time-lag' hypothesis, which, we believe, is the main
explanation for the paradox."
Correspondence: M. Law,
Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Wolfson Institute of
Preventive Medicine, London EC1M 6BQ, England. E-mail:
M.R.Law@mds.qmw.ac.uk. Location: Princeton University Library
(SZ).
65:30183 Llorca, Javier; Prieto, M. Dolores;
Delgado-Rodríguez, Miguel. Increase in cervical
cancer mortality in Spain, 1951-1991. Journal of Epidemiology and
Community Health, Vol. 53, No. 7, Jul 1999. 408-11 pp. London, England.
In Eng.
"The trend in cervical cancer mortality in Spain from
1951 to 1991 is examined.... The age standardised mortality rate in
Spain is lower than in other developed countries (USA or Estonia) and
equal to Norwegian and Finland rates; but whereas in these countries
the trend is to decrease, the Spanish rate has increased during this
period, because of a cohort effect. A misclassification bias could be
responsible for the trend in women aged 40 and older but the increasing
trend in younger women could not be interpreted as espurious. The
Gompertzian analysis suggests as an increase in environmental factors
causing cervical cancer."
Correspondence: J. Llorca,
University of Cantabria, School of Medicine, Division of Preventive
Medicine and Public Health, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011
Santander, Spain. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:30184 Meslé, France.
Classifying causes of death according to an aetiological axis.
Population Studies, Vol. 53, No. 1, Mar 1999. 97-105 pp. London,
England. In Eng.
"The analysis of mortality by cause usually
relies on groups of causes created by consolidating items from the
International Classification of Diseases (ICD). However, this type of
grouping is not a very efficient means of describing the real trends in
pathological processes. In this paper an alternative classification
based on aetiological definitions is proposed. Redistributing deaths
between eight aetiological categories offers a different perception of
the main determinants of health transition and of mortality prospects.
It also provides a view of inter-country differences which may help
explain recent variation in trends."
Correspondence:
F. Meslé, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques,
133 boulevard Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex 20, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30185 Morrell, Stephen; Taylor, Richard;
Slaytor, Emma; Ford, Paul. Urban and rural suicide
differentials in migrants and the Australian-born, New South Wales,
Australia 1985-1994. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 49, No. 1,
Jul 1999. 81-91 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"We estimated
risk of suicide in adults in New South Wales (NSW) [Australia] by sex,
country of birth and rural/urban residence, after adjusting for age; we
also examined youth suicide (age 15-24 years). The study population was
the entire population of NSW, Australia, aged [is greater than or equal
to] 15 years during the period 1985-1994.... Male migrants overall were
at significantly lower risk of suicide than the Australian-born. While
female migrants overall had a significantly higher risk of suicide than
Australian-born females.... We conclude that suicide among migrant
males living in non-metropolitan areas accounts for most of the excess
of male suicide in rural NSW, and the significantly lower risk of
suicide for non-metropolitan Australian-born women does not apply to
migrant women."
Correspondence: R. Taylor, University
of Sydney, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty
of Medicine, Edward Ford Building A-27, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
E-mail: richardt@pub.health.usyd.edu.au. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
65:30186 Orubuloye, I. O.; Caldwell, John C.;
Ntozi, James P. M. The continuing HIV/AIDS epidemic in
Africa: responses and coping strategies. 1999. iii, 236 pp.
Australian National University, National Centre for Epidemiology and
Population Health, Health Transition Centre: Canberra, Australia. In
Eng.
"The papers contained in this volume are a selection from
the Workshop on Intervention Strategies for the Prevention and Control
of STDs, HIV/AIDS in Africa: Achievements, Obstacles and Prospects held
at the Nigeria Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER),
Ibadan, Nigeria, 15-16 December 1997. Other papers relevant to the
theme of the workshop are also included." A section on AIDS
mortality and morbidity contains papers on causes, patterns,
differentials, and consequences of AIDS mortality in Uganda, and
changes in household composition and family structure during the AIDS
epidemic in that country.
Selected items will be cited in this or
subsequent issues of Population Index.
Correspondence:
Australian National University, National Centre for Epidemiology,
Health Transition Centre, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30187 Ranjan, Alok. Maternal
mortality in Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 44,
No. 4, Dec 1998. 55-61 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"This paper
utilises information commonly available at the district level to obtain
estimates of maternal mortality ratios for Madhya Pradesh [India] and
for of its 45 districts through an indirect regression procedure. The
estimates thus obtained have then been used to discuss inter-district
variations in the risk of death due to complications of pregnancy and
child birth in the state."
Correspondence: A. Ranjan,
Shyam Institute of Public Cooperation and Community Development, Mudian
ka Kuan, Datia, Madhya Pradesh 475 661, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30188 Roizen, Ron; Kerr, William C.;
Fillmore, Kaye M. Cirrhosis mortality and per capita
consumption of distilled spirits, United States, 1949-94: trend
analysis. British Medical Journal, Vol. 319, No. 7211, Sep 11,
1999. 666-70 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"In the United
States mortality from cirrhosis peaked in 1973 after climbing steadily
since the second world war. This occurred several years before total
per capita consumption of alcohol peaked and began to decline. [The
authors] report that cirrhosis mortality is more strongly associated on
the aggregate level with the consumption of distilled spirits than with
either total alcohol consumption (which combines the consumption of all
types of alcohol beverages) or the consumption of wine or beer. This
suggests the merit of devoting multidisciplinary research attention to
the link between specific alcoholic beverages and
cirrhosis."
Correspondence: R. Roizen, University of
California, Institute for Health Policy Studies, San Francisco, CA
94143-0612. E-mail: ron@roizen.com. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:30189 Romelsjö, Anders; Leifman,
Anders. Association between alcohol consumption and
mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in 25 year follow up of
49,618 young Swedish men. British Medical Journal, Vol. 319, No.
7213, Sep 25, 1999. 821-2 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The
association between alcohol consumption and the incidence of myocardial
infarction, stroke, and mortality in young men is analyzed using data
on 49,618 Swedish men conscripted in 1969-1970 and followed up over a
25-year period. The results clearly indicate that alcohol consumption
had a negative effect on health up to age 45. A cardioprotective effect
is also noted, but is not significant, since myocardial infarction
among young men is rare.
Correspondence: A. Romelsjö,
Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Novum, 141
57 Huddinge, Sweden. E-mail: anders.romelsjo@smd.sll.se. Location:
Princeton University Library (SZ).
65:30190 Rosefielde, Steven.
Documented homicides and excess deaths: new insights into the scale
of killing in the USSR during the 1930s. Communist and
Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, Sep 1997. 321-31 pp. Oxford,
England. In Eng.
"Getty, Rittersporn and Zemskov recently
claimed that no more than 2 million people could have perished from
collectivization, famine, execution, terror, and forced labor in the
USSR during the 1930s. Prior demographic confirmation of this estimate
was provided by Anderson and Silver who contended that killings were
unlikely to exceed a few million and could not be more than 4.8 million
victims. This essay disproves both these contentions by introducing new
demographic evidence proving that Stalin killed at least 5.2 million
Soviet citizens 1927-1938, with a best estimate in the vicinity of 10
million."
Correspondence: S. Rosefielde, University of
North Carolina, Department of Economics, CB No. 3305, Gardner Hall,
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3305. Location: Princeton University
Library (PR).
65:30191 Ruzicka, Lado; Choi, C. Y.
Youth suicide in Australia. Working Papers in Demography, No.
78, 1999. 38 pp. Australian National University, Research School of
Social Sciences, Demography Program: Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"This paper reviews the incidence of youth mortality by
suicide in Australia in comparison with other industrialized countries
around the mid-1990s. It focuses on fatal suicides in Australia and
records changes in suicide mortality levels and patterns since the
1950s. The discussion concentrates on the presumed causes of what is
often considered as a recent epidemic of self destruction among young
Australian males: drug and alcohol abuse, unemployment. An attempt is
made to estimate the global extent of the problem of suicidal behaviour
(suicides plus attempted suicides)."
Correspondence:
Australian National University, Research School of Social
Sciences, Demography Program, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30192 Ruzicka, Lado T. A note
on suicide in Russia, 1965-1993. Journal of the Australian
Population Association, Vol. 13, No. 2, Nov 1996. 187-93 pp. Canberra,
Australia. In Eng.
"Recently, the Centre for Demography and
Human Ecology in Moscow in collaboration with the Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques in Paris undertook a reconstruction of
registered deaths in individual republics of the former Soviet
Union.... The present article extracts from the data set information on
registered suicide mortality and reviews its trends and age and sex
patterns. The link between alcoholism and suicide is strongly
suggested."
Correspondence: L. T. Ruzicka, Major's
Creek, Braidwood, NSW 2622, Australia. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30193 Shen, Ce; Williamson, John
B. Maternal mortality, women's status, and economic
dependency in less developed countries: a cross-national analysis.
Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 49, No. 2, Jul 1999. 197-214 pp.
Oxford, England. In Eng.
"In [past] studies of maternal
mortality...there has been very little effort to assess the potential
relevance of the gender stratification and dependency theory
perspectives. Using lagged cross-sectional and path analysis with a
sample of 79 less developed countries, this article focuses on the
impact of predictors linked to three theoretical
perspectives--modernization, economic dependency, and gender
stratification. We find that women's status, as measured by indicators
such as level of education relative to men, age at first marriage, and
reproductive autonomy, is a strong predictor of maternal mortality. We
find that economic dependency, especially multinational corporate
investment, has a detrimental effect on maternal mortality that is
mediated by its harmful impacts on economic growth and the status of
women. We also find support for development theory, a variant of
modernization theory."
Correspondence: C. Shen, Boston
College, School of Education, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167. E-mail:
shenc@bc.edu. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
65:30194 Suleiman, Abu B.; Mathews, Alex;
Jegasothy, Ravindran; Ali, Roslinah; Kandiah, Nadeswary. A
strategy for reducing maternal mortality. Bulletin of the World
Health Organization, Vol. 77, No. 2, 1999. 190-3 pp. Geneva,
Switzerland. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"A confidential
system of enquiry into maternal mortality was introduced in Malaysia in
1991. The methods used and the findings obtained up to 1994 are
reported...and an outline is given of the resulting recommendations and
actions."
Correspondence: A. B. Suleiman, Seremban
Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 70300 Seremban,
Malaysia. E-mail: jravi@tm.net.my. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:30195 Treurniet, Henriëtte F.; Looman,
Caspar W. N.; van der Maas, Paul J.; Mackenbach, Johan P.
Variations in "avoidable" mortality: A reflection of
variations in incidence? International Journal of Epidemiology,
Vol. 28, No. 2, Apr 1999. 225-32 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"We studied the association between regional variations in
`avoidable' mortality and variations in disease incidence [in the
Netherlands]. For a selection of conditions we also analysed whether
the proportion of in-hospital deaths can explain the regional
variations in incidence-adjusted mortality.... Significant regional
mortality variations were found for cervical cancer, cancer of the
testis, hypertensive and cerebrovascular disease, influenza/pneumonia,
cholecystitis/lithiasis, perinatal causes and congenital cardiovascular
anomalies. Regional mortality differences in general were only partly
accounted for by incidence variations."
Correspondence:
H. F. Treurniet, Erasmus University, Department of Public Health,
P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:30196 Tunstall-Pedoe, Hugh; Kuulasmaa,
Kari; Mähönen, Markku; Tolonen, Hanna; Ruokokoski, Esa;
Amouyel, Philippe. Contribution of trends in survival and
coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality:
10-year results from 37 WHO MONICA Project populations. Lancet,
Vol. 353, No. 9164, May 8, 1999. 1,547-57 pp. New York, New
York/London, England. In Eng.
"The WHO MONICA (monitoring
trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease) Project monitored,
from the early 1980s, trends over 10 years in coronary heart disease
(CHD) across 37 populations in 21 countries. We aimed to validate
trends in mortality, partitioning responsibility between changing
coronary-event rates and changing survival.... During 371
population-years, 166,000 events were registered. Official CHD
mortality rates, based on death certification, fell.... By MONICA
criteria, CHD mortality rates were higher, but fell less.... Changes in
non-fatal rates were smaller.... MONICA coronary-event rates (fatal and
non-fatal combined) fell more...than case fatality.... Contribution to
changing CHD mortality varied, but in populations in which mortality
decreased, coronary-event rates contributed two thirds and case
fatality one third."
Correspondence: H.
Tunstall-Pedoe, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical
School, Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland.
E-mail: h.tunstallpedoe@dundee.ac.uk. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:30197 Weber, Amy E.; Hogg, Robert
S. Morbidity and mortality related to human
immunodeficiency virus in Canadian men and women, 1987-94.
Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Santé
Publique, Vol. 90, No. 2, Mar-Apr 1999. 127-32 pp. Ottawa, Canada. In
Eng. with sum. in Fre.
The authors "assess the impact of
HIV/AIDS on hospitalization and mortality patterns in Canada...among
men and women across provinces, regions and select cities between
1987-94.... This work reveals the considerable impact of HIV/AIDS on
patterns of hospitalization and mortality in Canada. When compared with
select leading causes of morbidity and mortality, HIV/AIDS was found to
be the leading cause of hospitalization and death for men and women,
especially during early adulthood."
Correspondence: R.
S. Hogg, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081
Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada. E-mail:
bobhogg@hivnet.ubc.ca. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
