Studies that treat quantitative fertility data analytically. References to crude data are coded under S. Official Statistical Publications. Methodological studies specifically concerned with fertility are cited in this division and cross-referenced to N. Methods of Research and Analysis Including Models, if necessary.
Analytical studies of quantitative birth data and reproduction rates and studies of fertility and its concomitants. Studies of age at marriage, divorce, and factors influencing family size are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household.
65:20170 Amin, Sajeda; Lloyd, Cynthia
B. Women's lives and rapid fertility decline: some lessons
from Bangladesh and Egypt. Population Council Policy Research
Division Working Paper, No. 117, 1998. 62 pp. Population Council,
Policy Research Division: New York, New York. In Eng.
"This
paper provides an in-depth exploration of the demographic transition in
[Bangladesh and Egypt] as seen through the dual lens of society-wide
gender systems and a range of relevant state policies. It addresses
three basic questions: (1) have measurable improvements in economic
opportunities for women been a factor in the fertility decline in
either country?; (2) have differences in gender systems at the societal
level provided a more favorable environment for fertility decline in
Bangladesh in comparison to Egypt, despite the former's more modest
economic achievements?; (3) in what ways can the development strategies
adopted by the governments of Bangladesh and Egypt...be seen as
additional factors in explaining the similar rural fertility declines
despite dissimilar economic circumstances? After reviewing the
evidence, the paper concludes that neither differences in existing
gender systems nor measurable changes in women's opportunities have
been key factors in the notable demographic successes recorded in these
two countries.... However, there is a case to be made that Bangladesh's
distinct approach to development, with considerable emphasis on
reaching the rural poor and women and a strong reliance on
nongovernmental institutions, may have played a part in accelerating
the transition in that environment and in helping women to become more
immediate beneficiaries of that process."
Correspondence:
Population Council, Research Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza,
New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20171 Andreev, E.; Bondarskaya, G.;
Khar'kova, T. The decline in fertility in Russia:
hypotheses and facts. [Padenie rozhdaemosti v Rossii: gipotezy i
fakty.] Voprosy Statistiki, No. 10, 1998. 82-93 pp. Moscow, Russia. In
Rus.
The recent decline in fertility that has occurred in Russia is
analyzed from 1973 onward. Factors considered include age and marital
status. The characteristics of women who gave birth to children in 1993
are analyzed, and the relationship between desired and actual fertility
is discussed.
Correspondence: E. Andreev, Goskomstat
Rossii, Izmailovskoe Shosse 44, 105679 Moscow, Russia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20172 Atoh, Makoto.
Below-replacement fertility and family policy. Jinko Mondai
Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, Vol. 53, No. 4, 1997. 88 pp.
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research: Tokyo,
Japan. In Jpn.
This special issue contains five papers on aspects
of below-replacement fertility and family policy, with the primary
geographical focus on the situation in Japan.
Selected items will be
cited in this or subsequent issues of Population
Index.
Correspondence: National Institute of Population and
Social Security Research, 1-2-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100,
Japan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20173 Atoh, Makoto.
Below-replacement fertility and family policy. Jinko Mondai
Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, Vol. 54, No. 1, 1998. 128 pp.
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research: Tokyo,
Japan. In Jpn.
This special issue is the second that concentrates
on aspects of below-replacement fertility and family policy; it
contains six papers comparing the situation in Japan to that in other
developed countries. Four of these papers were also published in
English in the journal Review of Population and Social Policy and are
cited elsewhere in this issue.
Selected items will be cited in this
or subsequent issues of Population Index.
Articles from the first
special issue on this topic are also cited in this issue.
Correspondence: National Institute of Population and
Social Security Research, 1-2-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100,
Japan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20174 Atoh, Makoto. Research
on below-replacement fertility in Japan: its review and new
agenda. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, Vol.
53, No. 4, 1997. 1-14 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
This is a general
review of the research that has been conducted on the problems
associated with below-replacement fertility in Japan, along with some
suggestions concerning topics for future research.
Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20175 Audinarayana, N. The
effect of status of women on fertility in an urban setting of Tamil
Nadu. Indian Journal of Social Work, Vol. 58, No. 4, Oct 1997.
542-56 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"This paper throws light on
the status of women (at the household level) and fertility linkage with
data drawn from 300 currently married women residing in a small town of
the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Cross-tabular, hierarchical and
multiple classification analyses have been used. Results suggest that
all the dimensions of the status of women have played a crucial role in
influencing their cumulative fertility (children ever
born)."
Correspondence: N. Audinarayana, Bharathiar
University, Department of Population Studies, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
641 046, India. E-mail: popstu@as250.bharathi.ernet.in. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
65:20176 Bongaarts, John. The
fertility impact of changes in the timing of childbearing in the
developing world. Population Council Policy Research Division
Working Paper, No. 120, 1999. 33 pp. Population Council, Policy
Research Division: New York, New York. In Eng.
"This study
examines the role of tempo effects in the fertility declines of
developing countries.... An analysis of data from the World Fertility
Surveys and the Demographic and Health Surveys demonstrates that
fertility trends observed in many developing countries are likely to be
distorted by changes in the timing of childbearing. In most countries
women are delaying childbearing, which implies that observed fertility
is lower than it would have been without tempo changes. This pattern is
most clearly documented in Taiwan, where accurate birth statistics from
a vital registration system make it possible to estimate the tempo
components of fertility annually from 1978 to 1993. The small but
unexpected rise in total fertility rates in Colombia in the early 1990s
is attributed to a decline in the negative tempo distortion that
prevailed in the 1980s."
Correspondence: Population
Council, Research Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY
10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20177 Chesnais, Jean-Claude.
Below-replacement fertility in the European Union (EU-15): facts
and policies, 1960-1997. Review of Population and Social Policy,
No. 7, 1998. 83-101 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
Fertility trends in
the 15 countries that now make up the European Union are reviewed over
the period 1960-1997, with the emphasis on the trend toward
below-replacement fertility and its consequences. The author notes that
although the desired number of children in the European Union is about
2.1, the total fertility rate is only 1.4, and that this means there is
a latent demand for family support and for measures designed to help
people have more children. "In countries where family support is
better...the gap between the ideal and the real family size is narrow,
whereas in societies where family support is minimal...this gap is
maximal. This is the essence of the present feminist paradox: feminism
and pronatalism work together; in societies that alleviate the burden
of working...mothers, the fertility rate is higher than in societies
where traditional roles prevail. Two basic measures have a decisive
impact: the implementation of parental leave and the allocation of
pension benefits to parents for each
child."
Correspondence: J.-C. Chesnais, Institut
National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout, 75980
Paris Cedex 20, France. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20178 Courbage, Youssef.
Economic and political issues of fertility transition in the Arab
world--answers and open questions. Population and Environment,
Vol. 20, No. 4, Mar 1999. 353-80 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
The author reviews recent fertility trends in Arab countries.
Sections are included on the impact of later marriage and the spread of
contraception; atypicalities of Arab fertility transition; the impact
of the oil boom and the related economic and political trends; the
distinctive regional attitude toward fertility; and the effects of
implicit or explicit governmental population
policies.
Correspondence: Y. Courbage, Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout, 75020 Paris Cedex
14, France. E-mail: courbage@ined.fr. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20179 Elizarov, Valerii V. The
demographic situation and problems of family policy. Sociological
Research, Vol. 38, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1999. 79-90 pp. Armonk, New York. In
Eng.
The decline in fertility that occurred in Russia from the
early 1960s to the 1980s is analyzed. The author focuses on the factors
that influence young parents to have children, and on the extent to
which social policies can be developed to influence them in such
decisions. The impact of the declining economy and of changing patterns
of marriage and divorce on fertility is also considered.
For the
original Russian version of this article, see 64:20257.
Correspondence: V. V. Elizarov, Moscow State University,
Center for the Study of Population Issues, 119899 Moscow, Russia.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
65:20180 Guzmán, José
M. The Latin American contribution to the analysis of
fertility determinants. [El aporte latinoamericano al
análysis de los factores determinantes de la fecundidad.] Notas
de Población, Vol. 25, No. 66, Dec 1998. 87-109 pp. Santiago,
Chile. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
"The present article
discusses significant aspects of the Latin American contribution to the
study of fertility determinants, presenting in systematic form the main
theoretical and methodological approaches that have been developed in
analysing the fertility transition in the region.... The article seeks
to determine whether there is such a thing as a uniquely Latin American
contribution to the subject, or whether much of that must be considered
an intellectual reflection of work going on in other regions of the
world."
Correspondence: J. M. Guzmán, United
Nations Population Fund, 220 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20181 Heaton, Tim B.; Forste,
Renata. Education as policy: the impact of education on
marriage, contraception, and fertility in Colombia, Peru, and
Bolivia. Social Biology, Vol. 45, No. 3-4, Fall-Winter 1998.
194-213 pp. Port Angeles, Washington. In Eng.
"Using data from
the World Fertility and Demographic and Health Surveys of Colombia,
Peru, and Bolivia, we model the effects of education on three
demographic outcomes: the timing of first sexual union, contraceptive
use, and fertility. These effects are examined over time and across
geographic areas using a multivariate framework. We find substantial
improvements in female educational attainment over the last fifty years
and a strong relationship between education and the demographic
outcomes.... Our results indicate that educational differences in
reproductive behavior are reduced as the level of development increases
and societies pass through their demographic
transition."
Correspondence: T. B. Heaton, Brigham
Young University, Department of Sociology, Provo, UT 84602.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20182 Henz, Ursula; Huinink,
Johannes. Problems concerning the parametric analysis of
the age at first birth. Mathematical Population Studies, Vol. 7,
No. 2, 1999. 131-45 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in
Fre.
"The application of parametric split models to analyse
the birth of the first child is discussed by applying the model of
Coale and McNeil and the log-logistic model. We show that serious
problems of estimating the final survival probability may occur when
the empirical age distribution of the analysed event is not fully known
and the model deviates considerably from the empirical distribution. We
suggest strategies to handle these problems in a pragmatic
way."
Correspondence: U. Henz, Stockholm University,
Demography Unit, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail:
ursula.henz@suda.su.se. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20183 Jackson, Sharon. Wages
and fertility in Australia. Journal of the Australian Population
Association, Vol. 12, No. 1, May 1995. 25-34 pp. Canberra, Australia.
In Eng.
"This paper applies a simple economic model to explain
short run movements in Australian fertility, abstracting from social
and cultural conditions. It shows that Australian fertility can be
modelled with some success using only wages and employment data, once
we allow for the different effects of changes in men's and women's
wages for the period 1966-90. The elasticity of the total fertility
rate over this period is found to be negative with respect to women's
wages and positive with respect to men's wages. As well as having the
expected sign, the estimated elasticities are similar in magnitude to
those for the United States over the period
1948-75."
Correspondence: S. Jackson, University of
New South Wales, University College, Australian Defence Force Academy,
Department of Economics and Management, Northcott Drive, Campbell, ACT
2601, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20184 James, K. S. Fertility
decline in Andhra Pradesh: a search for alternative hypotheses.
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 34, No. 8, Feb 20-26, 1999. 491-9
pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"The southern states in India, on
the whole, are undergoing a fertility transition. Of these Kerala and
Tamil Nadu have already attained a replacement level fertility. The
dramatic fertility decline in Andhra Pradesh shows that the state will
follow the other two soon. This paper attempts to depict the fertility
decline in that state and to consider plausible explanations." The
data are taken primarily from the census, the Sample Registration
System, and the National Family Health Survey.
Location:
Princeton University Library (PF).
65:20185 Japan. National Institute of
Population and Social Security Research (Tokyo, Japan).
The Eleventh Japanese National Fertility Survey in 1997. Volume I:
marriage and fertility in present-day Japan. National Institute of
Population and Social Security Research Survey Series, No. 13, Sep
1998. 211 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
Results are presented from this
national fertility survey of Japan, which is undertaken at five-year
interval, and involves a nationally representative sample of about
9,000 women aged 15-49. The introductory text has chapters on the
timing of marriage, fertility, number of children desired, women's
labor force participation, and opinions about marriage and
fertility.
Correspondence: National Institute of Population
and Social Security Research, Kasumigaseki 1-2-3, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
100, Japan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20186 Kekovole, John. Factors
associated with fertility decline in Kenya. [1998?]. iv, 29 pp.
Population Council: Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
"This report
provides a summary of the major findings derived from the analysis of
data collected in four national demographic surveys carried out between
1977 and 1993 (Kenya Fertility Survey of 1977/78, Kenya Contraceptive
Prevalence Survey of 1984 and Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys of
1989 and 1993) and in the 1979 and 1989 Population censuses to
ascertain levels, trends, and differentials of fertility in Kenya as
well as provide some insights into some of the factors which have
contributed to the fertility decline."
Correspondence:
Population Council, Multichoice Towers, Upper Hill, P.O. Box
17643, Nairobi, Kenya. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20187 Kiernan, Kathleen E.
Parenthood and family life in the United Kingdom. Review of
Population and Social Policy, No. 7, 1998. 63-81 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In
Eng.
"Within the context of Europe, the United Kingdom has had
one of the highest and most consistent total fertility rates over the
last twenty years. This paper examines the demographic, policy and
cultural dimensions that may form part of the explanation for this
relatively high level of fertility. The demographic impetuses
identified include the comparatively youthful pattern of childbearing
and more importantly the strong adherence to a two-child norm. The
paper reviews economic activity patterns, childcare and parental leave
provision, attitudes toward mothers working and toward family life more
generally, as well as the division of labor in the home. It highlights
how in the absence of state support for childcare, families in Britain
have reached their own pragmatic solutions to combining work and family
life, which has at its core mothers working part-time and the family
(including grandparents) being the chief providers of
childcare."
Correspondence: K. E. Kiernan, London
School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Population
Studies, Houghton Street, Aldwych, London WC2A 2AE, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20188 Kojima, Hiroshi; Rallu,
Jean-Louis. Fertility in Japan and France.
Population: An English Selection, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1998. 319-47 pp.
Paris, France. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Fertility in
Japan and France was very similar between 1975 and 1985, but the
subsequent decline has been greater in Japan, where levels have stood
at below 1.5 births per woman since 1993. A study of fertility using
civil registration and survey data, and from indices based on the
parity-specific birth probabilities, reveals that the decline in
fertility in Japan was due to the fall in nuptiality until the
mid-1980s but that since then there has also been a fall in fertility
within marriage. Unlike in France, extra-marital fertility has not
increased in Japan.... There are various cultural and economic
obstacles in Japan to an increase in fertility outside marriage and
among older women."
For the original French version, see
64:20265.
Correspondence: H. Kojima, Ministry of Health
and Welfare, National Institute of Population and Social Security
Research, Kasumigaseki 1-2-3, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20189 Lindstrom, David P.; Berhanu,
Betemariam. The impact of war, famine, and economic
decline on marital fertility in Ethiopia. Demography, Vol. 36, No.
2, May 1999. 247-61 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"We
examine recent fertility trends in Ethiopia for evidence of short- and
long-term responses to famine, political events, and economic decline.
We use retrospective data on children ever born from the 1990 National
Family and Fertility Survey to estimate trends in annual marital
conception probabilities, controlling for women's demographic and
socioeconomic characteristics. The results of our analysis provide
evidence of significant short-term declines in conception probabilities
during years of famine and major political and economic upheaval. In
the longer term, marital fertility in both urban and rural areas
declined in the 1980s after increasing moderately in the
1970s."
This is a revised version of a paper originally
presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: D. P. Lindstrom, Brown University,
Department of Sociology, Population Studies and Training Center, Maxcy
Hall, Box 1916, Providence, RI 02912. E-mail:
David_Lindstrom_1@brown.edu. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20190 López, Elsa.
Contraception and abortion: its role and impact on reproductive
life. [Anticoncepción y aborto: su papel y sentido en la
vida reproductiva.] Colección Sociedad, No. 6, ISBN
950-29-0380-3. Sep 1997. 124 pp. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Oficina
de Publicaciones del CBC: Buenos Aires, Argentina. In Spa.
These
are the results of a reproductive health survey undertaken in 1992-1993
among the low-income population in the greater metropolitan region of
Buenos Aires. The sample surveyed involved 561 women aged 15-49. There
are chapters on fertility, contraception, induced abortion, attitudes
about reproduction, and health services. The primary focus of the study
is on the reasons for persisting levels of high
fertility.
Correspondence: Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Oficina de Publicaciones del CBC, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
III P.B., 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20191 Merlo, Rosangela. First
birth timing in Australia. Journal of the Australian Population
Association, Vol. 12, No. 2, Nov 1995. 131-46 pp. Canberra, Australia.
In Eng.
"This paper examines the concept of delayed
childbearing in Australia, in comparison with other Western countries.
In addition to presenting statistics to examine changes in the age at
which women enter parenthood, survey data from the Australian Family
Project are used to investigate the factors influencing the timing of
the first birth. Using a framework proposed by Bloom (1984), the paper
presents a proportional hazards regression model of first birth timing.
Some attempt is made to examine changes over time in the factors
affecting the age at first birth."
Correspondence: R.
Merlo, Australian National University, National Centre for Development
Studies, Graduate Studies in Demography, G.P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT
0200, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20192 Misra, K. N.; Ramnath, T.
Some fertility parameters from the desert regions of Rajasthan
State. Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 44, No. 3, Sep 1998. 53-60
pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"An attempt was made to explore
some fertility related biological parameters in the arid regions of
Rajasthan [India]. Specifically, the study sought to estimate the
average [age] at menarche and effective marriage, the average duration
of breastfeeding and postpartum amenorrhoea at various parities and
ages and their interrelationships, and to compare the fecundability
measure of women in the region with that of women from other parts of
the country."
Correspondence: K. N. Misra, Jai Narayan
Vyas University, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Jodhpur,
India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20193 Morgan, S. Philip; Rindfuss, Ronald
R. Reexamining the link of early childbearing to marriage
and to subsequent fertility. Demography, Vol. 36, No. 1, Feb 1999.
59-75 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"Using data from
the 1980, 1985, and 1990 [U.S.] Current Population Surveys, we show
that the link between early fertility and nonmarital births has become
stronger. Women who give birth earlier are increasingly likely to be
unmarried. In contrast, we find a weaker association between first
births at young (versus older) ages and (1) a rapid pace of subsequent
childbearing and (2) higher completed fertility. We discuss possible
causes and consequences of these changes."
Correspondence:
S. P. Morgan, Duke University, Department of Sociology, 268
Soc-Psych Building, Box 90088, Durham, NC 27708-0088. E-mail:
pmorgan@soc.duke.edu. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20194 Nath, Dilip C.; Land, Kenneth C.;
Goswami, Giti. Effects of the status of women on the
first-birth interval in Indian urban society. Journal of Biosocial
Science, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan 1999. 55-69 pp. Cambridge, England. In
Eng.
"This study examines the influence of certain aspects of
the status of married women--education, employment, role in family
decision making, and age at marriage--along with three socioeconomic
variables--per capita income of the family, social position of the
household, and the caste system--on the duration of the first-birth
interval in an urban Hindu society of the north-east Indian state of
Assam.... The results indicate that a female's age at marriage,
education, current age, role in decision making, and the per capita
income of the household are the main covariates that strongly influence
the length of the first-birth interval of Hindu females of urban
Assam."
Correspondence: D. C. Nath, Duke University,
Department of Sociology, Durham, NC 27708-0088. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20195 Palloni, Alberto; Rafalimanana,
Hantamala. The effects of infant mortality on fertility
revisited: new evidence from Latin America. Demography, Vol. 36,
No. 1, Feb 1999. 41-58 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"In this paper, we examine empirical evidence for a relation
between infant and child mortality and fertility in Latin American
countries from 1920 to 1990. We investigate the relation at several
levels of aggregation and evaluate the extent to which evidence at one
level is consistent with evidence at other levels.... The evidence we
assemble from [several] data sets is remarkably consistent and suggests
small positive effects of infant mortality on fertility. These effects,
however, may be too small to support the hypothesis that changes in
child mortality are of more than modest importance in the process of
fertility decline in Latin America in the late twentieth
century."
Correspondence: A. Palloni, University of
Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology, 1180 Observatory Drive,
Madison, WI 53706-1393. E-mail: palloni@ssc.wisc.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20196 Pitt, Mark M.; Khandker, Shahidur R.;
McKernan, Signe-Mary; Latif, M. Abdul. Credit programs for
the poor and reproductive behavior in low-income countries: are the
reported causal relationships the result of heterogeneity bias?
Demography, Vol. 36, No. 1, Feb 1999. 1-21 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland.
In Eng.
"Group-based lending programs for the poor have drawn
much attention recently. As many of these programs target women, an
important research question is whether program participation
significantly changes reproductive behavior and whether the gender of
the participant matters. Using survey data from 87 Bangladeshi
villages, we estimate the impact of female and male participation in
group-based credit programs on reproductive behavior while attending to
issues of self-selection and endogeneity. We find no evidence that
women's participation in group-based credit programs increases
contraceptive use or reduces fertility. Men's participation reduces
fertility and may slightly increase contraceptive use."
This
paper was originally presented at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the
Population Association of America.
Correspondence: M. M.
Pitt, Brown University, Department of Economics, Box B, Providence, RI
02912. E-mail: Mark_Pitt@brown.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20197 Reed, Holly; Briere, Rona;
Casterline, John. The role of diffusion processes in
fertility change in developing countries: report of a workshop.
ISBN 0-309-06478-3. 1999. xi, 30 pp. National Academy Press:
Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This report summarizes presentations
and discussions at the Workshop on the Social Processes Underlying
Fertility Change in Developing Countries, organized by the Committee on
Population of the National Research Council (NRC) in Washington, D.C.,
January 29-30, 1998.... Fourteen papers were presented at the workshop;
they represented both theoretical and empirical perspectives and shed
new light on the role that diffusion processes may play in fertility
transition. These papers served as the basis for the discussion that is
summarized in this report.... A selection of the papers will be edited
and published as a separate volume."
Correspondence:
National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Box 285,
Washington, D.C. 20418. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20198 Rendall, Michael S.; Clarke, Lynda;
Peters, H. Elizabeth; Ranjit, Nalini; Verropoulou, Georgia.
Incomplete reporting of men's fertility in the United States and
Britain: a research note. Demography, Vol. 36, No. 1, Feb 1999.
135-44 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"We evaluate men's
retrospective fertility histories from the British Household Panel
Survey and the U.S. Panel Study of lncome Dynamics (PSID). Further, we
analyze the PSID men's panel-updated fertility histories for their
possible superiority over retrospective collection. One third to one
half of men's nonmarital births and births within previous marriages
are missed in estimates from retrospective histories.... More recent
retrospective histories and panel-updated fertility histories improve
reporting completeness, primarily by reducing the proportion of marital
births from unions that are no longer intact at the survey
date."
Correspondence: M. S. Rendall, Pennsylvania
State University, Department of Sociology, University Park, PA 16802.
E-mail: rendall@pop.psu.edu. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20199 Sathar, Zeba A.; Casterline, John
B. The onset of fertility transition in Pakistan.
Population and Development Review, Vol. 24, No. 4, Dec 1998. 773-96,
899, 901 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"In this article we present empirical evidence from multiple
and independent studies carried out in the past eight years
demonstrating that the decline of marital fertility has finally begun
in Pakistan.... We review the evidence suggesting that important
demographic changes are underway; describe the large-scale social and
economic changes that have motivated the recent changes in reproductive
behavior; and examine the more-direct causes of these changes and the
constraints on further changes. We conclude by speculating about the
prospects for further declines in fertility in
Pakistan."
Correspondence: Z. A. Sathar, Population
Council, Islamabad, Pakistan. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20200 Sato, Ryuzaburo. A
demographic analysis of marital fertility in recent Japan, focusing on
age at marriage, marital duration, and birth order. Nihon Minzoku
Eisei Gakkai/Japanese Journal of Health and Human Ecology, Vol. 64, No.
4, Jul 1998. 245-65 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn. with sum. in Eng.
"The purpose of this study was to analyze the levels, timing
and trends of marital fertility in recent Japan, in which total
fertility has been below the replacement level. Using...vital
statistics, marital duration-specific fertility rates, broken down by
age at marriage and birth order, for the 1980, 1985 and 1990 marriage
cohorts and rates for first birth for the 1970 and 1975 marriage
cohorts were estimated, and...related demographic factors were also
examined."
Correspondence: R. Sato, National Institute
of Population and Social Security Research, 1-2-3 Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20201 Sollova Manenova, Vera.
Fertility, work, and women's education in the state of Mexico,
1990. [Fecundidad, trabajo y educación de la mujer en el
estado de México, 1990.] Papeles de Población, Vol. 4,
No. 15, Jan-Mar 1998. 127-44 pp. Toluca, Mexico. In Spa. with sum. in
Eng.
"This article analyzes the situation of fertility in the
state of Mexico at the beginning of the nineties. The fertility levels
in Mexico have been decreasing since the seventies.... The performed
study at [the] municipality level shows the differences among the
fertility levels, education, and the inequalities in the economic
participation rates of the female population. The last two phenomena,
education and economic participation, are presented as the explicative
variables which have had more influence in the lowering of
fertility."
Correspondence: V. Sollova Manenova,
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de
Economia, Avenida Instituto Literario No. 100 OTE. Col. Centro, 50000
Toluca, Mexico. E-mail: VSM@mail.UAEMEX.mx. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20202 Udjo, Eric O. The effect
of child survival on fertility in Zimbabwe: a micro-macro level
analysis. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Vol. 43, No. 5, Oct
1997. 255-66 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This study attempts
to measure the effect of child survival on birth intervals in Zimbabwe
using a micro-macro analytical approach based on the individual and
community data from the 1988 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey,
and the 1989/1990 Zimbabwe Service Availability Survey, respectively.
The multivariate analysis showed that there is a replacement effect in
the relationship between child survival and fertility independent of
individual characteristics of women in Zimbabwe. The analysis also
showed that health interventions as measured by coverage and visit by a
mobile family planning clinic, and access to a health service have
differential impact on fertility in Zimbabwe controlling for the
survival status of the previous to the last child and individual
characteristics of the women."
Correspondence: E. O.
Udjo, Central Statistical Service, Directorate of Analysis, Private Bag
X44, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Location: U.S. National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
65:20203 Ueno, Chizuko. The
declining birthrate: Whose problem? Review of Population and
Social Policy, No. 7, 1998. 103-28 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
"This paper argues that the decline in the Japanese total
fertility rate was caused mainly by the rise in the unmarried
population. Possible explanations are late marriages, high educational
expenditures and housing costs, women's higher education and increased
participation in the workforce, and a change in cultural values. The
fertility rate among married women has remained at the replacement
level for the last few decades, and the number of illegitimate births
is almost negligible.... It is difficult to measure the impact of
family policies, but the high level of privatization of reproductive
costs and the low value assigned to care work can be seen as signs of a
child-unfriendly society. If an individual couple makes a voluntary
decision to have fewer children, on the other hand, the low fertility
rate may not constitute a problem."
Correspondence: C.
Ueno, University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology,
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20204 Valero Lobo, Angeles.
Fertility in Spain. Dropping without limits or going up? [La
fecundidad en España. ¿Caída sin límites o
recuperación?] Política y Sociedad, No. 26, Sep-Dec 1997.
25-39, 186 pp. Madrid, Spain. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
"From
all points of view the demographic situation in advanced societies is
entirely unusual in every way. Not only has fertility dropped to record
lows, but other factors that determine demographic evolution (such as
mortality, nuptiality and migration) have stopped behaving like they
used to in the past. The purpose of this article is to reexamine the
present significance of nuptiality from a demographic standpoint and
its influence on fertility and the formation of the family in Western
society, and in Spain in particular."
Correspondence:
A. Valero Lobo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de
Sociología II, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
65:20205 Van de Kaa, D. J.
Anchored narratives: history and results of half a century of
investigations on fertility determinants. [Narraciones ancladas:
historia y resultados de medio siglo de investigaciones sobre los
determinantes de la fecundidad.] Notas de Población, Vol. 25,
No. 66, Dec 1997. 9-85 pp. Santiago, Chile. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
"It is argued that the quest for the determinants of fertility
behaviour and change during [the past 50 years] can best be interpreted
as the development of a series of sub-narratives from different
disciplinary perspectives and orientations.... There is every reason to
believe that the research process identified will continue and will
lead to a further accumulation of knowledge.... That it will,
ultimately, lead to a single, consolidated narrative fully satisfactory
for all settings and for all time is, however, highly
unlikely."
Correspondence: D. J. Van de Kaa,
Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ
Amsterdam, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20206 Wasao, Samson W.
Fertility and agricultural change in Kenya, 1979-1989. African
Population Policy Research Center Working Paper, No. 1, 1998. 36 pp.
Population Council, African Population Policy Research Center: Nairobi,
Kenya. In Eng.
"This paper examines the relationship between
fertility change and selected socioeconomic and demographic factors at
the district level in Kenya during the inter-censal period of
1979-1989.... We...examine whether the demand for children was
associated, albeit indirectly, with some key agricultural
activities.... The main finding of this study with reference to
agriculture is that fertility decline was significantly associated with
the population pressure on land. Also increased urbanization and female
wage employment had significant influence on fertility at the district
level."
Correspondence: Population Council,
Multichoice Towers, Upper Hill, P.O. Box 17643, Nairobi, Kenya.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20207 Waynforth, David; Hurtado, A.
Magdalena; Hill, Kim. Environmentally contingent
reproductive strategies in Mayan and Ache males. Evolution and
Human Behavior, Vol. 19, No. 6, Nov 1998. 369-85 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"The primary goal of this article is to explore
causes of variation in male reproductive strategies in two traditional
societies: the Ache of Paraguay, and Mayans living in rural Belize. The
specific focus of the first part of the article concerns variation in
the timing of age at first reproduction in the presence or absence of
certain predictors.... Theoretical perspectives then are applied to
additional aspects of male reproduction in the Belizean sample only,
using data on lifetime number of sex partners, number of offspring
produced, and information on willingness to accept time and energy
costs to maintain a sexual relationship."
Correspondence:
D. Waynforth, University of New Mexico, Department of
Anthropology, Albuquerque, NM 87131. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:20208 Yashiro, Naohiro. The
economic factors for the declining birthrate. Review of Population
and Social Policy, No. 7, 1998. 129-44 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
"This paper examines economic factors affecting the declining
fertility rate in Japan. A major cause of this continuous decline is
the increasing participation of women in the labor force. This, in
turn, increases the opportunity costs of having children for a family.
These opportunity costs are closely related to the scarcity of
full-time jobs for women due to the fixed employment practices of major
Japanese companies. A crucial policy for stabilizing the fertility rate
is to reduce the opportunity costs [for] women by increasing child-care
services and promoting the creation of jobs for those who are beyond
the child-rearing age."
Correspondence: N. Yashiro,
Sophia University, Institute of International Relations, Chiyoda-ku,
Kioicho 7-1, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20209 Zakharov, S. V.; Ivanova, E.
I. Birth and marriage rates in Russia. [Rozhdaemost'
i brachnost' v Rossii.] Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 24, No.
7, 1997. 70-80 pp. Moscow, Russia. In Rus.
Recent trends in
fertility and marriage rates in Russia are reviewed. The author notes
that fertility rates remained relatively high until the 1970s, and
since then they have declined rapidly to below-replacement levels. Some
comparisons are made with the situations in other developed countries.
Trends in age at marriage and age at first birth are also analyzed. The
article concludes with some consideration of possible future trends and
of policies that could be adopted in order to influence those
trends.
Correspondence: S. V. Zakharov, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Institute of National Economy Prognostication, Leninsky
Prospekt 14, 117901 Moscow, Russia. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
65:20210 Zhou, Haibo; Weinberg, Clarice
R. Potential for bias in estimating human fecundability
parameters: a comparison of statistical models. Statistics in
Medicine, Vol. 18, No. 4, Feb 28, 1999. 411-22 pp. Chichester, England.
In Eng.
"Traditional development in fertility studies has been
based on an implicit assumption that binary outcomes for different
menstrual cycles are mutually independent. We contrast traditional
models to a random effects model where cycle viability is modelled as
subject-specific. We clarify the interpretations for different
parameters from different models. We show that the traditional approach
yields some regression parameters that depend on follow-up time,
limiting the generalizability of inferences based on this analytic
approach. By contrast, the subject-specific model consistently
estimates parameters of interest, if the underlying distribution is
properly specified. Data from a fecundability study carried out in
North Carolina serves to illustrate these
points."
Correspondence: H. Zhou, University of North
Carolina, Department of Biostatistics, CB #7400, Chapel Hill, NC
27599-7400. E-mail: zhou@bios.unc.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
Studies on differences in fertility patterns and levels in subgroups of a population. Also included are studies on age-specific fertility, such as teenage pregnancy.
65:20211 Alagarajan, Manoj; Kulkarni, P.
M. Fertility differentials by religion in Kerala: a period
parity progression ratio analysis. Demography India, Vol. 27, No.
1, Jan-Jun 1998. 213-27 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This paper
examines the fertility differentials in the state [of Kerala, India]
primarily on the basis of the data from the [1992-1993] National Family
Health Survey (NFHS).... The paper first describes the trends in
fertility differentials by religion in Kerala and then examines whether
the religion factor has an effect net of socio-economic variables.
Finally, a period parity progression ratio analysis has been carried
out, to see if the family building process varies by religion and
further whether the differentials have changed over
time."
Correspondence: M. Alagarajan, Bharathiar
University, Department of Population Studies, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
641 046, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20212 Andersson, Roland; Lambe, Mats;
Bergström, Reinhold. Fertility patterns after
appendicectomy: historical cohort study. British Medical Journal,
Vol. 318, No. 7189, Apr 10, 1999. 963-7 pp. London, England. In Eng.
Fertility among women who had their appendix removed during
childhood in Sweden is analyzed using data on 9,840 women under age 25
who underwent appendectomy between 1964 and 1983, and who were followed
until 1994. "A history of perforated appendix in childhood does
not seem to have long term negative consequences on female fertility.
This may have important implications for the management of young women
with suspected appendicitis as the liberal attitude to surgical
explorations with a subsequently high rate of removal of a normal
appendix is often justified by a perceived increased risk of
infertility after perforation. Women whose appendix was found to be
normal at appendicectomy in childhood seem to belong to a subgroup with
a higher fertility than the general
population."
Correspondence: R. Andersson, Ryhov
Hospital, Department of Surgery, 551-85 Jönköping, Sweden.
E-mail: roland.andersson@ryhov.ltjkpg.se. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:20213 Crognier, Emile.
Environmental constraints, social inequality and reproductive
success. A case-study in Morocco. In: Human biology and social
inequality, edited by S. S. Strickland and P. S. Shetty. 1998. 239-71
pp. Cambridge University Press: New York, New York/Cambridge, England.
In Eng.
The extent to which agro-ecological zones and socioeconomic
status differences are associated with differences in reproductive
success is explored using data from a 1984 survey of some 6,000 Berber
nuclear families living in rural areas of the province of Marrakesh,
Morocco. The results suggest that variations in socioeconomic status
had greater impact on reproductive success, defined as number of live
births and survival of offspring to sexual maturity, than differences
in agro-ecological environment. The importance of having many children
as a measure of socioeconomic success in peasant communities is
noted.
Correspondence: E. Crognier, Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, UPR 221, Pavilion de Lanfant 346, Route des
Alpes, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20214 Diop, Nafissatou J.
Adolescent fertility in Senegal. [La fécondité
des adolescentes au Senegal.] Rapport d'Etude, No. 11, Mar 1995. ix,
191 pp. Union pour l'Etude de la Population Africaine: Dakar, Senegal.
In Fre.
The author examines adolescent fertility in Senegal.
Chapters are included on a review of the literature; the social context
of adolescent fertility; data sources, data quality, and methodology;
analysis of fertility determinants; the study of fertility; and
consequences of adolescent fertility for maternal
health.
Correspondence: Union pour l'Etude de la Population
Africaine, Dakar, Senegal. Location: Population Council
Library, New York, NY.
65:20215 Hernández Espinoza, Patricia
O. The probabilities of increasing the family and
fertility by birth order in Sonora, according to the 1980 and 1990
censuses. [Las probabilidades de agrandamiento de la familia y la
fecundidad por orden de nacimiento en Sonora, según los censos
de 1980 y 1990.] Papeles de Población, Vol. 4, No. 15, Jan-Mar
1998. 145-75 pp. Toluca, Mexico. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
The
author analyzes variations in fertility among women born in the periods
1930-1934 and 1940-1944 in the state of Sonora, Mexico. The results
indicate that in three levels of disaggregation there is a tendency to
a decrease in family size in Mexico over time, particularly among
Sonoran natives. Data are primarily from the censuses of 1980 and
1990.
Correspondence: P. O. Hernández Espinoza,
Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Col. Isidro Fabela,
C.P. 14030, Mexico. E-mail: USCENAH@viernes.IWM.com.mx. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20216 Hussain, R.; Bittles, A. H.
Consanguineous marriage and differentials in age at marriage,
contraceptive use and fertility in Pakistan. Journal of Biosocial
Science, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan 1999. 121-38 pp. Cambridge, England. In
Eng.
"Reproductive behaviour among women in consanguineous
(first cousin) and non-consanguineous unions [in Pakistan] was
compared.... The results show that, although female age at first
marriage has been gradually rising in both study samples, women in
consanguineous unions married at younger ages and were less likely to
use modern contraceptive methods. In the Karachi sample, women in first
cousin unions experienced a higher mean number of pregnancies and also
reported a higher mean number of children ever born (CEB). However,
their mean number of surviving children did not differ from those born
to women in none-consanguineous unions...."
Correspondence:
R. Hussain, University of Wollongong, P.O. Box 1144, Wollongong,
NSW 2500, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20217 Kaufmann, Rachel B.; Spitz, Alison
M.; Strauss, Lilo T.; Morris, Leo; Santelli, John S.; Koonin, Lisa M.;
Marks, James S. The decline in U.S. teen pregnancy rates,
1990-1995. Pediatrics, Vol. 102, No. 5, Nov 1998. 1,141-7 pp. Elk
Grove Village, Illinois. In Eng.
The authors "estimate
pregnancy, abortion, and birth rates for 1990 to 1995 for all teens,
sexually experienced teens, and sexually active teens [using a]
retrospective analysis of national [U.S.] data on pregnancies,
abortions, and births.... Approximately 40% of women aged 15 to 19
years were sexually active in 1995.... From 1991 to 1995, the annual
pregnancy rate for women aged 15 to 19 years decreased by 13% to 83.6
per 1,000. The percentage of teen pregnancies that ended in induced
abortions decreased yearly; thus, the abortion rate decreased more than
the birth rate (21% vs. 9%). From 1988 to 1995, the proportion of
sexually experienced teens decreased
nonsignificantly."
Correspondence: R. B. Kaufmann,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop F-42, 1600 Clifton
Road, Atlanta, GA 30333. Location: Princeton University
Library (SZ).
65:20218 Mueller, Ulrich; Mazur,
Allan. Reproductive constraints on dominance competition
in male Homo sapiens. Evolution and Human Behavior, Vol. 19, No.
6, Nov 1998. 387-96 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Here we
present the first example of reproductive constraints on high rank
attainment in male Homo sapiens, based on lifetime professional and
reproductive performances of 337 military officers, all graduates of
the class of 1950 of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point.... We
conclude that the lower reproductive success of the highest ranking
officers...results from high rank attainment and, therefore, possibly
might indicate some selection against an extreme expression of
characteristics that facilitate high rank
attainment."
Correspondence: U. Mueller, University of
Marburg, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sociology and Social
Medicine, 35033 Marburg, Germany. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:20219 Otor, Samuel C. J.; Pandey,
Arvind. Puberty and the family formation process in Sudan:
age-at-menarche differential fecundity hypothesis revisited.
Social Biology, Vol. 45, No. 3-4, Fall-Winter 1998. 246-59 pp. Port
Angeles, Washington. In Eng.
"This paper revisits and extends
an inquiry on the age-at-menarche differential fecundity hypothesis....
Using the WFS [World Fertility Survey] data for Sudan, the authors
address the entire reproductive life of the women in terms of their
transition from one parity to the next, as well as the speed with which
birth intervals are closed, as a way to infer biological fecundity
among the women. The study concludes that there is little evidence that
early menarcheal women are more fecund than their late puberty
counterparts."
Correspondence: S. C. J. Otor, Kenyatta
University, Department of Environment Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20220 Pozo Avalos, Arturo.
Reproductive health of adolescent girls. [Salud reproductiva
de las adolescentes.] Correo Poblacional y de la Salud, Vol. 6, No. 1,
Apr 1998. 35-42 pp. Quito, Ecuador. In Spa.
The author examines
reproductive health among adolescent girls in Ecuador. Aspects
considered include adolescent fertility, average number of children,
fertility preferences, premarital pregnancy, sexual experience, age at
first intercourse and contraceptive use, and sexual
activity.
Correspondence: A. Pozo Avalos, Centro de
Estudios de Población y Paternidad Responsable, Toribio Montes
423 y Daniel Hidalgo, Casilla No. 17-01-2327, Quito, Ecuador.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20221 Santow, Gigi; Bracher,
Michael. Explaining trends in teenage childbearing in
Sweden. Stockholm Research Reports in Demography, No. 131, ISBN
91-7820-133-0. Jan 1999. 25, [6] pp. Stockholm University, Demography
Unit: Stockholm, Sweden. In Eng.
"The teenage fertility rate
fell precipitately in Sweden after 1966, and is now one of the lowest
in Europe.... We examine by means of microsimulation the possible roles
of contraception and induced abortion in causing teenage fertility to
fall.... We draw parallels with the experience of other European
countries, and draw contrasts with the United States, where no such
developments have occurred."
Correspondence: Stockholm
University, Demography Unit, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20222 Tang, Zongli; Trovato,
Frank. Discrimination and Chinese fertility in
Canada. Social Biology, Vol. 45, No. 3-4, Fall-Winter 1998. 172-93
pp. Port Angeles, Washington. In Eng.
"The study examines
Chinese fertility in Canada in the context of minority-status and
fertility. Chinese-Canadians are compared with British-Canadians, who
are considered in this analysis as the majority group.... We conclude
that discrimination variations over social classes combined with
normative influence are a major factor in causing class fertility
differentials between the Chinese and the British in
Canada."
Correspondence: Z. Tang, University of
Massachusetts, Massachusetts Institute of Social and Economic Research,
Thompson Hall, Box 37515, Amherst, MA 01003-7515. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20223 Ventura, Stephanie J.; Curtin, Sally
C. Recent trends in teen births in the United States.
Statistical Bulletin, Vol. 80, No. 1, Jan-Mar 1999. 2-12 pp. Baltimore,
Maryland. In Eng.
"This article focuses on recent trends in
[U.S.] births and birth rates for teenagers 15-19 years, incorporating
the most recent information for 1997, based on preliminary vital
statistics data. The total number of teen pregnancies includes live
births combined with estimates of induced abortions and fetal losses.
From the mid 1970s to the mid 1990s, the teen pregnancy rate has been
about twice the teen birth rate. Although not as current as data for
live births, recent abortion data indicate that the decline in teen
birth rates has been accompanied by decreases in abortion rates as
well."
Correspondence: S. J. Ventura, U.S. National
Center for Health Statistics, Reproductive Statistics Branch, 6525
Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782-2003. E-mail: nchsquery@cdc.gov.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20224 Voland, Eckart; Chasiotis,
Athanasios. How female reproductive decisions cause social
inequality in male reproductive fitness: evidence from eighteenth- and
nineteenth-century Germany. In: Human biology and social
inequality, edited by S. S. Strickland and P. S. Shetty. 1998. 220-38
pp. Cambridge University Press: New York, New York/Cambridge, England.
In Eng.
Using church records and other historical data sources, the
authors present empirical evidence on social group differences in
reproductive fitness for a number of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century
communities in Germany. Reproductive fitness is defined here as
fertility, infant survival, and social placement of adult offspring. By
comparing prosperous farmers with landless workers, the authors examine
how far the mating and reproductive decisions of women, and their
social mobility through marriage, resulted in social inequality in the
reproductive fitness of men. The results indicate that land ownership
was a component of natural selection, and that differential
reproductive success accumulated to result in significant and
long-lasting social status differences. The authors conclude that the
reproductive success of elite groups is a largely female-driven
phenomenon that is in turn contingent on male social
status.
Correspondence: E. Voland, Johnder Strasse 1, 37127
Scheden, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
Studies on infertility, as well as studies of spontaneous abortion, prematurity, and other relevant pathologies of pregnancy.
65:20225 Dickman, M. D.; Leung, C. K. M.;
Leong, M. K. H. Hong Kong male subfertility links to
mercury in human hair and fish. Science of the Total Environment,
Vol. 214, No. 1-3, 1998. 165-74 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
"The focus of the present study was on the relationship
between Hong Kong male subfertility and fish consumption. Mercury
concentrations found in the hair of 159 Hong Kong males aged
25-72...was positively correlated with age and was significantly higher
in Hong Kong subjects than in European and Finnish subjects.... Mercury
in the hair of 117 subfertile Hong Kong males...was significantly
higher than mercury levels found in hair collected from 42 fertile Hong
Kong males.... Although there were only 35 female subjects, they had
significantly lower levels of hair mercury than males in similar age
groups."
Correspondence: M. D. Dickman, University of
Hong Kong, Ecology and Biodiversity Department, Pokfulam Road, Hong
Kong, China. E-mail: dickman@hkusua.hku.hk. Location:
Princeton University Library (ST).
65:20226 Jejeebhoy, Shireen J.
Infertility in India--levels, patterns and consequences: priorities
for social science research. Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 44,
No. 2, Jun 1998. 15-24 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"Infertility
has been relatively neglected as both a health problem and a subject
for social science research in South Asia, as in the developing world
more generally.... The objective of this paper is to present a profile
of the little that is available on the subject of infertility, and to
identify social science research needs in the area of
infertility." The geographical focus is on
India.
Correspondence: S. J. Jejeebhoy, World Health
Organization, Special Programme of Research, Development and Research
Training in Human Reproduction, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20227 Stephen, Elizabeth H.; Chandra,
Anjani. Updated projections of infertility in the United
States: 1995-2025. Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 70, No. 1, Jul
1998. 30-4 pp. Birmingham, Alabama. In Eng.
The authors
"project the number of infertile [U.S.] women aged 15-44 every 5
years from 2000 to 2025.... Data are used from Cycle 5 of the National
Survey of Family Growth.... The number of women experiencing
infertility will range from 5.4-7.7 million in 2025 with the most
likely number to be just under 6.5 million.... This is a substantial
revision (upward) in the number of infertile women, largely a result of
the increase in the observed percentage of infertile women in
1995."
Correspondence: E. H. Stephen, Georgetown
University, Department of Demography, Box 571214, Washington, D.C.
20057-1214. E-mail: stepheel@gunet.georgetown.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20228 Yadava, R. C.; Srivastava,
Meenakshi. Extent of infecundity derived from open birth
interval data. Demography India, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1998.
205-11 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
The authors estimate the
probability of females progressing to another birth, with a focus on
determining the extent of infecundity or voluntary childlessness.
"A description of the proposed methodology is presented...followed
by the estimation of proportion of fecund females in different open
birth interval groups." Data are from a study conducted in 1978 in
Varanasi, India.
Correspondence: R. C. Yadava, Banaras
Hindu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Statistics,
Varanasi 221 005, India. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
Studies concerning activities, including family planning programs, that are primarily designed to influence fertility.
General aspects of fertility control, primarily those concerned with family planning and family planning programs.
65:20229 Abeykoon, A. T. P. L.
Population programme in Sri Lanka: the environment, strategies,
structure, managerial processes and strategic issues for the
future. Population Information Centre Research Paper Series, No.
8, Nov 1996. 24 pp. Ministry of Health, Highways and Social Services,
Population Information Centre: Colombo, Sri Lanka. In Eng.
The
author describes the Sri Lankan population program, from its inception
in 1965 through the year 2000. The phases of the program are outlined,
and information for each phase is provided on program environment,
strategy, structure, and management.
Correspondence:
Ministry of Health, Highways and Social Services, Population
Division, Population Information Centre, 231 De Saram Place, Colombo
10, Sri Lanka. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20230 Addai, Isaac. Ethnicity
and contraceptive use in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Ghana.
Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan 1999. 105-20 pp.
Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"Using a sub-sample of
ever-married women from the 1993 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey
(GDHS), this study examines differentials in contraceptive use in six
cultural groups.... Multivariate analysis is used to explore whether
reported ethnic differentials in contraceptive use can be attributed to
ethnicity or to other characteristics that distinguish the ethnic
groups. Overall, the findings are generally more consistent with the
`characteristics' hypothesis, because contraceptive use differentials
by ethnic group are accounted for by differences in socioeconomic and
demographic characteristics of these
women."
Correspondence: I. Addai, Lansing Community
College, Department of Social Sciences, P.O. Box 40010, Lansing, MI
48901-7210. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20231 Anderson, John E.; Wilson, Ronald;
Doll, Lynda; Jones, T. Stephen; Barker, Peggy. Condom use
and HIV risk behaviors among U.S. adults: data from a national
survey. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan-Feb
1999. 24-8 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"In this article,
we present results from a major survey of the U.S. adult
population--the 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
(NHSDA).... Our objectives are to use the NHSDA data to describe the
frequency of condom use among U.S. adults, to determine how this varies
by type of sex partner and by the characteristics of respondents
(including their engagement in HIV risk behaviors), and to evaluate
progress toward achieving specific goals for levels of condom
use." Results indicate that "substantial progress has been
made toward national goals for increasing condom use. The rates of
condom use by individuals at high risk of HIV need to be increased,
however, particularly condom use with a steady
partner."
Correspondence: J. E. Anderson, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention,
Mailstop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20232 Araoye, Margaret O.; Fakeye,
Olurotimi O. Sexuality and contraception among Nigerian
adolescents and youth. African Journal of Reproductive
Health/Revue Africaine de la Santé Reproductive, Vol. 2, No. 2,
Oct 1998. 142-50 pp. Benin City, Nigeria. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"Sexual behaviour and use of contraceptives among [971]
adolescents in a college in Nigeria was studied in order to identify
their needs for reproductive health programmes.... Sixty-three percent
of them had (ever had) sexual intercourse, but only 72 percent and 81
percent of sexually experienced males and females, respectively, had
ever used contraception. The most common methods ever used by the males
and females, respectively, were the condom (43%) and rhythm (31%).
Twenty-one percent of the adolescents engaged in high-risk sexual
behaviour."
Correspondence: M. O. Araoye, University
of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Department of Epidemiology and Community
Health, Ilorin, Nigeria. E-mail: fhsilorin@anpa.net.ng. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20233 Bélanger, Alain.
Trends in contraceptive sterilization. Canadian Social Trends,
No. 50, Autumn 1998. 16-9 pp. Ottawa, Canada. In Eng.
"Compared with other industrialized nations, voluntary
sterilization for contraceptive purposes is remarkably widespread in
Canada. By 1995, some 3.3 million couples had undergone a vasectomy or
tubal ligation in order to end their ability to have children. The
prevalence of this practice, the early age at which it is often
performed, and its generally irreversible nature have had a significant
effect on women's fertility rates and the size of families. This
article outlines the changing patterns of male and female sterilization
between 1984 and 1995, and examines some of the characteristics of
couples who choose this option."
Correspondence: A.
Bélanger, Statistics Canada, Demography Division, Ottawa,
Ontario K1A 0T6, Canada. Location: Princeton University
Library (PR).
65:20234 Besharov, Douglas J.; Stewart,
Felicia H.; Gardiner, Karen N.; Parker, Molly. Why some
men don't use condoms: male attitudes about condoms and other
contraceptives. Sexuality and American Social Policy, No. 8, ISBN
0-944525-29-6. 1997. xvii, 50 pp. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation:
Menlo Park, California. In Eng.
"To understand better why some
men at risk for STDs and HIV/AIDS do not use condoms consistently or at
all, the Kaiser Family Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute
devoted [a seminar]...to a discussion about male attitudes toward and
use of condoms. Leading scholars presented the most up-to-date research
on condom use, focusing on male adolescents and gay men, two of the
groups most at risk for HIV/AIDS and STDs.... The papers and survey
data presented at the seminar and the ensuing discussion among
participants are included in this monograph." The geographical
focus is on the United States.
Correspondence: Henry J.
Kaiser Family Foundation, 2400 Sand Hill Road, Suite 100, Menlo Park,
CA 94025-6944. Location: Population Council Library, New York,
NY.
65:20235 Brown, Joseph W.; Boulton, Matthew
L. Provider attitudes toward dispensing emergency
contraception in Michigan's Title X programs. Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1999. 39-43 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"In this special report, we describe results of
a survey conducted in Michigan in October 1996...to assess Title
X-funded family planning providers' attitudes toward and perceptions
about the provision of emergency contraception. Results of this survey
illuminate obstacles to the provision of postcoital pills and provide
insights into how best to integrate this method within the range of
Title X reproductive health services."
Correspondence:
J. W. Brown, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109-2029. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20236 Burnhill, M. S.
Contraceptive use: the U.S. perspective. International Journal
of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Vol. 62, Suppl., Aug 1998. 17-23 pp.
Limerick, Ireland. In Eng.
The author discusses "a number of
factors [that] impact population trends and contraceptive utilization.
Recent fertility trends in the United States are heavily influenced by
the passage of the large `baby boomer' cohort from highly fertile to
less fertile ages. Another set of factors has to do with age of
marriage, timing of pregnancies, and the modal age at which
reproduction is completed."
Correspondence: M. S.
Burnhill, Planned Parenthood Federation of America, 810 Seventh Avenue,
New York, NY 10019. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20237 Calvès,
Anne-Emmanuèle. First report: 1998 Rwanda Sexual
Behavior and Condom Use survey. [1998]. [xii], 128 pp. Population
Services International: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"The purpose
of the 1998 Rwanda Sexual Behavior and Condom Use survey (RSBCU) was to
provide information on sexual behavior and condom use in Rwanda that
can be used to design and implement effective AIDS awareness and condom
promotion campaigns." Chapters are included on survey
organization; sample characteristics; sexual behaviors; access to and
use of condoms; knowledge of condom brands and effectiveness of
Prudence brand, plus advertising and information campaign; perceptions
of condom use and AIDS awareness; and condom use in the context of
fertility regulation.
Correspondence: Population Services
International, 1120 Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, D.C.
20036. E-mail: generalinfo@psiwash.org. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20238 Castilla, J.; Barrio, G.; de la
Fuente, L.; Belza, M. J. Sexual behaviour and condom use
in the general population of Spain, 1996. AIDS Care, Vol. 10, No.
6, Dec 1998. 667-76 pp. Abingdon, England. In Eng.
"A national
household survey of a representative sample of 9,984 individuals aged
15 years or over, carried out in 1996 using a combination of
face-to-face interviews and self-completion questionnaires, was
analyzed in order to describe the frequency of HIV sexual risk
behaviours and condom use in Spain. Of a total of 8,101 persons (81%)
who completed the questionnaire, 37% reported no sexual partner during
the previous 12 months, 57% reported one partner and 6% reported more
than one partner.... Among those who had casual sexual partners during
the preceding 12 months, 38% had always used condoms. In the
multivariate analysis, failure to use a condom systematically with
casual partners was associated with a higher age and being
married."
Correspondence: J. Castilla, National Center
of Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, C/ Sinesio Delgado 6,
Madrid 28029, Spain. E-mail: jcastill@isciii.es. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20239 Christopher, Elphis. The
relevance of ethnic monitoring in the experience of Haringey Healthcare
NHS Trust community family planning clinics. British Journal of
Family Planning, Vol. 24, No. 4, Jan 1999. 123-7 pp. London, England.
In Eng.
"Ethnic monitoring of all new and first attenders [at]
community family planning clinics [in England] was carried out by means
of an anonymous questionnaire during April to June 1997 inclusive to
ascertain whether ethnic minority women attend family planning
clinics.... The results showed that women came from a wide variety of
ethnic groups and from almost every country in the world. Those of UK
European origin were underrepresented. For 28 per cent of women,
English was not their first language. A total of 66 languages were
recorded."
Correspondence: E. Christopher, Saint Ann's
Hospital, Haringey Healthcare NHS Trust, Saint Ann's Road, London N15
3TH, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20240 de Graaf, A. Birth
control 1998. [Geboortenregeling 1998.] Maandstatistiek van de
Bevolking, Vol. 46, No. 12, Dec 1998. 25-9 pp. Voorburg, Netherlands.
In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
The author examines family planning in
the Netherlands in 1998. Aspects considered include age-specific
fertility rates, methods of contraception used by age of woman, marital
status, reasons for nonuse of contraception, and
sterilization.
Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20241 Dodoo, F. Nii-Amoo; Carr,
Rhoda. The simple measure and fertility control
measurement in Africa. Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 19,
No. 4, 1995. 279-83 pp. Pullman, Washington. In Eng.
"A recent
article by Anderson and Silver...proposed a Simple Measure for
evaluating the intensity of fertility control.... Unfortunately...data
from Africa, which is most plagued by data deficiencies, are ignored. A
possible explanation is that, for one unspecified reason or another,
the model may not be appropriate for the African setting. This paper
attempts to examine this proposition by applying the model to African
data."
For the article by Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D.
Silver, published in 1992, see 58:30192.
Correspondence:
F. N.-A. Dodoo, Vanderbilt University, Department of Sociology,
Nashville, TN 37235. E-mail: dodoof@ctrvax.vanderbilt.edu.
Location: Princeton University Library (AAS).
65:20242 Foreit, James R.; Frejka,
Tomas. Family planning operations research: a book of
readings. ISBN 0-87834-092-0. LC 98-40823. 1998. xiii, 398 pp.
Population Council: New York, New York. In Eng.
"This book
presents an overview of operations research used in family planning
programs in a collection of articles published in the past 35 years,
with examples from the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin
America. The selections cover a wide range of subjects illustrating the
major issues and topics that have benefited from operations research,
as well as a variety of research designs used in OR. The five sections
of the book deal with program impact, access to family planning,
resources, quality of care, and the conduct of OR studies." This
publication is also available in French and
Spanish.
Correspondence: Population Council, One Dag
Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location: Population
Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20243 Gordon, Adam F.; Owen,
Philip. Emergency contraception: change in knowledge of
women attending for termination of pregnancy from 1984 to 1996.
British Journal of Family Planning, Vol. 24, No. 4, Jan 1999. 121-2 pp.
London, England. In Eng.
The authors "compare the knowledge of
emergency contraception in women attending hospital for termination of
pregnancy in 1984 and 1996 [in Dundee, Scotland].... Over this 12 year
period, there has been a significant improvement in the knowledge of
emergency contraception.... Although most women in the 1996 cohort
recognised a reason for contraceptive failure and had adequate
knowledge of emergency contraception, only 17 per cent considered the
possibility of pregnancy."
Correspondence: A. F.
Gordon, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Department of Obstetrics
and Gynaecology, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20244 Gray, Alan; Chowdhury, Jamil H.;
Caldwell, Bruce; Al-Sabir, Ahmed. "Traditional"
family planning in Bangladesh: summary report. 1997. x, 31 pp.
Population Council: Dhaka, Bangladesh. In Eng.
This is the summary
report on five studies on traditional family planning in Bangladesh.
The studies examined are titled: Opportunities for integration of
RTI/STD services into FP-MCH programs; Strengthening STD services for
men in an urban clinic based program; Study of adolescents: dynamics of
perceptions, attitudes, knowledge, and use of reproductive health care;
Traditional family planning in Bangladesh; and Increasing the financial
sustainability of family planning service delivery in
Bangladesh.
Correspondence: Population Council, P.O. Box
6016, Gulshan, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh. E-mail: PCDHAKA@POPCOUNCIL.org.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20245 Hagen, Catherine A.; Fikree, Fariyal
F.; Sherali, Afroze; Hoodbhoy, Fauzia. Fertility and
family planning trends in Karachi, Pakistan. International Family
Planning Perspectives, Vol. 25, No. 1, Mar 1999. 38-43 pp. New York,
New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"A cross-sectional
survey of 3,301 households in urban Karachi [Pakistan] collected
information on the reproductive history and family planning knowledge
and practices of 2,651 ever-married women aged 54 or younger.
Birth-cohort analysis was used to identify time trends in fertility and
use of modern contraceptives.... Among a relatively well-educated,
middle-class population in urban Karachi, there is a strong trend
toward declining fertility and increasing utilization of
contraceptives. However, considerable unmet need for family planning is
still evident."
Correspondence: C. A. Hagan,
University of Northern British Columbia, Department of Community Health
Sciences, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia V2N 4Z9,
Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20246 Hakim, Abdul; Cleland, John; ul
Hassan Bhatti, Mansoor. Pakistan Fertility and Family
Planning Survey 1996-97: preliminary report. Jan 1998. xi, 51 pp.
National Institute of Population Studies [NIPS]: Islamabad, Pakistan;
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Population
Studies: London, England. In Eng.
"The Pakistan Fertility and
Family Planning Survey (PFFPS)...was planned, organized and executed
during April, 1996 to June, 1997.... Information has been collected on
household, environment, marriage patterns, fertility, family planing
awareness, contraception, infant mortality, attitudes towards family
planning, service delivery of family planning services and decision
making and mobility of women.... This report presents the main findings
of the survey.... [A] more in-depth and detailed report will be
available by mid-1998."
Correspondence: National
Institute of Population Studies, House No. 8, Street 70, F-8/3, P.O.
Box 2197, Islamabad, Pakistan. Location: Population Council
Library, New York, NY.
65:20247 Heichelheim, Judith; Holscher,
Michael; Meekers, Dominique; Pirvulescu, Mihaela.
Pharmacist survey of contraceptive availability, knowledge and
practices, Romania, 1998. 1998. iv, 39 pp. Population Services
International: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This report describes
the findings from a survey of pharmacists in three counties (judets) of
Romania.... The purpose of this survey was to rapidly assess the
situation and needs of pharmacists and pharmacies in both urban and
rural areas of the three counties, and, on the basis of the assessment,
recommend ways to improve reproductive health activities in these
areas."
Correspondence: Population Services
International,1120 Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, D.C.
20036. E-mail: generalinfo@psiwash.org. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20248 Heilig, Gabriel. Nation
building, one family at a time: the story of SOMARC. LC 98-73975.
1998. iv, 58 pp. U.S. Agency for International Development [USAID]:
Washington, D.C.; Futures Group International: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The author reports on social marketing for change (SOMARC) projects
that have been conducted worldwide concerning population growth, family
planning, and development. "This book discusses the family
planning choices and reproductive behaviors of tens of millions of men
and women throughout the world, and how the choices they make--or fail
to make--affect our common future.... [It] summarizes a series of
efforts the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has
sponsored in the areas of population growth and reproductive health....
This report is presented in two parts. Part One discusses the
development and deployment of the SOMARC initiatives and the major
lessons learned. Part Two looks at how methods used during SOMARC can
strengthen the sustainability of future family planning
efforts."
Correspondence: Futures Group International,
1050 17th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, D.C. 20036. E-mail:
d.levy@tfgi.com. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20249 Islam, M. Nurul; Rahman, M. Mujibur;
Haque, M. Emdadul; Ahmed, Shamsuddin. Users of injectable
contraception in Bangladesh. Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 44,
No. 2, Jun 1998. 67-74 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
The authors
"undertake an independent assessment of the current status of
injectable contraception in Bangladesh. The general objective was to
find out the major determinants of acceptance of injectables;
specifically, to study the effective knowledge of and attitudes towards
injectables among both acceptors and non-acceptors; the reasons for
acceptance, method satisfaction and continuation; and finally, to
explore the possibility of increasing its use through domiciliary
services provided by Family Welfare Assistants
(FWAs)."
Correspondence: M. N. Islam, University of
Dhaka, Department of Statistics, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20250 Jayne, Susan H.; Guilkey, David
K. Contraceptive determinants in three leading
countries. Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 17, No. 4,
Aug 1998. 329-50 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"The
purpose of this paper is to examine the relative importance of access
to family planning and the motivation to restrict fertility in
determining contraceptive use in three countries that have led the
fertility transitions in their regions: Colombia, Tunisia, and
Zimbabwe. A structural equations model is estimated where endogenous
fertility intentions are allowed to affect contraceptive method use.
Simulation methods are then used to quantify the size of the impact of
intentions and access on method choice for the three countries. The
results demonstrate that even after controlling for fertility
intentions, family planning program variables still have important
effects in all three countries."
Correspondence: D. K.
Guilkey, University of North Carolina, Carolina Population Center,
University Square, CB 8120, 124 East Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC
27516-3997. E-mail: david_guilkey@unc.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20251 Joseph, Sherry.
Emergency contraception: an option for women's empowerment.
Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 44, No. 2, Jun 1998. 54-8 pp. Mumbai,
India. In Eng.
The author makes the case for making emergency
contraception widely available in India, with a focus on providing
women with "accurate information about the methods but also access
to them through an effective service delivery
system."
Correspondence: S. Joseph, Viswa Bharati,
Department of Social Work, P.O. and T. O. Sriniketan 731 236, Birbhum,
West Bengal, India. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20252 Kahn, James G.; Brindis, Claire D.;
Glei, Dana A. Pregnancies averted among U.S. teenagers by
the use of contraceptives. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 31,
No. 1, Jan-Feb 1999. 29-34 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Published estimates of contraceptive effectiveness were
applied to 1995 National Survey of Family Growth data on sexual and
contraceptive practices in order to estimate the number of pregnancies
averted through the use of contraceptives by U.S. teenagers.... We
project the number of pregnancies that would occur if adolescents who
currently use contraceptives did not have access to contraception. We
also analyze the potential impact that various restrictions on
contraceptive access might have on these outcomes, taking into account
the ways in which teenagers might change their sexual and contraceptive
practices in response to such
restrictions."
Correspondence: J. G. Kahn, University
of California, Institute for Health Policy Studies, San Francisco, CA
94143. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20253 Kekovole, John. Trends
and correlates of unmet need for contraception in Kenya. African
Population Policy Research Center Working Paper, No. 5, 1998. 37 pp.
Population Council, African Population Policy Research Center: Nairobi,
Kenya. In Eng.
"This paper presents the results emanating from
the analysis of data collected in the 1989 and 1993 Kenya Demographic
Surveys on unmet need for contraception.... The results indicate that
about 38 and 36 percent of the married women interviewed in 1989 and
1993 had unmet need for contraception. The level of unmet need had
substantially declined in urban areas, in Central and Rift Valley
provinces, and for women who had attained secondary level of education,
desired less than 3 children and their husbands approved of family
planning...."
Correspondence: Population Council,
Multichoice Towers, Upper Hill, P.O. Box 17643, Nairobi, Kenya.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20254 Kitamura, Kunio. The
pill in Japan: will approval ever come? Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1999. 44-5 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
The author reviews efforts in Japan to legalize use
of oral contraceptives.
Correspondence: K. Kitamura, Japan
Family Planning Association, Family Planning Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20255 Leoprapai, Boonlert.
Role of private sector in family planning service delivery.
Journal of Population and Social Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, Jan 1999.
11-7, 168-9 pp. Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. In Eng.
"Using data
from the 1987 Contraceptive Use Patterns Survey and the 1996 National
Contraceptive Prevalence Survey, the role of [the] private sector in
family planning service delivery [in Thailand] was analyzed. It was
found that during the last two decades from 1978 to 1996, the role of
[the] private sector was more [or] less stable, providing family
planning services to slightly over one-fifth of contraceptive
acceptors.... It was concluded that...government outlets, especially
the sub-district health centers and community hospitals, still play the
major role in family planning service delivery in rural areas where
about 70 percent of the population reside."
Correspondence:
B. Leoprapai, Mahidol University, Institute for Population and
Social Research, 25/25 Puthamontol, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
E-mail: prblp@mahidol.ac.th. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20256 Meekers, Dominique.
Côte d'Ivoire Condom Consumer Profile Survey, 1998.
1998. viii, 59, [12] pp. Population Services International, Research
Division: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This document summarizes
the main findings from the 1998 Côte d'Ivoire Condom Consumer
Profile Survey.... The survey contains information on a random sample
of 1,661 consumers frequenting pharmacies, kiosks, and boutiques. The
sample includes all consumers, including those who never used
condoms.... The study contains information on a wide variety of topics,
including consumer characteristics, use of condoms from different
distribution sectors, brand switching, consistency of condom use,
reasons for condom use and barriers to use, consumer media exposure,
and opinions regarding Prudence brand
condoms."
Correspondence: Population Services
International, Research Division, 1120 Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600,
Washington, D.C. 20036. E-mail: generalinfo@psiwash.org. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20257 Mishra, U. S.; Roy, T. K.; Rajan, S.
Irudaya. Antenatal care and contraceptive behaviour in
India: some evidence from the National Family Health Survey.
Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 44, No. 2, Jun 1998. 1-14 pp. Mumbai,
India. In Eng.
The authors discuss possible benefits of integrated
programs for maternal-child health and family planning in India, with a
focus on whether such integration has resulted in higher rates of
contraceptive use. "The information collected in the nationwide
National Family Health Survey, 1992-93 (NFHS) have been utilised.... An
effort has been made...to examine the possible linkage between the
utilisation of antenatal care (ANC) with contraceptive
behaviour."
Correspondence: U. S. Mishra, Centre of
Development Studies, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20258 Norell, Staffan E.; Boethius,
Göran; Persson, Ingemar. Oral contraceptive use:
interview data versus pharmacy records. International Journal of
Epidemiology, Vol. 27, No. 6, Dec 1998. 1,033-7 pp. Oxford, England. In
Eng.
"The purpose of the present study is to compare the
information on lifetime OC [oral contraceptive] use obtained by a
structured interview to that obtained from a register of pharmacy
records, in a geographically defined population of young Swedish women.
In particular, there is an interest in the extent to which women tend
to underreport their past OC use by interview, and in the possible bias
introduced by such underreporting."
Correspondence: S.
E. Norell, Kungsklippan 12, 112 25 Stockholm, Sweden. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20259 Ojo, Olusola A.
Fertility regulation in developing countries. ISBN
978-249-515-8. LC 97-143840. 1995. vi, 82 pp. University Press: Ibadan,
Nigeria. In Eng.
This book is designed for providers of family
planning services in developing countries. "The book gives reasons
for the initial non-acceptance of fertility regulation in developing
countries and for the subsequent change in attitude. It attempts to
consider the medical constraints militating against the acceptance of
family planning, concluding that it may be difficult to convince
couples in developing countries to accept and practise family planning
until there is a noticeable reduction in perinatal, neonatal and infant
mortality rates. The author also adduces strategies for the ready
acceptance of family planning, calling for international assistance if
family planning programmes are to succeed in developing countries. The
author reviews both the traditional and modern methods of fertility
regulation in developing countries."
Correspondence:
University Press, Three Crowns Building, Jericho, PMB 5095,
Ibadan, Nigeria. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20260 Orcutt, Holly K.; Cooper, M.
Lynne. The effects of pregnancy experience on
contraceptive practice. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 26,
No. 6, Dec 1997. 763-78 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Retrospective reports of contraceptive use on two occasions
of intercourse (separated by 2 years on average) were used to examine
change in contraceptive practice as a function of intervening pregnancy
experience in a randomly selected biracial (Black, White) sample of 466
female adolescents [in Buffalo, New York]. Although all groups of
adolescents regardless of pregnancy experience improved their
contraceptive use, adolescents experiencing an unplanned pregnancy or
pregnancy scare appeared to improve relatively more. However,
differences between groups could be explained by the differential
passage of time, and this was true among both Black and White
adolescents."
Correspondence: M. L. Cooper, University
of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Location: Princeton
University Library (SW).
65:20261 Peterson, Sara A.
Marriage structure and contraception in Niger. Journal of
Biosocial Science, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan 1999. 93-104 pp. Cambridge,
England. In Eng.
"Analysis of the 1992 Niger Demographic and
Health Survey showed that although roughly two-thirds of both
polygamous and monogamous women approve of birth control, polygamous
wives are less likely than monogamous wives to discuss family size or
birth control with their husband or to plan on using birth control. The
study suggests that characteristics of polygamous couples have caused
polygamous women to be more resistant to birth control use than
monogamous women. The polygamous women tended to be married to older
men who had not gone to primary school and who desired more children
than monogamous husbands."
Correspondence: S. A.
Peterson, University of California, Institute for Health Policy
Studies, San Francisco, CA 94143. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20262 Rajaram, S. Timing of
sterilization in two low fertility states in India. Demography
India, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1998. 179-91 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The study is focused on the differential experience of women
in [the states of Goa and Kerala, India] in respect of the timing of
sterilization. The timing of sterilization in this article is studied
in terms of age at acceptance.... It has been observed from the
analysis that in general the fertility of sterilized couples is higher
than the non-sterilized couples irrespective of background
characteristics. It has also been seen...that the sterilized couples
have experienced a higher fertility during the five year period prior
to the last birth."
Correspondence: S. Rajaram,
Population Research Centre, Dharwad, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20263 Rajaretnam, T.
Genuineness of statistics on reversible methods of family planning:
a field investigation in rural Karnataka. Journal of Family
Welfare, Vol. 44, No. 3, Sep 1998. 36-44 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"The paper has tried to assess the extent of discrepancies in
the reporting of reversible family planning methods from the district
to field worker level in a high and a low performance PHC [primary
health center] in a district of Karnataka state [India], and to
estimate to what extent the reported acceptors are genuine acceptors of
the method and therefore, can be attributed to the workers'
performance.... The target achievement was 60 to 70 per cent for each
method in the high performance PHC and 95-100 per cent for the IUD and
pill and about 65 per cent for the condom in the low performance PHC.
However...for nearly half of the reported achievement particularly of
condoms, neither the PHCs nor the workers could provide a list of
acceptors."
Correspondence: T. Rajaretnam, JSS
Institute of Economic Research, Population Research Centre, Vidyagiri,
Dharwad, Karnataka, India. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20264 Smith, Janet M.; Ritzenthaler, Rob;
Mumford, Elizabeth. Policy lessons learned in finance and
private sector participation. POLICY Working Paper Series, No. 2,
Mar 1998. ii, 35 pp. Futures Group International: Washington, D.C. In
Eng.
"This paper examines lessons learned in USAID's Options
for Population Policy (OPTIONS) Project and the POLICY Project, both of
which have worked extensively in developing countries to foster private
sector involvement in family planning and reproductive health care.
Following a general discussion of lessons learned, the paper presents
examples from 11 countries that describe efforts to remove impediments
to private sector participation and effective health care
financing."
Correspondence: Futures Group
International, 1050 17th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, D.C. 20036.
E-mail: policyinfo@tfgi.com. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20265 Society for Family Health (Lagos,
Nigeria). Emergency contraception in Nigeria: report of an
exploratory research. Nov 1998. vi, 96 pp. Lagos, Nigeria. In Eng.
This is a report on an exploratory study of awareness and use of
emergency contraception (EC) in Nigeria. Chapters provide information
on study objectives and literature review; methodology; findings among
women, including awareness and perceptions of EC, perceived
availability of EC service providers, and information sources; findings
among potential providers of EC; and availability of products for
emergency contraception.
Correspondence: Society for Family
Health, Lagos, Nigeria. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20266 Strachan, Janet; Hartley, Debra;
Owen, Judith; Rowling, Diane; Pikatcha, Junilyn. Family
planning in Choiseul Province, Solomon Islands. Journal of the
Australian Population Association, Vol. 12, No. 1, May 1995. 35-50 pp.
Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"The results presented are from a
rural prevalence survey on family planning in Choiseul Province,
Solomon Islands. Married women aged 15-49 years with at least one
living child and married men whose wife met the same criteria provided
data on knowledge, attitudes and practices of contraceptive use. Fifty
one per cent of the female sample were using some form of
contraception, 26 per cent reversible and 25 per cent non-reversible
methods. Sixty-five per cent of men claimed that they or their spouse
were using a method of family planning. Tubal ligation was the most
common currently used method (25 per cent in the female
survey)...."
Correspondence: J. Strachan, University
of Queensland Medical School, Tropical Health Program, Herston Road,
Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20267 Streatfield, Kim; Kabir, Sayyied;
Jamil, Kanta; Janowitz, Barbara; Faiz, Naushad. Increasing
the financial sustainability of family planning service delivery in
Bangladesh. Jun 1997. ix, 86 pp. Population Council: Dhaka,
Bangladesh. In Eng.
The authors report on a Bangladesh study
designed to answer the question "`How can pricing [of
contraceptive supplies] be used to encourage couples to go out of their
homes to seek family planning services?' Over 2,500 women who were
currently using oral pills or injectables were interviewed.... The
sample was selected using fieldworker registers from high and low FP
[family planning] prevalence areas--rural areas served by the
Government system, and other areas, both rural and urban, served by
NGOs. These clients were obtaining their supplies from fieldworkers,
various types of clinics, or pharmacies."
Correspondence:
Population Council, P.O. Box 6016, Gulshan, Dhaka 1212,
Bangladesh. E-mail: PCDHAKA@POPCOUNCIL.ORG. Location:
Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20268 Susu, B.; Ransjö-Arvidson, A.
B.; Chintu, K.; Sundström, K.; Christensson, K.
Family planning practices before and after childbirth in Lusaka,
Zambia. East African Medical Journal, Vol. 73, No. 11, Nov 1996.
708-13 pp. Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
"A total of 408 randomly
selected normally delivered women who had given birth to healthy
infants were recruited from a postnatal ward at the University Teaching
Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka, Zambia. Family planning practices before and
after pregnancy and delivery were investigated among 376 of these
women.... Thirty four percent of the women had used a family planning
method before the present childbirth.... Of those who did not use any
method, 39% indicated that their husbands did not allow them. Fifty-six
percent of the teenagers stated that they had no knowledge of family
planning...."
Correspondence: B. Susu, Lusaka School
of Nursing, P.O. Box 50366, Lusaka, Zambia. Location: U.S.
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
65:20269 Tydén, T.; Wetterholm, M.;
Odlind, V. Emergency contraception: the user profile.
Advances in Contraception, Vol. 14, No. 4, Dec 1998. 171-8 pp. Hingham,
Massachusetts/Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
The authors investigate characteristics and background factors of
women requesting emergency contraception (EC) in Sweden. "The user
of emergency contraception was typically a nulligravid young woman
(83%) but 13% had a previous history of at least one induced abortion
and 4% had given birth in the past. One out of four had used EC before,
and of these 20% more than once. Condom breakage was the major reason
for the current need for EC but as many as 37% had not discussed the
need for contraception prior to
intercourse."
Correspondence: T. Tydén, Uppsala
University, Academic Hospital, Department of Public Health and Caring
Sciences, P.O. Box 513, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20270 Warner, Lee; Clay-Warner, Jody;
Boles, Jacqueline; Williamson, John. Assessing condom use
practices: implications for evaluating method and user
effectiveness. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Vol. 25, No. 6, Jul
1998. 273-7 pp. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In Eng.
The authors
"assess how user practices affect exposure to risks of pregnancy
and infection during condom use.... A cross-sectional survey on condom
behaviors in the past month was conducted among 98 male students
attending two Georgia [United States] universities.... Altogether, 35
of 270 total condom uses...resulted in potential exposure to sexually
transmitted disease and/or HIV infection or pregnancy. Both consistent
and inconsistent users were similarly likely to report potential
exposures during condom use."
Correspondence: J.
Williamson, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National
Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Office of Communications,
Mailstop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:20271 Yusuf, Farhat; Siedlecky,
Stefania. Contraceptive use in Australia: evidence from
the 1995 National Health Survey. Australian and New Zealand
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 39, No. 1, Feb 1999. 58-62
pp. Melbourne, Australia. In Eng.
"This paper analyses the
patterns of contraceptive use among Australian women, using data from
the 1995 National Health Survey. More than 44% of all women aged 18-49
years reported using a method of contraception. Among users, the 2 most
commonly reported methods were the pill (60%) and condom (27%); IUD and
natural methods accounted for less than 5% each. Sterilizing operations
of the woman/partner were the most frequently reported reasons for
nonuse of contraception in women aged over 35 years, while among the
younger women the most reported reasons were pregnancy or trying to get
pregnant and not being sexually active."
Correspondence:
F. Yusuf, Macquarie University, School of Economic and Financial
Studies, Demographic Research Group, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20272 Zhang, Weiguo.
Implementation of state family planning programmes in a northern
Chinese village. China Quarterly, No. 157, Mar 1999. 202-30 pp.
London, England. In Eng.
This article examines how family planning
policies and programs in China are affected by local conditions.
"This article will focus on the characteristics of fertility
control reshaped by the changing context in the reform era, and discuss
how state policies are mediated by local governments and families at
the village level. It will first discuss the new characteristics as
they have been reshaped under the new institutional settings in the
reform period, comparing these with the old patterns under collective
institutions. This discussion concerns family planning institutions at
the village level, policy popularization and family planning education,
incentives and disincentives, and the provision of contraceptives and
family planning services. It will then show how state policies are
mediated by interactions between peasants and cadres, and among cadres
in local administrations. Finally, four family planning campaigns in [a
northern Chinese] village in 1993 are described, to indicate how state
family planning policies are transferred to the village and how family
planning programmes are being implemented in the reform
era."
Correspondence: W. Zhang, University of
Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
65:20273 Zulu, Eliya. The role of
men and women in decisionmaking about reproductive issues in
Malawi. African Population Policy Research Center Working Paper,
No. 2, 1998. 45 pp. Population Council, African Population Policy
Research Center: Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
"This paper examines
the relative roles of men and women in making decisions regarding
childbearing and the use of traditional and modern methods of family
planning, using quantitative and qualitative data collected in Malawi.
Contrary to what many other studies have suggested, the results show
that men have traditionally played a limited role in making decisions
relating to initiation of childbearing, and the use of various
traditional methods of contraception. When it comes to modern
contraceptives, however, men are demanding to be consulted and give
consent before their wives use the
methods."
Correspondence: Population Council,
Multichoice Towers, Upper Hill, P.O. Box 17643, Nairobi, Kenya.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
Selected studies on the medical aspects of fertility control methods, including studies on side effects and use-effectiveness.
65:20274 Beral, Valerie; Hermon, Carol; Kay,
Clifford; Hannaford, Philip; Darby, Sarah; Reeves, Gillian.
Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up
of cohort of 46,000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners'
oral contraception study. British Medical Journal, Vol. 318, No.
7176, Jan 9, 1999. 96-100 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The
long-term effects of oral contraceptive use on mortality are analyzed
using data from a cohort study begun in 1968-1969 with a 25-year
follow-up undertaken in the United Kingdom. The relative risks of death
were adjusted for age, parity, social class, and smoking. "Over
the 25 year follow up 1,599 deaths were reported. Over the entire
period of follow up the risk of death from all causes was similar in
ever users and never users of oral contraceptives (relative risk=1.0,
95% confidence interval 0.9 to 1.1; P=0.7) and the risk of death for
most specific causes did not differ significantly in the two groups.
However, among current and recent (within 10 years) users the relative
risk of death from ovarian cancer was 0.2 (0.1 to 0.8; P=0.01), from
cervical cancer 2.5 (1.1 to 6.1; P=0.04), and from cerebrovascular
disease 1.9 (1.2 to 3.1, P=0.009). By contrast, for women who had
stopped use [10 or more] years previously there were no significant
excesses or deficits either overall or for any specific cause of
death."
Correspondence: V. Beral, Imperial Cancer
Research Fund, Radcliffe Infirmary, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford
OX2 6HE, England. E-mail: beral@icrf.icnet.uk. Location:
Princeton University Library (SZ).
65:20275 Dominik, Rosalie; Trussell, James;
Dorflinger, Laneta. Emergency contraception use and the
evaluation of barrier contraceptives: new challenges for study design,
implementation, and analysis. Contraception, Vol. 58, No. 6, Dec
1998. 379-86 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Widespread
acceptance, availability, and use of emergency contraception (EC) pose
new challenges for the clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of a
new barrier contraceptive when used alone.... In this article, the
traditional approach for determining how well a barrier contraceptive
method prevents pregnancy is reviewed and why the traditional approach
may now be less feasible or appropriate is explained. Alternative
research objectives and implications for study design, implementation
and analysis are discussed."
Correspondence: R.
Dominik, Family Health International, P.O. Box 13950, Research Triangle
Park, NC 27709. E-mail: rdominik@fhi.org. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20276 Lewis, Michael A. The
epidemiology of oral contraceptive use: a critical review of the
studies on oral contraceptives and the health of young women.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 179, No. 4, Oct
1998. 1,086-97 pp. St. Louis, Missouri. In Eng.
"Recent
observational studies show a slightly increased risk of venous
thromboembolism among users of newer combined oral contraceptives with
odds ratios between 0.8 and 2.3 when compared with users of older oral
contraceptives. The controversy regarding the newer oral contraceptives
is reviewed by analyzing the recent studies with epidemiologic
methods.... The studies on stroke showed no difference between newer
and older oral contraceptives, and studies on myocardial infarction
show that newer oral contraceptives carry no risk of this event.
Newer-generation oral contraceptives are unlikely to constitute a
significant hazard to the user population with regard to venous
thromboembolism."
Correspondence: M. A. Lewis,
Epidemiology, Pharmacoepidemiology and Systems Research, Wulffstrasse
8, 12165 Berlin, Germany. E-mail: 101672.2552@compuserve.com.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20277 Pasquale, Samuel A.; Cadoff,
Jennifer. The birth control book: a complete guide to your
contraceptive options. ISBN 0-345-40037-2. LC 96-10807. Jul 1996.
x, 261 pp. Ballantine Books: New York, New York. In Eng.
The
authors review and evaluate available contraceptive methods in the
United States. Chapters are included on choosing a contraceptive,
barrier methods, hormone-based methods, IUDs, sterilization,
contraception failure, and future
contraceptives.
Correspondence: Ballantine Publishing
Group, 201 East 50th Street, New York, NY 10022. Location:
Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20278 Steiner, Markus J.; Hertz-Picciotto,
Irva; Schulz, Kenneth F.; Sangi-Haghpeykar, Haleh; Earle, Brenda B.;
Trussell, James. Measuring true contraceptive efficacy: a
randomized approach--condom vs. spermicide vs. no method.
Contraception, Vol. 58, No. 6, Dec 1998. 375-8 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
The authors test a new approach to evaluating the efficacy
of barrier contraceptives, using data from the United States. "In
this protocol, we restricted frequency and timing of intercourse to one
coital act on the most fertile day of the menstrual cycle, as measured
by a luteinizing hormone (LH) detection kit.... Among 54 women who
completed the study, we found a 12% pregnancy rate for the group using
no method...and an 11% pregnancy rate for the group using spermicidal
film.... No pregnancies occurred among the 19 women using
condoms...."
Correspondence: M. J. Steiner, Family
Health International, P.O. Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
E-mail: msteiner@fhi.org. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20279 Visaria, Leela; Jejeebhoy, Shireen;
Merrick, Tom. From family planning to reproductive health:
challenges facing India. International Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 25, Suppl., Jan 1999. 44-9 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"In April 1996, the Indian government decided to
abolish method-specific family planning targets throughout the country.
In October 1997, India reoriented the national program and radically
shifted its approach to more broadly address health and family
limitation needs.... The objective of this article is to trace the
roots of this change in orientation, document the program's
achievements to date and examine the challenges that remain at the
policy level, at the implementation level and in the overall
socioeconomic environment in establishing a program that truly meets
clients' health needs."
Correspondence: L. Visaria,
World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20280 Winikoff, Beverly; Wymelenberg,
Suzanne. The whole truth about contraception: a guide to
safe and effective choices. ISBN 0-309-05494-X. LC 97-26488. 1997.
vii, 274 pp. Joseph Henry Press: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
This book
provides "a detailed guide to the methods of birth control
currently available, plus an overview of new methods being
developed.... [It] describes the birth control methods available today
and discusses each method in terms of how well it prevents pregnancy,
how it may or may not shield against sexually transmitted diseases, its
effects on sexual experience, potential effects on the user's health,
and common problems that might occur."
Correspondence:
Joseph Henry Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D.C.
20418. Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
Studies evaluating either the demographic impact or other criteria of effectiveness of family planning programs.
65:20281 Ali, Mohammad; de Francisco, Andres;
Khan, M. Mahmud; Chakraborty, Jyotsnamoy; Myaux, Jacques.
Factors affecting the performance of family planning workers:
importance of geographical information systems in empirical
analysis. International Journal of Population Geography, Vol. 5,
No. 1, Jan-Feb 1999. 19-29 pp. Chichester, England. In Eng.
"An intensive family planning intervention based on community
health workers (CHWs) has been in place in the Matlab area of rural
Bangladesh for over a decade.... The purpose of this paper is to
explore the determinants of CHWs performances by introducing
geographical factors in addition to the conventional socioeconomic and
other related variables.... The catchment areas for all 80 CHWs were
defined by using GIS technology and spatially referenced data.... One
significant finding of the empirical analysis is that the size of
catchment area influences the performance of CHWs significantly.
Geographical barriers to movement in the catchment area also affect
performance of the CHW."
Correspondence: M. Ali,
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh,
Public Health Sciences Division, GIS Unit, G.P.O. Box 128, Dhaka 1000,
Bangladesh. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20282 Cohen, Deborah A.; Scribner, Richard;
Bedimo, Roger; Farley, Thomas A. Cost as a barrier to
condom use: the evidence for condom subsidies in the United
States. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 89, No. 4, Apr
1999. 567-8 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The impact of price on
condom use is examined using data from a statewide condom social
marketing program in Louisiana. The program involved the free
distribution of condoms in publicly funded health clinics and small
businesses in neighborhoods with high rates of STDs and HIV. Due to
financial constraints, a change was made from providing condoms free of
charge to charging up to 25 cents for them. "At pretest, 57% of
respondents had obtained free condoms, and 77% had used a condom during
their most recent sexual encounter. When the price was raised to 25
cents, the respective percentages decreased to 30% and
64%."
Correspondence: D. A. Cohen, 1600 Canal Street,
Suite 900, New Orleans, LA 70112. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:20283 Gulati, S. C. Cost
effectiveness of health and family welfare programs in India.
Demography India, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1998. 167-78 pp. Delhi,
India. In Eng.
The author assesses the interaction between
fertility and infant mortality, with a focus on the impact of the
cost-effectiveness of health and family welfare programs in India.
Sections are included on simultaneous structural systems, data and
structural estimates, and reduced form
estimates.
Correspondence: S. C. Gulati, Institute of
Economic Growth, University Enclave, Delhi 110 007, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20284 Hardon, Anita; Mutua, Ann N.; Kabir,
Sandra M.; Engelkes, Elly. Monitoring family planning and
reproductive rights: a manual for empowerment. ISBN 1-85649-455-1.
LC 97-28039. 1997. xi, 143 pp. Zed Books: Atlantic Highlands, New
Jersey/London, England. Distributed by St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth
Avenue, New York, NY 10010. In Eng.
"This handbook provides a
framework for researching family planning provision in different
cultural settings. The book shows NGOs and other health research bodies
how to design such projects and provides indicators for quality
assessment. It is the first methodology handbook of its kind and
employs a step-by-step approach, covering all of the elements needed to
design, carry out and analyse such a study. Chapters explore the full
range of skills required to conduct research, from choosing the size of
the sample to processing the final data. Throughout, the book is
structured to enable groups to adapt the material here to work with
their own particular research questions or to reflect local
circumstances."
Correspondence: Zed Books, 7 Cynthia
Street, London N1 9JF, England. Location: Population Council
Library, New York, NY.
65:20285 Jain, Anrudh. Should
eliminating unmet need for contraception continue to be a program
priority? International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 25,
Suppl., Jan 1999. 39-43, 49 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum.
in Fre; Spa.
"Data on 1,093 women in Nor-Oriental de
Marañón and Lima, Peru, who participated in the 1991-1992
Demographic and Health Survey and a 1994 follow-up survey are used to
examine the family planning program's effectiveness in satisfying unmet
need and averting unintended pregnancies.... Although aggregate-level
data suggest little effect of the program between surveys,
individual-level data show that 72% of women who had an unmet need in
1991-1992 no longer had an unmet need in 1994. However, between
surveys, 12% of the sample went from not having an unmet need to having
an unmet need. Moreover, 20% of respondents had an unintended pregnancy
between surveys...."
Correspondence: A. Jain,
Population Council, International Programs Division, One Dag
Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20286 Koenig, Michael A.; Foo, Gillian H.
C.; Joshi, Ketan. Quality of care within the Indian family
welfare program: a review of recent evidence. Hopkins Population
Center Papers on Population, No. 99-01, Mar 1999. 34 pp. Johns Hopkins
University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins
Population Center: Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
"Our objective
in this chapter is to review and synthesize recent empirical evidence
on access and quality of care within the Indian family planning
program. In integrating such a broad and diverse body of evidence, we
draw heavily upon the quality of care framework articulated by Judith
Bruce.... In the following sections, we first consider evidence on
access to and availability of services, before reviewing data on the
various quality of care elements identified by
Bruce."
Correspondence: M. A. Koenig, Johns Hopkins
University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Population Center, 615
North Wolfe Street, Room 2300, Baltimore, MD 21205-2179. E-mail:
mkoeniq@jhsph.edu. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20287 Lingaraju, M.
Utilisation of MCH and family planning services by a scheduled
caste community in Mysore District. Journal of Family Welfare,
Vol. 44, No. 2, Jun 1998. 28-36 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"The Government of Karnataka [India] has identified and
enumerated 101 scheduled castes...in the state.... Predominant among
the scheduled castes are the Holeyas...and the Madigas.... The present
study was carried out to determine the socio-economic conditions of the
Madigas, and the extent to which they had derived benefits from
government welfare programmes meant for the poor and utilised family
planning and MCH services."
Correspondence: M.
Lingaraju, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Population
Research Centre, Nagarbhavi P.O., Bangalore 560 092, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20288 Mroz, Thomas A.; Bollen, Kenneth A.;
Speizer, Ilene S.; Mancini, Dominic J. Quality,
accessibility, and contraceptive use in rural Tanzania.
Demography, Vol. 36, No. 1, Feb 1999. 23-40 pp. Silver Spring,
Maryland. In Eng.
"We examine how informants' reports on
community perceptions of the quality and accessibility of family
planning facilities relate to the use of modern contraceptives by
individuals in rural Tanzania. Using information on individual-level
contraceptive use in conjunction with community-level information on
the accessibility and quality of family planning facilities, we employ
two distinct statistical procedures to illustrate the impacts of
accessibility and quality on contraceptive use.... We find that a
community-level, subjective perception of a family planning facility's
quality has a significant impact on community members' contraceptive
use whereas other community measures such as time, distance, and
subjective perception of accessibility have trivial and insignificant
direct impacts, net of the control
variables."
Correspondence: T. A. Mroz, University of
North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, 123 West Franklin Street,
Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997. E-mail: tom_mroz@unc.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20289 Pham, Bich San; Ross, John A.;
Nguyen, Lan Phuong; Nguyen, Duc Vinh. Measuring family
planning program effort at the provincial level: a Vietnam
application. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 25,
No. 1, Mar 1999. 4-9 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre;
Spa.
"Family planning program efforts were assessed in 15
Vietnamese provinces that are part of a nationwide population and
family health project.... The mean program effort score across all 15
provinces and all 34 indices was 2.5, compared with a mean of 3.6 in
Thai Binh, the comparison province. Standard deviations across the 34
indices ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 for the study provinces...indicating
considerable variation within most of the provincial programs. Policy
and administrative functioning was strong across provinces....
Contraceptive availability varied according to method....
Private-sector involvement was weak in all
provinces."
Correspondence: B. S. Pham, National
Center for Social Sciences, Institute of Sociology, 24 Tran Xuan Soan,
Hanoi, Viet Nam. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20290 Ranjith, N. S. M. P.; Sureender,
S. A comparative study of the quality of family welfare
services in Sri Lanka, India and the Philippines. Journal of
Family Welfare, Vol. 44, No. 3, Sep 1998. 45-52 pp. Mumbai, India. In
Eng.
"This paper aims to examine the quality of [family
planning] services in selected countries in the South and Pacific
regions of Asia namely India, Sri Lanka and the Philippines.... The
quality of services was basically examined in terms of the following
aspects: knowledge of family planning methods among the respondents who
were currently married women 15-49 years of age and among grassroots
level workers, source of supply of modern contraceptive methods,
acceptability of media messages on family planning, utilisation of
antenatal care services, differentials in contraceptive use, and
reasons for discontinuing and for not accepting family
planning."
Correspondence: N. S. M. P. Ranjith,
Divisional Secretary's Office, Buttala, Sri Lanka. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20291 Stewart, John F.; Stecklov, Guy;
Adewuyi, Alfred. Family planning program structure and
performance in West Africa. International Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 25, Suppl., Jan 1999. 22-9 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Case studies from Côte
d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Benin, Ghana and Guinea, as well as large-scale
facility surveys using multiple measures of staff utilization in
Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria, are used to examine the efficiency of
different organizational structures for delivering family planning
services.... Vertical programs operated by nongovernmental
organizations provided close to half (44%) of all couple-years of
contraceptive protection in Côte d'Ivoire and about one quarter
in Benin and Guinea. When social marketing efforts are considered as
well, sectors other than governmental, integrated programs were
responsible for a majority of the couple-years of protection. Only in
Nigeria did integrated programs provide the bulk of couple-years of
protection in 1994."
Correspondence: J. F. Stewart,
University of North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, University
Square, CB 8120, 124 East Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20292 Thang, Nguyen Minh; Johnson, Brooke
R.; Landry, Evelyn; Columbia, Richard. Client perspectives
on quality of reproductive health services in Viet Nam.
Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4, Dec 1998. 33-54 pp.
Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"This study finds that, although
Viet Nam's family planning programme is increasingly successful,
improvements are needed in the quality of reproductive health services
if current progress is to continue. For example, service delivery
outlets do not always provide a sufficiently wide choice of methods.
Deficiencies exist regarding the distribution of methods and there is a
lack of information on how to use particular methods effectively. Also
counselling on contraceptive use for abortion clients is virtually
absent. The article concludes with a set of in-depth recommendations
for overcoming these shortcomings."
Correspondence: N.
M. Thang, National Committee for Population and Family Planning, Hanoi,
Viet Nam. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20293 Thongthai, Varachai.
Continuation and failure rates: indicators of family planning
services. Journal of Population and Social Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2,
Jan 1999. 71-92, 171 pp. Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. In Tha. with sum. in
Eng.
"Using data from [Thailand's] 1996 Contraceptive
Prevalence Survey...annual cross-sectional continuation and failure
rates were applied as indicators of family planning service.... [The]
contraceptive prevalence rate of currently married women aged 15-49 was
72.2 in 1996. The pattern of contraceptive use was a well-balanced mix
of varieties of contraceptive methods.... Use-efficiency and
satisfaction varied among regions and...suggested differences in
services."
Correspondence: Author's E-mail:
prvtt@mahidol.ac.th. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20294 Toroitich-Ruto, Cathy.
The evolution and role of family planning programs in fertility
change in Kenya. African Population Policy Research Center Working
Paper, No. 3, 1998. 35 pp. Population Council, African Population
Policy Research Center: Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
"This paper
examines the evolution of the Kenya family planning program and its
role in the on-going fertility transition.... Policy makers and program
implementers will find the information in this paper important in
evaluating the efficacy of the current family planning programs and
utilize lessons learned to improve the performance of the programs in
other areas where fertility decline has not yet started. Researchers
will show the source of fertility decline outside the conventional
arguments about social and economic
development."
Correspondence: Population Council,
Multichoice Towers, Upper Hill, P.O. Box 17643, Nairobi, Kenya.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20295 Van Rossem, Ronan; Meekers,
Dominique. An evaluation of the effectiveness of targeted
social marketing to promote adolescent and young adult reproductive
health in Cameroon. PSI Research Division Working Paper, No. 19,
1999. 32 pp. Population Services International: Washington, D.C. In
Eng.
"This study examines the effectiveness of a
youth-targeted social marketing program for improving adolescent
reproductive health in urban Cameroon.... The results demonstrate that
the intervention had a significant effect on several determinants of
preventive behavior, including awareness of sexual risks, knowledge of
family planning methods, and discussion of sexuality and
contraceptives, although the effect varies for men and
women."
Correspondence: Population Services
International,1120 Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, D.C.
20036. E-mail: generalinfor@psiwash.org. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20296 Wisensale, Steven K.; Khodair, Amany
A. The two-child family: the Egyptian model of family
planning. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3,
Autumn 1998. 503-16 pp. Calgary, Canada. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
The authors discuss Egypt's national family planning program, which
has set a goal of a two-child family by 2015. "To accomplish its
goal, the Information, Education and Communication Center of the State
Information Service has employed five techniques. These include the
mass media, interpersonal communication, the enter-educate method,
training of personnel, and research. As a result, between 1985 and 1994
the percentage of families using contraceptives more than doubled and
the birth rate dropped from 39.8 per thousand to 27.5 per
thousand."
Correspondence: S. K. Wisensale, University
of Connecticut, School of Family Studies, U-58, Storrs, CT 06269-2058.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies concerned with the interrelations between fertility control and attitudinal variables, including studies on wanted and unwanted pregnancy and children, motivation for parenthood, sex preference, and voluntary childlessness. Studies on knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) of family planning and attitudes toward family size are classified under this heading.
65:20297 Eggleston, Elizabeth.
Determinants of unintended pregnancy among women in Ecuador.
International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 25, No. 1, Mar 1999.
27-33 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"A multinomial logistic regression analysis of the predictors
of unintended pregnancy (unwanted and mistimed) was conducted using a
subsample of women who were interviewed for the 1994 Demographic and
Maternal-Child Health Survey for Ecuador.... The multivariate analysis
indicated that several explanatory variables significantly influenced
the likelihood that a woman would classify her most recent pregnancy as
unwanted or mistimed. Among variables that independently raised the
likelihood of unintended pregnancy were residence in the Sierra (or
highlands) region, residence in a major metropolitan area, the number
of previous births and use of a contraceptive method before the most
recent pregnancy."
Correspondence: E. Eggleston,
Family Health International, One Triangle Drive, Research Triangle
Park, NC 27709. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20298 Fapohunda, Bolaji M.
Levels, trends and correlates of demand for children in Kenya.
African Population Policy Research Center Working Paper, No. 6, 1998.
39 pp. Population Council, African Population Policy Research Center:
Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
"Utilizing data from four national
surveys conducted between 1978 and 1993, the study examines trends in
demand for children and its role in the fertility transition that is
underway in Kenya.... The analyses revealed significant declines in
demand for children between 1978 and 1993. These declines occurred
across all age groups, ethnic and socioeconomic sub-groups, and among
all sub-regions in the country. However, women aged 15-24 experienced
the most decline in demand for children over the periods
studied."
Correspondence: Population Council,
Multichoice Towers, Upper Hill, P.O. Box 17643, Nairobi, Kenya.
Author's E-mail: bfapohunda@popcouncil.or.ke. Location:
Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20299 Jayachandran, A. A. A
study of women whose reproductive goals were yet to be
conceptualized. Demography India, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1998.
193-203 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
The author measures women's
reproductive goals by means of questions about desired family size,
with a focus on respondents who had not yet conceptualized their
fertility preferences. Data are from the 1992-1993 Indian National
Family Health Survey. The author concludes that "there is a need
for [a] `threshold level' of women's education by which women can be
able to understand and to realize their personal goals
regarding...reproductive behaviour."
Correspondence:
A. A. Jayachandran, International Institute for Population
Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20300 Kirkman, Maggie; Smith, Anthony;
Rosenthal, Doreen. Safe sex is not contraception:
reclaiming "safe sex" for HIV/STD prevention.
Venereology, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1998. 25-8 pp. Armidale, Australia. In
Eng.
"What is meant by the term `safe sex'? We contend that it
is important to retain the meaning of `ways of having sex that reduce
or eliminate the chances of being infected with an STD'. In this paper,
we present evidence [from Australia] that adolescents and others are
using the term `safe sex' to include contraception, and argue that
there is a danger of `contraception' supplanting `protection against
STDs' in meaning, just as it dominates in
practice."
Correspondence: M. Kirkman, La Trobe
University, Centre for the Study of Sexually Transmissible Diseases,
Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20301 Kwon, Tai-hwan; Jun, Kwang Hee; Cho,
Sung-nam. Sexuality, contraception and abortion among
unmarried adolescents and young adults: the case of Korea. In:
Abortion in the developing world, edited by Axel I. Mundigo and Cynthia
Indriso. 1999. 346-67 pp. World Health Organization [WHO]: Geneva,
Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"Sexual, contraceptive and abortion behaviour among unmarried
female adolescents and young adults has clearly emerged as a growing
and serious health and social problem in [South] Korea. This is a study
of the determinants of this behaviour, which requires an exploration of
attitudes towards premarital intercourse, marriage and abortion; a
better understanding of the circumstances of first sexual experience;
and information about contraceptive practice and experience of
abortion." The data were obtained from a survey of 571 single
female adolescents and young adults living in one of three export
industrial zones in Seoul, Kyongbuk, and Kyongnam. The survey
participants were selected as a sample population likely to be
unmarried, living independently from their families, and sexually
active.
Correspondence: T.-h. Kwon, Seoul National
University, Centre for Area Studies, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20302 Meekers, Dominique; Stallworthy, Guy;
Harris, John. Changing adolescents' beliefs about
protective sexual behavior: the Botswana Tsa Banana Program. PSI
Research Division Working Paper, No. 3, 1997. 41 pp. Population
Services International, Research Division: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This paper has evaluated the impact of [Botswana's] Tsa
Banana adolescent reproductive health program on adolescents' beliefs
regarding the curability of AIDS, the risk that sexually active persons
contract AIDS, the benefits of condom use and less risky sexual
behavior, and their beliefs regarding the barriers to condom use and
less risky sexual behavior."
Correspondence:
Population Services International, Research Division, 1120
Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, D.C. 20036. E-mail:
generalinfo@psiwash.org. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20303 Mistríková, L'udmila;
Hermanová, Darina; Volná, Anna. Family
planning among university students in the context of the second
demographic revolution. [Populacné zámery
vysokoskolských studentov v kontexte druhej demografickej
revolúcie.] Sociológia/Sociology, Vol. 30, No. 5, 1998.
499-520 pp. Bratislava, Slovakia. In Slo. with sum. in Eng.
"The paper presents the findings of [a] sociological survey
done in 1997 [in Slovakia] that was focussed on...university students'
opinions about marriage, partnership, parenthood, desirable number of
children and their life goals. The findings are discussed in the
context of [a] theoretical debate about the second demographic
revolution...and the decreasing birth rate in Slovakia as its empirical
indication.... Many research findings...suggest that young people do
not mostly manifest anti procreation attitudes and [the] majority
[plan] to live in marriage in [the] future and to have two children
(the most frequent choice). At the same time, young people would like
to maintain...life space for self-realisation and their personal
interests."
Correspondence: L.
Mistríková, Univerzity Komenského, Katedra
Sociológie FF UK, Gondova 2, P.O. Box 1, 81801 Bratislava 16,
Slovakia. E-mail: mistrikova@fphil.uniba.sk. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20304 Razzaque, Abdur.
Preference for children and subsequent fertility in Matlab: Does
wife-husband agreement matter? Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol.
31, No. 1, Jan 1999. 17-28 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"This study examines wife-husband preference for children and
subsequent fertility for a period of 5 years in the treatment and
comparison areas of Matlab, Bangladesh.... In the case of wives'
preferences for children, subsequent childbearing was 13.8% higher than
desired in the treatment area and 44.7% higher than desired in the
comparison area.... The likelihood of giving birth was 1.78 times
higher for wives who wanted no more children, but whose husbands did
want more, compared with couples where neither husband nor wife wanted
more children."
Correspondence: A. Razzaque,
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh,
Population Studies Centre, G.P.O. Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20305 Unger, Jennifer B.; Molina, Gregory
B. Educational differences in desired family size and
attitudes toward childbearing in Latina women. Population and
Environment, Vol. 20, No. 4, Mar 1999. 343-51 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"This study examines attitudes toward childbearing and
desired family size among Latina women in Los Angeles. We hypothesized
that less educated women (those without a high school education) would
desire larger families and express more cultural attitudes consistent
with large family size than would more educated (those with a high
school education or higher). We also hypothesized that positive
attitudes toward large families and childbearing would be associated
with large desired family size."
Correspondence: J. B.
Unger, University of Southern California, Institute for Prevention
Research, 1540 Alcazar Street, CHP 207, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20306 van de Wijgert, Janneke H. H. M.;
Khumalo-Sakutukwa, Gertrude N.; Coggins, Christiana; Dube, Sabada E.;
Nyamapfeni, Prisca; Mwale, Magdalene; Padian, Nancy S.
Men's attitudes toward vaginal microbicides and microbicide trials
in Zimbabwe. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 25,
No. 1, Mar 1999. 15-20 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in
Fre; Spa.
"Vaginal microbicides, if shown to be safe and
effective, might be useful for the many Zimbabwean women at risk for
HIV and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) who fail to negotiate
condom use with their sexual partners. Because Zimbabwean men have
authority around sexual issues, their attitudes toward microbicides may
determine whether such a method will be adopted and used.... Five
focus-group discussions were held with urban and rural Zimbabwean men
to determine their attitudes toward communication about sex, HIV
risk-reduction strategies, traditional vaginal practices, vaginal
microbicides and their wives' participation in microbicide trials....
Most men said that they would be supportive of their wives'
participation in microbicide trials, if they are asked for permission
first and if proper medical care and insurance coverage are
provided."
Correspondence: J. H. H. M. van de Wijgert,
University of Zimbabwe, Collaborative Research Programme in Women's
Health, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20307 Wunderink, Sophia R. Is
family planning an economic decision? Journal of Economic
Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 3, Sep 1995. 377-92 pp. Amsterdam,
Netherlands. In Eng.
"In most Western countries couples can
decide for themselves how many children they want to have and when they
want to have them. This means that family size is a choice variable. In
this paper we argue that this choice variable plays an important role
in economic models. A couple may rationally determine the optimal
number of children it wishes to have, but this choice can only be based
on expectations. Since children are usually born one by one, the
optimal number may be adjusted during the process of total family
formation, as a result of the experiences that the parents have with
their first children."
Correspondence: S. R.
Wunderink, Erasmus University, Department C.B.V./Behavioral Economics,
P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands. E-mail:
wunderink@esp.few.eur.nl. Location: Princeton University
Library (PF).
Studies on induced abortion, including those on attitudes, with the exception of studies primarily concerned with government regulation of abortion, which are coded under M.2. Measures Affecting Fertility. Studies of spontaneous abortion appear under F.3. Sterility and Other Pathology.
65:20308 Abdella, A. Demographic
characteristics, socioeconomic profile and contraceptive behaviour in
patients with abortion at Jimma Hospital, Ethiopia. East African
Medical Journal, Vol. 73, No. 10, Oct 1996. 660-4 pp. Nairobi, Kenya.
In Eng.
"This is a descriptive prospective study on abortion
patients admitted to Jimma Hospital, south west Ethiopia from September
1992 to August 1993.... Fifty three percent (N=151) had induced
[abortion] while the remaining had spontaneous abortion. Patients with
induced abortion were younger...and had smaller family size...than
patients with spontaneous abortion.... Eighty two percent of all
interviewed had unwanted pregnancies. The contraceptive methods most
commonly used were the pill and
abstinence."
Correspondence: A. Abdella, Jimma
Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia. Location: U.S. National Library
of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
65:20309 Akin, Ayse. Cultural and
psychosocial factors affecting contraceptive use and abortion in two
provinces of Turkey. In: Abortion in the developing world, edited
by Axel I. Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999. 191-211 pp. World Health
Organization [WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New
Delhi, India. In Eng.
This study is about the cultural and
psychosocial determinants of induced abortion in Turkey and the
relationship between abortion and other methods of fertility
regulation. "The specific objectives were: (a) to find out the
knowledge, attitude and practice of fertility regulation, including
abortion, among couples; (b) to examine the cultural, psychosocial and
environmental factors, particularly husbands' behaviour and attitudes,
that influence a woman's decision regarding fertility regulation,
including the use of less reliable methods (withdrawal); and (c) to use
this knowledge to develop strategies that would better meet the
obvious, but unfulfilled desire by couples to regulate fertility, and
thus reduce the adverse effects of unwanted pregnancy on women's health
and wellbeing." The data are for two samples of about 550
households located in a mainly urban province (Ankara) and a primarily
rural province (Van). Interviews were conducted with both men and women
from these households in focus-group sessions. The widespread reliance
on the relatively ineffective contraceptive method of withdrawal is
identified as a major contributor to high rates of induced
abortion.
Correspondence: A. Akin, Hacettepe University,
Department of Public Health, Hacettepe Parki, Ankara, Turkey.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20310 Alan Guttmacher Institute (New York,
New York). Sharing responsibility: women, society and
abortion worldwide. ISBN 0-939253-47-X. 1999. 56 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
This report brings together available knowledge and
research findings on induced abortion around the world. Following the
introduction, the first section examines the extent of unplanned
pregnancy. The next section is about induced abortion, with chapters on
abortion law; levels, trends, and patterns; and safe and unsafe
conditions of abortion in practice. The third and final section
considers societal responses and responsibilities in the matter of
unplanned pregnancy and abortion, mapping out options for the
future.
Correspondence: Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall
Street, New York, NY 10005. E-mail: info@agi-usa.org. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20311 Alvarez, Luisa; Garcia, Caridad T.;
Catasus, Sonia; Benitez, Maria E.; Martinez, Maria T.
Abortion practice in a municipality of Havana, Cuba. In:
Abortion in the developing world, edited by Axel I. Mundigo and Cynthia
Indriso. 1999. 117-30 pp. World Health Organization [WHO]: Geneva,
Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
The
authors explore the reasons why levels of induced abortion remain high
in Cuba, even though contraceptive use in the country is relatively
widespread. The data for the study are from a survey of 1,965 sexually
active women aged 13-34 living in the 10 de Octubre municipality of the
capital city, Havana. Information is provided on the characteristics of
the women surveyed, abortion and menstrual regulation, contraceptive
knowledge and use, and abortion and contraception. The authors conclude
that abortion levels remain high in the context of the widespread use
of contraception because of high levels of method failure,
discontinuation, or inconsistent use of
contraception.
Correspondence: L. Alvarez, Instituto
Mexicano de Investigación de Familia y Población,
Apartado Postal 41-595, Mexico, 11001 DF, Mexico. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20312 Baird, Barbara. The
self-aborting woman. Australian Feminist Studies, Vol. 13, No. 28,
Oct 1998. 323-37 pp. Abingdon, England. In Eng.
"My aim in
this article is to highlight and question some of the assumptions upon
which the pro-choice popular history is based. In particular I wish to
focus on the image of the self-aborting woman. I wish to foreground
textual images from the past, and the present, which might unsettle the
image of the self-aborting woman as she figures in the popular history
and point to some of the effects of the popular history as it stands.
My conclusion returns to...Western Australian stories and calls for
caution and self-reflexivity when we read and know about
abortion."
Correspondence: B. Baird, University of
Adelaide, Department of Social Inquiry, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20313 Baird, David T.; Grimes, David A.;
Van Look, Paul F. A. Modern methods of inducing
abortion. ISBN 0-86542-819-0. LC 95-14056. 1995. xiv, 218 pp.
Blackwell Science: Cambridge, Massachusetts/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This book, based on the papers presented at the World Health
Organization Scientific Group Meeting on Medical Methods for
Termination of Pregnancy in Geneva, April 1994, examines the medical,
social and ethical implications of new abortion techniques on a global
scale. The first chapter discusses the demography of abortion and this
is followed by an overview of current abortion methods. Subsequent
chapters cover abortion at different stages of pregnancy: up to 9
weeks; between 9 and 14 weeks; and after 14 weeks. The book then goes
on to review abortion counselling, the introduction of new abortion
technologies into service-delivery systems, the acceptability of
medical abortion, and the ethical, political and religious
controversies surrounding abortion. The book ends with a look at the
legislative aspects of abortion."
Selected items will be cited
in this or subsequent issues of Population
Index.
Correspondence: Blackwell Science, Osney Mead,
Oxford OX2 0EL, England. Location: Population Council Library,
New York, NY.
65:20314 Bulut, Aysen; Toubia, Nahid.
Abortion services in two public sector hospitals in Istanbul,
Turkey: How well do they meet women's needs? In: Abortion in the
developing world, edited by Axel I. Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999.
259-78 pp. World Health Organization [WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland;
Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
This study explores
"the experience and subsequent behavior of women who had abortions
in two public hospitals in Istanbul [Turkey] with fundamentally
different approaches to abortion service delivery. [The authors] wanted
a profile of these women in terms of their general attitude towards the
procedure and their knowledge and use of contraception [in order] to
gain a better understanding of the determinants of abortion practice.
The main objective, however, was to compare the quality and efficiency
of two different approaches to service delivery. Quality was to be
measured by the women's reports of post-abortion complications,
particularly bleeding and pain; women's expressed satisfaction with the
services; and their pattern of post-abortion contraceptive use.
Efficiency was to be measured by financial costs, both to the patient
and to the health care system." The data concern about 450 women
evenly divided between the two hospitals. Recommendations for improving
abortion services are made.
Correspondence: A. Bulut,
University of Istanbul, Institute of Child Health, Cocuk Hastanesi,
Millet Cad. 34390 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20315 Cadelina, Fred V.
Induced abortion in a province in the Philippines: the opinion,
role, and experience of traditional birth attendants and government
midwives. In: Abortion in the developing world, edited by Axel I.
Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999. 311-20 pp. World Health Organization
[WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In
Eng.
The author analyzes the opinions on and experiences of induced
abortion among birth attendants in the Philippine province of Negros
Oriental. The Philippines is a country in which abortion is illegal and
socially condemned. The data were gathered in a two-stage process. The
first stage involved in-depth interviews with 26 midwives and Hilots
(traditional birth attendants), and the second was based on a 1991-1992
survey of 458 midwives and Hilots. Complications from unsafe illegal
abortion are a major health problem, and the results indicate that
birth attendants frequently provide information on abortion and
sometimes provide abortion services.
Correspondence: F. V.
Cadelina, Silliman University, Department of Sociology-Anthropology,
Dumaguete City, Philippines. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20316 Caldwell, Bruce; Barkat-e-Khuda;
Ahmed, Shameem; Nessa, Fazilatun; Haque, Indrani.
Pregnancy termination in a rural subdistrict of Bangladesh: a
microstudy. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 25,
No. 1, Mar 1999. 34-7, 43 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in
Fre; Spa.
"In the study reported on in this article, we
interviewed a sample of rural Bangladeshi women who had had pregnancy
terminations to examine the factors influencing their decision to end
their pregnancy, how the decision was made, any distinct health-seeking
behaviors, the provider chosen and the consequences of undergoing a
termination." Results indicate that "four in five
respondents...terminated their pregnancy because they wanted no more
children or wanted to delay their next birth; these respondents
generally cited the economic well-being of their family. Almost six in
10 had used a trained provider; the remainder had relied on an
untrained provider or had induced their own
abortion."
Correspondence: B. Caldwell, Australian
National University, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population
Health, G.P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20317 Cook, Rebecca J.; Dickens, Bernard
M.; Bliss, Laura E. International developments in abortion
law from 1988 to 1998. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 89,
No. 4, Apr 1999. 579-86 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
This is a
review of changes in the laws affecting induced abortion around the
world in the 10-year period from 1988 to 1998. "The
objective...was to assess whether liberalizing trends have been
maintained in the last decade and whether increased protection of
women's human rights has influenced legal reform.... Since 1987, 26
jurisdictions have extended grounds for lawful abortion, and 4
countries have restricted grounds. Additional limits on access to legal
abortion services include restrictions on funding of services,
mandatory counseling and reflection delay requirements, third-party
authorizations, and blockades of abortion clinics.... [It is concluded
that] progressive liberalization has moved abortion laws from a focus
on punishment toward concern with women's health and welfare and with
their human rights. However, widespread maternal mortality and
morbidity show that reform must be accompanied by accessible abortion
services and improved contraceptive care and
information."
Correspondence: R. J. Cook, University
of Toronto, Faculty of Law, 84 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C5,
Canada. E-mail: rebecca.cook@utoronto.ca. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:20318 Ehrenfeld, N. Female
adolescents at the crossroads: sexuality, contraception and abortion in
Mexico. In: Abortion in the developing world, edited by Axel I.
Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999. 368-86 pp. World Health Organization
[WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In
Eng.
"This study sought to identify the determinants of the
decision to continue or interrupt an unplanned pregnancy among
adolescents aged 12 to 19 [in Mexico], by examining the circumstances
and sociocultural conditions underlying such a decision. This included
looking at factors such as the girl's sexual and reproductive
behaviour, her partner's and mother's response to the pregnancy, the
partner relationship, her education and employment characteristics, and
so forth." The data concern 72 adolescent girls, who were either
pregnant or who had recently had an abortion, seeking services at an
obstetric and gynecological clinic at a hospital in Mexico City. The
data were collected in focus-group sessions. The author notes that,
despite nearly 25 years of providing free family planning services
through a national program, there is a lack of effective contraceptive
usage among sexually active adolescents.
Correspondence: N.
Ehrenfeld, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Calzada de Tlalpan
4800, Mexico 14000, DF, Mexico. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20319 Elu, Maria del C.
Between political debate and women's suffering: abortion in
Mexico. In: Abortion in the developing world, edited by Axel I.
Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999. 245-58 pp. World Health Organization
[WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In
Eng.
"This study has attempted to identify factors that
contribute to a woman's decision, particularly poor women, to interrupt
a pregnancy under unsafe, dangerous conditions [in Mexico]. It was also
designed to find out more about the perceptions, attitudes, and
knowledge of the factors that affect the decision to abort from health
care providers, particularly hospital staff. An important aspect of the
study was to learn about the quality of care women receive when they
arrive at hospitals with abortion complications." The study
population "consisted of a purposive sample of 300 women admitted
to the Hospital de la Mujer for abortion complications (either
spontaneous or induced) between 15 August 1990 and 15 January 1991. Of
the 300 women, 134 cases (44.7 per cent) were classified as induced
abortion."
Correspondence: M. del C. Elu, Instituto
Mexicano de Estudios Sociales, A.C., Apartado Postal 22-179, Mexico
14000, DF, Mexico. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20320 Gruber, Jonathan; Levine, Phillip;
Staiger, Douglas. Abortion legalization and child living
circumstances: who is the "marginal child"? Quarterly
Journal of Economics, Vol. 114, No. 1, Feb 1999. 263-91 pp. Cambridge,
Massachusetts. In Eng.
"We examine the impact of increased
abortion availability [in the United States] on the average living
standards of children through a selection effect. Would the marginal
child who was not born have grown up in different circumstances than
the average child? We use variation in the timing of abortion
legalization across states to answer this question. Cohorts born after
legalized abortion experienced a significant reduction in a number of
adverse outcomes. We find that the marginal child would have been 40-60
percent more likely to live in a single-parent family, to live in
poverty, to receive welfare, and to die as an
infant."
Correspondence: J. Gruber, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPIA).
65:20321 Gui, Shi-xun. Factors
affecting induced abortion behaviour among married women in Shanghai,
China. In: Abortion in the developing world, edited by Axel I.
Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999. 78-97 pp. World Health Organization
[WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In
Eng.
"The main purpose of our study was to identify the
factors that affect the decision to have an induced abortion among
married women in both the urban and surrounding rural areas of Shanghai
[China]. We also wanted to identify approaches that could lead to a
reduction of the induced abortion rate, especially repeat abortions, to
protect women's health. To this effect a survey of social,
psychological, and demographic factors affecting unwanted pregnancy
among married women was carried out in Shanghai in 1991. This chapter
presents a preliminary analysis of the findings of this survey."
The survey involved 2,765 women who registered at a hospital for an
abortion and 2,760 men, mostly their husbands. Particular attention is
given to reasons for not using contraception, most of which were
related to the poor quality of family planning
services.
Correspondence: S.-x. Gui, East China Normal
University, Institute of Population Research, 3663 Zhong Shan Road
North, Shanghai 20062, China. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20322 Henshaw, Stanley K.; Singh, Susheela;
Haas, Taylor. Recent trends in abortion rates
worldwide. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 25,
No. 1, Mar 1999. 44-8 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre;
Spa.
"Numbers of legal induced abortion were estimated for 54
countries from official statistics or other national data. Abortion
rates per 1,000 women aged 15-44 were calculated for the years 1975
through 1996.... The most striking recent trend is a sharp decline in
abortion incidence in Eastern and Central Europe and the successor
states to the Soviet Union.... Rates have also declined in several
other developed countries.... In only a few developed countries (among
them Canada, New Zealand and Scotland) have abortion rates shown an
increase over time."
Correspondence: S. K. Henshaw,
Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20323 Henshaw, Stanley K.; Singh, Susheela;
Haas, Taylor. The incidence of abortion worldwide.
International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 25, Suppl., Jan 1999.
30-8 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"This article presents current estimates of the level of
induced abortion, based on a recent effort to assemble all available
official statistics from countries that collect such data, as well as
existing estimates of the level of induced abortion for countries that
have no official statistics." Results indicate that "among
the subregions of the world, Eastern Europe had the highest abortion
rate (90 per 1,000) and Western Europe the lowest rate (11 per
1,000).... Abortion rates are no lower overall in areas where abortion
is generally restricted by law (and where many abortions are performed
under unsafe conditions) than in areas where abortion is legally
permitted."
Correspondence: S. K. Henshaw, Alan
Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20324 Hewage, P. Induced
abortion in Sri Lanka: opinions of reproductive health care
providers. In: Abortion in the developing world, edited by Axel I.
Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999. 321-34 pp. World Health Organization
[WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In
Eng.
This study is based on data obtained from 502 health care
providers, including doctors, nurses, midwives, family health workers,
and public health inspectors, concerning the determinants of induced
abortion in Sri Lanka, where abortion is illegal. The objectives of the
study were: "(1) To examine the attitudes of health personnel
towards the practice of both contraception and abortion as a means for
fertility regulation; (2) To examine the perceptions that health
providers have of the psychosocial and demographic characteristics of
the women who seek these services; [and] (3) To suggest strategies,
based on the profiles that emerge from the information collected in (1)
and (2) above, that could be used to improve the quality and scope of
reproductive health services in Sri Lanka."
Correspondence:
P. Hewage, University of Ruhuna, Department of Geography, Matara,
Sri Lanka. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20325 Joffe, Carole. Reactions
to medical abortion among providers of surgical abortion: an early
snapshot. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan-Feb
1999. 35-8 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"I conducted
exploratory interviews in the fall of 1996 with long-term [U.S.]
surgical providers of abortion about their responses to medical
abortion.... I questioned providers about their initial decision to
offer medical abortion; what changes in office routines this new
practice entailed; and any emergencies and complications they
encountered. Respondents were also asked to speculate on the prospect
that medical abortion might attract new providers. What follows...may
be seen as a `snapshot' of an early moment in the adoption of medical
abortion techniques by U.S. abortion
providers."
Correspondence: C. Joffe, University of
California, Department of Sociology, Davis, CA 95616. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20326 Klerman, Jacob A.
Welfare reform and abortion. RAND Labor and Population Program
Reprint Series, No. 98-05, Pub. Order No. RAND/RP-717. 1998. 98-133 pp.
RAND: Santa Monica, California. In Eng.
"This chapter attempts
to draw together what we know today about the likely effects of [U.S.]
welfare reform on abortion and to outline promising strategies for
evaluating the actual effects of the limited reforms to date and the
wider reforms that are likely to follow.... The existing literature
finds no effect of AFDC payments on abortion.... [It] does find
significant effects of Medicaid funding on abortions.... Finally, the
evidence is mixed on the extent to which adjustments to fertility occur
through contraception or through
abortions."
Correspondence: RAND, P.O. Box 2138, 1700
Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138. E-mail: order@rand.org.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20327 Kligman, Gail. The
politics of duplicity: controlling reproduction in Ceausescu's
Romania. ISBN 0-520-21074-3. LC 97-49421. 1998. xv, 358 pp.
University of California Press: Berkeley, California/London, England.
In Eng.
The author examines the politics of reproduction in the
antiabortion regime of Romania's dictator Ceausescu. "Her analysis
explores the institutionalization of duplicity and complicity as social
practices that contributed to the state's perpetuation and ultimate
demise. [The study] is based on...interviews with women and physicians
as well as on documentary and archival material. Besides discussing the
social implications and human costs of restrictive reproductive
legislation, Kligman examines how reproductive issues become embedded
in national and international agendas. She concludes with lessons the
world can learn from Romania's tragic
experience."
Correspondence: University of California
Press, 2120 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720. Location:
Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20328 Kulczycki, Andrzej. The
abortion debate in the world arena. ISBN 0-333-72193-4. 1999. 264
pp. Routledge: London, England. In Eng.
The author "addresses
the development of abortion issues on a global level. Using extensive
interviews, including discussions with heads of state and church, and
original research in Kenya, Mexico and Poland, [the author] examines
how cultural history, women's movements, the Catholic Church and
international influences have shaped abortion policies in those
nations. Recognizing that many abortion issues are moving beyond
Western liberal democracies, this book shows how and why the dynamics
of the abortion debate have significantly shifted toward developing
nations and to post-communist societies of East Central
Europe."
Correspondence: Routledge, 11 New Fetter
Lane, London EC4P 4EE, England. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20329 Kveder, Dunja O.
Abortion in Ljubljana, Slovenia: A method of contraception or an
emergency procedure? In: Abortion in the developing world, edited
by Axel I. Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999. 447-65 pp. World Health
Organization [WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New
Delhi, India. In Eng.
Data on the use of effective or less
effective methods of contraception in Slovenia are analyzed in order to
determine whether women perceive abortion as a method of regulating
fertility or as an emergency procedure. An additional objective was to
"identify the determinants that explain these two different
perceptions, including associated behaviour patterns, and to measure
the degree of influence, or correlation, of selected individual and
psychosocial factors on them. We also wanted to verify the suitability
of the use of either more or less effective contraceptive methods as a
criterion for differentiating between these perceptions and associated
behaviours." The data concern 473 women seeking abortion at an
obstetric and gynecological clinic in Ljubljana in 1988. Of these
women, 102 had a previous abortion within the past two years, 147 had a
previous abortion more than two years ago, and 224 women had no
previous abortion experience.
Correspondence: D. O. Kveder,
Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, 61000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20330 Lee, Sam-Sik. Analysis
of induced abortion behavior based on the sex composition of
children. Health and Social Welfare Review, Vol. 18, No. 2, Winter
1998. 83-105 pp. Seoul, Republic of Korea. In Kor. with sum. in Eng.
"In 1997, the number of induced abortions [in South Korea] was
230 thousand, of which about 80 per cent were illegally performed....
According to this analysis, the rate of acquired infertility was
greater for women who have experienced induced abortions than for those
who have not. Specifically, the lower the order of pregnancy in which
the women aborted, the higher the rates of pregnancy wastage and
acquired infertility.... The major determinants of performing an
induced abortion were the number and sex composition of living
children...."
Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20331 Luo, Lin; Wu, Shi-zhong; Chen,
Xiao-qing; Li, Min-xiang. First-trimester induced
abortion: a study of Sichuan Province, China. In: Abortion in the
developing world, edited by Axel I. Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999.
98-116 pp. World Health Organization [WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland;
Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The present
study, conducted in six rural counties of Sichuan Province, China, has
had a twofold objective. The first has been to understand the generally
most important determinants of induced abortion among a rural
population of women, which, in the case of China, has meant focusing on
contraceptive behaviour. The second, and more significant objective has
been to evaluate the quality of first-trimester abortion services and
the physiological and psychological sequelae of the procedure among a
rural population of women." The survey involved 4,000 women aged
18-40 who had first-trimester abortions in hospitals or family planning
clinics. These women were then interviewed 15, 90, and 180 days after
the procedure. The impact of contraceptive failure or nonuse of
contraception is stressed.
Correspondence: L. Luo, Family
Planning Research Institute of Sichuan, No. 15, Section 4, South
People's Road Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20332 Medoff, Marshall H.
Estimates of the abortion demand of young and older teenagers.
Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 17, No. 6, Dec 1998. 539-49
pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This study estimates the
demand for abortion by younger (ages 15-17) and older (ages 18-19)
teenagers [in the United States]. The empirical results show, for both
age groups, abortion demand is price inelastic and a normal good with
respect to income. Teenage abortion demand is also found to be
positively related to labor force participation and state Medicaid
funding and negatively related to religiosity and unemployment. State
family planning programs, AFDC benefits, and parental involvement laws
are found not to be significant determinants of teenage abortion
demand."
Correspondence: M. H. Medoff, California
State University, Department of Economics, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard,
Long Beach, CA 90840-4607. E-mail: mmedoff@csulb.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20333 Misago, Chizuru; Fonseca,
Walter. Determinants and medical characteristics of
induced abortion among poor urban women in north-east Brazil. In:
Abortion in the developing world, edited by Axel I. Mundigo and Cynthia
Indriso. 1999. 217-27 pp. World Health Organization [WHO]: Geneva,
Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
The
determinants and characteristics of induced abortion in Fortaleza,
Brazil, are analyzed using data on 2,084 women from poor, urban
neighborhoods. The women were admitted to one of two public maternity
hospitals following an illegal abortion in a one-year period in
1992-1993. Information is included on contraceptive usage and method
used to induce abortion. The results suggest that "the use of
misoprostol as an abortifacient, either alone or in combination with
another method, is widespread among the poor urban women of Brazil....
In fact, to our knowledge, Brazil is the first country where
misoprostol is used so extensively as a means to circumvent the tight
restriction on legal abortion. This situation continues, even though
sales of the drug were suspended in 1991 in Ceará State and
restricted in other states by the Brazilian federal regulatory
agency."
Correspondence: C. Misago, Institute of Woman
and Child Health, Rua Barbosa de Freitas 60, Sala 402, 60170-020
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20334 Mishra, U. S.; Ramanathan, Mala;
Rajan, S. Irudaya. Induced abortion potential among Indian
women. Social Biology, Vol. 45, No. 3-4, Fall-Winter 1998. 278-88
pp. Port Angeles, Washington. In Eng.
"This paper is an
attempt to assess the induced abortion potential among Indian women by
utilizing information on proportion of unwanted and ill-timed
pregnancies obtained through National Family Health Survey, India....
The distribution of ill-timed and unwanted births indicates that
unwanted births occur mostly for women above 30 years of age, and
ill-timed births are concentrated more among younger
women...."
Correspondence: U. S. Mishra, Centre for
Development Studies, Prasanthnagar Road, Ulloor, Thiruvananthapuram 695
011, Kerala. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20335 Molina, Ramiro; Pereda, Cristian;
Cumsille, Francisco; Martinez Oliva, Luis; Miranda, Eduardo; Molina,
Temistocles. Prevention of pregnancy in high-risk women:
community intervention in Chile. In: Abortion in the developing
world, edited by Axel I. Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999. 57-77 pp.
World Health Organization [WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland; Vistaar
Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
This study is concerned
with efforts to reduce levels of illegal induced abortion in low-income
urban communities in Chile. "The main objective of this study is
based on the hypothesis that by improving family planning services, and
by focusing them on women identified as having a high risk of induced
abortion, it is possible to achieve a significant reduction in abortion
rates in areas known for their high abortion incidence." The study
was carried out in three communities in the capital, Santiago, and
involved an initial sample of about 5,000 women, of whom 2,256 were
subsequently exposed to the risk of pregnancy and abortion and were
resurveyed two years later. The results show "that an effective
intervention, of improved family planning services with personalized
inputs, directed at women with high risk of abortion, can be successful
in lowering abortion incidence in populations of low socioeconomic
status, especially in contexts where abortion is
illegal."
Correspondence: R. Molina, School of
Medicine, Jose Joaquin Aquirre Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, Casilla 7001, 1-7 Santiago, Chile. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20336 Mpangile, G. S.; Leshabari, M. T.;
Kihwele, D. J. Induced abortion in Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania: the plight of adolescents. In: Abortion in the
developing world, edited by Axel I. Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999.
387-403 pp. World Health Organization [WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland;
Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This study
was undertaken in four public hospitals in Dar es Salaam [Tanzania],
which are used primarily by women of low income. First, the study aimed
to describe the socioeconomic and demographic profile of these women as
well as their fertility regulation behaviour. Second, it intended to
explore the circumstances surrounding the abortion experience; to trace
the events leading up to hospital admission, including the informal
referral network.... Third, the study wanted to describe the actual
experience of clandestine abortion, particularly health complications,
costs, and perspectives of the women and providers." The data
concern 455 women, who were admitted to one of four public hospitals in
the city with a diagnosis of incomplete, threatened, or septic
abortion. The results confirm that unsafe abortion is a major health
problem in Tanzania, and that adolescent women are particularly
vulnerable to this practice.
Correspondence: G. S.
Mpangile, Family Planning Association of Tanzania, UMATI, Makao
Makuu-Mtaa Samora/Zanaki, S.L.P. 1372, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20337 Mundigo, Axel I.; Indriso,
Cynthia. Abortion in the developing world. ISBN
81-7036-743-3. 1999. 498 pp. World Health Organization [WHO]: Geneva,
Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The book contains 22 case studies focusing on the experience
of women who undergo abortion, often under illegal and unsafe
circumstances, in Third World countries. The studies represent the
result of a global research initiative sponsored by the Special
Programme of Research in Human Reproduction of the World Health
Organization. The volume examines--through the lens of women's
perspectives and personal situations--the reasons why, when confronted
with an unintended pregnancy, [women] decide to recur to an
abortion.... Overall, the book's focus is on the first-hand experiences
of women who have undergone illegal unsafe abortions, and the
underlying reasons for their resolve, including specific motivations,
decision processes, as well as the economic and social circumstances
that might explain the reasons why women seek an abortion, even when
they may be aware that the procedure might endanger their lives or put
them at a high risk of infection and pain. Some chapters also present
the views and attitudes of providers of abortion services, including
those providing health care for women with abortion complications. The
book includes four main sections: I. The Relationship between Abortion
and Contraception; II. Quality of Abortion Care; III. Adolescent
Sexuality and Abortion; and IV. Research and Its Implications for
Policy."
Selected items will be cited in this or subsequent
issues of Population Index.
Correspondence: Vistaar
Publications, A Division of Sage Publications India, M-32 Market,
Greater Kailash-I, New Delhi 110 048, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20338 Nguyen, Thi Nhu Ngoc; Winikoff,
Beverly; Clark, Shelley; Ellertson, Charlotte; Khong, Ngoc Am; Do,
Trong Hieu; Elul, Batya. Safety, efficacy and
acceptability of mifepristone-misoprostol medical abortion in
Vietnam. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 25, No.
1, Mar 1999. 10-4, 33 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre;
Spa.
"In this article, we describe a study exploring the
safety, efficacy and acceptability of mifepristone-misoprostol medical
abortion among women attending two clinics in Vietnam. We address three
important questions: First, is medical abortion as effective as
surgical abortion for women who choose the method? Second, how do the
safety, risks and side effects of medical abortion compare with those
of surgical abortion? Third, do women who choose
mifepristone-misoprostol abortion find the method acceptable?"
Results indicate that "mifepristone-misoprostol abortion is safe,
effective and acceptable for urban Vietnamese women who are given a
choice of methods."
Correspondence: T. N. N. Nguyen,
Hung Vuong Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20339 Oodit, Geeta; Bhowon, Uma.
The use of induced abortion in Mauritius: An alternative to
fertility regulation or an emergency procedure? In: Abortion in
the developing world, edited by Axel I. Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso.
1999. 151-66 pp. World Health Organization [WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland;
Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
The authors present
the results of a survey on induced abortion in Mauritius, a country
where both abortion and contraceptive sterilization are illegal. The
data are from interviews with 475 women admitted to hospitals with
postabortion complications, and with clinic staff in the participating
hospitals. Also, in-depth interviews with 30 women and 15 doctors and
nurses provide data for the article. The data are compared with data
from the 1991 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (CPS). The results
indicate that the women surveyed were younger, had fewer children, were
less educated, and were more likely to be Creole than the women in the
CPS. The surveyed women combined a lack of desire for having a child
with poor utilization of reliable family planning methods. A discussion
is included of the perceived shortcomings of the family planning
services that are provided through the Ministry of Health and that
focus on the needs of married women only.
Correspondence:
G. Oodit, Family Planning Association of Mauritius, 30 SSR Street,
Port Louis, Mauritius. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20340 Paiewonsky, Denise.
Social determinants of induced abortion in the Dominican
Republic. In: Abortion in the developing world, edited by Axel I.
Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999. 131-50 pp. World Health Organization
[WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In
Eng.
This analysis of induced abortion in the Dominican Republic, a
country where abortion is both widespread and illegal, is based on data
gathered in structured interviews with 352 patients seeking services
for postabortion complications at one of two maternity hospitals in the
capital, Santo Domingo, in 1992. The analysis is supplemented by
in-depth interviews with 19 lower-class and 13 middle-class women.
Sections are included on employment status and on contraceptive
knowledge and practice. A profile of women seeking help for
postabortion complications is established. "They are mostly young,
married women with children, who have completed childbearing and have
at some time worked outside the home. Their occupational status shows
no significant association with their reproductive behaviour,
and--surprisingly--neither does their educational
level."
Correspondence: D. Paiewonsky, Instituto de
Estudios de Población y Desarrollo, IEPD-PROFAMILIA, Apartado
Postal 1053, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20341 Pick, Susan; Givaudan, Martha; Cohen,
Suzanne; Alvarez, Marsela; Collado, Maria E. Pharmacists
and market herb vendors: abortifacient providers in Mexico City.
In: Abortion in the developing world, edited by Axel I. Mundigo and
Cynthia Indriso. 1999. 293-310 pp. World Health Organization [WHO]:
Geneva, Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
This study examines common sources of self-induced abortion methods
in Mexico, where legal abortion is restricted and largely unavailable
to poorer women. The study had the following goals: "1. To assess
the knowledge and attitudes of pharmacists and herb vendors regarding
abortion and contraceptives; 2. To determine what information and which
medications are distributed to clients; [and] 3. To measure these
providers' perceptions of and attitudes toward clients who request
contraceptives and abortifacients." The study included 181
pharmacy workers and 28 market herb vendors. The inadequacy of both the
information and methods provided, particularly by pharmacy workers, is
stressed.
Correspondence: S. Pick, Instituto Mexicano de
Investigación de Familia y Población, Apartado Postal
41-595, Mexico 11001, DF, Mexico. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20342 Pizarro, Ana M.
Humanized attention to abortion and unsafe abortion:
Nicaragua. [Atención humanizada del aborto y del aborto
inseguro: Nicaragua.] Jul 1998. vii, 137 pp. Red de Salud de las
Mujeres Latinoamericanas y del Caribe [RSMLAC], Servicios Integrales
para la Mujer [SI Mujer]: Managua, Nicaragua. In Spa.
The author
outlines the status of abortion in Nicaragua. The past and current
legal status of the procedure are described. Chapters are included on
the existence and effectiveness of policies and programs related to
abortion; provision and use of abortion services, including
reproductive attitudes and practices, and quality of care; human
resources; financing of programs and services; statistical registries
and official information systems; and measurement of health and
abortion indicators.
Correspondence: Red de Salud de las
Mujeres Latinoamericanas y del Caribe, Servicios Integrales para la
Mujer, Antiguo Edificio IBM Montoya 1 c. arriba, Apartado Postal 2109
Correo Central, Managua, Nicaragua. E-mail: simujer@tmx.com.ni.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20343 Pojman, Louis P.; Beckwith, Francis
J. The abortion controversy. 25 years after Roe v. Wade: a
reader. 2nd ed. ISBN 0-534-55764-3. LC 98-10664. 1998. xix, 469
pp. Wadsworth: Belmont, California. In Eng.
This book presents a
"collection of readings available on the ethics surrounding
abortion. Its 29 articles include two major U.S. Supreme Court
decisions (Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey), evaluations of
Roe, and arguments from a woman's right to her body, in addition to
personhood and feminist arguments. [The book] includes important
articles by Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Catharine
MacKinnon, Judith Jarvis Thomson, John Noonan, Phillip Devine, Daniel
and Sidney Callahan, Michael Tooley, Don Marquis, and others. The
readings appear in a pro/con format, pitting argument against argument.
In the book's introduction, Pojman and Beckwith explain the nature of
the abortion debate and what types of arguments are most important and
why. Introductions precede each of the eight parts as well as each
individual reading. Study questions follow each reading." The
geographical focus is on the United States.
Correspondence:
Wadsworth Publishing, 10 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20344 Risen, James; Thomas, Judy
L. Wrath of angels: the American abortion war. ISBN
0-465-09272-1. LC 97-45936. 1998. x, 402 pp. BasicBooks: New York, New
York. In Eng.
This book describes the rise and fall of violent
antiabortion activism, including Operation Rescue, that occurred
following the legalization of induced abortion in the United States
with Roe vs. Wade in 1973.
Correspondence: BasicBooks, 10
East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022-5299. Location: Princeton
University Library (FST).
65:20345 Saul, Rebekah. Abortion
reporting in the United States: an examination of the federal-state
partnership. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 30, No. 5, Sep-Oct
1998. 244-7 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
The author assesses the
quality of abortion reporting in the United States. "The Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)...has been criticized by some
people for its inability to answer all abortion-related
inquiries--particularly, detailed questions relating to late-term
abortions. However, such criticism does not consider that...CDC obtains
its data through a voluntary federal-state partnership in which states
are responsible for collecting and managing data in accordance with
their own policies and systems, and submitting the information to the
federal government. As a result, states ultimately determine the
quality and availability of national, government-generated abortion
data."
Correspondence: R. Saul, Alan Guttmacher
Institute, 1120 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 460, Washington, D.C.
20036-3922. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20346 Tamang, A. K.; Shrestha, Neera;
Sharma, Kabita. Determinants of induced abortion and
subsequent reproductive behaviour among women in three urban districts
of Nepal. In: Abortion in the developing world, edited by Axel I.
Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999. 167-90 pp. World Health Organization
[WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In
Eng.
Results are presented from a prospective study on the social,
economic, and health service factors affecting a woman's decision to
have an induced abortion in Nepal, a country in which abortion is
illegal. The data concern 1,241 women residing in urban areas in the
Kathmandu valley who attended a hospital or clinic with complications
from either induced or spontaneous abortion in 1992. The women were
followed up at 4- and 15-month intervals. Additional data were
collected in focus groups and through in-depth interviews with 40
women. A primary focus of the study is on the relative lack of
effective reproductive health services and services providing effective
contraception following an abortion.
Correspondence: A. K.
Tamang, Centre for Research on Environment Health and Population
Activities, P.O. Box 9626, Kathmandu, Nepal. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20347 Van Look, Paul F. A.; von Hertzen,
Helena. Induced abortion: a global perspective. In:
Modern methods of inducing abortion, edited by David T. Baird, David A.
Grimes, and Paul F. A. Van Look. 1995. 1-24 pp. Blackwell Science:
Cambridge, Massachusetts/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This
chapter reviews the incidence of abortion and some of the factors that
contribute to differences in the use of abortion between countries and
between different population groups within the same country.... A brief
overview of abortion laws and policies currently in force throughout
the world has also been included."
Correspondence: P.
F. A. Van Look, World Health Organization, Programme of Research,
Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, 1211 Geneva
27, Switzerland. Location: Population Council Library, New
York, NY.
65:20348 Yusuf, Farhat; Siedlecky,
Stefania. Prevalence of and attitudes to abortion among
migrant women in Sydney. Journal of the Australian Population
Association, Vol. 13, No. 1, May 1996. 33-45 pp. Canberra, Australia.
In Eng.
"This study, based on a socio-demographic survey,
conducted in [Sydney, Australia, in] 1988, of 980 ever-married women of
Lebanese, Turkish or Vietnamese origin, shows that Turkish women had
the most liberal attitudes and reported the highest incidence of
abortion. More than half of the Turkish women and only 10-15 per cent
of Lebanese and Vietnamese women thought that a woman should have the
right to make the abortion decision herself. In spite of religious and
moral objections there were many women who were prepared to consider
having an abortion in a variety of common
situations...."
Correspondence: F. Yusuf, Macquarie
University, School of Economic and Financial Studies, Sydney, NSW 2109,
Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20349 Zamudio, Lucero; Rubiano, Norma;
Wartenberg, Lucy. The incidence and social and demographic
characteristics of abortion in Colombia. In: Abortion in the
developing world, edited by Axel I. Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999.
407-46 pp. World Health Organization [WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland;
Vistaar Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
The authors report
on a research program on induced abortion among the urban population of
Colombia, a country in which abortion is illegal. The first objective
was to obtain more accurate information on the incidence of abortion,
and the second was to analyze the circumstances leading to unwanted
pregnancy and the decision to abort. The authors also discuss the
practices and sanitary conditions surrounding abortions. Data are from
a 1992 survey of 33,275 women aged 15-55. The results suggest that
nearly one-third of all sexually active women in the survey have had an
abortion, and that repeat abortions are quite common. They also suggest
that about one-fifth of abortions could be avoided by improving access
to, use effectiveness, and quality of family planning
services.
Correspondence: L. Zamudio, Universidad Esternado
de Colombia, Centre for Research on Social Dynamics, Apartado Aereo
034141, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20350 Zhou, Wei-jin; Gao, Er-sheng; Yang,
Yao-ying; Qin, Fei; Tang, Wei. Induced abortion and the
outcome of subsequent pregnancy in China: client and provider
perspectives. In: Abortion in the developing world, edited by Axel
I. Mundigo and Cynthia Indriso. 1999. 228-44 pp. World Health
Organization [WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland; Vistaar Publications: New
Delhi, India. In Eng.
"In this chapter we explore the widely
held belief among doctors and women in China that prior induced
abortion adversely affects subsequent pregnancy outcome, particularly
in the form of spontaneous abortion, low birth weight or premature
delivery, and maternal morbidity. We were especially interested to know
to what degree, if any, the belief actually influences a woman's
decision to continue or to terminate a pregnancy." The data were
collected in 20 focus-group sessions involving 200 individuals,
including women who had experienced an abortion, women who had not
experienced an abortion, and doctors. "Generally, it was agreed
that induced abortion is a safe, effective back-up procedure for
contraceptive failure and for medical treatment that could not be
replaced completely by other methods, even RU
486."
Correspondence: W.-j. Zhou, Shanghai Institute
of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai 200032,
China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on lactation, nutrition, fecundability, sex behavior, menarche and menopause, and other biological factors or social customs as they affect fertility directly. Factors affecting contraceptive practice and factors affecting fertility indirectly are not included here.
65:20351 Mannan, Haider R.
Differential patterns and correlates of postpartum amenorrhoea in
Bangladesh: a multivariate analysis. Journal of Family Welfare,
Vol. 44, No. 3, Sep 1998. 28-35 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"The purpose of this study is to identify the determinants
which may have pronounced effects on the duration of postpartum
amenorrhoea [in Bangladesh] and also examine their impact.... This
study is based on the 1989 Bangladesh Fertility Survey (BFS
1989)...." Factors considered include urban or rural residence,
mother's education, maternal age, parity, religion, employment status,
and contraceptive use.
Correspondence: H. R. Mannan,
Dhanmondi Residential Area, House No. 59, Road No. 3A, Dhaka,
Bangladesh. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20352 Menken, Jane; Kuhn, Randall.
Demographic effects of breastfeeding: fertility, mortality, and
population growth. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, Vol. 17, No. 4,
1996. 349-63 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
"This article reviews
the demographic effects of breastfeeding on fertility and child
survival and, ultimately, on population growth. Extended breastfeeding
both reduces fertility by prolonging birth intervals and increases
child survival through improved nutrition, especially where adequate
substitutes are not available. The results presented show, however,
that although breastfeeding is a major determinant of fertility in the
absence of other means of fertility control, prolonged breastfeeding
alone cannot reduce fertility to levels consonant with slow or zero
population growth. The benefits, at least for the first year of life,
demonstrate the need for policies that promote breastfeeding and
encourage compatibility between breastfeeding and other aspects of
women's lives." The focus is on developing countries. A discussion
on the paper is included (pp. 362-3).
Correspondence: J.
Menken, University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science,
Population Program, Campus Box 484, Boulder, CO 80309-0484. E-mail:
menken@colorado.edu. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20353 Salway, Sarah. The
contraceptive potential of lactation for Bangladeshi women.
Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4, Dec 1998. 3-32 pp.
Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"Longitudinal data from two
surveillance sites, one urban and one rural, are used to explore the
contraceptive potential of lactational amenorrhoea in Bangladesh. Full
breastfeeding is shown to afford significantly greater contraceptive
protection than partial breastfeeding, though partial breastfeeders are
also found to enjoy good protection against pregnancy while
amenorrhoeic. The results also suggest that lactational amenorrhoea can
afford good protection against pregnancy beyond six months postpartum.
Also, older women seem to have significantly lower risks of conception
during postpartum amenorrhoea than younger
women."
Correspondence: S. Salway, London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Population Studies, Keppel
Street, London WC1E 7HT, England. E-mail: S.Salway@lshtm.ac.uk.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on nonmarital fertility, including illegitimacy. Studies of common-law marriage and other forms of cohabitation or voluntary single parenthood are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household.
65:20354 Driscoll, Anne K.; Hearn, Gesine K.;
Evans, V. Jeffery; Moore, Kristin A.; Sugland, Barbara W.; Call,
Vaughn. Nonmarital childbearing among adult women.
Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 61, No. 1, Feb 1999. 178-87
pp. Minneapolis, Minnesota. In Eng.
"We look at fertility and
economic outcomes of women with three types of nonmarital births and
women who have marital births. The sample is from the [U.S.] National
Survey of Families and Households. Net of controls, married and
unmarried women with a recent birth are equally likely to have another
birth. Never-married and previously married mothers are more likely to
have another nonmarital birth than are other women. Additional
nonmarital births to never-married women are associated with being on
welfare, not being employed, and having low household
income."
Correspondence: A. K. Driscoll, Child Trends,
4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 100, Washington, D.C. 20008. E-mail:
adriscoll@childtrends.org. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20355 Elo, Irma T.; King, Rosalind B.;
Furstenberg, Frank F. Adolescent females: their sexual
partners and the fathers of their children. Journal of Marriage
and the Family, Vol. 61, No. 1, Feb 1999. 74-84 pp. Minneapolis,
Minnesota. In Eng.
"This study examines age differences among
adolescent females, the fathers of their children, and their first
sexual partners, as well as the girl's relationship to her first
partner. It uses data from [U.S.] Vital Statistics, the National
Maternal and Infant Health Survey, and the 1995 National Survey of
Family Growth. We investigate the potential impact of statutory rape
laws on teen fertility and the initiation of sexual activity. We find
that age differences between teen mothers and the fathers of their
children follow historic norms. We further show that one may draw
misleading conclusions about the extent to which teen girls engage in
sexual activity with older men if conclusions are based simply on data
on births. Finally, our demonstration of the potential effects of
statutory rape laws on teen births and the age pattern of first
intercourse suggests that even successful enforcement of these laws is
unlikely to lead to substantial reductions in teen
childbearing."
This is a revised version of a paper originally
presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: I. T. Elo, University of
Pennsylvania, Population Studies Center, 3718 Locust Walk,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6298. E-mail: popelo@pop.upenn.edu.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20356 Frenzen, Paul D.; Butler, Margaret
A. Births to unmarried mothers are rising faster in rural
areas. Rural Conditions and Trends, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1997. 66-9 pp.
Herndon, Virginia. In Eng.
The authors investigate trends in births
to unmarried mothers in the United States, with a focus on differences
between rural and urban areas. Findings indicate that urban-rural
differences in nonmarital childbearing have narrowed; unmarried
teenagers account for more births in rural areas; and the nonmarital
birth rate is slightly higher in rural areas.
Correspondence:
P. D. Frenzen, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
20005. E-mail: pfrenzen@econ.ag.gov. Location: Pennsylvania
State University Library, University Park, PA.
65:20357 Mrden, Snjezana.
Extramarital births in Croatia. [Radanja izvan braka u
Hrvatskoj.] Geoadria, Vol. 2, 1997. 63-76 pp. Zadar, Croatia. In Scr.
with sum. in Eng.
"This article [analyzes] the evolution of
extramarital births in Croatia and some European countries from 1950 to
1994. In order to explain the change and the level of extramarital
births in Croatia, the author [analyzes]...nuptiality, fertility and
woman's marriageable age. The change of extramarital births [in]
communes and counties in Croatia is also analysed, the existing
differences between [the] Croatian and non-Croatian population being
emphasized."
Correspondence: S. Mrden, Filozofski
Fakultet u Zadru, Obala Kralja Petra Kresimira IV. 2, 23000 Zadar,
Croatia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
