Studies that treat quantitative fertility data analytically. References to crude data are coded under S. Official Statistical Publications. Methodological studies specifically concerned with fertility are cited in this division and cross-referenced to N. Methods of Research and Analysis Including Models, if necessary.
Analytical studies of quantitative birth data and reproduction rates and studies of fertility and its concomitants. Studies of age at marriage, divorce, and factors influencing family size are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household.
65:20170 Amin, Sajeda; Lloyd, Cynthia
B. Women's lives and rapid fertility decline: some lessons
from Bangladesh and Egypt. Population Council Policy Research
Division Working Paper, No. 117, 1998. 62 pp. Population Council,
Policy Research Division: New York, New York. In Eng.
"This
paper provides an in-depth exploration of the demographic transition in
[Bangladesh and Egypt] as seen through the dual lens of society-wide
gender systems and a range of relevant state policies. It addresses
three basic questions: (1) have measurable improvements in economic
opportunities for women been a factor in the fertility decline in
either country?; (2) have differences in gender systems at the societal
level provided a more favorable environment for fertility decline in
Bangladesh in comparison to Egypt, despite the former's more modest
economic achievements?; (3) in what ways can the development strategies
adopted by the governments of Bangladesh and Egypt...be seen as
additional factors in explaining the similar rural fertility declines
despite dissimilar economic circumstances? After reviewing the
evidence, the paper concludes that neither differences in existing
gender systems nor measurable changes in women's opportunities have
been key factors in the notable demographic successes recorded in these
two countries.... However, there is a case to be made that Bangladesh's
distinct approach to development, with considerable emphasis on
reaching the rural poor and women and a strong reliance on
nongovernmental institutions, may have played a part in accelerating
the transition in that environment and in helping women to become more
immediate beneficiaries of that process."
Correspondence:
Population Council, Research Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza,
New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20171 Andreev, E.; Bondarskaya, G.;
Khar'kova, T. The decline in fertility in Russia:
hypotheses and facts. [Padenie rozhdaemosti v Rossii: gipotezy i
fakty.] Voprosy Statistiki, No. 10, 1998. 82-93 pp. Moscow, Russia. In
Rus.
The recent decline in fertility that has occurred in Russia is
analyzed from 1973 onward. Factors considered include age and marital
status. The characteristics of women who gave birth to children in 1993
are analyzed, and the relationship between desired and actual fertility
is discussed.
Correspondence: E. Andreev, Goskomstat
Rossii, Izmailovskoe Shosse 44, 105679 Moscow, Russia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20172 Atoh, Makoto.
Below-replacement fertility and family policy. Jinko Mondai
Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, Vol. 53, No. 4, 1997. 88 pp.
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research: Tokyo,
Japan. In Jpn.
This special issue contains five papers on aspects
of below-replacement fertility and family policy, with the primary
geographical focus on the situation in Japan.
Selected items will be
cited in this or subsequent issues of Population
Index.
Correspondence: National Institute of Population and
Social Security Research, 1-2-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100,
Japan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20173 Atoh, Makoto.
Below-replacement fertility and family policy. Jinko Mondai
Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, Vol. 54, No. 1, 1998. 128 pp.
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research: Tokyo,
Japan. In Jpn.
This special issue is the second that concentrates
on aspects of below-replacement fertility and family policy; it
contains six papers comparing the situation in Japan to that in other
developed countries. Four of these papers were also published in
English in the journal Review of Population and Social Policy and are
cited elsewhere in this issue.
Selected items will be cited in this
or subsequent issues of Population Index.
Articles from the first
special issue on this topic are also cited in this issue.
Correspondence: National Institute of Population and
Social Security Research, 1-2-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100,
Japan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20174 Atoh, Makoto. Research
on below-replacement fertility in Japan: its review and new
agenda. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, Vol.
53, No. 4, 1997. 1-14 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
This is a general
review of the research that has been conducted on the problems
associated with below-replacement fertility in Japan, along with some
suggestions concerning topics for future research.
Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20175 Audinarayana, N. The
effect of status of women on fertility in an urban setting of Tamil
Nadu. Indian Journal of Social Work, Vol. 58, No. 4, Oct 1997.
542-56 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"This paper throws light on
the status of women (at the household level) and fertility linkage with
data drawn from 300 currently married women residing in a small town of
the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Cross-tabular, hierarchical and
multiple classification analyses have been used. Results suggest that
all the dimensions of the status of women have played a crucial role in
influencing their cumulative fertility (children ever
born)."
Correspondence: N. Audinarayana, Bharathiar
University, Department of Population Studies, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
641 046, India. E-mail: popstu@as250.bharathi.ernet.in. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
65:20176 Bongaarts, John. The
fertility impact of changes in the timing of childbearing in the
developing world. Population Council Policy Research Division
Working Paper, No. 120, 1999. 33 pp. Population Council, Policy
Research Division: New York, New York. In Eng.
"This study
examines the role of tempo effects in the fertility declines of
developing countries.... An analysis of data from the World Fertility
Surveys and the Demographic and Health Surveys demonstrates that
fertility trends observed in many developing countries are likely to be
distorted by changes in the timing of childbearing. In most countries
women are delaying childbearing, which implies that observed fertility
is lower than it would have been without tempo changes. This pattern is
most clearly documented in Taiwan, where accurate birth statistics from
a vital registration system make it possible to estimate the tempo
components of fertility annually from 1978 to 1993. The small but
unexpected rise in total fertility rates in Colombia in the early 1990s
is attributed to a decline in the negative tempo distortion that
prevailed in the 1980s."
Correspondence: Population
Council, Research Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY
10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20177 Chesnais, Jean-Claude.
Below-replacement fertility in the European Union (EU-15): facts
and policies, 1960-1997. Review of Population and Social Policy,
No. 7, 1998. 83-101 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
Fertility trends in
the 15 countries that now make up the European Union are reviewed over
the period 1960-1997, with the emphasis on the trend toward
below-replacement fertility and its consequences. The author notes that
although the desired number of children in the European Union is about
2.1, the total fertility rate is only 1.4, and that this means there is
a latent demand for family support and for measures designed to help
people have more children. "In countries where family support is
better...the gap between the ideal and the real family size is narrow,
whereas in societies where family support is minimal...this gap is
maximal. This is the essence of the present feminist paradox: feminism
and pronatalism work together; in societies that alleviate the burden
of working...mothers, the fertility rate is higher than in societies
where traditional roles prevail. Two basic measures have a decisive
impact: the implementation of parental leave and the allocation of
pension benefits to parents for each
child."
Correspondence: J.-C. Chesnais, Institut
National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout, 75980
Paris Cedex 20, France. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20178 Courbage, Youssef.
Economic and political issues of fertility transition in the Arab
world--answers and open questions. Population and Environment,
Vol. 20, No. 4, Mar 1999. 353-80 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
The author reviews recent fertility trends in Arab countries.
Sections are included on the impact of later marriage and the spread of
contraception; atypicalities of Arab fertility transition; the impact
of the oil boom and the related economic and political trends; the
distinctive regional attitude toward fertility; and the effects of
implicit or explicit governmental population
policies.
Correspondence: Y. Courbage, Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques, 133 boulevard Davout, 75020 Paris Cedex
14, France. E-mail: courbage@ined.fr. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20179 Elizarov, Valerii V. The
demographic situation and problems of family policy. Sociological
Research, Vol. 38, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1999. 79-90 pp. Armonk, New York. In
Eng.
The decline in fertility that occurred in Russia from the
early 1960s to the 1980s is analyzed. The author focuses on the factors
that influence young parents to have children, and on the extent to
which social policies can be developed to influence them in such
decisions. The impact of the declining economy and of changing patterns
of marriage and divorce on fertility is also considered.
For the
original Russian version of this article, see 64:20257.
Correspondence: V. V. Elizarov, Moscow State University,
Center for the Study of Population Issues, 119899 Moscow, Russia.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
65:20180 Guzmán, José
M. The Latin American contribution to the analysis of
fertility determinants. [El aporte latinoamericano al
análysis de los factores determinantes de la fecundidad.] Notas
de Población, Vol. 25, No. 66, Dec 1998. 87-109 pp. Santiago,
Chile. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
"The present article
discusses significant aspects of the Latin American contribution to the
study of fertility determinants, presenting in systematic form the main
theoretical and methodological approaches that have been developed in
analysing the fertility transition in the region.... The article seeks
to determine whether there is such a thing as a uniquely Latin American
contribution to the subject, or whether much of that must be considered
an intellectual reflection of work going on in other regions of the
world."
Correspondence: J. M. Guzmán, United
Nations Population Fund, 220 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20181 Heaton, Tim B.; Forste,
Renata. Education as policy: the impact of education on
marriage, contraception, and fertility in Colombia, Peru, and
Bolivia. Social Biology, Vol. 45, No. 3-4, Fall-Winter 1998.
194-213 pp. Port Angeles, Washington. In Eng.
"Using data from
the World Fertility and Demographic and Health Surveys of Colombia,
Peru, and Bolivia, we model the effects of education on three
demographic outcomes: the timing of first sexual union, contraceptive
use, and fertility. These effects are examined over time and across
geographic areas using a multivariate framework. We find substantial
improvements in female educational attainment over the last fifty years
and a strong relationship between education and the demographic
outcomes.... Our results indicate that educational differences in
reproductive behavior are reduced as the level of development increases
and societies pass through their demographic
transition."
Correspondence: T. B. Heaton, Brigham
Young University, Department of Sociology, Provo, UT 84602.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20182 Henz, Ursula; Huinink,
Johannes. Problems concerning the parametric analysis of
the age at first birth. Mathematical Population Studies, Vol. 7,
No. 2, 1999. 131-45 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in
Fre.
"The application of parametric split models to analyse
the birth of the first child is discussed by applying the model of
Coale and McNeil and the log-logistic model. We show that serious
problems of estimating the final survival probability may occur when
the empirical age distribution of the analysed event is not fully known
and the model deviates considerably from the empirical distribution. We
suggest strategies to handle these problems in a pragmatic
way."
Correspondence: U. Henz, Stockholm University,
Demography Unit, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail:
ursula.henz@suda.su.se. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20183 Jackson, Sharon. Wages
and fertility in Australia. Journal of the Australian Population
Association, Vol. 12, No. 1, May 1995. 25-34 pp. Canberra, Australia.
In Eng.
"This paper applies a simple economic model to explain
short run movements in Australian fertility, abstracting from social
and cultural conditions. It shows that Australian fertility can be
modelled with some success using only wages and employment data, once
we allow for the different effects of changes in men's and women's
wages for the period 1966-90. The elasticity of the total fertility
rate over this period is found to be negative with respect to women's
wages and positive with respect to men's wages. As well as having the
expected sign, the estimated elasticities are similar in magnitude to
those for the United States over the period
1948-75."
Correspondence: S. Jackson, University of
New South Wales, University College, Australian Defence Force Academy,
Department of Economics and Management, Northcott Drive, Campbell, ACT
2601, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20184 James, K. S. Fertility
decline in Andhra Pradesh: a search for alternative hypotheses.
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 34, No. 8, Feb 20-26, 1999. 491-9
pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"The southern states in India, on
the whole, are undergoing a fertility transition. Of these Kerala and
Tamil Nadu have already attained a replacement level fertility. The
dramatic fertility decline in Andhra Pradesh shows that the state will
follow the other two soon. This paper attempts to depict the fertility
decline in that state and to consider plausible explanations." The
data are taken primarily from the census, the Sample Registration
System, and the National Family Health Survey.
Location:
Princeton University Library (PF).
65:20185 Japan. National Institute of
Population and Social Security Research (Tokyo, Japan).
The Eleventh Japanese National Fertility Survey in 1997. Volume I:
marriage and fertility in present-day Japan. National Institute of
Population and Social Security Research Survey Series, No. 13, Sep
1998. 211 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
Results are presented from this
national fertility survey of Japan, which is undertaken at five-year
interval, and involves a nationally representative sample of about
9,000 women aged 15-49. The introductory text has chapters on the
timing of marriage, fertility, number of children desired, women's
labor force participation, and opinions about marriage and
fertility.
Correspondence: National Institute of Population
and Social Security Research, Kasumigaseki 1-2-3, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
100, Japan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20186 Kekovole, John. Factors
associated with fertility decline in Kenya. [1998?]. iv, 29 pp.
Population Council: Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
"This report
provides a summary of the major findings derived from the analysis of
data collected in four national demographic surveys carried out between
1977 and 1993 (Kenya Fertility Survey of 1977/78, Kenya Contraceptive
Prevalence Survey of 1984 and Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys of
1989 and 1993) and in the 1979 and 1989 Population censuses to
ascertain levels, trends, and differentials of fertility in Kenya as
well as provide some insights into some of the factors which have
contributed to the fertility decline."
Correspondence:
Population Council, Multichoice Towers, Upper Hill, P.O. Box
17643, Nairobi, Kenya. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20187 Kiernan, Kathleen E.
Parenthood and family life in the United Kingdom. Review of
Population and Social Policy, No. 7, 1998. 63-81 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In
Eng.
"Within the context of Europe, the United Kingdom has had
one of the highest and most consistent total fertility rates over the
last twenty years. This paper examines the demographic, policy and
cultural dimensions that may form part of the explanation for this
relatively high level of fertility. The demographic impetuses
identified include the comparatively youthful pattern of childbearing
and more importantly the strong adherence to a two-child norm. The
paper reviews economic activity patterns, childcare and parental leave
provision, attitudes toward mothers working and toward family life more
generally, as well as the division of labor in the home. It highlights
how in the absence of state support for childcare, families in Britain
have reached their own pragmatic solutions to combining work and family
life, which has at its core mothers working part-time and the family
(including grandparents) being the chief providers of
childcare."
Correspondence: K. E. Kiernan, London
School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Population
Studies, Houghton Street, Aldwych, London WC2A 2AE, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20188 Kojima, Hiroshi; Rallu,
Jean-Louis. Fertility in Japan and France.
Population: An English Selection, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1998. 319-47 pp.
Paris, France. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Fertility in
Japan and France was very similar between 1975 and 1985, but the
subsequent decline has been greater in Japan, where levels have stood
at below 1.5 births per woman since 1993. A study of fertility using
civil registration and survey data, and from indices based on the
parity-specific birth probabilities, reveals that the decline in
fertility in Japan was due to the fall in nuptiality until the
mid-1980s but that since then there has also been a fall in fertility
within marriage. Unlike in France, extra-marital fertility has not
increased in Japan.... There are various cultural and economic
obstacles in Japan to an increase in fertility outside marriage and
among older women."
For the original French version, see
64:20265.
Correspondence: H. Kojima, Ministry of Health
and Welfare, National Institute of Population and Social Security
Research, Kasumigaseki 1-2-3, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20189 Lindstrom, David P.; Berhanu,
Betemariam. The impact of war, famine, and economic
decline on marital fertility in Ethiopia. Demography, Vol. 36, No.
2, May 1999. 247-61 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"We
examine recent fertility trends in Ethiopia for evidence of short- and
long-term responses to famine, political events, and economic decline.
We use retrospective data on children ever born from the 1990 National
Family and Fertility Survey to estimate trends in annual marital
conception probabilities, controlling for women's demographic and
socioeconomic characteristics. The results of our analysis provide
evidence of significant short-term declines in conception probabilities
during years of famine and major political and economic upheaval. In
the longer term, marital fertility in both urban and rural areas
declined in the 1980s after increasing moderately in the
1970s."
This is a revised version of a paper originally
presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: D. P. Lindstrom, Brown University,
Department of Sociology, Population Studies and Training Center, Maxcy
Hall, Box 1916, Providence, RI 02912. E-mail:
David_Lindstrom_1@brown.edu. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20190 López, Elsa.
Contraception and abortion: its role and impact on reproductive
life. [Anticoncepción y aborto: su papel y sentido en la
vida reproductiva.] Colección Sociedad, No. 6, ISBN
950-29-0380-3. Sep 1997. 124 pp. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Oficina
de Publicaciones del CBC: Buenos Aires, Argentina. In Spa.
These
are the results of a reproductive health survey undertaken in 1992-1993
among the low-income population in the greater metropolitan region of
Buenos Aires. The sample surveyed involved 561 women aged 15-49. There
are chapters on fertility, contraception, induced abortion, attitudes
about reproduction, and health services. The primary focus of the study
is on the reasons for persisting levels of high
fertility.
Correspondence: Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Oficina de Publicaciones del CBC, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
III P.B., 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20191 Merlo, Rosangela. First
birth timing in Australia. Journal of the Australian Population
Association, Vol. 12, No. 2, Nov 1995. 131-46 pp. Canberra, Australia.
In Eng.
"This paper examines the concept of delayed
childbearing in Australia, in comparison with other Western countries.
In addition to presenting statistics to examine changes in the age at
which women enter parenthood, survey data from the Australian Family
Project are used to investigate the factors influencing the timing of
the first birth. Using a framework proposed by Bloom (1984), the paper
presents a proportional hazards regression model of first birth timing.
Some attempt is made to examine changes over time in the factors
affecting the age at first birth."
Correspondence: R.
Merlo, Australian National University, National Centre for Development
Studies, Graduate Studies in Demography, G.P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT
0200, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20192 Misra, K. N.; Ramnath, T.
Some fertility parameters from the desert regions of Rajasthan
State. Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 44, No. 3, Sep 1998. 53-60
pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"An attempt was made to explore
some fertility related biological parameters in the arid regions of
Rajasthan [India]. Specifically, the study sought to estimate the
average [age] at menarche and effective marriage, the average duration
of breastfeeding and postpartum amenorrhoea at various parities and
ages and their interrelationships, and to compare the fecundability
measure of women in the region with that of women from other parts of
the country."
Correspondence: K. N. Misra, Jai Narayan
Vyas University, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Jodhpur,
India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20193 Morgan, S. Philip; Rindfuss, Ronald
R. Reexamining the link of early childbearing to marriage
and to subsequent fertility. Demography, Vol. 36, No. 1, Feb 1999.
59-75 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"Using data from
the 1980, 1985, and 1990 [U.S.] Current Population Surveys, we show
that the link between early fertility and nonmarital births has become
stronger. Women who give birth earlier are increasingly likely to be
unmarried. In contrast, we find a weaker association between first
births at young (versus older) ages and (1) a rapid pace of subsequent
childbearing and (2) higher completed fertility. We discuss possible
causes and consequences of these changes."
Correspondence:
S. P. Morgan, Duke University, Department of Sociology, 268
Soc-Psych Building, Box 90088, Durham, NC 27708-0088. E-mail:
pmorgan@soc.duke.edu. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20194 Nath, Dilip C.; Land, Kenneth C.;
Goswami, Giti. Effects of the status of women on the
first-birth interval in Indian urban society. Journal of Biosocial
Science, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan 1999. 55-69 pp. Cambridge, England. In
Eng.
"This study examines the influence of certain aspects of
the status of married women--education, employment, role in family
decision making, and age at marriage--along with three socioeconomic
variables--per capita income of the family, social position of the
household, and the caste system--on the duration of the first-birth
interval in an urban Hindu society of the north-east Indian state of
Assam.... The results indicate that a female's age at marriage,
education, current age, role in decision making, and the per capita
income of the household are the main covariates that strongly influence
the length of the first-birth interval of Hindu females of urban
Assam."
Correspondence: D. C. Nath, Duke University,
Department of Sociology, Durham, NC 27708-0088. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20195 Palloni, Alberto; Rafalimanana,
Hantamala. The effects of infant mortality on fertility
revisited: new evidence from Latin America. Demography, Vol. 36,
No. 1, Feb 1999. 41-58 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"In this paper, we examine empirical evidence for a relation
between infant and child mortality and fertility in Latin American
countries from 1920 to 1990. We investigate the relation at several
levels of aggregation and evaluate the extent to which evidence at one
level is consistent with evidence at other levels.... The evidence we
assemble from [several] data sets is remarkably consistent and suggests
small positive effects of infant mortality on fertility. These effects,
however, may be too small to support the hypothesis that changes in
child mortality are of more than modest importance in the process of
fertility decline in Latin America in the late twentieth
century."
Correspondence: A. Palloni, University of
Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology, 1180 Observatory Drive,
Madison, WI 53706-1393. E-mail: palloni@ssc.wisc.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20196 Pitt, Mark M.; Khandker, Shahidur R.;
McKernan, Signe-Mary; Latif, M. Abdul. Credit programs for
the poor and reproductive behavior in low-income countries: are the
reported causal relationships the result of heterogeneity bias?
Demography, Vol. 36, No. 1, Feb 1999. 1-21 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland.
In Eng.
"Group-based lending programs for the poor have drawn
much attention recently. As many of these programs target women, an
important research question is whether program participation
significantly changes reproductive behavior and whether the gender of
the participant matters. Using survey data from 87 Bangladeshi
villages, we estimate the impact of female and male participation in
group-based credit programs on reproductive behavior while attending to
issues of self-selection and endogeneity. We find no evidence that
women's participation in group-based credit programs increases
contraceptive use or reduces fertility. Men's participation reduces
fertility and may slightly increase contraceptive use."
This
paper was originally presented at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the
Population Association of America.
Correspondence: M. M.
Pitt, Brown University, Department of Economics, Box B, Providence, RI
02912. E-mail: Mark_Pitt@brown.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20197 Reed, Holly; Briere, Rona;
Casterline, John. The role of diffusion processes in
fertility change in developing countries: report of a workshop.
ISBN 0-309-06478-3. 1999. xi, 30 pp. National Academy Press:
Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This report summarizes presentations
and discussions at the Workshop on the Social Processes Underlying
Fertility Change in Developing Countries, organized by the Committee on
Population of the National Research Council (NRC) in Washington, D.C.,
January 29-30, 1998.... Fourteen papers were presented at the workshop;
they represented both theoretical and empirical perspectives and shed
new light on the role that diffusion processes may play in fertility
transition. These papers served as the basis for the discussion that is
summarized in this report.... A selection of the papers will be edited
and published as a separate volume."
Correspondence:
National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Box 285,
Washington, D.C. 20418. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20198 Rendall, Michael S.; Clarke, Lynda;
Peters, H. Elizabeth; Ranjit, Nalini; Verropoulou, Georgia.
Incomplete reporting of men's fertility in the United States and
Britain: a research note. Demography, Vol. 36, No. 1, Feb 1999.
135-44 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"We evaluate men's
retrospective fertility histories from the British Household Panel
Survey and the U.S. Panel Study of lncome Dynamics (PSID). Further, we
analyze the PSID men's panel-updated fertility histories for their
possible superiority over retrospective collection. One third to one
half of men's nonmarital births and births within previous marriages
are missed in estimates from retrospective histories.... More recent
retrospective histories and panel-updated fertility histories improve
reporting completeness, primarily by reducing the proportion of marital
births from unions that are no longer intact at the survey
date."
Correspondence: M. S. Rendall, Pennsylvania
State University, Department of Sociology, University Park, PA 16802.
E-mail: rendall@pop.psu.edu. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20199 Sathar, Zeba A.; Casterline, John
B. The onset of fertility transition in Pakistan.
Population and Development Review, Vol. 24, No. 4, Dec 1998. 773-96,
899, 901 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"In this article we present empirical evidence from multiple
and independent studies carried out in the past eight years
demonstrating that the decline of marital fertility has finally begun
in Pakistan.... We review the evidence suggesting that important
demographic changes are underway; describe the large-scale social and
economic changes that have motivated the recent changes in reproductive
behavior; and examine the more-direct causes of these changes and the
constraints on further changes. We conclude by speculating about the
prospects for further declines in fertility in
Pakistan."
Correspondence: Z. A. Sathar, Population
Council, Islamabad, Pakistan. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20200 Sato, Ryuzaburo. A
demographic analysis of marital fertility in recent Japan, focusing on
age at marriage, marital duration, and birth order. Nihon Minzoku
Eisei Gakkai/Japanese Journal of Health and Human Ecology, Vol. 64, No.
4, Jul 1998. 245-65 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn. with sum. in Eng.
"The purpose of this study was to analyze the levels, timing
and trends of marital fertility in recent Japan, in which total
fertility has been below the replacement level. Using...vital
statistics, marital duration-specific fertility rates, broken down by
age at marriage and birth order, for the 1980, 1985 and 1990 marriage
cohorts and rates for first birth for the 1970 and 1975 marriage
cohorts were estimated, and...related demographic factors were also
examined."
Correspondence: R. Sato, National Institute
of Population and Social Security Research, 1-2-3 Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20201 Sollova Manenova, Vera.
Fertility, work, and women's education in the state of Mexico,
1990. [Fecundidad, trabajo y educación de la mujer en el
estado de México, 1990.] Papeles de Población, Vol. 4,
No. 15, Jan-Mar 1998. 127-44 pp. Toluca, Mexico. In Spa. with sum. in
Eng.
"This article analyzes the situation of fertility in the
state of Mexico at the beginning of the nineties. The fertility levels
in Mexico have been decreasing since the seventies.... The performed
study at [the] municipality level shows the differences among the
fertility levels, education, and the inequalities in the economic
participation rates of the female population. The last two phenomena,
education and economic participation, are presented as the explicative
variables which have had more influence in the lowering of
fertility."
Correspondence: V. Sollova Manenova,
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de
Economia, Avenida Instituto Literario No. 100 OTE. Col. Centro, 50000
Toluca, Mexico. E-mail: VSM@mail.UAEMEX.mx. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20202 Udjo, Eric O. The effect
of child survival on fertility in Zimbabwe: a micro-macro level
analysis. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Vol. 43, No. 5, Oct
1997. 255-66 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This study attempts
to measure the effect of child survival on birth intervals in Zimbabwe
using a micro-macro analytical approach based on the individual and
community data from the 1988 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey,
and the 1989/1990 Zimbabwe Service Availability Survey, respectively.
The multivariate analysis showed that there is a replacement effect in
the relationship between child survival and fertility independent of
individual characteristics of women in Zimbabwe. The analysis also
showed that health interventions as measured by coverage and visit by a
mobile family planning clinic, and access to a health service have
differential impact on fertility in Zimbabwe controlling for the
survival status of the previous to the last child and individual
characteristics of the women."
Correspondence: E. O.
Udjo, Central Statistical Service, Directorate of Analysis, Private Bag
X44, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Location: U.S. National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
65:20203 Ueno, Chizuko. The
declining birthrate: Whose problem? Review of Population and
Social Policy, No. 7, 1998. 103-28 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
"This paper argues that the decline in the Japanese total
fertility rate was caused mainly by the rise in the unmarried
population. Possible explanations are late marriages, high educational
expenditures and housing costs, women's higher education and increased
participation in the workforce, and a change in cultural values. The
fertility rate among married women has remained at the replacement
level for the last few decades, and the number of illegitimate births
is almost negligible.... It is difficult to measure the impact of
family policies, but the high level of privatization of reproductive
costs and the low value assigned to care work can be seen as signs of a
child-unfriendly society. If an individual couple makes a voluntary
decision to have fewer children, on the other hand, the low fertility
rate may not constitute a problem."
Correspondence: C.
Ueno, University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology,
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20204 Valero Lobo, Angeles.
Fertility in Spain. Dropping without limits or going up? [La
fecundidad en España. ¿Caída sin límites o
recuperación?] Política y Sociedad, No. 26, Sep-Dec 1997.
25-39, 186 pp. Madrid, Spain. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
"From
all points of view the demographic situation in advanced societies is
entirely unusual in every way. Not only has fertility dropped to record
lows, but other factors that determine demographic evolution (such as
mortality, nuptiality and migration) have stopped behaving like they
used to in the past. The purpose of this article is to reexamine the
present significance of nuptiality from a demographic standpoint and
its influence on fertility and the formation of the family in Western
society, and in Spain in particular."
Correspondence:
A. Valero Lobo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de
Sociología II, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
65:20205 Van de Kaa, D. J.
Anchored narratives: history and results of half a century of
investigations on fertility determinants. [Narraciones ancladas:
historia y resultados de medio siglo de investigaciones sobre los
determinantes de la fecundidad.] Notas de Población, Vol. 25,
No. 66, Dec 1997. 9-85 pp. Santiago, Chile. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
"It is argued that the quest for the determinants of fertility
behaviour and change during [the past 50 years] can best be interpreted
as the development of a series of sub-narratives from different
disciplinary perspectives and orientations.... There is every reason to
believe that the research process identified will continue and will
lead to a further accumulation of knowledge.... That it will,
ultimately, lead to a single, consolidated narrative fully satisfactory
for all settings and for all time is, however, highly
unlikely."
Correspondence: D. J. Van de Kaa,
Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ
Amsterdam, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20206 Wasao, Samson W.
Fertility and agricultural change in Kenya, 1979-1989. African
Population Policy Research Center Working Paper, No. 1, 1998. 36 pp.
Population Council, African Population Policy Research Center: Nairobi,
Kenya. In Eng.
"This paper examines the relationship between
fertility change and selected socioeconomic and demographic factors at
the district level in Kenya during the inter-censal period of
1979-1989.... We...examine whether the demand for children was
associated, albeit indirectly, with some key agricultural
activities.... The main finding of this study with reference to
agriculture is that fertility decline was significantly associated with
the population pressure on land. Also increased urbanization and female
wage employment had significant influence on fertility at the district
level."
Correspondence: Population Council,
Multichoice Towers, Upper Hill, P.O. Box 17643, Nairobi, Kenya.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20207 Waynforth, David; Hurtado, A.
Magdalena; Hill, Kim. Environmentally contingent
reproductive strategies in Mayan and Ache males. Evolution and
Human Behavior, Vol. 19, No. 6, Nov 1998. 369-85 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"The primary goal of this article is to explore
causes of variation in male reproductive strategies in two traditional
societies: the Ache of Paraguay, and Mayans living in rural Belize. The
specific focus of the first part of the article concerns variation in
the timing of age at first reproduction in the presence or absence of
certain predictors.... Theoretical perspectives then are applied to
additional aspects of male reproduction in the Belizean sample only,
using data on lifetime number of sex partners, number of offspring
produced, and information on willingness to accept time and energy
costs to maintain a sexual relationship."
Correspondence:
D. Waynforth, University of New Mexico, Department of
Anthropology, Albuquerque, NM 87131. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:20208 Yashiro, Naohiro. The
economic factors for the declining birthrate. Review of Population
and Social Policy, No. 7, 1998. 129-44 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
"This paper examines economic factors affecting the declining
fertility rate in Japan. A major cause of this continuous decline is
the increasing participation of women in the labor force. This, in
turn, increases the opportunity costs of having children for a family.
These opportunity costs are closely related to the scarcity of
full-time jobs for women due to the fixed employment practices of major
Japanese companies. A crucial policy for stabilizing the fertility rate
is to reduce the opportunity costs [for] women by increasing child-care
services and promoting the creation of jobs for those who are beyond
the child-rearing age."
Correspondence: N. Yashiro,
Sophia University, Institute of International Relations, Chiyoda-ku,
Kioicho 7-1, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20209 Zakharov, S. V.; Ivanova, E.
I. Birth and marriage rates in Russia. [Rozhdaemost'
i brachnost' v Rossii.] Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 24, No.
7, 1997. 70-80 pp. Moscow, Russia. In Rus.
Recent trends in
fertility and marriage rates in Russia are reviewed. The author notes
that fertility rates remained relatively high until the 1970s, and
since then they have declined rapidly to below-replacement levels. Some
comparisons are made with the situations in other developed countries.
Trends in age at marriage and age at first birth are also analyzed. The
article concludes with some consideration of possible future trends and
of policies that could be adopted in order to influence those
trends.
Correspondence: S. V. Zakharov, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Institute of National Economy Prognostication, Leninsky
Prospekt 14, 117901 Moscow, Russia. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
65:20210 Zhou, Haibo; Weinberg, Clarice
R. Potential for bias in estimating human fecundability
parameters: a comparison of statistical models. Statistics in
Medicine, Vol. 18, No. 4, Feb 28, 1999. 411-22 pp. Chichester, England.
In Eng.
"Traditional development in fertility studies has been
based on an implicit assumption that binary outcomes for different
menstrual cycles are mutually independent. We contrast traditional
models to a random effects model where cycle viability is modelled as
subject-specific. We clarify the interpretations for different
parameters from different models. We show that the traditional approach
yields some regression parameters that depend on follow-up time,
limiting the generalizability of inferences based on this analytic
approach. By contrast, the subject-specific model consistently
estimates parameters of interest, if the underlying distribution is
properly specified. Data from a fecundability study carried out in
North Carolina serves to illustrate these
points."
Correspondence: H. Zhou, University of North
Carolina, Department of Biostatistics, CB #7400, Chapel Hill, NC
27599-7400. E-mail: zhou@bios.unc.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
Studies on differences in fertility patterns and levels in subgroups of a population. Also included are studies on age-specific fertility, such as teenage pregnancy.
65:20211 Alagarajan, Manoj; Kulkarni, P.
M. Fertility differentials by religion in Kerala: a period
parity progression ratio analysis. Demography India, Vol. 27, No.
1, Jan-Jun 1998. 213-27 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This paper
examines the fertility differentials in the state [of Kerala, India]
primarily on the basis of the data from the [1992-1993] National Family
Health Survey (NFHS).... The paper first describes the trends in
fertility differentials by religion in Kerala and then examines whether
the religion factor has an effect net of socio-economic variables.
Finally, a period parity progression ratio analysis has been carried
out, to see if the family building process varies by religion and
further whether the differentials have changed over
time."
Correspondence: M. Alagarajan, Bharathiar
University, Department of Population Studies, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
641 046, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20212 Andersson, Roland; Lambe, Mats;
Bergström, Reinhold. Fertility patterns after
appendicectomy: historical cohort study. British Medical Journal,
Vol. 318, No. 7189, Apr 10, 1999. 963-7 pp. London, England. In Eng.
Fertility among women who had their appendix removed during
childhood in Sweden is analyzed using data on 9,840 women under age 25
who underwent appendectomy between 1964 and 1983, and who were followed
until 1994. "A history of perforated appendix in childhood does
not seem to have long term negative consequences on female fertility.
This may have important implications for the management of young women
with suspected appendicitis as the liberal attitude to surgical
explorations with a subsequently high rate of removal of a normal
appendix is often justified by a perceived increased risk of
infertility after perforation. Women whose appendix was found to be
normal at appendicectomy in childhood seem to belong to a subgroup with
a higher fertility than the general
population."
Correspondence: R. Andersson, Ryhov
Hospital, Department of Surgery, 551-85 Jönköping, Sweden.
E-mail: roland.andersson@ryhov.ltjkpg.se. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:20213 Crognier, Emile.
Environmental constraints, social inequality and reproductive
success. A case-study in Morocco. In: Human biology and social
inequality, edited by S. S. Strickland and P. S. Shetty. 1998. 239-71
pp. Cambridge University Press: New York, New York/Cambridge, England.
In Eng.
The extent to which agro-ecological zones and socioeconomic
status differences are associated with differences in reproductive
success is explored using data from a 1984 survey of some 6,000 Berber
nuclear families living in rural areas of the province of Marrakesh,
Morocco. The results suggest that variations in socioeconomic status
had greater impact on reproductive success, defined as number of live
births and survival of offspring to sexual maturity, than differences
in agro-ecological environment. The importance of having many children
as a measure of socioeconomic success in peasant communities is
noted.
Correspondence: E. Crognier, Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, UPR 221, Pavilion de Lanfant 346, Route des
Alpes, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20214 Diop, Nafissatou J.
Adolescent fertility in Senegal. [La fécondité
des adolescentes au Senegal.] Rapport d'Etude, No. 11, Mar 1995. ix,
191 pp. Union pour l'Etude de la Population Africaine: Dakar, Senegal.
In Fre.
The author examines adolescent fertility in Senegal.
Chapters are included on a review of the literature; the social context
of adolescent fertility; data sources, data quality, and methodology;
analysis of fertility determinants; the study of fertility; and
consequences of adolescent fertility for maternal
health.
Correspondence: Union pour l'Etude de la Population
Africaine, Dakar, Senegal. Location: Population Council
Library, New York, NY.
65:20215 Hernández Espinoza, Patricia
O. The probabilities of increasing the family and
fertility by birth order in Sonora, according to the 1980 and 1990
censuses. [Las probabilidades de agrandamiento de la familia y la
fecundidad por orden de nacimiento en Sonora, según los censos
de 1980 y 1990.] Papeles de Población, Vol. 4, No. 15, Jan-Mar
1998. 145-75 pp. Toluca, Mexico. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
The
author analyzes variations in fertility among women born in the periods
1930-1934 and 1940-1944 in the state of Sonora, Mexico. The results
indicate that in three levels of disaggregation there is a tendency to
a decrease in family size in Mexico over time, particularly among
Sonoran natives. Data are primarily from the censuses of 1980 and
1990.
Correspondence: P. O. Hernández Espinoza,
Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Col. Isidro Fabela,
C.P. 14030, Mexico. E-mail: USCENAH@viernes.IWM.com.mx. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20216 Hussain, R.; Bittles, A. H.
Consanguineous marriage and differentials in age at marriage,
contraceptive use and fertility in Pakistan. Journal of Biosocial
Science, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan 1999. 121-38 pp. Cambridge, England. In
Eng.
"Reproductive behaviour among women in consanguineous
(first cousin) and non-consanguineous unions [in Pakistan] was
compared.... The results show that, although female age at first
marriage has been gradually rising in both study samples, women in
consanguineous unions married at younger ages and were less likely to
use modern contraceptive methods. In the Karachi sample, women in first
cousin unions experienced a higher mean number of pregnancies and also
reported a higher mean number of children ever born (CEB). However,
their mean number of surviving children did not differ from those born
to women in none-consanguineous unions...."
Correspondence:
R. Hussain, University of Wollongong, P.O. Box 1144, Wollongong,
NSW 2500, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20217 Kaufmann, Rachel B.; Spitz, Alison
M.; Strauss, Lilo T.; Morris, Leo; Santelli, John S.; Koonin, Lisa M.;
Marks, James S. The decline in U.S. teen pregnancy rates,
1990-1995. Pediatrics, Vol. 102, No. 5, Nov 1998. 1,141-7 pp. Elk
Grove Village, Illinois. In Eng.
The authors "estimate
pregnancy, abortion, and birth rates for 1990 to 1995 for all teens,
sexually experienced teens, and sexually active teens [using a]
retrospective analysis of national [U.S.] data on pregnancies,
abortions, and births.... Approximately 40% of women aged 15 to 19
years were sexually active in 1995.... From 1991 to 1995, the annual
pregnancy rate for women aged 15 to 19 years decreased by 13% to 83.6
per 1,000. The percentage of teen pregnancies that ended in induced
abortions decreased yearly; thus, the abortion rate decreased more than
the birth rate (21% vs. 9%). From 1988 to 1995, the proportion of
sexually experienced teens decreased
nonsignificantly."
Correspondence: R. B. Kaufmann,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop F-42, 1600 Clifton
Road, Atlanta, GA 30333. Location: Princeton University
Library (SZ).
65:20218 Mueller, Ulrich; Mazur,
Allan. Reproductive constraints on dominance competition
in male Homo sapiens. Evolution and Human Behavior, Vol. 19, No.
6, Nov 1998. 387-96 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Here we
present the first example of reproductive constraints on high rank
attainment in male Homo sapiens, based on lifetime professional and
reproductive performances of 337 military officers, all graduates of
the class of 1950 of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point.... We
conclude that the lower reproductive success of the highest ranking
officers...results from high rank attainment and, therefore, possibly
might indicate some selection against an extreme expression of
characteristics that facilitate high rank
attainment."
Correspondence: U. Mueller, University of
Marburg, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sociology and Social
Medicine, 35033 Marburg, Germany. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:20219 Otor, Samuel C. J.; Pandey,
Arvind. Puberty and the family formation process in Sudan:
age-at-menarche differential fecundity hypothesis revisited.
Social Biology, Vol. 45, No. 3-4, Fall-Winter 1998. 246-59 pp. Port
Angeles, Washington. In Eng.
"This paper revisits and extends
an inquiry on the age-at-menarche differential fecundity hypothesis....
Using the WFS [World Fertility Survey] data for Sudan, the authors
address the entire reproductive life of the women in terms of their
transition from one parity to the next, as well as the speed with which
birth intervals are closed, as a way to infer biological fecundity
among the women. The study concludes that there is little evidence that
early menarcheal women are more fecund than their late puberty
counterparts."
Correspondence: S. C. J. Otor, Kenyatta
University, Department of Environment Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20220 Pozo Avalos, Arturo.
Reproductive health of adolescent girls. [Salud reproductiva
de las adolescentes.] Correo Poblacional y de la Salud, Vol. 6, No. 1,
Apr 1998. 35-42 pp. Quito, Ecuador. In Spa.
The author examines
reproductive health among adolescent girls in Ecuador. Aspects
considered include adolescent fertility, average number of children,
fertility preferences, premarital pregnancy, sexual experience, age at
first intercourse and contraceptive use, and sexual
activity.
Correspondence: A. Pozo Avalos, Centro de
Estudios de Población y Paternidad Responsable, Toribio Montes
423 y Daniel Hidalgo, Casilla No. 17-01-2327, Quito, Ecuador.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20221 Santow, Gigi; Bracher,
Michael. Explaining trends in teenage childbearing in
Sweden. Stockholm Research Reports in Demography, No. 131, ISBN
91-7820-133-0. Jan 1999. 25, [6] pp. Stockholm University, Demography
Unit: Stockholm, Sweden. In Eng.
"The teenage fertility rate
fell precipitately in Sweden after 1966, and is now one of the lowest
in Europe.... We examine by means of microsimulation the possible roles
of contraception and induced abortion in causing teenage fertility to
fall.... We draw parallels with the experience of other European
countries, and draw contrasts with the United States, where no such
developments have occurred."
Correspondence: Stockholm
University, Demography Unit, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20222 Tang, Zongli; Trovato,
Frank. Discrimination and Chinese fertility in
Canada. Social Biology, Vol. 45, No. 3-4, Fall-Winter 1998. 172-93
pp. Port Angeles, Washington. In Eng.
"The study examines
Chinese fertility in Canada in the context of minority-status and
fertility. Chinese-Canadians are compared with British-Canadians, who
are considered in this analysis as the majority group.... We conclude
that discrimination variations over social classes combined with
normative influence are a major factor in causing class fertility
differentials between the Chinese and the British in
Canada."
Correspondence: Z. Tang, University of
Massachusetts, Massachusetts Institute of Social and Economic Research,
Thompson Hall, Box 37515, Amherst, MA 01003-7515. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20223 Ventura, Stephanie J.; Curtin, Sally
C. Recent trends in teen births in the United States.
Statistical Bulletin, Vol. 80, No. 1, Jan-Mar 1999. 2-12 pp. Baltimore,
Maryland. In Eng.
"This article focuses on recent trends in
[U.S.] births and birth rates for teenagers 15-19 years, incorporating
the most recent information for 1997, based on preliminary vital
statistics data. The total number of teen pregnancies includes live
births combined with estimates of induced abortions and fetal losses.
From the mid 1970s to the mid 1990s, the teen pregnancy rate has been
about twice the teen birth rate. Although not as current as data for
live births, recent abortion data indicate that the decline in teen
birth rates has been accompanied by decreases in abortion rates as
well."
Correspondence: S. J. Ventura, U.S. National
Center for Health Statistics, Reproductive Statistics Branch, 6525
Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782-2003. E-mail: nchsquery@cdc.gov.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20224 Voland, Eckart; Chasiotis,
Athanasios. How female reproductive decisions cause social
inequality in male reproductive fitness: evidence from eighteenth- and
nineteenth-century Germany. In: Human biology and social
inequality, edited by S. S. Strickland and P. S. Shetty. 1998. 220-38
pp. Cambridge University Press: New York, New York/Cambridge, England.
In Eng.
Using church records and other historical data sources, the
authors present empirical evidence on social group differences in
reproductive fitness for a number of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century
communities in Germany. Reproductive fitness is defined here as
fertility, infant survival, and social placement of adult offspring. By
comparing prosperous farmers with landless workers, the authors examine
how far the mating and reproductive decisions of women, and their
social mobility through marriage, resulted in social inequality in the
reproductive fitness of men. The results indicate that land ownership
was a component of natural selection, and that differential
reproductive success accumulated to result in significant and
long-lasting social status differences. The authors conclude that the
reproductive success of elite groups is a largely female-driven
phenomenon that is in turn contingent on male social
status.
Correspondence: E. Voland, Johnder Strasse 1, 37127
Scheden, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
Studies on infertility, as well as studies of spontaneous abortion, prematurity, and other relevant pathologies of pregnancy.
65:20225 Dickman, M. D.; Leung, C. K. M.;
Leong, M. K. H. Hong Kong male subfertility links to
mercury in human hair and fish. Science of the Total Environment,
Vol. 214, No. 1-3, 1998. 165-74 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
"The focus of the present study was on the relationship
between Hong Kong male subfertility and fish consumption. Mercury
concentrations found in the hair of 159 Hong Kong males aged
25-72...was positively correlated with age and was significantly higher
in Hong Kong subjects than in European and Finnish subjects.... Mercury
in the hair of 117 subfertile Hong Kong males...was significantly
higher than mercury levels found in hair collected from 42 fertile Hong
Kong males.... Although there were only 35 female subjects, they had
significantly lower levels of hair mercury than males in similar age
groups."
Correspondence: M. D. Dickman, University of
Hong Kong, Ecology and Biodiversity Department, Pokfulam Road, Hong
Kong, China. E-mail: dickman@hkusua.hku.hk. Location:
Princeton University Library (ST).
65:20226 Jejeebhoy, Shireen J.
Infertility in India--levels, patterns and consequences: priorities
for social science research. Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 44,
No. 2, Jun 1998. 15-24 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"Infertility
has been relatively neglected as both a health problem and a subject
for social science research in South Asia, as in the developing world
more generally.... The objective of this paper is to present a profile
of the little that is available on the subject of infertility, and to
identify social science research needs in the area of
infertility." The geographical focus is on
India.
Correspondence: S. J. Jejeebhoy, World Health
Organization, Special Programme of Research, Development and Research
Training in Human Reproduction, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20227 Stephen, Elizabeth H.; Chandra,
Anjani. Updated projections of infertility in the United
States: 1995-2025. Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 70, No. 1, Jul
1998. 30-4 pp. Birmingham, Alabama. In Eng.
The authors
"project the number of infertile [U.S.] women aged 15-44 every 5
years from 2000 to 2025.... Data are used from Cycle 5 of the National
Survey of Family Growth.... The number of women experiencing
infertility will range from 5.4-7.7 million in 2025 with the most
likely number to be just under 6.5 million.... This is a substantial
revision (upward) in the number of infertile women, largely a result of
the increase in the observed percentage of infertile women in
1995."
Correspondence: E. H. Stephen, Georgetown
University, Department of Demography, Box 571214, Washington, D.C.
20057-1214. E-mail: stepheel@gunet.georgetown.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20228 Yadava, R. C.; Srivastava,
Meenakshi. Extent of infecundity derived from open birth
interval data. Demography India, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1998.
205-11 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
The authors estimate the
probability of females progressing to another birth, with a focus on
determining the extent of infecundity or voluntary childlessness.
"A description of the proposed methodology is presented...followed
by the estimation of proportion of fecund females in different open
birth interval groups." Data are from a study conducted in 1978 in
Varanasi, India.
Correspondence: R. C. Yadava, Banaras
Hindu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Statistics,
Varanasi 221 005, India. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
Studies concerning activities, including family planning programs, that are primarily designed to influence fertility.
General aspects of fertility control, primarily those concerned with family planning and family planning programs.
65:20229 Abeykoon, A. T. P. L.
Population programme in Sri Lanka: the environment, strategies,
structure, managerial processes and strategic issues for the
future. Population Information Centre Research Paper Series, No.
8, Nov 1996. 24 pp. Ministry of Health, Highways and Social Services,
Population Information Centre: Colombo, Sri Lanka. In Eng.
The
author describes the Sri Lankan population program, from its inception
in 1965 through the year 2000. The phases of the program are outlined,
and information for each phase is provided on program environment,
strategy, structure, and management.
Correspondence:
Ministry of Health, Highways and Social Services, Population
Division, Population Information Centre, 231 De Saram Place, Colombo
10, Sri Lanka. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20230 Addai, Isaac. Ethnicity
and contraceptive use in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Ghana.
Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan 1999. 105-20 pp.
Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"Using a sub-sample of
ever-married women from the 1993 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey
(GDHS), this study examines differentials in contraceptive use in six
cultural groups.... Multivariate analysis is used to explore whether
reported ethnic differentials in contraceptive use can be attributed to
ethnicity or to other characteristics that distinguish the ethnic
groups. Overall, the findings are generally more consistent with the
`characteristics' hypothesis, because contraceptive use differentials
by ethnic group are accounted for by differences in socioeconomic and
demographic characteristics of these
women."
Correspondence: I. Addai, Lansing Community
College, Department of Social Sciences, P.O. Box 40010, Lansing, MI
48901-7210. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20231 Anderson, John E.; Wilson, Ronald;
Doll, Lynda; Jones, T. Stephen; Barker, Peggy. Condom use
and HIV risk behaviors among U.S. adults: data from a national
survey. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan-Feb
1999. 24-8 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"In this article,
we present results from a major survey of the U.S. adult
population--the 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
(NHSDA).... Our objectives are to use the NHSDA data to describe the
frequency of condom use among U.S. adults, to determine how this varies
by type of sex partner and by the characteristics of respondents
(including their engagement in HIV risk behaviors), and to evaluate
progress toward achieving specific goals for levels of condom
use." Results indicate that "substantial progress has been
made toward national goals for increasing condom use. The rates of
condom use by individuals at high risk of HIV need to be increased,
however, particularly condom use with a steady
partner."
Correspondence: J. E. Anderson, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention,
Mailstop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20232 Araoye, Margaret O.; Fakeye,
Olurotimi O. Sexuality and contraception among Nigerian
adolescents and youth. African Journal of Reproductive
Health/Revue Africaine de la Santé Reproductive, Vol. 2, No. 2,
Oct 1998. 142-50 pp. Benin City, Nigeria. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"Sexual behaviour and use of contraceptives among [971]
adolescents in a college in Nigeria was studied in order to identify
their needs for reproductive health programmes.... Sixty-three percent
of them had (ever had) sexual intercourse, but only 72 percent and 81
percent of sexually experienced males and females, respectively, had
ever used contraception. The most common methods ever used by the males
and females, respectively, were the condom (43%) and rhythm (31%).
Twenty-one percent of the adolescents engaged in high-risk sexual
behaviour."
Correspondence: M. O. Araoye, University
of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Department of Epidemiology and Community
Health, Ilorin, Nigeria. E-mail: fhsilorin@anpa.net.ng. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20233 Bélanger, Alain.
Trends in contraceptive sterilization. Canadian Social Trends,
No. 50, Autumn 1998. 16-9 pp. Ottawa, Canada. In Eng.
"Compared with other industrialized nations, voluntary
sterilization for contraceptive purposes is remarkably widespread in
Canada. By 1995, some 3.3 million couples had undergone a vasectomy or
tubal ligation in order to end their ability to have children. The
prevalence of this practice, the early age at which it is often
performed, and its generally irreversible nature have had a significant
effect on women's fertility rates and the size of families. This
article outlines the changing patterns of male and female sterilization
between 1984 and 1995, and examines some of the characteristics of
couples who choose this option."
Correspondence: A.
Bélanger, Statistics Canada, Demography Division, Ottawa,
Ontario K1A 0T6, Canada. Location: Princeton University
Library (PR).
65:20234 Besharov, Douglas J.; Stewart,
Felicia H.; Gardiner, Karen N.; Parker, Molly. Why some
men don't use condoms: male attitudes about condoms and other
contraceptives. Sexuality and American Social Policy, No. 8, ISBN
0-944525-29-6. 1997. xvii, 50 pp. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation:
Menlo Park, California. In Eng.
"To understand better why some
men at risk for STDs and HIV/AIDS do not use condoms consistently or at
all, the Kaiser Family Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute
devoted [a seminar]...to a discussion about male attitudes toward and
use of condoms. Leading scholars presented the most up-to-date research
on condom use, focusing on male adolescents and gay men, two of the
groups most at risk for HIV/AIDS and STDs.... The papers and survey
data presented at the seminar and the ensuing discussion among
participants are included in this monograph." The geographical
focus is on the United States.
Correspondence: Henry J.
Kaiser Family Foundation, 2400 Sand Hill Road, Suite 100, Menlo Park,
CA 94025-6944. Location: Population Council Library, New York,
NY.
65:20235 Brown, Joseph W.; Boulton, Matthew
L. Provider attitudes toward dispensing emergency
contraception in Michigan's Title X programs. Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1999. 39-43 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"In this special report, we describe results of
a survey conducted in Michigan in October 1996...to assess Title
X-funded family planning providers' attitudes toward and perceptions
about the provision of emergency contraception. Results of this survey
illuminate obstacles to the provision of postcoital pills and provide
insights into how best to integrate this method within the range of
Title X reproductive health services."
Correspondence:
J. W. Brown, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109-2029. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20236 Burnhill, M. S.
Contraceptive use: the U.S. perspective. International Journal
of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Vol. 62, Suppl., Aug 1998. 17-23 pp.
Limerick, Ireland. In Eng.
The author discusses "a number of
factors [that] impact population trends and contraceptive utilization.
Recent fertility trends in the United States are heavily influenced by
the passage of the large `baby boomer' cohort from highly fertile to
less fertile ages. Another set of factors has to do with age of
marriage, timing of pregnancies, and the modal age at which
reproduction is completed."
Correspondence: M. S.
Burnhill, Planned Parenthood Federation of America, 810 Seventh Avenue,
New York, NY 10019. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20237 Calvès,
Anne-Emmanuèle. First report: 1998 Rwanda Sexual
Behavior and Condom Use survey. [1998]. [xii], 128 pp. Population
Services International: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"The purpose
of the 1998 Rwanda Sexual Behavior and Condom Use survey (RSBCU) was to
provide information on sexual behavior and condom use in Rwanda that
can be used to design and implement effective AIDS awareness and condom
promotion campaigns." Chapters are included on survey
organization; sample characteristics; sexual behaviors; access to and
use of condoms; knowledge of condom brands and effectiveness of
Prudence brand, plus advertising and information campaign; perceptions
of condom use and AIDS awareness; and condom use in the context of
fertility regulation.
Correspondence: Population Services
International, 1120 Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, D.C.
20036. E-mail: generalinfo@psiwash.org. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20238 Castilla, J.; Barrio, G.; de la
Fuente, L.; Belza, M. J. Sexual behaviour and condom use
in the general population of Spain, 1996. AIDS Care, Vol. 10, No.
6, Dec 1998. 667-76 pp. Abingdon, England. In Eng.
"A national
household survey of a representative sample of 9,984 individuals aged
15 years or over, carried out in 1996 using a combination of
face-to-face interviews and self-completion questionnaires, was
analyzed in order to describe the frequency of HIV sexual risk
behaviours and condom use in Spain. Of a total of 8,101 persons (81%)
who completed the questionnaire, 37% reported no sexual partner during
the previous 12 months, 57% reported one partner and 6% reported more
than one partner.... Among those who had casual sexual partners during
the preceding 12 months, 38% had always used condoms. In the
multivariate analysis, failure to use a condom systematically with
casual partners was associated with a higher age and being
married."
Correspondence: J. Castilla, National Center
of Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, C/ Sinesio Delgado 6,
Madrid 28029, Spain. E-mail: jcastill@isciii.es. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20239 Christopher, Elphis. The
relevance of ethnic monitoring in the experience of Haringey Healthcare
NHS Trust community family planning clinics. British Journal of
Family Planning, Vol. 24, No. 4, Jan 1999. 123-7 pp. London, England.
In Eng.
"Ethnic monitoring of all new and first attenders [at]
community family planning clinics [in England] was carried out by means
of an anonymous questionnaire during April to June 1997 inclusive to
ascertain whether ethnic minority women attend family planning
clinics.... The results showed that women came from a wide variety of
ethnic groups and from almost every country in the world. Those of UK
European origin were underrepresented. For 28 per cent of women,
English was not their first language. A total of 66 languages were
recorded."
Correspondence: E. Christopher, Saint Ann's
Hospital, Haringey Healthcare NHS Trust, Saint Ann's Road, London N15
3TH, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20240 de Graaf, A. Birth
control 1998. [Geboortenregeling 1998.] Maandstatistiek van de
Bevolking, Vol. 46, No. 12, Dec 1998. 25-9 pp. Voorburg, Netherlands.
In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
The author examines family planning in
the Netherlands in 1998. Aspects considered include age-specific
fertility rates, methods of contraception used by age of woman, marital
status, reasons for nonuse of contraception, and
sterilization.
Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20241 Dodoo, F. Nii-Amoo; Carr,
Rhoda. The simple measure and fertility control
measurement in Africa. Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 19,
No. 4, 1995. 279-83 pp. Pullman, Washington. In Eng.
"A recent
article by Anderson and Silver...proposed a Simple Measure for
evaluating the intensity of fertility control.... Unfortunately...data
from Africa, which is most plagued by data deficiencies, are ignored. A
possible explanation is that, for one unspecified reason or another,
the model may not be appropriate for the African setting. This paper
attempts to examine this proposition by applying the model to African
data."
For the article by Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D.
Silver, published in 1992, see 58:30192.
Correspondence:
F. N.-A. Dodoo, Vanderbilt University, Department of Sociology,
Nashville, TN 37235. E-mail: dodoof@ctrvax.vanderbilt.edu.
Location: Princeton University Library (AAS).
65:20242 Foreit, James R.; Frejka,
Tomas. Family planning operations research: a book of
readings. ISBN 0-87834-092-0. LC 98-40823. 1998. xiii, 398 pp.
Population Council: New York, New York. In Eng.
"This book
presents an overview of operations research used in family planning
programs in a collection of articles published in the past 35 years,
with examples from the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin
America. The selections cover a wide range of subjects illustrating the
major issues and topics that have benefited from operations research,
as well as a variety of research designs used in OR. The five sections
of the book deal with program impact, access to family planning,
resources, quality of care, and the conduct of OR studies." This
publication is also available in French and
Spanish.
Correspondence: Population Council, One Dag
Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location: Population
Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20243 Gordon, Adam F.; Owen,
Philip. Emergency contraception: change in knowledge of
women attending for termination of pregnancy from 1984 to 1996.
British Journal of Family Planning, Vol. 24, No. 4, Jan 1999. 121-2 pp.
London, England. In Eng.
The authors "compare the knowledge of
emergency contraception in women attending hospital for termination of
pregnancy in 1984 and 1996 [in Dundee, Scotland].... Over this 12 year
period, there has been a significant improvement in the knowledge of
emergency contraception.... Although most women in the 1996 cohort
recognised a reason for contraceptive failure and had adequate
knowledge of emergency contraception, only 17 per cent considered the
possibility of pregnancy."
Correspondence: A. F.
Gordon, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Department of Obstetrics
and Gynaecology, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20244 Gray, Alan; Chowdhury, Jamil H.;
Caldwell, Bruce; Al-Sabir, Ahmed. "Traditional"
family planning in Bangladesh: summary report. 1997. x, 31 pp.
Population Council: Dhaka, Bangladesh. In Eng.
This is the summary
report on five studies on traditional family planning in Bangladesh.
The studies examined are titled: Opportunities for integration of
RTI/STD services into FP-MCH programs; Strengthening STD services for
men in an urban clinic based program; Study of adolescents: dynamics of
perceptions, attitudes, knowledge, and use of reproductive health care;
Traditional family planning in Bangladesh; and Increasing the financial
sustainability of family planning service delivery in
Bangladesh.
Correspondence: Population Council, P.O. Box
6016, Gulshan, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh. E-mail: PCDHAKA@POPCOUNCIL.org.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20245 Hagen, Catherine A.; Fikree, Fariyal
F.; Sherali, Afroze; Hoodbhoy, Fauzia. Fertility and
family planning trends in Karachi, Pakistan. International Family
Planning Perspectives, Vol. 25, No. 1, Mar 1999. 38-43 pp. New York,
New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"A cross-sectional
survey of 3,301 households in urban Karachi [Pakistan] collected
information on the reproductive history and family planning knowledge
and practices of 2,651 ever-married women aged 54 or younger.
Birth-cohort analysis was used to identify time trends in fertility and
use of modern contraceptives.... Among a relatively well-educated,
middle-class population in urban Karachi, there is a strong trend
toward declining fertility and increasing utilization of
contraceptives. However, considerable unmet need for family planning is
still evident."
Correspondence: C. A. Hagan,
University of Northern British Columbia, Department of Community Health
Sciences, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia V2N 4Z9,
Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20246 Hakim, Abdul; Cleland, John; ul
Hassan Bhatti, Mansoor. Pakistan Fertility and Family
Planning Survey 1996-97: preliminary report. Jan 1998. xi, 51 pp.
National Institute of Population Studies [NIPS]: Islamabad, Pakistan;
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Population
Studies: London, England. In Eng.
"The Pakistan Fertility and
Family Planning Survey (PFFPS)...was planned, organized and executed
during April, 1996 to June, 1997.... Information has been collected on
household, environment, marriage patterns, fertility, family planing
awareness, contraception, infant mortality, attitudes towards family
planning, service delivery of family planning services and decision
making and mobility of women.... This report presents the main findings
of the survey.... [A] more in-depth and detailed report will be
available by mid-1998."
Correspondence: National
Institute of Population Studies, House No. 8, Street 70, F-8/3, P.O.
Box 2197, Islamabad, Pakistan. Location: Population Council
Library, New York, NY.
65:20247 Heichelheim, Judith; Holscher,
Michael; Meekers, Dominique; Pirvulescu, Mihaela.
Pharmacist survey of contraceptive availability, knowledge and
practices, Romania, 1998. 1998. iv, 39 pp. Population Services
International: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This report describes
the findings from a survey of pharmacists in three counties (judets) of
Romania.... The purpose of this survey was to rapidly assess the
situation and needs of pharmacists and pharmacies in both urban and
rural areas of the three counties, and, on the basis of the assessment,
recommend ways to improve reproductive health activities in these
areas."
Correspondence: Population Services
International,1120 Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, D.C.
20036. E-mail: generalinfo@psiwash.org. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20248 Heilig, Gabriel. Nation
building, one family at a time: the story of SOMARC. LC 98-73975.
1998. iv, 58 pp. U.S. Agency for International Development [USAID]:
Washington, D.C.; Futures Group International: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The author reports on social marketing for change (SOMARC) projects
that have been conducted worldwide concerning population growth, family
planning, and development. "This book discusses the family
planning choices and reproductive behaviors of tens of millions of men
and women throughout the world, and how the choices they make--or fail
to make--affect our common future.... [It] summarizes a series of
efforts the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has
sponsored in the areas of population growth and reproductive health....
This report is presented in two parts. Part One discusses the
development and deployment of the SOMARC initiatives and the major
lessons learned. Part Two looks at how methods used during SOMARC can
strengthen the sustainability of future family planning
efforts."
Correspondence: Futures Group International,
1050 17th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, D.C. 20036. E-mail:
d.levy@tfgi.com. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20249 Islam, M. Nurul; Rahman, M. Mujibur;
Haque, M. Emdadul; Ahmed, Shamsuddin. Users of injectable
contraception in Bangladesh. Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 44,
No. 2, Jun 1998. 67-74 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
The authors
"undertake an independent assessment of the current status of
injectable contraception in Bangladesh. The general objective was to
find out the major determinants of acceptance of injectables;
specifically, to study the effective knowledge of and attitudes towards
injectables among both acceptors and non-acceptors; the reasons for
acceptance, method satisfaction and continuation; and finally, to
explore the possibility of increasing its use through domiciliary
services provided by Family Welfare Assistants
(FWAs)."
Correspondence: M. N. Islam, University of
Dhaka, Department of Statistics, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20250 Jayne, Susan H.; Guilkey, David
K. Contraceptive determinants in three leading
countries. Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 17, No. 4,
Aug 1998. 329-50 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"The
purpose of this paper is to examine the relative importance of access
to family planning and the motivation to restrict fertility in
determining contraceptive use in three countries that have led the
fertility transitions in their regions: Colombia, Tunisia, and
Zimbabwe. A structural equations model is estimated where endogenous
fertility intentions are allowed to affect contraceptive method use.
Simulation methods are then used to quantify the size of the impact of
intentions and access on method choice for the three countries. The
results demonstrate that even after controlling for fertility
intentions, family planning program variables still have important
effects in all three countries."
Correspondence: D. K.
Guilkey, University of North Carolina, Carolina Population Center,
University Square, CB 8120, 124 East Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC
27516-3997. E-mail: david_guilkey@unc.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20251 Joseph, Sherry.
Emergency contraception: an option for women's empowerment.
Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 44, No. 2, Jun 1998. 54-8 pp. Mumbai,
India. In Eng.
The author makes the case for making emergency
contraception widely available in India, with a focus on providing
women with "accurate information about the methods but also access
to them through an effective service delivery
system."
Correspondence: S. Joseph, Viswa Bharati,
Department of Social Work, P.O. and T. O. Sriniketan 731 236, Birbhum,
West Bengal, India. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20252 Kahn, James G.; Brindis, Claire D.;
Glei, Dana A. Pregnancies averted among U.S. teenagers by
the use of contraceptives. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 31,
No. 1, Jan-Feb 1999. 29-34 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Published estimates of contraceptive effectiveness were
applied to 1995 National Survey of Family Growth data on sexual and
contraceptive practices in order to estimate the number of pregnancies
averted through the use of contraceptives by U.S. teenagers.... We
project the number of pregnancies that would occur if adolescents who
currently use contraceptives did not have access to contraception. We
also analyze the potential impact that various restrictions on
contraceptive access might have on these outcomes, taking into account
the ways in which teenagers might change their sexual and contraceptive
practices in response to such
restrictions."
Correspondence: J. G. Kahn, University
of California, Institute for Health Policy Studies, San Francisco, CA
94143. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20253 Kekovole, John. Trends
and correlates of unmet need for contraception in Kenya. African
Population Policy Research Center Working Paper, No. 5, 1998. 37 pp.
Population Council, African Population Policy Research Center: Nairobi,
Kenya. In Eng.
"This paper presents the results emanating from
the analysis of data collected in the 1989 and 1993 Kenya Demographic
Surveys on unmet need for contraception.... The results indicate that
about 38 and 36 percent of the married women interviewed in 1989 and
1993 had unmet need for contraception. The level of unmet need had
substantially declined in urban areas, in Central and Rift Valley
provinces, and for women who had attained secondary level of education,
desired less than 3 children and their husbands approved of family
planning...."
Correspondence: Population Council,
Multichoice Towers, Upper Hill, P.O. Box 17643, Nairobi, Kenya.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20254 Kitamura, Kunio. The
pill in Japan: will approval ever come? Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1999. 44-5 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
The author reviews efforts in Japan to legalize use
of oral contraceptives.
Correspondence: K. Kitamura, Japan
Family Planning Association, Family Planning Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20255 Leoprapai, Boonlert.
Role of private sector in family planning service delivery.
Journal of Population and Social Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, Jan 1999.
11-7, 168-9 pp. Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. In Eng.
"Using data
from the 1987 Contraceptive Use Patterns Survey and the 1996 National
Contraceptive Prevalence Survey, the role of [the] private sector in
family planning service delivery [in Thailand] was analyzed. It was
found that during the last two decades from 1978 to 1996, the role of
[the] private sector was more [or] less stable, providing family
planning services to slightly over one-fifth of contraceptive
acceptors.... It was concluded that...government outlets, especially
the sub-district health centers and community hospitals, still play the
major role in family planning service delivery in rural areas where
about 70 percent of the population reside."
Correspondence:
B. Leoprapai, Mahidol University, Institute for Population and
Social Research, 25/25 Puthamontol, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
E-mail: prblp@mahidol.ac.th. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20256 Meekers, Dominique.
Côte d'Ivoire Condom Consumer Profile Survey, 1998.
1998. viii, 59, [12] pp. Population Services International, Research
Division: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This document summarizes
the main findings from the 1998 Côte d'Ivoire Condom Consumer
Profile Survey.... The survey contains information on a random sample
of 1,661 consumers frequenting pharmacies, kiosks, and boutiques. The
sample includes all consumers, including those who never used
condoms.... The study contains information on a wide variety of topics,
including consumer characteristics, use of condoms from different
distribution sectors, brand switching, consistency of condom use,
reasons for condom use and barriers to use, consumer media exposure,
and opinions regarding Prudence brand
condoms."
Correspondence: Population Services
International, Research Division, 1120 Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600,
Washington, D.C. 20036. E-mail: generalinfo@psiwash.org. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20257 Mishra, U. S.; Roy, T. K.; Rajan, S.
Irudaya. Antenatal care and contraceptive behaviour in
India: some evidence from the National Family Health Survey.
Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 44, No. 2, Jun 1998. 1-14 pp. Mumbai,
India. In Eng.
The authors discuss possible benefits of integrated
programs for maternal-child health and family planning in India, with a
focus on whether such integration has resulted in higher rates of
contraceptive use. "The information collected in the nationwide
National Family Health Survey, 1992-93 (NFHS) have been utilised.... An
effort has been made...to examine the possible linkage between the
utilisation of antenatal care (ANC) with contraceptive
behaviour."
Correspondence: U. S. Mishra, Centre of
Development Studies, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20258 Norell, Staffan E.; Boethius,
Göran; Persson, Ingemar. Oral contraceptive use:
interview data versus pharmacy records. International Journal of
Epidemiology, Vol. 27, No. 6, Dec 1998. 1,033-7 pp. Oxford, England. In
Eng.
"The purpose of the present study is to compare the
information on lifetime OC [oral contraceptive] use obtained by a
structured interview to that obtained from a register of pharmacy
records, in a geographically defined population of young Swedish women.
In particular, there is an interest in the extent to which women tend
to underreport their past OC use by interview, and in the possible bias
introduced by such underreporting."
Correspondence: S.
E. Norell, Kungsklippan 12, 112 25 Stockholm, Sweden. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20259 Ojo, Olusola A.
Fertility regulation in developing countries. ISBN
978-249-515-8. LC 97-143840. 1995. vi, 82 pp. University Press: Ibadan,
Nigeria. In Eng.
This book is designed for providers of family
planning services in developing countries. "The book gives reasons
for the initial non-acceptance of fertility regulation in developing
countries and for the subsequent change in attitude. It attempts to
consider the medical constraints militating against the acceptance of
family planning, concluding that it may be difficult to convince
couples in developing countries to accept and practise family planning
until there is a noticeable reduction in perinatal, neonatal and infant
mortality rates. The author also adduces strategies for the ready
acceptance of family planning, calling for international assistance if
family planning programmes are to succeed in developing countries. The
author reviews both the traditional and modern methods of fertility
regulation in developing countries."
Correspondence:
University Press, Three Crowns Building, Jericho, PMB 5095,
Ibadan, Nigeria. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20260 Orcutt, Holly K.; Cooper, M.
Lynne. The effects of pregnancy experience on
contraceptive practice. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 26,
No. 6, Dec 1997. 763-78 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Retrospective reports of contraceptive use on two occasions
of intercourse (separated by 2 years on average) were used to examine
change in contraceptive practice as a function of intervening pregnancy
experience in a randomly selected biracial (Black, White) sample of 466
female adolescents [in Buffalo, New York]. Although all groups of
adolescents regardless of pregnancy experience improved their
contraceptive use, adolescents experiencing an unplanned pregnancy or
pregnancy scare appeared to improve relatively more. However,
differences between groups could be explained by the differential
passage of time, and this was true among both Black and White
adolescents."
Correspondence: M. L. Cooper, University
of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Location: Princeton
University Library (SW).
65:20261 Peterson, Sara A.
Marriage structure and contraception in Niger. Journal of
Biosocial Science, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan 1999. 93-104 pp. Cambridge,
England. In Eng.
"Analysis of the 1992 Niger Demographic and
Health Survey showed that although roughly two-thirds of both
polygamous and monogamous women approve of birth control, polygamous
wives are less likely than monogamous wives to discuss family size or
birth control with their husband or to plan on using birth control. The
study suggests that characteristics of polygamous couples have caused
polygamous women to be more resistant to birth control use than
monogamous women. The polygamous women tended to be married to older
men who had not gone to primary school and who desired more children
than monogamous husbands."
Correspondence: S. A.
Peterson, University of California, Institute for Health Policy
Studies, San Francisco, CA 94143. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20262 Rajaram, S. Timing of
sterilization in two low fertility states in India. Demography
India, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1998. 179-91 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The study is focused on the differential experience of women
in [the states of Goa and Kerala, India] in respect of the timing of
sterilization. The timing of sterilization in this article is studied
in terms of age at acceptance.... It has been observed from the
analysis that in general the fertility of sterilized couples is higher
than the non-sterilized couples irrespective of background
characteristics. It has also been seen...that the sterilized couples
have experienced a higher fertility during the five year period prior
to the last birth."
Correspondence: S. Rajaram,
Population Research Centre, Dharwad, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20263 Rajaretnam, T.
Genuineness of statistics on reversible methods of family planning:
a field investigation in rural Karnataka. Journal of Family
Welfare, Vol. 44, No. 3, Sep 1998. 36-44 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"The paper has tried to assess the extent of discrepancies in
the reporting of reversible family planning methods from the district
to field worker level in a high and a low performance PHC [primary
health center] in a district of Karnataka state [India], and to
estimate to what extent the reported acceptors are genuine acceptors of
the method and therefore, can be attributed to the workers'
performance.... The target achievement was 60 to 70 per cent for each
method in the high performance PHC and 95-100 per cent for the IUD and
pill and about 65 per cent for the condom in the low performance PHC.
However...for nearly half of the reported achievement particularly of
condoms, neither the PHCs nor the workers could provide a list of
acceptors."
Correspondence: T. Rajaretnam, JSS
Institute of Economic Research, Population Research Centre, Vidyagiri,
Dharwad, Karnataka, India. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20264 Smith, Janet M.; Ritzenthaler, Rob;
Mumford, Elizabeth. Policy lessons learned in finance and
private sector participation. POLICY Working Paper Series, No. 2,
Mar 1998. ii, 35 pp. Futures Group International: Washington, D.C. In
Eng.
"This paper examines lessons learned in USAID's Options
for Population Policy (OPTIONS) Project and the POLICY Project, both of
which have worked extensively in developing countries to foster private
sector involvement in family planning and reproductive health care.
Following a general discussion of lessons learned, the paper presents
examples from 11 countries that describe efforts to remove impediments
to private sector participation and effective health care
financing."
Correspondence: Futures Group
International, 1050 17th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, D.C. 20036.
E-mail: policyinfo@tfgi.com. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20265 Society for Family Health (Lagos,
Nigeria). Emergency contraception in Nigeria: report of an
exploratory research. Nov 1998. vi, 96 pp. Lagos, Nigeria. In Eng.
This is a report on an exploratory study of awareness and use of
emergency contraception (EC) in Nigeria. Chapters provide information
on study objectives and literature review; methodology; findings among
women, including awareness and perceptions of EC, perceived
availability of EC service providers, and information sources; findings
among potential providers of EC; and availability of products for
emergency contraception.
Correspondence: Society for Family
Health, Lagos, Nigeria. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
65:20266 Strachan, Janet; Hartley, Debra;
Owen, Judith; Rowling, Diane; Pikatcha, Junilyn. Family
planning in Choiseul Province, Solomon Islands. Journal of the
Australian Population Association, Vol. 12, No. 1, May 1995. 35-50 pp.
Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"The results presented are from a
rural prevalence survey on family planning in Choiseul Province,
Solomon Islands. Married women aged 15-49 years with at least one
living child and married men whose wife met the same criteria provided
data on knowledge, attitudes and practices of contraceptive use. Fifty
one per cent of the female sample were using some form of
contraception, 26 per cent reversible and 25 per cent non-reversible
methods. Sixty-five per cent of men claimed that they or their spouse
were using a method of family planning. Tubal ligation was the most
common currently used method (25 per cent in the female
survey)...."
Correspondence: J. Strachan, University
of Queensland Medical School, Tropical Health Program, Herston Road,
Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20267 Streatfield, Kim; Kabir, Sayyied;
Jamil, Kanta; Janowitz, Barbara; Faiz, Naushad. Increasing
the financial sustainability of family planning service delivery in
Bangladesh. Jun 1997. ix, 86 pp. Population Council: Dhaka,
Bangladesh. In Eng.
The authors report on a Bangladesh study
designed to answer the question "`How can pricing [of
contraceptive supplies] be used to encourage couples to go out of their
homes to seek family planning services?' Over 2,500 women who were
currently using oral pills or injectables were interviewed.... The
sample was selected using fieldworker registers from high and low FP
[family planning] prevalence areas--rural areas served by the
Government system, and other areas, both rural and urban, served by
NGOs. These clients were obtaining their supplies from fieldworkers,
various types of clinics, or pharmacies."
Correspondence:
Population Council, P.O. Box 6016, Gulshan, Dhaka 1212,
Bangladesh. E-mail: PCDHAKA@POPCOUNCIL.ORG. Location:
Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20268 Susu, B.; Ransjö-Arvidson, A.
B.; Chintu, K.; Sundström, K.; Christensson, K.
Family planning practices before and after childbirth in Lusaka,
Zambia. East African Medical Journal, Vol. 73, No. 11, Nov 1996.
708-13 pp. Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
"A total of 408 randomly
selected normally delivered women who had given birth to healthy
infants were recruited from a postnatal ward at the University Teaching
Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka, Zambia. Family planning practices before and
after pregnancy and delivery were investigated among 376 of these
women.... Thirty four percent of the women had used a family planning
method before the present childbirth.... Of those who did not use any
method, 39% indicated that their husbands did not allow them. Fifty-six
percent of the teenagers stated that they had no knowledge of family
planning...."
Correspondence: B. Susu, Lusaka School
of Nursing, P.O. Box 50366, Lusaka, Zambia. Location: U.S.
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
65:20269 Tydén, T.; Wetterholm, M.;
Odlind, V. Emergency contraception: the user profile.
Advances in Contraception, Vol. 14, No. 4, Dec 1998. 171-8 pp. Hingham,
Massachusetts/Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
The authors investigate characteristics and background factors of
women requesting emergency contraception (EC) in Sweden. "The user
of emergency contraception was typically a nulligravid young woman
(83%) but 13% had a previous history of at least one induced abortion
and 4% had given birth in the past. One out of four had used EC before,
and of these 20% more than once. Condom breakage was the major reason
for the current need for EC but as many as 37% had not discussed the
need for contraception prior to
intercourse."
Correspondence: T. Tydén, Uppsala
University, Academic Hospital, Department of Public Health and Caring
Sciences, P.O. Box 513, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20270 Warner, Lee; Clay-Warner, Jody;
Boles, Jacqueline; Williamson, John. Assessing condom use
practices: implications for evaluating method and user
effectiveness. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Vol. 25, No. 6, Jul
1998. 273-7 pp. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In Eng.
The authors
"assess how user practices affect exposure to risks of pregnancy
and infection during condom use.... A cross-sectional survey on condom
behaviors in the past month was conducted among 98 male students
attending two Georgia [United States] universities.... Altogether, 35
of 270 total condom uses...resulted in potential exposure to sexually
transmitted disease and/or HIV infection or pregnancy. Both consistent
and inconsistent users were similarly likely to report potential
exposures during condom use."
Correspondence: J.
Williamson, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National
Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Office of Communications,
Mailstop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
65:20271 Yusuf, Farhat; Siedlecky,
Stefania. Contraceptive use in Australia: evidence from
the 1995 National Health Survey. Australian and New Zealand
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 39, No. 1, Feb 1999. 58-62
pp. Melbourne, Australia. In Eng.
"This paper analyses the
patterns of contraceptive use among Australian women, using data from
the 1995 National Health Survey. More than 44% of all women aged 18-49
years reported using a method of contraception. Among users, the 2 most
commonly reported methods were the pill (60%) and condom (27%); IUD and
natural methods accounted for less than 5% each. Sterilizing operations
of the woman/partner were the most frequently reported reasons for
nonuse of contraception in women aged over 35 years, while among the
younger women the most reported reasons were pregnancy or trying to get
pregnant and not being sexually active."
Correspondence:
F. Yusuf, Macquarie University, School of Economic and Financial
Studies, Demographic Research Group, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20272 Zhang, Weiguo.
Implementation of state family planning programmes in a northern
Chinese village. China Quarterly, No. 157, Mar 1999. 202-30 pp.
London, England. In Eng.
This article examines how family planning
policies and programs in China are affected by local conditions.
"This article will focus on the characteristics of fertility
control reshaped by the changing context in the reform era, and discuss
how state policies are mediated by local governments and families at
the village level. It will first discuss the new characteristics as
they have been reshaped under the new institutional settings in the
reform period, comparing these with the old patterns under collective
institutions. This discussion concerns family planning institutions at
the village level, policy popularization and family planning education,
incentives and disincentives, and the provision of contraceptives and
family planning services. It will then show how state policies are
mediated by interactions between peasants and cadres, and among cadres
in local administrations. Finally, four family planning campaigns in [a
northern Chinese] village in 1993 are described, to indicate how state
family planning policies are transferred to the village and how family
planning programmes are being implemented in the reform
era."
Correspondence: W. Zhang, University of
Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
65:20273 Zulu, Eliya. The role of
men and women in decisionmaking about reproductive issues in
Malawi. African Population Policy Research Center Working Paper,
No. 2, 1998. 45 pp. Population Council, African Population Policy
Research Center: Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
"This paper examines
the relative roles of men and women in making decisions regarding
childbearing and the use of traditional and modern methods of family
planning, using quantitative and qualitative data collected in Malawi.
Contrary to what many other studies have suggested, the results show
that men have traditionally played a limited role in making decisions
relating to initiation of childbearing, and the use of various
traditional methods of contraception. When it comes to modern
contraceptives, however, men are demanding to be consulted and give
consent before their wives use the
methods."
Correspondence: Population Council,
Multichoice Towers, Upper Hill, P.O. Box 17643, Nairobi, Kenya.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
Selected studies on the medical aspects of fertility control methods, including studies on side effects and use-effectiveness.
65:20274 Beral, Valerie; Hermon, Carol; Kay,
Clifford; Hannaford, Philip; Darby, Sarah; Reeves, Gillian.
Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up
of cohort of 46,000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners'
oral contraception study. British Medical Journal, Vol. 318, No.
7176, Jan 9, 1999. 96-100 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The
long-term effects of oral contraceptive use on mortality are analyzed
using data from a cohort study begun in 1968-1969 with a 25-year
follow-up undertaken in the United Kingdom. The relative risks of death
were adjusted for age, parity, social class, and smoking. "Over
the 25 year follow up 1,599 deaths were reported. Over the entire
period of follow up the risk of death from all causes was similar in
ever users and never users of oral contraceptives (relative risk=1.0,
95% confidence interval 0.9 to 1.1; P=0.7) and the risk of death for
most specific causes did not differ significantly in the two groups.
However, among current and recent (within 10 years) users the relative
risk of death from ovarian cancer was 0.2 (0.1 to 0.8; P=0.01), from
cervical cancer 2.5 (1.1 to 6.1; P=0.04), and from cerebrovascular
disease 1.9 (1.2 to 3.1, P=0.009). By contrast, for women who had
stopped use [10 or more] years previously there were no significant
excesses or deficits either overall or for any specific cause of
death."
Correspondence: V. Beral, Imperial Cancer
Research Fund, Radcliffe Infirmary, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford
OX2 6HE, England. E-mail: beral@icrf.icnet.uk. Location:
Princeton University Library (SZ).
65:20275 Dominik, Rosalie; Trussell, James;
Dorflinger, Laneta. Emergency contraception use and the
evaluation of barrier contraceptives: new challenges for study design,
implementation, and analysis. Contraception, Vol. 58, No. 6, Dec
1998. 379-86 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Widespread
acceptance, availability, and use of emergency contraception (EC) pose
new challenges for the clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of a
new barrier contraceptive when used alone.... In this article, the
traditional approach for determining how well a barrier contraceptive
method prevents pregnancy is reviewed and why the traditional approach
may now be less feasible or appropriate is explained. Alternative
research objectives and implications for study design, implementation
and analysis are discussed."
Correspondence: R.
Dominik, Family Health International, P.O. Box 13950, Research Triangle
Park, NC 27709. E-mail: rdominik@fhi.org. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
65:20276 Lewis, Michael A. The
epidemiology of oral contraceptive use: a critical review of the
studies on oral contraceptives and the health of young women.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 179, No. 4, Oct
1998. 1,086-97 pp. St. Louis, Missouri. In Eng.
"Recent
observational studies show a slightly increased risk of venous
thromboembolism among users of newer combined oral contraceptives with
odds ratios between 0.8 and 2.3 when compared with users of older oral
contraceptives. The controversy regarding the newer oral contraceptives
is reviewed by analyzing the recent studies with epidemiologic
methods.... The studies on stroke showed no difference between newer
and older oral contraceptives, and studies on myocardial infarction
show that newer oral contraceptives carry no risk of this event.
Newer-generation oral contraceptives are unlikely to constitute a
significant hazard to the user population with regard to venous
thromboembolism."
Correspondence: M. A. Lewis,
Epidemiology, Pharmacoepidemiology and Systems Research, Wulffstrasse
8, 12165 Berlin, Germany. E-mail: 101672.2552@compuserve.com.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20277 Pasquale, Samuel A.; Cadoff,
Jennifer. The birth control book: a complete guide to your
contraceptive options. ISBN 0-345-40037-2. LC 96-10807. Jul 1996.
x, 261 pp. Ballantine Books: New York, New York. In Eng.
The
authors review and evaluate available contraceptive methods in the
United States. Chapters are included on choosing a contraceptive,
barrier methods, hormone-based methods, IUDs, sterilization,
contraception failure, and future
contraceptives.
Correspondence: Ballantine Publishing
Group, 201 East 50th Street, New York, NY 10022. Location:
Population Council Library, New York, NY.
65:20278 Steiner, Markus J.; Hertz-Picciotto,
Irva; Schulz, Kenneth F.; Sangi-Haghpeykar, Haleh; Earle, Brenda B.;
Trussell, James. Measuring true contraceptive efficacy: a
randomized approach--condom vs. spermicide vs. no method.
Contraception, Vol. 58, No. 6, Dec 1998. 375-8 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
The authors test a new approach to evaluating the efficacy
of barrier contraceptives, using data from the United States. "In
this protocol, we restricted frequency and timing of intercourse to one
coital act on the most fertile day of the menstrual cycle, as measured
by a luteinizing hormone (LH) detection kit.... Among 54 women who
completed the study, we found a 12% pregnancy rate for the group using
no method...and an 11% pregnancy rate for the group using spermicidal
film.... No pregnancies occurred among the 19 women using
condoms...."
Correspondence: M. J. Steiner, Family
Health International, P.O. Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
E-mail: msteiner@fhi.org. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
65:20279 Visaria, Leela; Jejeebhoy, Shireen;
Merrick, Tom. From family planning to reproductive health:
challenges facing India. International Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 25, Suppl., Jan 1999. 44-9 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"In April 1996, the Indian government decided to
abolish method-specific family planning targets throughout the country.
In October 1997, India reoriented the national program and radically
shifted its approach to more broadly address health and family
limitation needs.... The objective of this article is to trace the
roots of this change in orientation, document the program's
achievements to date and examine the challenges that remain at the
policy level, at the implementation level and in the overall
socioeconomic environment in establishing a program that truly meets
clients' health needs."
Correspondence: L. Visaria,
World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
65:20280 Winikoff, Beverly; Wymelenberg,
Suzanne. The whole truth about contraception: a guide to
safe and effective choices. ISBN 0-309-05494-X. LC 97-26488. 1997.
vii, 274 pp. Joseph Henry Press: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
This book
provides "a detailed guide to the methods of birth control
currently available, plus an overview of new methods being
developed.... [It] describes the birth control methods available today
and discusses each method in terms of how well it prevents pregnancy,
how it may or may not shield against sexually transmitted diseases, its
effects on sexual experience, potential effects on the user's health,
and common problems that might occur."
Correspondence:
Joseph Henry Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D.C.
20418. Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
Studies evaluating either the demographic impact or other criteria of effectiveness of family planning programs.
65:20281 Ali, Mohammad; de Francisco, Andres;
Khan, M. Mahmud; Chakraborty, Jyotsnamoy; Myaux, Jacques.
Factors affecting the performance of family planning workers:
importance of geographical information systems in empirical
analysis. International Journal of Population Geography, Vol. 5,
No. 1, Jan-Feb 1999. 19-29 pp. Chichester, England. In Eng.
"An intensive family planning intervention based on community
health workers (CHWs) has been in place in the Matlab area of rural
Bangladesh for over a decade.... The purpose of this paper is to
explore the determinants of CHWs performances by introducing
geographical factors in addition to the conventional socioeconomic and
other related variables.... The catchment areas for all 80 CHWs were
defined by using GIS technology and spatially referenced data.... One
significant finding of the empirical analysis is that the size of
catchment area influences the performance of CHWs significantly.
Geographical barriers to movement in the catchment area also affect
performance of the CHW."
Correspondence: M. Ali,
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh,
Public Health Sciences Division, GIS Unit, G.P.O. Box 128, Dhaka 1000,
Bangladesh. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).