Studies concerned with the relations between population factors as a whole and noneconomic factors. Relations affecting a single demographic variable are coded under the variable concerned and not in this division. Studies concerned equally with economic and social factors are coded under K.1.1. General Economic Development and Population.
Studies on interrelations with education, religion, social change, and socioeconomic status.
63:40677 Balk, Deborah. Defying
gender norms in rural Bangladesh: a social demographic analysis.
Population Studies, Vol. 51, No. 2, Jul 1997. 153-72 pp. London,
England. In Eng.
"This study explores the social and
demographic determinants of a woman's decision-making authority within
the home and mobility outside of the home in staunchly patriarchal
rural Bangladesh, in an attempt to understand better which women defy
existing gender norms and why they do so. Although the characteristics
of individual women matter, institutional determinants--operating at
several levels--are the most salient features in determining who defies
gender norms in rural Bangladesh. I find that about 25 per cent of the
explainable variance in mobility and authority can be explained by
individual level attributes--age, education, residing with her
in-laws--and that 75 per cent comes from a variety of broad-ranging
aspects of gender norms at the household, village, and regional
level."
This paper was originally presented at the 1992 Annual
Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: D. Balk, East-West Center, Program
on Population, 1601 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96848. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40678 Bronner, Michael E. The
mother of battles: confronting the implications of automobile
dependence in the United States. Population and Environment, Vol.
18, No. 5, May 1997. 489-507 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"In refusing to recognize the malignant effects of our
automobile dependence, which requires a straightforward acceptance and
direct treatment, we allow its ill-effects to grow beyond control. Each
day that our automobile dependence grows, our capacity to affect the
character of this change slips a notch. The objective of this paper is
to characterize the true cost of automobile dependence on our society,
not in a dollar estimate, but in human terms." The author
discusses the impact on human health.
Correspondence: M. E.
Bronner, 531 West End Avenue, 3-A, New York, NY 10024. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40679 Coelen, Stephen P.
Beyond 2000: demographic change, education and the work force;
existing relationships and the prognosis in New England. LC
94-211817. 1993. ii, 51 pp. University of Massachusetts, Massachusetts
Institute for Social and Economic Research: Amherst, Massachusetts. In
Eng.
"Demographic change in New England has been particularly
fast with regard to changing the racial and ethnic composition as well
as to shifting the age distribution of the population. Part I of this
study evaluates the effect of such demographic changes first on the
educational attainment of the region's population and then on the
ultimate preparedness of the region's labor force....Part II of this
study [presents] recommendations for educational change. These are
aimed at improving the performance of low income and minority
students."
Correspondence: Massachusetts Institute for
Social and Economic Research, 128 Thompson Hall, Amherst, MA 01003.
Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
63:40680 De Santis, Gustavo.
Welfare and ageing: how to achieve equity between and within the
generations. In: International Population
Conference/Congrès International de la Population: Beijing,
1997, Volume 1. 1997. 185-201 pp. International Union for the
Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
Some basic issues concerning the intergenerational transfer of
wealth to pay for social welfare systems are explored. In particular,
the author examines "how to finance the expenses of a welfare
system in such a way that the system be both balanced (revenues
equalling expenses) and equitable (in at least three different senses:
cross-sectionally, longitudinally and between subgroups...)." The
system proposed is a pay-as-you-go system.
Correspondence:
G. De Santis, University of Messina, Faculty of Political Science,
9 VT Cannizzaro, Messina, Italy. E-mail: desantis@stat.ds.unifi.it.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40681 Rürup, B. Demands
on the German social pension system against the background of
demographic change. [Anforderungen an das gesetzliche
Alterssicherungssystem vor dem Hintergrund des demographischen
Wandels.] Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, Vol. 29, No.
1, 1996. 42-5 pp. Berlin, Germany. In Ger. with sum. in Eng.
"This paper deals with the German public pension system which
is affected by changing demographics. It examines whether the problems
can be solved more efficiently by either a fundamental change towards a
tax-financed basic allowance augmented by a private capital
accumulation scheme, or by adjustments within the present system of
wage-determined contributions. The analysis shows that basic allowance
and capital accumulation systems are inadequate, essentially for
macroeconomic reasons and adverse effects on redistribution, to [solve]
the demographically induced problems of the public pension
system."
Correspondence: B. Rürup, Technische
Hochschule Darmstadt, Fachbereich I (Finanzwissenschaft),
Residenzschloß, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40682 Sathar, Zeba A.; Kazi,
Shahnaz. Women's autonomy, livelihood and fertility: a
study of rural Punjab. 1997. v, 100 pp. Pakistan Institute of
Development Economics [PIDE]: Islamabad, Pakistan. In Eng.
This
report analyzes the factors associated with women's greater or lesser
autonomy and power in both economic and personal spheres in Pakistan.
Attention is also given to the relation between levels of female
autonomy and reproductive behavior. The data were collected in the
rural areas of Punjab, where about 100 currently married women in each
of 10 communities, as well as 473 of their husbands, were interviewed.
The report has chapters on women's employment patterns; gender
relations; and marriage, fertility, and contraception. The study is
part of a project on the status of women and fertility being carried
out in five Asian countries.
Correspondence: Pakistan
Institute of Development Economics, P.O. Box 1091, Islamabad 44000,
Pakistan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40683 Senanayake, Pramilla.
Women: the neglected factor in sustainable development. In:
Population and the environment: the Linacre Lectures 1993-4, edited by
Bryan Cartledge. 1995. 99-135 pp. Oxford University Press: Oxford,
England. In Eng.
"It is the basic argument of this paper that
sustainable development can only be ensured when women and gender
issues are treated with the highest priority. Improving women's
conditions can result in major economic, social, and environmental
gains, probably at a very low cost in terms of resource allocation.
This paper deals with four main areas: the gender issue as a
development variable; the current involvement of women in important
productive areas; health, and family planning, and education; and some
feasible ways ahead. Because they are so crucial, the chapter
concentrates on health, family planning, and education, the areas where
women have particularly suffered neglect."
Correspondence:
P. Senanayake, International Planned Parenthood Federation,
Regent's College, Inner Circle, Regent's Park, London NW1 4NS, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40684 Zhang, Kaimin; Zuo, Xuejin; Zhou,
Haiwang. Population aging and reform of the pension system
in Shanghai. In: Research papers on interrelationship between
population growth in developing countries and global environment,
Volume II. Mar 3, 1997. 237-53 pp. National Institute of Population and
Social Security Research: Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
"The growing
demand for social security programs derived from population aging [in
Shanghai, China] has necessitated more efforts on studying the issues
concerned, and to devise [counter-measures to deal] with these
problems." Past and future trends in aging are first discussed.
The impact of population aging on socioeconomic development is
analyzed. A historical perspective of the pension system is provided,
and recent reforms of the system are assessed.
Correspondence:
K. Zhang, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of
Population and Development Studies, Shanghai Demography Society,
Shanghai, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on the political aspects of population growth, including the demographic impact of war.
63:40685 Courbage, Youssef.
Demography and politics in Northern Ireland.
[Démographie et politique en Irlande du Nord.] In: Old and new
minorities/Anciennes et nouvelles minorités, edited by
Jean-Louis Rallu, Youssef Courbage, and Victor Piché. 1997.
335-61 pp. John Libbey Eurotext: Montrouge, France; Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques [INED]: Paris, France. In Fre.
The
author analyzes the demography of Northern Ireland and examines the
political implications of the differences between the demography of the
Protestant and the Catholic populations. He shows that some of the
demographic assumptions made at the time of partition in 1921 have
proved incorrect, and describes the process whereby the Catholic
population is growing larger in comparison to the Protestant
population. Reasons for the higher fertility of the Catholic population
are analyzed, and migration trends affecting the two populations are
described. The importance of future demographic trends to the prospect
of finding a political solution to the province's current problems is
noted.
Correspondence: Y. Courbage, Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex
14, France. E-mail: courbage@ined.fr. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40686 de la Garza, Rodolfo O.; Szekely,
Gabriel. Policy, politics and emigration: reexamining the
Mexican experience. In: At the crossroads: Mexican migration and
U.S. policy, edited by Frank D. Bean et al. 1997. 201-25 pp. Rowman and
Littlefield: Lanham, Maryland/London, England. In Eng.
"While
numerous studies have examined the origin and impact of U.S.
immigration policies, few have examined how Mexican politics and the
policies of the Mexican state affect emigration. The objective of this
chapter is to begin to fill this void. The chapter is divided into four
sections. The first examines why the literature on emigration has been
so inattentive to the effects of Mexican policy and politics. Part two
offers a framework illustrating the relationship between domestic
politics, state policy and emigration from 1910 through today. The
third section uses that framework to describe variations in Mexican
emigration in three periods....The chapter concludes by suggesting the
kinds of political and policy reforms that the Mexican state should
enact...."
Correspondence: R. O. de la Garza,
University of Texas, Department of Government, Austin, TX 78712-1088.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40687 Hodgson, Dennis; Watkins, Susan
C. Feminists and neo-Malthusians: past and present
alliances. Population and Development Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, Sep
1997. 469-523, 688-9 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre;
Spa.
"This article examines a century of interactions between
American feminists and American social movements seeking to influence
population trends. The historical analysis focuses on relations between
feminists and neo-Malthusians and attempts to determine when they are
likely to enter into alliances. The two movements are found to be
neither natural allies nor natural enemies. Sturdy alliances arise when
both movements agree on certain ideological premises, share a common
demographic goal, and perceive mutual benefit in an alliance. The
origin of the `common ground' alliance between American feminists and
American neo-Malthusians that was so prominently displayed at the
International Conference on Population and Development at Cairo is
examined. Since the two movements currently are found to possess no
clear common goals, to share no basic ideological beliefs, and to have
entered a relationship of questionable mutual benefit, the alliance is
considered to be fragile."
This paper was originally presented
at the 1996 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: D. Hodgson, Fairfield University,
Department of Sociology, Fairfield, CT 06430-7524. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40688 Hugo, Graeme. Australia
and international treaties: population. Australian Geographer,
Vol. 26, No. 1, May 1995. 53-60 pp. Abingdon, England. In Eng.
"The separation of environmental and population issues
globally is reflected in the fact that the setting of international
agendas to tackle them was for all intents and purposes undertaken at
separate international meetings--the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in
1992 and the International Population Conference in Cairo in 1994. This
paper presents an overview of Australia's international involvement in
population issues and suggests that until recently Australia had played
a minor political role in international population initiatives
primarily, and perhaps ironically, because it has been a world leader
in demographic research and teaching for several
decades."
Correspondence: G. Hugo, University of
Adelaide, Department of Geography, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
Location: Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
63:40689 Magnette, Paul; Alaluf, M.;
Delpérée, F.; Manzella, A.; Martiniello, M.; Nys, M.;
Pierucci, A.; Quermonne, J.-L.; Rea, A.; Rossini, D.; Telò,
M. From stranger to citizen: building a European
citizenship. [De l'étranger au citoyen: construire la
citoyenneté européenne.] L'Homme/L'Etranger, ISBN
2-8041-2487-8. 1997. 196 pp. De Boeck Université: Brussels,
Belgium. In Fre.
This collective work examines some of the concepts
inherent in the development of the European Union, particularly the
development of the concept of European citizenship. The first part
examines how the free migration of labor within the European Union is
giving rise to populations residing in other countries of the Union
than the ones they were born in. The next part examines the process
from a level of social integration to participation in political life
by such migrants. The final part describes how this process is a
contribution to the growth of the concept of European
citizenship.
Correspondence: De Boeck, 203 Avenue Louise,
Boite 1, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
Studies on nutrition and health, including psychological aspects and sex behavior. Studies that are concerned with the impact of these factors on fertility are coded under F.5. Factors Other Than Contraception Affecting Fertility.
63:40690 Berquó, Elza. The
ICPD Programme of Action and reproductive health policy development in
Brazil. In: International Population Conference/Congrès
International de la Population: Beijing, 1997, Volume 1. 1997. 341-55
pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]:
Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
The author first describes the
contribution of Brazil to the Programme of Action, which focused on
reproductive health, agreed upon at the Cairo International Conference
on Population and Development in 1994. The Brazilian response to this
new initiative is then outlined in the areas of new policies and
programs, the empowerment of women, eliminating racial and ethnic
discrimination, and mobilizing civil society.
Correspondence:
E. Berquó, Centro Brasileiro de Analise e Planejamento, 615
rua Morgado de Mateus, CEP 04015, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40691 Bhatia, Jagdish C.; Cleland, John;
Bhagavan, Leela; Rao, N. S. N. Levels and determinants of
gynecological morbidity in a district of South India. Studies in
Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 2, Jun 1997. 95-103 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"This article presents the results of an
assessment of gynecological morbidity among 385 women with young
children residing in a district of Karnataka State, South India. All
three main modes of assessment (clinical examination, laboratory tests,
and self-reports) reveal a high burden of reproductive tract
infections. The two most common conditions, identified by laboratory
tests, were bacterial vaginosis and mucopurulent cervicitis.
Approximately one-fourth of the women had clinical evidence of pelvic
inflammatory disease, cervical ectopy, and fistula....[The] results
indicate that radical improvements in women's health in India will
require far more than the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive tract
infections."
Correspondence: J. C. Bhatia, Indian
Institute of Management, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore 560 076, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40692 Castilla, Jesús;
Pollán, Marina; López-Abente, Gonzalo. The
AIDS epidemic among Spanish drug users: a birth cohort-associated
phenomenon. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 87, No. 5, May
1997. 770-4 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"In Spain the number
of new acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases among injection
drug users continues to rise. The time trend up to 1994 has been
analyzed, with special attention paid to the different
generations....After adjustment for age and year of diagnosis, AIDS
incidence related to injection drug use is associated with specific
birth cohorts. Rising values are observed in the successive generations
born during the 1950s, peaking in men born in 1962 and women born in
1964. In subsequent cohorts, there is a marked falloff in incidence for
both sexes, but this decline is seen to halt in men from the 1972 birth
cohort onwards. The overall period effect is upward, yet the trend
flattens in the last years."
Correspondence: J.
Castilla, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Sinesio Delgado 6,
Madrid 28029, Spain. Location: Princeton University Library
(SZ).
63:40693 Crimmins, Eileen. Trends
in mortality, morbidity, and disability: what should we expect for the
future of our ageing population. In: International Population
Conference/Congrès International de la Population: Beijing,
1997, Volume 1. 1997. 317-25 pp. International Union for the Scientific
Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
"This paper examines theoretical and empirical results to
indicate under what circumstances and how improving mortality and
improving health will be linked. Using data from recent years in the
U.S., trends in mortality, morbidity, and disability among the older
population are examined. The paper concludes that expectations for
constantly improving population health or for the compression of
morbidity and disability into a limited part of the life cycle is
unrealistic over the long run. Expectations are for continued
improvement in mortality at the older ages but [it is likely] that this
will be accompanied by periods of improving and deteriorating
population health and by inconsistent life cycle changes in the length
of disability free life relative to active
life."
Correspondence: E. Crimmins, University of
Southern California, Andrus Gerontology Center, Los Angeles, CA
90089-0191. E-mail: crimmin@almaak.usc.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40694 Crimmins, Eileen M.; Saito, Yasuhiko;
Ingegneri, Dominique. Trends in disability-free life
expectancy in the United States, 1970-90. Population and
Development Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, Sep 1997. 555-72, 689-90 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"This article
provides estimates of active life expectancy, defined as
disability-free life expectancy, for [U.S.] males and females for three
dates: 1970, 1980, and 1990. Increases in life expectancy during the
1980s were concentrated in years without disability. This contrasts
with the preceding decade during which almost all of the increase in
life expectancy was in disabled years. Recent increases in both total
life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy have been greater
for males than for females. The primary reason for the increase in
disability-free life during the 1980s is a decrease in the proportion
of the population who are disabled among those in their late 50s and
their 60s."
Correspondence: E. M. Crimmins, University
of Southern California, Andrus Gerontology Center, Los Angeles, CA
90089-0035. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40695 Desgrees du Lou, Annabel.
AIDS and reproductive health in Sub-Saharan Africa: a critical
review of the literature. [SIDA et santé de la reproduction
en Afrique sub-saharienne: une revue commentée de la
littérature.] Notes et Projets, No. 4, Feb 1997. 25 pp. Equipe
de Recherche Transition de la Fécondité et Santé
de la Reproduction [ETS]: Marseilles, France; Institut Français
de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en
Coopération [ORSTOM]: Paris, France. In Fre.
This is a
review of the literature on the effect of AIDS on reproductive health
in Sub-Saharan Africa. The author first describes the family and sexual
context in which the epidemic has developed in Africa. Next, she
examines the direct impact of AIDS on the sexual relations of couples
and on fertility. Finally, she analyzes the relationship between AIDS
prevention and reproductive health.
Correspondence:
Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le
Développement en Coopération, Centre St. Charles, Case
10, 3 Place V. Hugo, 13331 Marseilles Cedex 3, France. Author's E-mail:
annabel@abidjan.orstom.ci. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40696 Egidi, Viviana; Frova,
Luisa. Morbidity, mortality and health-related quality of
life in developed countries: concepts, methods and indicators. In:
International Population Conference/Congrès International de la
Population: Beijing, 1997, Volume 1. 1997. 297-316 pp. International
Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège,
Belgium. In Eng.
Some of the concepts, methods, and indicators
relevant to the study of healthy life expectancy are examined in this
paper. An integrated model for processing data from multiple sources in
order to measure good health in the elderly is presented and
illustrated using Italian data.
Correspondence: V. Egidi,
Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, Via Cesare Balbo 11a, 00184 Rome,
Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40697 Eliot, Emmanuel. The
spatial diffusion of HIV in Bombay. [La diffusion du VIH à
Bombay.] Espace, Populations, Sociétés, No. 2-3, 1997.
253-64 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
The
author reports on the prevalence and spatial diffusion of HIV infection
in Bombay, India. "The data [studied] at different scales
[reflect] disparities of HIV spread in the different areas of the
metropolis. `Pathogenic' places for decades have...been infected.
Moreover the intra-urban analysis of one of the red-light areas
(Kamathipura) reveals a contamination of the population linked with
accessibility as well as cultural factors. In view of this infection,
the extremist Hindu government of the State has used segregative
actions against infected people which might create important tensions
in the future."
Correspondence: E. Eliot,
Université de Rouen, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences
Humaines, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40698 Fickel, Norman. Effects
of demographic trends in Germany on health care costs.
[Auswirkungen der Bevölkerungsentwicklung in der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland auf die Ausgaben für Gesundheit.] Europäische
Hochschulschriften, Reihe V: Volks- und Betriebswirtschaft, Vol. 1676,
ISBN 3-631-47947-6. LC 95-220040. 1995. 170 pp. Peter Lang: Frankfurt
am Main, Germany. In Ger.
Demographic trends in Germany are
analyzed with the aim of predicting future health care costs. Topics
covered include mortality; morbidity; population aging; age-specific
health care costs; population projection, including fertility and
migration components; and medical costs.
Correspondence:
Peter Lang, Jupiterstrasse 15, 2000 Bern 15, Switzerland.
Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
63:40699 Franco Agudelo, Saúl.
Violence and health in Colombia. Revista Panamericana de Salud
Pública/Pan American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 2, No. 3,
Sep 1997. 170-80 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng. with sum. in Spa.
"Colombia has the highest rates of mortality from homicide in
the world. Apart from the enormous institutional burden that violence
imposes on the health services and forensic medicine, it now
constitutes the principal public health problem in the country....This
article analyzes the subject of violence in Colombia, principally from
the perspective of its effect on the health of the citizens and its
implications for the health sector."
Correspondence:
S. Franco Agudelo, Corporación Salud y Desarrollo, Apartado
Aéreo 57736, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia. E-mail:
sfranco@gaitana.interred.net.co. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40700 Görtler, Edmund.
Quality assurance in public health through the use of cohort life
tables. [Qualitätssicherung im Gesundheitswesen durch die
Verwendung von Kohortensterbetafeln.] In:
Sterblichkeitsentwicklung--unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des
Kohortenansatzes, edited by Reiner H. Dinkel, Charlotte Höhn, and
Rembrandt D. Scholz. 1996. 129-37 pp. R. Oldenbourg Verlag: Munich,
Germany; Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung: Wiesbaden,
Germany. In Ger.
This article explores the use and areas of
applicability of cohort life tables for quality assurance in the German
health sector. The author concludes that the concept of cohort life
tables is hardly being used in most areas at present for this
purpose.
Correspondence: E. Görtler, Modus, Institut
für Angewandte Wirtschafts- und Sozialforschung, Methoden und
Analysen, Bamberg, Germany. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40701 Hradil, Stefan; Maschke, Wendy;
Schertz, Christina. Life situation, environment, and
health. [Lebenssituation, Umwelt und Gesundheit.] Materialien zur
Bevölkerungswissenschaft, No. 88, 1997. 92 pp. Bundesinstitut
für Bevölkerungsforschung: Wiesbaden, Germany. In Ger.
In
preparation for a comprehensive study of the health and lifestyle
factors influencing life expectancy, the German Demographic Institute
(Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung) commissioned this
survey of current research and literature on the subject. The first
part discusses lifestyle factors such as socioeconomic and marital
status, health behaviors such as nutrition, smoking, and alcohol use,
social networks, and environmental pollution. The second part discusses
effects of these factors on mortality, morbidity, and specific causes
of death, especially chronic diseases like respiratory disease,
cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Only studies in English and German
are covered; a bibliography and a summary of relevant databases are
included.
Correspondence: Bundesinstitut für
Bevölkerungsforschung, Gustav-Stresemann-Ring 6, Postfach 5528,
65180 Wiesbaden, Germany. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40702 Khaw, Kay-Tee. Healthy
aging. British Medical Journal, Vol. 315, No. 7115, Oct 25, 1997.
1,090-6 pp. London, England. In Eng.
Some general issues concerning
healthy aging are reviewed. The author suggests that healthy life
expectancy is influenced by a relatively limited number of chronically
disabling conditions and that many of these can be prevented or
postponed. Therefore a greater focus on prevention and health
maintenance is indicated, particularly with regard to diet, physical
activity, smoking, infection, pollution, and housing. The social
framework and policies that enable individuals to fulfil their
potential and attain optimal health are thus
crucial.
Correspondence: K.-T. Khaw, University of
Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Clinical
Gerontology Unit, Box 110, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England. E-mail:
cthl@medschl.cam.ac.uk. Location: Princeton University Library
(SZ).
63:40703 Khlat, Myriam. Health:
old and new diseases. [La santé: anciennes et nouvelles
maladies.] In: La population du monde: enjeux et problèmes,
edited by Jean-Claude Chasteland and Jean-Claude Chesnais. 1997. 435-60
pp. Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France; Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques [INED]: Paris, France. In Fre.
This
chapter begins with definitions and a discussion of the notions of
demographic and epidemiological transitions. The author then presents
an overview of the global health situation, including forecasts of how
the situation regarding some of the major diseases is likely to evolve.
The chapter ends with general reflections on the future of global
health and on the relation between advances in medicine and
improvements in health.
Correspondence: M. Khlat, Institut
National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675
Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40704 Konings, Elke; Caraël,
Michel. Marriage patterns, sexual networks and HIV in the
developing world. In: International Population
Conference/Congrès International de la Population: Beijing,
1997, Volume 1. 1997. 401-33 pp. International Union for the Scientific
Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
This
article reviews the current situation concerning research into sexual
networking in developing countries in the context of estimating the
future course of the AIDS epidemic. The emphasis is on social relations
relevant to sexual networking and on assessing the existing information
on social, cultural, and economic factors that may affect risk
behavior. The theoretical background to social science studies on
sexual networks is first reviewed. The importance of marital status and
migration is stressed. The authors conclude that "in general, high
risk behaviour and high risk sexual networks tend to be found in urban
settings, among male and female migrants, among single and divorced,
among the young, and among population groups with less social control
but more individual freedom."
Correspondence: E.
Konings, Dartmouth Medical College, Department of Community and Family,
Medical Section of Biology and Epidemiology, Hinman Box 7927,
Strosenburg Hall, Hanover, NH 03755. E-mail:
elke.ll.konings@dartmouth.edu. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40705 Laourou, Martin H.
Trends in marital behavior and exposure to HIV infection in
Benin. [Evolution des comportements matrimoniaux et exposition
à l'infection VIH au Bénin.] In: International Population
Conference/Congrès International de la Population: Beijing,
1997, Volume 1. 1997. 435-51 pp. International Union for the Scientific
Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium. In Fre.
Data
from a variety of sources are used to analyze the major changes in
marriage patterns that occurred in Benin between 1979 and 1992 and the
impact these changes have had on the spread of HIV infections. These
changes include a significant increase in the number of those who
remain single, a rise in age at marriage, and changes in polygamy. A
consequence of these trends has been an increase in sex outside of
marriage and an increased risk of exposure to
HIV.
Correspondence: M. H. Laourou, Institut National de
Statistique et de l'Analyse Economique, B.P. 323, Cotonou, Benin.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40706 London, Andrew S.; VanLandingham,
Mark J.; Grandjean, Nancy. Socio-demographic correlates,
HIV/AIDS-related cofactors, and measures of same-sex sexual behaviour
among northern Thai male soldiers. Health Transition Review, Vol.
7, No. 1, Apr 1997. 33-60 pp. Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"We
use data from an anonymous self-administered 1991 survey of military
personnel in northern Thailand to estimate overall levels of and
socio-demographic differentials in same-sex sexual behaviour in this
population. Additionally, we examine the relationship between sexual
experience with another male and a variety of outcomes relevant to HIV
prevention and policy. Overall, 16.3 per cent of the sexually active
soldiers report ever having had anal or oral sex with other males.
Same-sex sexual behaviour in this sample is positively associated with
several indicators of higher socio-economic status. All of the men who
report having had sex with other men report having had vaginal
intercourse with females as well. Comparison of our estimate of
same-sex sexual behaviour with those obtained from two similar samples
drawn in 1991 suggests that the lower estimates observed in the other
two studies are largely due to differences in data collection
methods."
Correspondence: A. S. London, Kent State
University, Department of Sociology, Kent, OH 44242-0001. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40707 Low-Beer, D.; Stoneburner, R.
L. An age- and sex-structured HIV epidemiological model:
features and applications. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization/Bulletin de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé,
Vol. 75, No. 3, 1997. 213-21 pp. Geneva, Switzerland. In Eng. with sum.
in Fre.
"Presented is a novel model for forecasting HIV
incidence by age and sex and among sentinel groups for which data are
available. This approach permits a closer relationship between
forecasting and surveillance activities, and more accurate estimates
validated to data. As inputs the model uses an estimate of the HIV
prevalence, country demographic data, and a profile of the sexual risk
of HIV infection by age, to project HIV incidence, prevalence, number
of AIDS cases and population. The following examples of the use of the
model are given: forecasting HIV incidence in East Africa, by age, sex,
and among pregnant women; 3-5-year forecasts of HIV incidence;
modelling mixed risk behaviour HIV epidemics in South-east Asia;
demographic indicators; and targeting a preventive vaccine by age
group."
Correspondence: R. L. Stoneburner,
International Centre for Migration and Health, 24 Avenue de
Beau-Séjour, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40708 Löytönen, Markku.
The effects of the HIV epidemic on the population of Europe.
In: Europe's population: towards the next century, edited by Ray Hall
and Paul White. 1995. 83-98 pp. UCL Press: London, England. In Eng.
The author first presents a general introduction to the HIV and
AIDS epidemic from a global perspective, and then focuses on its
present and likely future impact on Europe. Attention is also given to
the extent to which the effects of the HIV epidemic can be reliably
predicted.
Correspondence: M. Löytönen,
University of Turku, Department of Geography, 20014 Turku, Finland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40709 Malawi. National Statistical Office
(Zomba, Malawi); Macro International. Demographic and Health Surveys
[DHS] (Calverton, Maryland). Malawi Knowledge, Attitudes
and Practices in Health Survey, 1996. Sep 1997. xvi, 194 pp.
Zomba, Malawi. In Eng.
This report presents results from the 1996
Malawi Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in Health Survey. This was a
nationally representative survey of 2,683 women aged 15-49, 2,658 men
aged 15-54, and 2,418 children aged 0-59 months. The survey was
designed to provide information on malaria prevention, immunization,
the management of childhood illnesses, fertility regulation, marriage
and partner relations, and sexually transmitted diseases including
AIDS.
Correspondence: Macro International, Demographic and
Health Surveys, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD 20705-3119.
E-mail: reports@macroint.com. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40710 Mati, J. K. G. Family
planning, sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. African Journal
of Fertility, Sexuality and Reproductive Health, Vol. 1, No. 2, Dec
1996. 101-8 pp. Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
"This paper reviews
the magnitude of the problem of STDs and HIV infection and AIDS, and
the relationship with reproductive health in sub-Saharan Africa; and
shows that although the epidemic initially affected what were called
`high risk groups', it has in time spread to involve individuals,
especially women, who belong to the lower-risk groups....The paper has
reviewed available evidence on the association between contraceptive
practice and the risk of HIV infection, and concludes that among women
in the lower risk groups such as a majority of family planning clinic
users, the risk involved in the use of the oral contraceptive seems
small, and does not merit change in policy to restrict its
use."
Correspondence: J. K. G. Mati, Institute for
Reproductive Health Training and Research, P.O. Box 21024 Nairobi,
Kenya. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40711 Miller, Robert A.; Stein, Karen;
Miller, Kate; Ndhlovu, Lewis; Maggwa, Ndugga; Sanogo, Dioruatie; Kondo,
Emmy. Measuring reproductive health care after Cairo:
findings from four situation analysis studies in Africa. African
Journal of Fertility, Sexuality and Reproductive Health, Vol. 1, No. 2,
Dec 1996. 92-100 pp. Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
"The purpose of
this paper is to begin a preliminary assessment of some reproductive
health indicators within the context of family planning programs, using
data from expanded Situation Analyses conducted in four recent African
studies. The studies, conducted in 1994-1995, cover Senegal, Zanzibar
(studied separately from Tanzania), Kenya, and
Botswana...."
Correspondence: R. A. Miller, Population
Council, Programs Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY
10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40712 Mundigo, Axel I.
Reproductive health: the challenges of a new field. In:
International Population Conference/Congrès International de la
Population: Beijing, 1997, Volume 1. 1997. 329-40 pp. International
Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège,
Belgium. In Eng.
The author examines the challenges involved in
implementing the new approach to population issues adopted at the
International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in
1994. The new approach revolves around the concept of reproductive
health. Separate consideration is given to the challenges posed to
public policy, service providers, society as a whole, and those engaged
in research.
Correspondence: A. I. Mundigo, Center for
Health and Social Policy, P.O. Box 994, Manchester, VT 05254. E-mail:
102724.2417@compuserve.com. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40713 Ntozi, James P. M.; Anarfi, John K.;
Caldwell, John C.; Jain, Shail K. Vulnerability to HIV
infection and effects of AIDS in Africa and Asia/India. Health
Transition Review, Vol. 7, Suppl., 1997. 486 pp. Australian National
University, Health Transition Centre: Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"The present supplement consists mostly of selected papers
presented at workshops held in Mbarara, Uganda and Accra, Ghana."
Papers are grouped into five sections: factors of vulnerability,
behavioral change, and sexual networking in Uganda; HIV transmission,
AIDS care and management in Ghana; effects of AIDS in Nigeria; policy
in other African countries; and AIDS issues in Asia and
India.
Selected items will be cited in this or subsequent issues of
Population Index.
Correspondence: Australian National
University, Health Transition Centre, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40714 Pickering, Helen; Nunn, A.
J. A three-year follow-up survey of demographic changes in
a Ugandan town on the trans-African highway with high HIV-1
seroprevalence. Health Transition Review, Vol. 7, Suppl., 1997.
41-7 pp. Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"A 1991 serosurvey in a
Ugandan trading town on the trans-African highway reported a 40 per
cent HIV-1 prevalence in adults. Three years later in a repeat survey
of the 531 adults resident in 1991, 279 (53%) were still present, 196
(37%) had left and 56 (11%) had died. There were 138 new residents and
46 children had become adults, making a total of 463 adults in 1994, 13
per cent less than 1991. Most immigrants (91%) came from the
surrounding rural district whereas 38 per cent of emigrants went to an
urban area. A significant inverse association between wealth and
seropositivity was found for women but not men. Of the original
residents 157 were known to be HIV-1 positive in 1991; 31 (20%) had
died compared to 10 (4%) of the 232 known to be seronegative,
representing an HIV-1 attributable mortality fraction of 60 per
cent."
Correspondence: H. Pickering, Uganda Virus
Research Institute, Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40715 Robine, Jean M.; Romieu, Isabelle;
Cambois, Emmanuelle. The estimation of years lived in
disability: a global initiative. [La estimación de los
años vividos con discapacidad: una iniciativa universal.] Notas
de Población, Vol. 24, No. 64, Dec 1996. 7-32 pp. Santiago,
Chile. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
"This paper [translated from
the original French] sets out the main information brought by the
calculations of health expectancies at a global level: sex differences,
national geographical comparisons, socio-economic differences; causes
of disability and handicap; time trends; and nature of the years lived
with disabilities. The study illustrates the policy relevance of health
expectancies to (i) appraise the quality of the years lived, (ii)
supervise health inequalities, (iii) allocate resources to different
programmes, or (iv) assess health policies. It also illustrates the
large diversity of potential indicators of the quality of years
lived."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40716 Robles, Arodys. Use of
contraception and knowledge of health technologies. In:
Demographic diversity and change in the Central American Isthmus,
edited by Anne R. Pebley and Luis Rosero-Bixby. 1997. 367-402 pp. RAND:
Santa Monica, California. In Eng.
This study analyzes the
relationship between contraceptive knowledge and practice on the one
hand and knowledge and use of medical technologies on the other. The
data are from demographic and health surveys carried out in Bolivia and
Guatemala in 1989 and 1987, respectively.
Correspondence:
A. Robles, Universidad de Costa Rica, Programa Centroamericano de
Población, Apartado 833-2050, San José, Costa Rica.
E-mail: arodysr@cariari.ucr.ac.cr. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40717 Satia, Jay. Managing
quality reproductive health programs: issues and challenges. In:
International Population Conference/Congrès International de la
Population: Beijing, 1997, Volume 1. 1997. 357-80 pp. International
Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège,
Belgium. In Eng.
The author examines some issues and challenges
inherent in the adoption of the reproductive health (RH) approach to
population programs agreed upon at the International Conference on
Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994. "After
discussing the holistic perspective for RH in Section 2, this paper
addresses the challenges in establishing institutional structures which
will promote such a perspective (section 3). Then the concepts and
program actions needed to provide gender-sensitive, quality care are
presented in section 4. The paper concludes with a plea for co-creation
of RH vision and operationalising framework among all
stakeholders."
Correspondence: J. Satia, International
Council on Management of Population Programmes, 141 Jalan Dahlia, Taman
Uda Jaya, 68000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mail: popmgt@pop.jaring.my.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40718 Seligman, Barbara; Kress, Daniel;
Winfrey, William; Feranil, Imelda; Agarwal, Kokila.
Reproductive health and human capital: a framework for expanding
policy dialogue. POLICY Occasional Paper, No. 1, Apr 1997. 27 pp.
Futures Group International, POLICY Project: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This paper suggests ways in which policy analysis guided by
human capital theory might inform national debates concerning the
implementation of programs aimed at achieving the reproductive health
priorities set forth in the ICPD Programme of Action. Linking
reproductive health policies and programs to their likely human capital
impacts shows policymakers that, in addition to helping meet
individuals' basic human right to reproductive health, investment in
reproductive health services benefits the public interest by increasing
the productive potential of individuals and their immediate social
unit--the family or household. Moreover, increases in productive
potential at the individual, family or household level cumulate to
increases in productive potential at the societal
level."
Correspondence: Futures Group International,
POLICY Project, 1050 17th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, D.C.
20036. E-mail: policyinfo@tfgi.com. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40719 Stein, Zena; Susser, Mervyn.
AIDS--an update on the global dynamics. American Journal of
Public Health, Vol. 87, No. 6, Jun 1997. 901-4 pp. Washington, D.C. In
Eng.
Two figures based on WHO data are provided in this article;
the figures "give readers a privileged view of a unique analysis
that yields the estimated distribution of human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) prevalence across three continents. The rates and the rankings
all refer to living adults, 15 to 59 years of age. The population base
is a mid-1994 census for Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Prevalence
is estimated for the end of 1994."
Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
63:40720 Utomo, Budi. Infant
feeding and child health: lessons from Indramayu, West Java.
Working Papers in Demography, No. 68, 1996. 37, [3] pp. Australian
National University, Research School of Social Sciences, Demography
Program: Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
The author reports on a study
that was intended to "examine the effect of infant feeding on
infant health in two rural subdistricts, Indramayu, West Java....The
overall community malnutrition problem in these two study areas could
be categorized as moderate to severe....The study concludes that
efforts to improve the nutritional status of children should include
not only programs to promote and protect breastfeeding, but, also
equally important, programs to promote safe and healthy weaning food.
Finally, the study also underlines the importance of promoting healthy
mothers for healthy births and children."
Correspondence:
Australian National University, Research School of Social
Sciences, Demography Program, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40721 VanLandingham, Mark. The
social context of formative sexual experiences for Thai men. In:
International Population Conference/Congrès International de la
Population: Beijing, 1997, Volume 1. 1997. 453-72 pp. International
Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège,
Belgium. In Eng.
The author explores the circumstances that lead to
the initiation of sexual life and the social patterns of sexual
expression among young males in Thailand. The data, which were
collected in 1994, are from in-depth interviews with 21 young males.
The author concludes that unprotected sex with commercial sex workers
is common in Thailand among unmarried men, and that features frequently
associated with first and subsequent commercial sex patronage are heavy
drinking and infrequent condom use in a peer group
context.
Correspondence: M. VanLandingham, University of
Texas Medical Branch, Preventive Medicine and Community Health,
Galveston, TX 77555-1153. E-mail: mark.vanlandingham@utmb.edu.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40722 Wynder, Ernst L. Tobacco
as a cause of lung cancer: some reflections. American Journal of
Epidemiology, Vol. 146, No. 9, Nov 1, 1997. 687-94 pp. Baltimore,
Maryland. In Eng.
This is a historical review of the long effort to
establish the link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. The
author discusses why it was so difficult to attract attention to the
vital scientific and public health issues inherent in this linkage,
focusing on the apathy of the health professionals concerned and their
reasons for not accepting or promoting the evidence relating lung
cancer to smoking.
Correspondence: E. L. Wynder, American
Health Foundation, 320 East 43rd Street, New York, NY 10017.
Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
63:40723 Zurayk, Huda.
Reproductive health in population policy: a review and look
ahead. In: International Population Conference/Congrès
International de la Population: Beijing, 1997, Volume 1. 1997. 381-98
pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]:
Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
The author discusses some aspects of
implementing the reproductive-health-oriented approach to population
programs adopted at the International Conference on Population and
Development held in Cairo in 1994. "In section two, the paper will
summarise and anlayse the dynamics of the situation that has led to the
incorporation of the reproductive health approach so centrally in the
ICPD Programme of Action. In section three, the paper will examine the
responses that have emerged to this policy, and in section four the
barriers that stand in the way of its implementation. Based on the
realities revealed by these reviews, section five will argue for
instituting mechanisms that could develop the reproductive health
approach into a realistic, dynamic and sustainable process of change
having the well-being of women and their families, within the larger
context of their lives, at its core."
Correspondence:
H. Zurayk, Population Council, P.O. Box 115, Giza, Egypt. E-mail:
pccairo3@frcu.eun.eg. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
Studies on consanguinity and isolates, inbreeding, and twinning.
No citations in this issue.
