Studies that treat quantitative fertility data analytically. References to crude data are coded under S. Official Statistical Publications. Methodological studies specifically concerned with fertility are cited in this division and cross-referenced to N. Methods of Research and Analysis Including Models, if necessary.
Analytical studies of quantitative birth data and reproduction rates and studies of fertility and its concomitants. Studies of age at marriage, divorce, and factors influencing family size are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household.
63:40203 Adnan, Shapan. Fertility
decline in a situation of extreme poverty: some paradoxical aspects of
demographic change in Bangladesh. [Baisse de la
fécondité en situation de pauvreté absolue:
aspects paradoxaux du changement démographique au Bangladesh.]
In: La population du monde: enjeux et problèmes, edited by
Jean-Claude Chasteland and Jean-Claude Chesnais. 1997. 41-77 pp.
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France; Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques [INED]: Paris, France. In Fre.
The
reasons for the fertility decline in Bangladesh during the past ten
years among a population in extreme poverty are examined. The author
assesses the impact on fertility of some significant concomitant
demographic changes, including increases in age at marriage, declines
in mortality, and crisis-driven migration. The continuation and even
increase of inequalities among the population are noted. Some factors
that may have contributed to the fertility decline are then discussed,
including an increase in female literacy and education, improvements in
the status of women and in the value of girl babies, and a decline in
the importance of the family, particularly as a unit of
production.
Correspondence: S. Adnan, Shomabesh Institute,
P.O. Box 7335 Dilkusha, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40204 Agyei-Mensah, S. New
perspective on the fertility situation in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift/Norwegian Journal of Geography, Vol. 50,
No. 2, Jun 1996. 101-12 pp. Oslo, Norway. In Eng.
"Until the
late 1980s, Sub-Saharan Africa was the only major region in the world
where fertility was not declining. This viewpoint is gradually
changing. There are now some hopeful signs suggesting that changes are
occurring, particularly in Kenya, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Western
Nigeria and recently Ghana. This article examines this new evidence on
Africa's fertility change, and the various strands of argument which
have emerged on this issue. It is suggested that we pay special
attention to the uniqueness of the African cultural setting in our
quest for seeking explanations for the recent fertility
change."
Correspondence: S. Agyei-Mensah, University
of Trondheim, Department of Geography, 7055 Dragvoll, Norway.
Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
63:40205 Bulatao, Rodolfo A.; Richardson,
Gail. Fertility and family planning in Iran. Middle
East and North Africa Discussion Paper Series, No. 13, Nov 1994. xii,
43 pp. World Bank: Washington, D.C. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Per.
"The report will describe population growth in Iran, examine
the role of fertility and its immediate determinants, sketch the
socioeconomic factors likely to underlie fertility trends, review
Government policies and programs that affect fertility, describe
aspects of current contraceptive use, and consider what policies and
programs are appropriate for further modification of fertility
behavior."
Correspondence: World Bank, 1818 H Street
NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. Location: University of
Pennsylvania Library, Philadelphia, PA.
63:40206 Burch, Thomas K.
Fertility decline: toward a synthetic model. Population
Studies Centre Discussion Paper, No. 97-1, ISBN 0-7714-1992-9. Jan
1997. 17 pp. University of Western Ontario, Population Studies Centre:
London, Canada. In Eng.
"This paper is a first step toward a
comprehensive model of fertility decline....Its core is a synthesis of
the basic socio-economic theory of marital fertility due to
Easterlin...with the diffusion model of Rosero-Bixby and
Casterline....A snythetic model is presented, graphically and in the
difference-equation language of Professional Dynamo Plus. Illustrative
output is given for Taiwan (1957-63)...."
Correspondence:
University of Western Ontario, Department of Sociology, Population
Studies Centre, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40207 Cáceres Henríquez,
José M.; Grummer-Strawn, Lawrence; Stupp, Paul; Araya,
José D.; Salguero, Juan C. Trends and differences
in fertility, use of contraceptives and maternal and child health
services in El Salvador: 1988-1993. In: Demographic diversity and
change in the Central American Isthmus, edited by Anne R. Pebley and
Luis Rosero-Bixby. 1997. 327-65 pp. RAND: Santa Monica, California. In
Eng.
Trends in fertility, contraceptive usage, and maternal and
child health in El Salvador are analyzed using data from surveys
carried out in 1988 and 1993. The authors note that the total fertility
rate declined from 4.17 to 3.83, and that fertility decreased the most
among women living in rural areas, the illiterate, and women over age
25, the age group experiencing the largest increase in contraceptive
usage. The greatest increase was in traditional methods of
contraception, although by 1993, 6 out of 10 female users were
sterilized. The authors also note increases in the use of prenatal and
child health services, and a decline in infant and child mortality, due
primarily to an increase in birth intervals.
Correspondence:
J. M. Cáceres Henríquez, Asociación
Demográfica Salvadoreña, 25 Avenida Norte #583, San
Salvador, El Salvador. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40208 Chackiel, Juan; Schkolnik,
Susana. Latin America: less advanced groups in demographic
transition. In: International Population Conference/Congrès
International de la Population: Beijing, 1997, Volume 1. 1997. 249-67
pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]:
Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
Data from the World Fertility Survey
and the Demographic and Health Surveys are used to analyze the declines
in fertility and infant mortality among those sectors of the population
of Latin America that have been the last to become part of the
demographic transition. Such groups are identified as including
illiterate women and those with low levels of education. The authors
conclude that "future decreases in infant mortality, which is
still high in these groups, could consequently lead to further
fertility declines. But a more significant change seems to depend upon
the efficiency with which less educated women can narrow the gap
between the number of children they wish to have and that which they
actually do."
Correspondence: J. Chackiel, UN Centro
Latinoamericano de Demografía, Avenida Dag Hammarskjold, Casilla
91, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: jchackie@eclac.cl. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40209 Chen, Xianshou; Sun, Lihua.
Analyses and thought on countermeasures for the family formation
trend among floating population in Wuhan City. Chinese Journal of
Population Science, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1997. 67-74 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"The tendency for the floating population to form
families is a new phenomenon that has emerged in the process of growing
population mobility [in China]. This phenomenon has brought numerous
negative impacts on urbanization and urban management and has become a
severe socioeconomic problem deserving serious attention from people in
leading positions and the entire society. Effective measures should be
adopted to prevent the expansion of the
problem."
Correspondence: X. Chen, Office of
Population Sampling, Wuhan City, China. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40210 Chesnais, Jean-Claude.
The transition associated with wealth and the transition associated
with poverty: the universal nature of the fertility decline.
[Transition de la prospérité et transition de la
pauvreté: l'universalisation de la baisse de la
fécondité.] In: International Population
Conference/Congrès International de la Population: Beijing,
1997, Volume 1. 1997. 269-85 pp. International Union for the Scientific
Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium. In Fre.
The
author identifies two modern trends in fertility which he suggests were
unexpected: the first is the extent of below-replacement fertility in
much of the developed world, and the other is the decline in fertility
in many third-world populations that are still experiencing severe
poverty. With reference to the second phenomenon, he first analyzes the
decline in fertility among the peasant population of France in the
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as an example of fertility
decline in times of economic hardship. He then examines the extent to
which this example can help in the study of fertility declines in
Indonesia, Bangladesh, and some states in southern India. He concludes
by considering the implications of these fertility declines for
demographic transition theory.
Correspondence: J.-C.
Chesnais, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du
Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. E-mail: chesnais@ined.fr.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40211 Courbage, Youssef.
Indonesia: a nearly complete demographic transition in the largest
of the Islamic countries. [L'Indonésie: une transition
presque achevée dans le plus grand pays d'Islam.] In: La
population du monde: enjeux et problèmes, edited by Jean-Claude
Chasteland and Jean-Claude Chesnais. No. 139, 1997. 183-208 pp. Presses
Universitaires de France: Paris, France; Institut National d'Etudes
Démographiques [INED]: Paris, France. In Fre.
An analysis of
the demographic transition in Indonesia, the world's largest Islamic
country, is presented. The peculiarities of the Indonesian situation
are first explored, including the rapid fertility decline that occurred
before a substantial decline in infant mortality, the use of prolonged
breast-feeding to promote birth spacing, the high level of respect for
women's place in society, and the unique characteristics of Indonesian
women in Islam. The importance of persistent regional differences in
fertility is noted, as is the fact that fertility is lower in areas
with higher percentages of Muslims. Finally, future population
prospects are reviewed.
Correspondence: Y. Courbage,
Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur,
75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40212 Davis, Kingsley.
Kingsley Davis on reproductive institutions and the pressure for
population. Population and Development Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, Sep
1997. 611-54 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Kingsley Davis,
one of the most eminent and influential figures of twentieth-century
American social science, who died on 27 February 1997, made numerous
contributions to the understanding of the forces that affect the family
and shape fertility behavior. The earliest of these contributions...is
reproduced [here]....The article offers an incisive interpretation of
the cause of the declining birth rate--locating it in the `ripening
incongruity between our reproductive system (the family) and the rest
of modern social organization'--and an often provocative discussion of
the policies, actual and potential, that seek to resolve that
incongruity....As an homage to Davis, this journal asked three
distinguished social scientists to comment on the issues discussed in
his 1937 article from the perspective of the present." Comments
are included by S. Ryan Johansson (pp. 627-37), Norman B. Ryder
(639-45), and Nancy Folbre (647-54).
Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40213 de Beer, J. Fertility:
trends and forecasts. [Vruchtbaarheid: trends en prognose.]
Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking, Vol. 45, No. 7, Jul 1997. 15-25 pp.
Voorburg, Netherlands. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
"During the
last two decades the total fertility rate (TFR) [in the Netherlands]
has been fluctuating around a level of 1.5 to 1.6 children per woman.
Fertility rates at young ages have declined sharply, whereas fertility
rates at higher ages have increased strongly....It is expected that the
decrease of fertility rates at young ages will slow down, since already
very low levels have been attained, whereas the increase at higher ages
will continue for some time. The increase of fertility rates around age
30 is related to the strong increase of the level of educational
attainment of young generations of women and the subsequent strong
increase in labour force participation. Consequently many young women
postpone getting married and having children."
Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40214 Ezeh, Alex C. Polygyny
and reproductive behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa: a contextual
analysis. Demography, Vol. 34, No. 3, Aug 1997. 355-68 pp. Silver
Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"In this paper I examine the effect
of polygyny on aggregate reproductive behavior. I argue that within
countries there exist different polygyny regimes, each exhibiting a
unique reproductive pattern. Using the 1988/1989 Kenya Demographic and
Health Survey (KDHS1) data, I identify three distinct regimes:
low-polygyny, mid-polygyny, and high-polygyny regimes. The results of
the bivariate and multivariate analyses reveal strong differences in
reproductive preferences and behaviors across polygyny regimes.
High-polygyny regimes, for instance, maintain a value orientation that
favors and encourages high reproductive performance. The force of this
pronatalism operates equally for men and women; but whereas men in this
regime attain their reproductive goals by marrying multiple wives,
women attain theirs by maximizing their reproductive capabilities. This
maximization occurs through early initiation of sexual/reproductive
activity, universal marriage and minimal interruption of marriage,
nonuse of contraception within a union, and a positive attitude toward
high fertility."
This paper was originally presented at the
1995 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: A. C. Ezeh, Macro International,
Demographic and Health Surveys, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD
20705-3119. E-mail: Ezeh@macroint.com. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40215 Ferrando, Delicia; Aramburú,
Carlos E. The fertility transition in Peru. In: The
fertility transition in Latin America, edited by José M.
Guzmán, Susheela Singh, Germán Rodríguez, and
Edith A. Pantelides. 1996. 414-36 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England.
In Eng.
The fertility transition in Peru is analyzed using data
from a number of recent surveys and official sources. Attention is
given to fertility differences between rural and urban areas in the
coastal region, the jungle, and the high mountains; and to differences
among socioeconomic, cultural, and ethnic groups. The authors conclude
that the transition to lower fertility began among the upper and middle
classes in urban areas and spread to the urban poor and the rural
population over time. "It appears that the increase in
contraception is the intermediate variable which has the greatest power
to explain the drop in fertility. Total prevalence of contraceptives
rose from 31 per cent in 1977-8 to 46 per cent in 1986....Abortion is
also most likely to be an important contributor to fertility decline,
but exact measures of its contribution are
unavailable."
Correspondence: D. Ferrando, Pathfinder
International (Peru), 9 Galen Street, Watertown, MA 02172-4501.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40216 France. Institut National d'Etudes
Démographiques [INED] (Paris, France). The
demographic transition in Iran and its neighboring countries. [La
transition démographique en Iran et dans les pays voisins.]
Population et Sociétés, No. 328, Oct 1997. 4 pp. Paris,
France. In Fre.
This issue contains three short pieces on the
demographic transition in Iran and in neighboring Islamic countries.
The first article, by Marie Ladier-Fouladi, examines recent demographic
trends in Iran. The second, by Jean-Claude Chasteland, summarizes
results from a fertility survey in the Iranian city of Shiraz. The
third, by Youssef Courbage, looks at fertility trends in several other
countries.
Correspondence: Institut National d'Etudes
Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14,
France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40217 Fratczak, Ewa. Cohort
analysis of fertility based on the results of the Polish retrospective
survey 1988, Life Course (Family, Occupational, and Migratory
Biography). [Kohortowa analiza plodnosci na podstawie
wyników Polskiego badania retrospektywnego 1988 "Droga
Zyciowabiografia Rodzinna, Zawodowa i Migracy JNA"] ISBN
83-901912-3-7. 1996. 118 pp. Polskie Towarzystwo Demograficzne: Warsaw,
Poland. In Pol. with sum. in Eng.
This study is based on a
retrospective survey involving event history analysis of family life,
occupations, and migration carried out in Poland in 1988. The survey
included 2,904 females and 2,200 males over age 45 and gathered
information on marriage history, fertility, education, economic
activity, and migration, as well as data on the current demographic and
socioeconomic characteristics of those taking part. The focus of this
report is on a cohort analysis of fertility. Chapter 1 reviews previous
research. Chapter 2 defines the basic notions used in cohort analysis.
"Chapter 3 is devoted to the fertility analysis with the
application of statistical description methods. It gives the algorithm
for the cohort fertility analysis software and some results. The
intensity measures and fertility schedule were taken as descriptive
measures. These are, amongst others, occurrence exposure rates by order
of birth, gross maternity cumulative distribution function with
relevant moments, intervals between births, [and] parity growth rates.
Chapter 4 comprises fertility analysis using non-parametric methods,
that is, fertility tables known as stochastic. It presents rules in the
construction of tables based on the elementary and stage processes. The
construction of tables is largely based on the works by...Frans
Willekens whose software LIFELINE was used to make an estimation of the
cohort fertility rates....In addition, Chapter 4 gives also a synthetic
discussion of estimation results of cohort fertility tables." The
English summary is available separately from the published
report.
Correspondence: Polish Demographic Society, Warsaw
School of Economics, Al. Niepodleglosci 164, Room 3, 02-554 Warsaw,
Poland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40218 Haughton, Jonathan.
Falling fertility in Vietnam. Population Studies, Vol. 51, No.
2, Jul 1997. 203-11 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"According to
data collected by the Vietnam Living Standards Survey 1992-93, total
fertility was 3.2. This level is low for such a poor country, and
reflects a continued fall from 5.6 in 1979, uninterrupted by the rapid
transition from a planned to a market economy. Oddly, the proximate
causes of the low total fertility, including contraceptive user and
abortion rates, imply a value close to 2. One explanation may be that
households overstate the degree to which they use contraception. To
maintain the momentum of falling fertility, a more user-oriented
approach to family planning is required, offering a wider variety of
contraceptive options."
Correspondence: J. Haughton,
Suffolk University, Department of Economics, Boston, MA 02108-2770.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40219 Henz, Ursula; Huinink,
Johannes. Problems concerning the parametric analysis of
the age at family formation and the estimation of birth distances.
Stockholm Research Reports in Demography, No. 120, ISBN 91-7820-111-X.
May 1997. 44 pp. Stockholm University, Demography Unit: Stockholm,
Sweden. In Eng.
"This paper introduces the application of
parametric models to analyze marriage and the birth of the first
child....We show the serious difficulties that are encountered when the
empirical age distribution of the analyzed event is not fully known or
deviates from the empirical distribution. We suggest simple strategies
that handle these problems in a pragmatic way....We present examples of
the application of these methods by empirical analysis of the process
of family formation."
Correspondence: Stockholm
University, Demography Unit, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40220 Hermalin, Albert I.; Riley, Ann P.;
Rosero-Bixby, Luis. Regional differences in family size
preferences in Costa Rica and their implications for transition
theory. In: Demographic diversity and change in the Central
American Isthmus, edited by Anne R. Pebley and Luis Rosero-Bixby. 1997.
403-54 pp. RAND: Santa Monica, California. In Eng.
This study
examines theoretical aspects of the transition to lower levels of
fertility in Costa Rica, concentrating on regional differences in
reproductive behavior. The chapter begins by defining the concept of
fertility preferences, describing the model used, and reviewing the
relevant literature. Data on fertility preferences in Costa Rica and on
related topics are then presented. The study concludes with a
multivariate analysis of the available data.
Correspondence:
A. I. Hermalin, University of Michigan, Population Studies Center,
1225 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2590. E-mail:
alberth@umich.edu. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40221 Jolivet, Muriel. Japan:
the childless society? The crisis of motherhood. ISBN
0-415-14646-1. LC 96-26036. 1997. viii, 244 pp. Routledge: New York,
New York/London, England. In Eng.
"Disillusioned by long hours
at home and by demands from society as a whole, Japanese women are
marrying later, resulting in a sharp decline in the Japanese birth
rate. Muriel Jolivet considers the reasons why Japanese women are
finding it increasingly difficult to accept the terms and conditions of
motherhood, exploring the major factors of maternal malaise in Japan
today including: the `Ten Commandments of the Good Mother', the
changing role of the father, education and careers, nostalgia of older
generations. Drawing on extensive interviews with Japanese women...for
the first time, this...study examines the implications of the declining
birth rate and looks towards the future of an ageing society that is in
danger of becoming `childless'."
Translated from the original
French by Anne-Marie Glasheen.
Correspondence: Routledge,
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40222 Larsen, Ulla. Fertility
in Tanzania: do contraception and sub-fertility matter? Population
Studies, Vol. 51, No. 2, Jul 1997. 213-20 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"An analysis of the 1991/2 Demographic and Health Survey
showed that fertility in Tanzania is currently influenced both by
contraception and sub-fertility. In the sample analysed, 25 per cent of
parous women had used a contraceptive, but only 3 per cent had done so
before their first child was born. Contraceptors took longer to
conceive. The suppressing effect of contraception on fertility was
confirmed by a multivariate analysis. There was also evidence that
sub-fertility is prevalent in Tanzania. Parous women who had never used
a contraceptive had relatively long waiting times to conception in
Tanzania compared to women in a range of countries in Africa, Latin
America, South Asia and the Middle East."
Correspondence:
U. Larsen, Harvard University, Department of Population and
International Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40223 Larsen, Ulla; Desjardins,
Bertrand. Natural marital fertility: a case study of the
French-Canadians 1660-1719. In: International Population
Conference/Congrès International de la Population: Beijing,
1997, Volume 1. 1997. 165-82 pp. International Union for the Scientific
Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
Natural
fertility is examined using a data set of French Canadians developed at
the University of Montreal. The data set contains information on all
vital events in Quebec for the period 1660-1719. The data sample
analyzed in this study includes 1,362 couples and 10,975 births. The
authors attempt to identify the proximate determinants of fertility in
this population with the very high marital fertility rate of 11.97.
They conclude that this was due to early and almost universal marriage,
short postpartum periods of about six months, and an age pattern of
sterility that closely followed the age pattern of biological
aging.
Correspondence: U. Larsen, Harvard School of Public
Health, Department of Population and International Health, 665
Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: ularsen@hsph.harvard.edu.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40224 Lindstrom, David P. The
impact of temporary U.S. migration on fertility in a rural Mexican
township. PSTC Working Paper Series, No. 97-08, Aug 1997. 33, [10]
pp. Brown University, Population Studies and Training Center [PSTC]:
Providence, Rhode Island. In Eng.
"This paper analyzes the
relationship between temporary U.S. migration and fertility in a rural
Mexican township....Economic considerations emerge from the analysis as
the primary determinants of fertility behavior. Having a husband with a
high economic status occupation, and the ownership of farm land or a
business, significantly reduce the probability of conceptions at higher
parities. Temporary U.S. migration experience affects completed
fertility only when it increases long-term income streams through
husband's occupational advancement or the acquisition of productive
capital assets in Mexico."
This paper was originally presented
at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: Brown University, Population
Studies and Training Center, Box 1916, Providence, RI 02912. E-mail:
Population_Studies@brown.edu. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40225 Lindstrom, David P.; Berhanu,
Betemariam. The impact of war and economic crisis on
marital fertility in Ethiopia: evidence from urban areas and the rural
central highlands. PSTC Working Paper Series, No. 97-01, May 1997.
21, [12] pp. Brown University, Population Studies and Training Center
[PSTC]: Providence, Rhode Island. In Eng.
"In this paper we
examine recent fertility trends in urban areas of Ethiopia and in the
rural central highlands for evidence of short- and long-term responses
to recent political and economic events....We use retrospective data on
children ever born to estimate trends in annual marital conception
probabilities, controlling for women's demographic and socioeconomic
characteristics. The results of our analysis provide evidence of
significant short-term declines in conception probabilities during
years of major political and economic upheaval. In the longer-term
marital fertility below age 35 in both urban areas and the rural
central highlands declined in the 1980s after increasing moderately in
the 1970s."
This paper was originally presented at the 1997
Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: Brown University, Population
Studies and Training Center, Box 1916, Providence, RI 02912. Author's
E-mail: dl@maxcy2.maxcy.brown.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40226 Lucas, David; Ikamari, Lawrence;
Jhamba, Tapiwa; Nalwamba, Chilumba. A provincial view of
fertility and mortality change in Kenya, Zambia and Zimbabwe. In:
Africa today, edited by Peter Alexander, Ruth Hutchison, and Deryck
Schreuder. Humanities Research Centre Monograph Series, No. 12, ISBN
0-7315-2491-8. 1996. 479-500 pp. Australian National University:
Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
This chapter examines the different
paths toward lower fertility and mortality taken by Kenya, Zambia, and
Zimbabwe. The three factors identified by Caldwell and others as being
necessary to African fertility decline, namely, mortality decline,
contraceptive use, and female education, are first reviewed, as is an
additional factor, urbanization. The second part looks at the factors
that have affected development and change at the national and
provincial level in each of the three countries concerned. The data are
taken primarily from the Demographic and Health Surveys carried out in
these three countries, supplemented with data from other sources, such
as censuses, where appropriate.
Correspondence: D. Lucas,
Australian National University, National Centre for Development
Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40227 Macunovich, Diane J. A
review of recent developments in the economics of fertility. In:
Household and family economics, edited by Paul L. Menchik. 1996. 91-157
pp. Kluwer Academic: Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
The author
reviews some of the models that have been developed to explain the
economic determinants of recent fertility trends in the United States,
including the New Home Economics model and the Easterlin, or Relative
Income, model. She concludes that recent evidence supports the relative
income approach with a strong female wage effect added. A comment by
Richard A. Easterlin is included (pp. 151-7).
Correspondence:
D. J. Macunovich, Williams College, Department of Economics,
Williamstown, MA 01267. Location: Princeton University Library
(FST).
63:40228 McDonald, Peter. Gender
equity, social institutions and the future of fertility. Working
Papers in Demography, No. 69, 1997. 25 pp. Australian National
University, Research School of Social Sciences, Demography Program:
Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"This paper has argued that very
low fertility as observed in many advanced countries today is the
result of incoherence in the levels of gender equity inherent in social
and economic institutions. Institutions which deal with women as
individuals are more advanced in terms of gender equity than
institutions which deal with women as mothers or members of families.
There has been considerable advance in gender equity in the
institutions of education and market employment. On the other hand, the
male breadwinner model often remains paramount in the family itself, in
services provision, in tax-transfer systems and in industrial
relations."
Correspondence: Australian National
University, Research School of Social Sciences, Demography Program,
Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40229 Mier y Terán, Marta.
Fertility transition and women's life course in Mexico. No.
ST/ESA/SER.R/136, Pub. Order No. E.94.XII.5. ISBN 92-1-151263-8. LC
94-175323. 1993. vii, 62 pp. UN Department for Economic and Social
Information and Policy Analysis: New York, New York. In Eng.
"In Mexico, as in other countries, female education is
considered an important determinant of reduction in fertility. Evidence
regarding the relationship is, however, sometimes uncertain, and
generalizations as regards the magnitude of the impact of the education
factor on fertility are thus difficult to support. The purpose of the
present study is to try to untangle the network of relationships which
link education to fertility and to examine those interactions in a
specified sociocultural setting."
Correspondence: UN
Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis,
United Nations, New York, NY 10017. Location: U.S. Library of
Congress, Washington, D.C.
63:40230 Narasimhan, R. L.; Retherford, Robert
D.; Mishra, Vinod; Arnold, Fred; Roy, T. K. Comparison of
fertility estimates from India's Sample Registration System and
National Family Health Survey. National Family Health Survey
Subject Reports, No. 4, Sep 1997. 35 pp. International Institute for
Population Sciences [IIPS]: Mumbai, India; East-West Center, Program on
Population [POP]: Honolulu, Hawaii. In Eng.
"This Subject
Report compares fertility trends estimated alternatively from India's
Sample Registration System (SRS) and the 1992-93 National Family Health
Survey (NFHS). Fertility trends are estimated for the 15-year period of
1978-92. A goal of the analysis is to explain discrepancies between the
two sets of estimates and to arrive at an improved assessment of the
true trend in fertility. The results indicate that, since the late
1970s, fertility has fallen faster than indicated by the SRS but more
slowly than indicated by the NFHS."
Correspondence:
International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station
Road, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088, India. E-mail: iips.nfhs@axcess.net.in.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40231 Nazar-Beutelspacher, Austreberta;
Halperin-Frisch, David; Salvatierra-Izaba, Benito. The
effect of contraception on fertility in the border region of Chiapas,
Mexico. [Efecto de las prácticas anticonceptivas sobre la
fecundidad en la región fronteriza de Chiapas, México.]
Salud Pública de México, Vol. 38, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1996.
13-9 pp. Morelos, Mexico. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
The authors
"estimate the effect of contraception on fertility in the border
region of Chiapas, Mexico....In 1994 an epidemiological cross-sectional
study was carried out on a representative sample of 1,560
non-indigenous women between ages 15 and 49....The prevalence of
contraception practices and the total fertility rates (TFR) were
obtained and stratified by rural, intermediate and urban
communities....The major effect of contraception on fertility was
observed in rural areas. Factors which influence the small impact of
contraception on fertility include the late use of these methods and
the early age of first union among users."
Correspondence:
A. Nazar-Beutelspacher, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur,
División de Salud y Población, Carretera Panamericana y
Periférico Sur s/n, 29290 San Cristóbal de las Casas
29290, Chiapas, Mexico. Location: U.S. National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
63:40232 Nguyen-Dinh, Huan. A
socioeconomic analysis of the determinants of fertility: the case of
Vietnam. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1997.
251-71 pp. Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"This paper is an
economics-based quantitative analysis of the determinants of individual
fertility in Vietnam, measured as the number of children ever born. In
addition to the conventional linear model, two limited dependent
variable models, Poisson and ordered-logit, are estimated using data
from the 1988 Vietnam Demographic and Health Survey. We find, among
other things, that husbands' characteristics are almost as important as
those of wives in determining fertility, perhaps a reflection of the
still dominant role of husbands in Vietnamese families. Both paternal
and maternal education have important impacts on fertility. Of special
interest is the evidence that supports the attitudinal effect of
education over the opportunity-cost
effect."
Correspondence: H. Nguyen-Dinh, McMaster
University, Department of Economics, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M4, Canada.
E-mail: nguyeh@mcmaster.ca. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40233 Ntozi, James P. M.; Nakanaabi,
Immaculate M.; Lubaale, Yovani A. M. Fertility levels and
trends in the face of the AIDS epidemic in Uganda. Health
Transition Review, Vol. 7, Suppl., 1997. 145-55 pp. Canberra,
Australia. In Eng.
"The paper uses data on ever-married women
interviewed in 1992 and 1995 surveys in six districts of Uganda. Total
fertility rates declined during the inter-survey period from 7.3 to
6.0. Women in households that experienced AIDS-related deaths had lower
fertility levels than women in non-AIDS-affected households in both
1992 and 1995. This pattern was true of women at older ages, in
polygamous unions, the widowed and separated, and among the highly
educated and the uneducated."
Correspondence: J. P. M.
Ntozi, Makerere University, Department of Population Studies, P.O. Box
7062, Kampala, Uganda. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40234 Pandey, Arvind; Suchindran, C.
M. Estimation of birth intervals and parity progression
ratios from vital rates. Sankhya: Indian Journal of Statistics,
Series B, Vol. 59, No. 1, 1997. 108-22 pp. Calcutta, India. In Eng.
"The paper presents a set of analytical models to estimate the
distribution of birth intervals from age-parity-specific fertility
rates as well as from the marginal age- and parity-specific fertility
rates by taking into account mortality among women at successive ages
during the reproductive life span. It is shown that we can
simultaneously estimate parity progression ratios and parity
distribution from same inputs. We have also derived models ignoring
mortality. In addition, we have derived the distribution of last closed
birth interval revealing distinctions in child spacing dynamics in the
context of limiting behaviour. Further, we have illustrated our models
with the 1970 U.S. Vital Statistics on fertility and
mortality."
Correspondence: A. Pandey, International
Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai
400 088, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40235 Pollard, J. H.; Valkovics, E.
J. On the use of the truncated Gompertz distribution and
other models to represent the parity progression functions of high
fertility populations. Mathematical Population Studies, Vol. 6,
No. 4, 1997. 291-305, 335 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum.
in Fre.
"The Gompertz distribution, developed from the
mortality `law' long used by actuaries and demographers promises to be
a useful distribution for many other demographic purposes as well. The
continuous distribution can also be adapted to represent discrete data
commonly encountered in demographic work, and maximum likelihood
estimates of the two parameters are easily calculated using formulae
developed in this paper, whether those data be continuous or discrete,
truncated below or provided with observations in a final open-ended
interval....Empirical studies using parity progression data of two high
fertility populations [in Norway and Kenya] indicate that the truncated
Gompertz distribution in its discrete form provides a good overall
picture of the parity distribution."
Correspondence:
J. H. Pollard, Macquarie University, School of Economic and
Financial Studies, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40236 Rallu, Jean-Louis; Pictet,
Gabriel. The Philippines: the Catholic Church and the
slow-down in the fertility decline. [Les Philippines:
l'église catholique et le freinage de la baisse de la
fécondité.] In: La population du monde: enjeux et
problèmes, edited by Jean-Claude Chasteland and Jean-Claude
Chesnais. 1997. 281-98 pp. Presses Universitaires de France: Paris,
France; Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques [INED]: Paris,
France. In Fre.
Recent demographic trends in the Philippines are
described, including changes in population characteristics. Separate
consideration is given to mortality and the health system, fertility,
contraception, social factors affecting fertility, regional aspects,
population policy, the labor force, emigration, and population
projections. The author concludes that the Philippines have fallen
behind their neighbors in the demographic transition, and that this is
primarily due to their dependence on traditional methods of
contraception. Unlike Malaysia and Thailand, the Philippines seem to
lack a socioeconomic elite to lead them toward a voluntary decline in
fertility. The impact of the local Catholic Church's opposition to
modern contraception is also analyzed.
Correspondence:
J.-L. Rallu, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27
rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40237 Ravanera, Zenaida R.; Lee, Hwa Young;
Rajulton, Fernando; Cho, Byunh-yup. Should a second
demographic transition follow the first? Demographic contrasts: Canada
and South Korea. Population Studies Centre Discussion Paper, No.
97-4, ISBN 0-7714-1995-3. Jun 1997. 23 pp. University of Western
Ontario, Population Studies Centre: London, Canada. In Eng.
"This paper compares and contrasts the demographic situations
in Canada and South Korea....In particular, the questions addressed in
this paper are: Given that South Korea went through its first
demographic transition quite rapidly, would it then undergo the second
demographic transition also? If yes, would its features be similar to
those of Canada (or to any other Western nation)? What factors would
influence such a transition?" The focus is on fertility behavior
and marriage patterns.
Correspondence: University of
Western Ontario, Department of Sociology, Population Studies Centre,
London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40238 Roberts, Dorothy.
Killing the black body: race, reproduction, and the meaning of
liberty. ISBN 0-679-44226-X. LC 97-2383. 1997. x, 373 pp. Pantheon
Books: New York, New York. In Eng.
This is a study on the
relationships among race, reproduction, and individual rights in the
United States. "In contrast to the account of American women's
increasing control over their reproductive decisions, centered on the
right to an abortion, this book describes a long experience of
dehumanizing attempts to control Black women's reproductive lives. The
systematic, institutionalized denial of reproductive freedom has
uniquely marked Black women's history in America. Considering this
history--from slave masters' economic stake in bonded women's fertility
to the racist strains of early birth control policy to sterilization
abuse of Black women during the 1960s and 1970s to the current campaign
to inject Norplant and Depo-Provera in the arms of Black teenagers and
welfare mothers--paints a powerful picture of the link between race and
reproductive freedom in America."
Correspondence:
Pantheon Books, Random House, 400 Hahn Road, Westminster, MD
21157. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40239 Rodríguez, Germán;
Philipov, Dimiter. Fitting the Coale-Trussell model by
maximum quasi-likelihood. Mathematical Population Studies, Vol. 6,
No. 4, 1997. 307-17, 335 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum.
in Fre.
"We describe a method for fitting the Coale-Trussell
model to fertility rates or to counts of births and exposure by single
years of age. The procedure maximizes a quasi-likelihood function and
can easily be implemented using standard software. An extension to
handle covariates is discussed."
Correspondence: G.
Rodríguez, Princeton University, Office of Population Research,
21 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ 08544-2091. E-mail:
grodri@opr.princeton.edu. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40240 Sathar, Zeba A.
Population growth in Pakistan: fragile control. [La croissance
démographique au Pakistan: une maîtrise délicate.]
In: La population du monde: enjeux et problèmes, edited by
Jean-Claude Chasteland and Jean-Claude Chesnais. 1997. 299-308 pp.
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France; Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques [INED]: Paris, France. In Fre.
Some
of the main population problems facing Pakistan are introduced. The
author estimates current trends in fertility and mortality and projects
future trends in the light of the relative ineffectiveness of
Pakistan's population policies to date. It is noted that, in contrast
to India and Bangladesh, fertility has not declined substantially in
recent years. Furthermore, it is increasingly difficult to obtain
current demographic data for the country because it has not been
possible to take a census since 1981 due to the predicted political
implications of the results. The author concludes that it is reasonable
to expect a modest fertility decline in the near
future.
Correspondence: Z. A. Sathar, Pakistan Institute of
Development Economics, P.O. Box 1091, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40241 Schoen, Robert; Kim, Young
J. Exploring cyclic net reproduction. Mathematical
Population Studies, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1997. 277-90, 335 pp. Amsterdam,
Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"This paper advances a
new approach that provides closed form expressions for the birth
trajectory produced by a regime of changing vital rates. An
exponentiated sinusoidal net maternity function is considered in
detail, as population with cyclically varying net maternity are of
particular interest because of the connection to the Easterlin
hypothesis. The dynamics of the model are largely determined by the
ratio of the population's generation length (A) to the period of
cyclicity (T), and relatively simple expressions are found for the
phase difference and relative amplification of the birth and net
reproduction functions. More generally, an analytical expression for a
population's birth trajectory is derived that applies whenever net
reproductivity can be written as an exponentiated Fourier
series."
Correspondence: R. Schoen, Johns Hopkins
University, Department of Population Dynamics, Baltimore, MD 21205.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40242 Siddiqui, Rehana. The
impact of socio-economic factors on fertility behaviour: a
cross-country analysis. Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 35, No.
2, Summer 1996. 107-28 pp. Islamabad, Pakistan. In Eng.
"Recent availability of cross-country data for a number of
years allows us to pool data for more than 100 countries for the period
1955-1985 and estimate [a] fertility model. The results show that the
impact of socio-economic factors differs across different age-cohorts;
particularly, the negative impact of improvements in female status on
the fertility rates is higher among the younger age-cohorts. Similarly,
our results show that cross-country differences affect fertility rates
significantly. However, the differences tend to diminish as countries
become more developed."
Correspondence: R. Siddiqui,
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University
Campus, P.O. Box 1091, Islamabad, Pakistan. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40243 Takahashi, Shinichi.
Demographic transition in rural northeast in Thailand: two
population regimes according to the relationship between population and
resource use. In: Research papers on interrelationship between
population growth in developing countries and global environment,
Volume II. Mar 3, 1997. 67-86 pp. National Institute of Population and
Social Security Research: Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
"The author
has tried to provide a new explanation of the demographic transition in
which innovation and adjustment processes are integrated, and two
distinctive regimes distinguished in terms of resource use by mankind,
that is population adjustment and population transition, have an
important role in population changes. Using this new model, this paper
undertakes to explain the demographic transition in the rural
northeastern region of Thailand where a unique pattern of transition
is...taking place."
Correspondence: S. Takahashi, Kobe
University, Faculty of Economics, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657,
Japan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40244 Véron, Jacques.
The decline of global fertility. [La baisse de la
fécondité dans le monde.] Bulletin de l'Association de
Géographes Français, No. 2, 1996. 86-95 pp. Paris,
France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"Fertility has strongly
declined over the last three decades but a high fertility level
persists in a part of the developing world, especially in Africa.
Disparities are therefore very pronounced (the TFR [total fertility
rate] varies from 1.3 to 7.6 children per woman). The causes of
disparities and changes are diverse and complex. They are all linked to
the development process."
Correspondence: J.
Véron, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue
du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location:
Dartmouth College Library, Hanover, NH.
63:40245 Véron, Jacques.
The demographic transition in India. [La transition
démographique en Inde.] Espace, Populations,
Sociétés, No. 2-3, 1997. 135-44 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq,
France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"India was the first country
to adopt a restrictive population policy but fertility remained for a
long time at a high level. The total fertility rate is now a little bit
higher than 3 children per woman, which is the fertility world average.
The decline of...fertility affects all the states but sometimes
important regional disparities remain between North and South of India.
In Kerala the number of children per woman is less than 2 and in Uttar
Pradesh close to 5. These contrasts between states are largely related
to the level of [literacy] of women."
Correspondence:
J. Véron, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques,
27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40246 Visaria, Pravin; Visaria,
Leela. Accelerating fertility transition in India during
the 1980s: trends and determinants. Gujarat Institute of
Development Research Working Paper, No. 66, ISBN 81-85820-24-4. Oct
1995. 39 pp. Gujarat Institute of Development Research: Ahmedabad,
India. In Eng.
The authors describe demographic trends in India
during the past two decades, with a focus on fertility change and
determinants. Chapters are included on population size and diversity;
deficit of females in the population; population age distribution and
marital status; determinants of population growth and fertility
decline; and the development of a national population
policy.
Correspondence: Gujarat Institute of Development
Research, Near Gota Char Rasta, Gota, Ahmedabad 382 481, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40247 Yousif, Hassan M.
Fertility and mortality in North Africa: levels, trends and future
prospects. IIASA Working Paper, No. 95-71, Jul 1995. vii, 24 pp.
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [IIASA]:
Laxenburg, Austria. In Eng.
"The focus of this paper is on
substantive aspects of fertility and mortality, and their implications
for future population trends in North Africa....The paper highlights
demographic differentials by place of residence and education, and
briefly reviews the stand of governments on population issues. It
concludes with future demographic
prospects."
Correspondence: International Institute
for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria. E-mail:
info@iiasa.ac.at. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
Studies on differences in fertility patterns and levels in subgroups of a population. Also included are studies on age-specific fertility, such as teenage pregnancy.
63:40248 Bhuyan, K. C. Fertility
differentials according to female education, employment and family
planning adoption in rural Bangladesh. Nüfusbilim
Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Population Studies, Vol. 17-18, 1995-1996.
21-39 pp. Ankara, Turkey. In Eng. with sum. in Tur.
"Fertility
levels and the impacts of important socio-economic variables on
fertility [in Bangladesh] were investigated separately for females of
different levels of education, employment status and family planning
adoption. [An] inverse relationship between fertility and levels of
education of both females and males was observed. Duration of marriage
and child mortality had positive impacts on number of ever born
children. Differential impacts of socio-economic factors on fertility
were observed among different groups of
females."
Correspondence: K. C. Bhuyan, Garyounis
University, Department of Statistics, Benghazi, Libya. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40249 Bhuyan, K. C. Fertility
differentials according to socio-economic status and family planning
adoption in rural Bangladesh. Sankhya: Indian Journal of
Statistics, Series B, Vol. 58, No. 2, Aug 1996. 302-22 pp. Calcutta,
India. In Eng.
An analysis of fertility differentials in rural
Bangladesh is presented using data from a 1992 survey of 1,250 couples
in Savar thana in the Dhaka district. "Depressing effects of
levels of education and occupation of females were observed. Duration
of marriage, desired number of children and child mortality had
positive impacts on fertility. Upward socio-economic status was
positively associated with family planning adoption and negatively
associated with fertility, irrespective of duration of marriage.
Significant differences in fertility levels of couples of different
socio-economic status were observed even after eliminating the effects
of other variables."
Correspondence: K. C. Bhuyan,
Garyounis University, Department of Statistics, Benghazi, Libya.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40250 Burke, B. Meredith.
Trends and compositional changes in fertility: California circa
1970-1990. Population and Environment, Vol. 19, No. 1, Sep 1997.
15-51 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Since 1970 California
has been the prime destination of the high numbers of both legal and
illegal U.S. entrants. Fertility consequences have been dramatic.
Births to U.S.-born women, after the decline in the 1970s and mild
rebound in the 1980s, neared the 1970 level of 325,000. Yet total
births rose from 360,000 to 600,000 in 1992." Fertility trends are
analyzed by ethnic group, place of birth, citizenship, age, education,
and cultural background.
This paper was originally presented at the
1995 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: B. M. Burke, 443 Tennessee Lane,
Palo Alto, CA 94306. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40251 El-Khorazaty, M. Nabil.
Family life cycle and fertility in Germany before unification:
1947-1989. History of the Family, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1997. 309-30 pp.
Greenwich, Connecticut. In Eng.
"The article presents
time-series macro-level aggregate data sets of childbearing/family life
cycle and fertility-inhibiting indices for the two German lands during
the period 1947-1989. Estimation of these indices is achieved by the
application of new demographic and statistical methodologies, which
require only knowledge of age-specific fertility rates. These annual
sets of indices of family demography, which otherwise would require
detailed biographical information on the dates of such events, help to
quantitatively ascertain the effects of various pronatalist policies
adopted by the two countries. The results indicate that the
childbearing and fertility patterns of the two countries diverged
systematically during the years of separation. Today, while the two
German countries are politically and economically united, they are
demographically different. Maternal ages at first and last birth in
East Germany were consistently below those for West Germany. Women in
West Germany enter the childbearing process at the age when their
counterparts in East Germany exit."
Correspondence: M.
N. El-Khorazaty, Research Triangle Institute, 6101 Executive Boulevard,
Suite 365, Rockville, MD 20852-3909. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
63:40252 Franklin, Cynthia; Grant, Darlene;
Corcoran, Jacqueline; Miller, Pamela O.; Bultman, Linda.
Effectiveness of prevention programs for adolescent pregnancy: a
meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 59, No. 3,
Aug 1997. 551-67 pp. Minneapolis, Minnesota. In Eng.
"Using
meta-analysis, we analyzed 32 outcome studies on the primary prevention
of adolescent pregnancy and examined several moderator variables in
relationship to the findings. Three outcome variables--sexual activity,
contraceptive use, and pregnancy rates or childbirths--were analyzed as
three separate and independent meta-analyses. Results indicate that the
pregnancy prevention programs that we examined have no effect on the
sexual activity of adolescents. We found sufficient evidence to support
the efficacy of pregnancy prevention programs for increasing use of
contraceptives. A smaller but significant amount of evidence supports
program effectiveness in reducing pregnancy
rates."
Correspondence: C. Franklin, University of
Texas, School of Social Work, 1925 San Jacinto Boulevard, Austin, TX
78712. E-mail: cfranklin@mail.utexas.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40253 Gillmore, Mary R.; Lewis, Steven M.;
Lohr, Mary J.; Spencer, Michael S.; White, Rachelle D.
Repeat pregnancies among adolescent mothers. Journal of
Marriage and the Family, Vol. 59, No. 3, Aug 1997. 536-50 pp.
Minneapolis, Minnesota. In Eng.
"We report the results of an
event history analysis of rapidly repeated pregnancies (i.e., within 18
months) among a sample of 170 [U.S.] adolescents who had experienced a
nonmarital birth. Study participants were school-aged adolescents
(under age 18 at enrollment) from lower- to middle-income families who
were recruited from social and health service agencies in an urban area
of the Northwest. Just over half the sample were persons of color.
Respondents were interviewed at five points from pregnancy through 18
months postpartum. The best fitting model included two proximate
determinants of pregnancy, contraceptive use and frequency of
intercourse, as well as a history of school problems, drug use,
fighting, living with parents, length of relationship with boyfriends,
best friends experiencing pregnancies, and age at first
birth."
Correspondence: M. R. Gillmore, University of
Washington, School of Social Work, 4101 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA
98105. E-mail: maryg@u.washington.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40254 Guilmoto, Christophe Z.
Geography of fertility in India (1981-1991). [La
géographie de la fécondité en Inde (1981-1991).]
Espace, Populations, Sociétés, No. 2-3, 1997. 145-59 pp.
Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"Fertility is seen in this article more as a social process
than as a demographic phenomenon. Changes in reproductive behaviour can
be therefore linked to a social innovation mechanism spreading along
certain social and cultural channels. As a result of this uneven
diffusion, the geographical patterning of fertility in contemporary
India has become extremely heterogeneous. Whereas in some regions
fertility seems to have remained more or less stable over the last
twenty years, changes have been profound in the rest of the country. In
some areas, mostly in South India and along the West coast, fertility
will even soon reach below-replacement
levels."
Correspondence: C. Z. Guilmoto, French
Institute, P.B. 33, 11 Saint-Louis Street, Pondicherry 605 001, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40255 Guzmán, José
M. A rapid look at the fertility transition by zone of
residence in Central America and Panama. In: Demographic diversity
and change in the Central American Isthmus, edited by Anne R. Pebley
and Luis Rosero-Bixby. 1997. 41-57 pp. RAND: Santa Monica, California.
In Eng.
The transition from high to low levels of fertility in
Central America is analyzed over the period from the 1930s to the
present day, focusing on differences by area of residence. The author
suggests that there is a clear distinction between fertility trends in
rural and urban areas, which needs to be taken into account in any
analysis of the demographic transition of this
region.
Correspondence: J. M. Guzmán, United Nations
Population Fund, Office of Latin America and the Caribbean,
Tomás de Figueroa 2451, Santiago, Chile. E-mail:
jmguzman@unfpacst.cl. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40256 Hansen, Hans O.; Maxim, Paul
S. Some patterns and social impacts of external migration
on a below-replacement population: Denmark by the turn of the
millennium. Yearbook of Population Research in Finland, Vol. 33,
1996. 136-49 pp. Helsinki, Finland. In Eng.
"As with many
other nations in Europe, Denmark has experienced below-replacement
fertility over the past three decades. The impact on population growth
of the recent fertility decline to a large extent has been offset by a
positive net balance of external migration. To provide a factual basis
for a wide range of policy issues and social and cultural impacts we
start by studying external migration, differential fertility,
naturalization of foreign nationals, and population growth in the
framework of multidimensional life models. Migrants and naturalized
citizens tend to have reproductive behavior and sex/age profiles that
differ significantly from those of the remaining population. To study
some concerted demographic and social impacts of such differentials, we
construct a number of midterm projections based on existing and
expected development of fertility, mortality, and
migration."
Correspondence: H. O. Hansen, University
of Copenhagen, Institute of Statistics, Studiestræde 6, 1455
Copenhagen K, Denmark. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40257 Jejeebhoy, Shireen J.
Adolescent sexual and reproductive behavior: a review of the
evidence from India. ICRW Working Paper, No. 3, Dec 1996. ii, 35
pp. International Center for Research on Women: Washington, D.C. In
Eng.
"This paper documents the existing research on sexual and
reproductive behavior [of adolescents in India], explores the knowledge
and attitudes among this population in India, and makes program and
research recommendations related to adolescent reproductive health in
India."
Correspondence: International Center for
Research on Women, 1717 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 302, Washington,
D.C. 20036. E-mail: icrw@igc.apc.org. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40258 Maynard, Rebecca A. Kids
having kids: economic costs and social consequences of teen
pregnancy. ISBN 0-87766-654-7. LC 96-33522. 1996. x, 361 pp. Urban
Institute Press: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
This collective work is
about the costs and consequences of adolescent parenting in the United
States. The table of contents is as follows: Trends over time in
teenage pregnancy and childbearing: the critical changes, by Susan W.
McElroy and Kristin A. Moore. The impacts of teenage childbearing on
the mothers and the consequences of those impacts for government, by V.
Joseph Hotz, Susan W. McElroy, and Seth G. Sanders. Costs and
consequences for the fathers, by Michael J. Brien and Robert J. Willis.
Effects on the children born to adolescent mothers, by Kristin A.
Moore, Donna R. Morrison, and Angela D. Greene. Teen children's health
and health care use, by Barbara Wolfe and Maria Perozek. Abuse and
neglect of the children, by Robert M. Goerge and Bong Joo Lee.
Incarceration-related costs of early childbearing, by Jeffrey Grogger.
Children of early childbearers as young adults, by Robert H. Haveman,
Barbara Wolfe, and Elaine Peterson. The costs of adolescent
childbearing, by Rebecca A. Maynard.
Correspondence: Urban
Institute Press, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40259 Samara, Renee.
Adolescent motherhood in Guatemala: a comparative perspective.
In: Demographic diversity and change in the Central American Isthmus,
edited by Anne R. Pebley and Luis Rosero-Bixby. 1997. 557-75 pp. RAND:
Santa Monica, California. In Eng.
This comparative analysis of
adolescent fertility in Guatemala is based on data from the 1987
Demographic and Health Survey and eight other DHS surveys undertaken
elsewhere in Latin America. Factors affecting Guatemala's relatively
high levels of adolescent fertility are discussed. These include
initiation of sexual relations at an early age, particularly within
marriage, combined with low contraceptive use.
Correspondence:
R. Samara, Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York,
NY 10005. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40260 Thornberry, Terence P.; Smith,
Carolyn A.; Howard, Gregory J. Risk factors for teenage
fatherhood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 59, No. 3,
Aug 1997. 505-22 pp. Minneapolis, Minnesota. In Eng.
"This
article uses data from the Rochester [New York] Youth Development
Study, an ongoing panel study of urban youth, to identify early risk
factors for the likelihood of becoming a teen father. The study is well
suited to this task because the prevalence of teen fatherhood in this
sample is quite high, and the project has collected extensive data in a
range of developmental domains. We found teen fatherhood to be related
to a variety of risk factors, such as social class, educational
performance, precocious sexual activity, and drug use. Perhaps most
important is the finding that teen fatherhood is strongly related to
the cumulation of risk factors across many
domains."
Correspondence: T. P. Thornberry, State
University of New York, School of Criminal Justice, 135 Western Avenue,
Albany, NY 12222. E-mail: tt408@cnsvax.albany.edu. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40261 United States. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention [CDC] (Atlanta, Georgia).
State-specific birth rates for teenagers--United States,
1990-1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 46, No. 36,
Sep 12, 1997. 837-42 pp. Atlanta, Georgia. In Eng.
"This
report presents state-specific birth rates for females aged 15-19 years
for 1991 and 1995 and compares race/ethnicity-specific birth rates for
U.S. females aged <20 years for 1990-1996. These findings indicate
that, during 1991-1995, birth rates among teenagers declined
significantly in all but five states and the District of Columbia, and
declines nationwide during 1991-1996 were especially large for
teenagers aged 15-17 years and for black teenagers. Recent declines in
abortions and abortion rates for teenagers, coupled with the trends
described in this report for birth rates for teenagers, indicate that,
since 1991, pregnancy rates for teenagers also have
declined."
Correspondence: Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on infertility, as well as studies of spontaneous abortion, prematurity, and other relevant pathologies of pregnancy.
Studies concerning activities, including family planning programs, that are primarily designed to influence fertility.
General aspects of fertility control, primarily those concerned with family planning and family planning programs.
63:40262 Agha, Sohail. First
report: the Lusaka Sexual Behavior and Condom Use Survey 1996.
1997. vii, 92 pp. Population Services International, Research Division:
Washington, D.C. In Eng.
This is the first report from the 1996
Lusaka Sexual Behavior and Condom Use Survey, a representative survey
of some 800 men and women aged 15-49 carried out in Zambia. "It
was designed to provide information on sexual behavior, condom use and
the effect of condom advertising and promotion on condom
use."
Correspondence: Population Services
International, 1120 Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, D.C.
20036. E-mail: generalinfo@psiwash.org. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40263 Agha, Sohail. Sexual
activity and condom use in Lusaka, Zambia. PSI Research Division
Working Paper, No. 6, 1997. 28 pp. Population Services International,
Research Division: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"The present study
examines patterns of sexual behavior and condom use in Lusaka primarily
on the basis of a survey conducted by the Zambia Social Marketing
Project in 1996....The results of this study strongly suggest that
condom use has increased substantially in Lusaka as a result of condom
marketing, promotion and distribution activities....This finding is
supported by evidence of dramatic increases in the percentage of
persons reporting knowledge of condom source and easy access to
condoms. The findings of this study also suggest that the time span
required for changes in sexual behavior may be longer than the time
needed to increase condom use."
Correspondence:
Population Services International, Research Division, 1120
Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, D.C. 20036. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40264 Ahmed, Saifuddin; Mosley, W.
Henry. Simultaneity in maternal-child health care
utilization and contraceptive use: evidence from developing
countries. Hopkins Population Center Papers on Population, No.
97-03, Aug 1997. 31, 7 pp. Johns Hopkins School of Public Health,
Population Center: Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
"This study
examines the synergistic relationship between the utilization of
maternal-child health (MCH) care and contraceptive use, and the causal
mechanism that operates at individual and household levels facilitating
joint determination of these interventions....The study addresses some
methodological issues in analyzing binary outcome variables with
endogeneity....[The authors] analyzed Demographic and Health Surveys
(DHS) conducted during 1986 to 1989 in six developing countries, to
examine the simultaneity in use of contraceptives and MCH
interventions."
This paper was originally presented at the 1997
Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: Johns Hopkins University, School
of Hygiene and Public Health, Population Center, 615 North Wolfe
Street, Room 2300, Baltimore, MD 21205-2179 Author's E-mail:
sahmed@hpcsun01.sph.jhu.edu. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40265 Ainsworth, Martha; Beegle, Kathleen;
Nyamete, Andrew. The impact of women's schooling on
fertility and contraceptive use: a study of fourteen Sub-Saharan
African countries. World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan
1996. 85-122 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This article
examines the relationship between female schooling and two
behaviors--cumulative fertility and contraceptive use--in fourteen
Sub-Saharan African countries where Demographic and Health Surveys
(DHS) have been conducted since the mid-1980s. Average levels of
schooling among women of reproductive age are very low, from less than
two years to six. Controlling for background variables, the last years
of female primary schooling have a negative relation with fertility in
about half the countries, while secondary schooling is associated with
substantially lower fertility in all countries. Female schooling has a
positive relationship with contraceptive use at all levels. Among
ever-married women, husband's schooling exerts a smaller effect than
does female schooling on contraceptive use and, in almost all cases, on
fertility. Although the results suggest commonalities among these
Sub-Saharan countries, they also reveal intriguing international
differences in the impact of female schooling, which might reflect
differences in the quality of schooling, labor markets, and family
planning programs, among others."
Correspondence: M.
Ainsworth, World Bank, Policy Research Department, 1818 H Street NW,
Washington, D.C. 20433. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPIA).
63:40266 Berhanu, Betemariam; Hogan, Dennis
P. Women's status and contraceptive innovation in urban
Ethiopia. PSTC Working Paper Series, No. 97-03, May 1997. 25, [4]
pp. Brown University, Population Studies and Training Center [PSTC]:
Providence, Rhode Island. In Eng.
"In this paper, we use data
from the Ethiopian 1990 Family and Fertility Survey to explore the
relationships between some dimensions of women's status and
contraceptive innovation in urban areas of the country. The results
confirm our expectation that women's status has an important bearing on
contraception innovation and diffusion. In short, they suggest that
female education, employment status and spousal communication about
family size are the key factors that significantly increase early
adoption and current use of contraception."
This paper was
originally presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the Population
Association of America.
Correspondence: Brown University,
Population Studies and Training Center, Box 1916, Providence, RI 02912.
E-mail: Population_Studies@brown.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40267 Berman, Peter; Rose, Laura.
The role of private providers in maternal and child health and
family planning services in developing countries. Health Policy
and Planning, Vol. 11, No. 2, Jun 1996. 142-55 pp. Oxford, England. In
Eng.
"This paper uses data from the Demographic and Health
Surveys program (DHS) in 11 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin
America to explore the contribution of private health care providers to
population coverage with a variety of maternal and child health and
family planning services....Private providers contribute significantly
to family planning services and treatment of children's infectious
diseases in a number of the countries studied....Two groups of
countries were identified: those with a higher private provision role
across many different types of services and those where private
provision was limited to only one or two types of the services studied.
The analysis identified the lack of consistent or systematic
definitions of private providers across countries as well as the
absence of data on many key services in most of the DHS
surveys."
Correspondence: P. Berman, Harvard School of
Public Health, Department of Population and International Health, 677
Huntington Avenue, Building I-1210, Boston, MA 02115. Location:
U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
63:40268 Bulut, Aysen; Yolsal, Nuray;
Kayatürk, Füsun; Nalbant, Hacer; Molzan, Janet; Filippi,
Veronique; Marshal, Tom; Graham, Wendy. Contraceptive
methods used in Istanbul and factors affecting the method choice and
continuation. [Istanbul'da kullanilan gebelikten korunma
yöntemleri, bu yöntemlerin tercih ve kullanimini
sürdürmede etkili faktörler.] Nüfusbilim
Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Population Studies, Vol. 17-18, 1995-1996.
3-19 pp. Ankara, Turkey. In Tur. with sum. in Eng.
"This paper
presents and discusses the results of collaborative research, to
investigate uptake and use of modern versus traditional contraceptive
methods in a new settlement area in Istanbul....Ninety percent (778) of
867 currently non-pregnant women [with a mean age of] 31.4 were using a
method of contraception at the time of the study. The majority of
current contraceptive users (46%) employed withdrawal, alone or in
combination, followed by 29% using IUD....The use of these principal
methods was found to be unrelated to age, family size or education, but
there was a negative association of withdrawal use and positive
association of permanent methods with long-term residence in
Istanbul."
Correspondence: A. Bulut, Istanbul
Üniversitesi, Çocuk Sagligi Enstitüsü, Beyazit,
Istanbul, Turkey. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40269 Calvès, Anne-Emmanuèle;
Meekers, Dominique. Gender differentials in premarital
sex, condom use, and abortion: a case study of Yaoundé,
Cameroon. PSI Research Division Working Paper, No. 10, 1997. 31
pp. Population Services International, Research Division: Washington,
D.C. In Eng.
"This paper uses focus group and survey data from
the 1995 Yaoundé Family Formation Dynamics Study to examine
gender differentials in premarital sexual behavior, condom use,
abortion experience, and abortion intentions among single young men and
women. The results indicate that many Cameroonian adolescents, males in
particular, engage in unsafe sexual practices, such as simultaneously
having multiple casual and/or regular partners, and having sex in
exchange for money or gifts. Many adolescents have used condoms, but
condom use varies by type of partner. Females mainly use condoms with
partners with whom pregnancy is highly unwanted. Males, on the other
hand, primarily use condoms with commercial sex workers, to reduce the
risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Condom use with
regular partners remains low. These high rates of sexual activity and
low rates of condom use with regular partners lead to relatively high
rates of unwanted pregnancies and abortions. The fact that many
abortions are performed by untrained persons indicates that many
females have unsafe abortions."
Correspondence:
Population Services International, Research Division, 1120
Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, D.C. 20036. E-mail:
generalinfo@psiwash.org. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40270 Carvalho, A.; Laudari, C.; Marini,
M.; Faundes, A. Characteristics of contraceptive acceptors
in Luanda, Angola. African Journal of Fertility, Sexuality and
Reproductive Health, Vol. 1, No. 2, Dec 1996. 109-14 pp. Nairobi,
Kenya. In Eng.
"The Angolan Family Planning Programme has
succeeded in attracting an increasing number of acceptors during the
last 10 years....In an attempt to find out the characteristics of the
programme's users, a retrospective cohort study was carried out on
7,246 women who attended the three largest family planning clinics of
Luanda during 1991 and 1992. Our results show that, during that period,
the family planning services in Luanda mainly served women under age
30, with a parity below 4 and more than 4 years of
education."
Correspondence: A. Carvalho,
Ministério da Saúde, Setor de Saúde Materna,
Luanda, Angola. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40271 Casterline, John B.; Perez, Aurora
E.; Biddlecom, Ann E. Factors underlying unmet need for
family planning in the Philippines. Studies in Family Planning,
Vol. 28, No. 3, Sep 1997. 173-91 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This article investigates four explanations for unmet need
[for family planning]: (1) as an artifact of inaccurate measurement of
fertility preferences and contraceptive practice; (2) as a reflection
of weakly held fertility preferences; (3) as a result of women's
perceiving themselves to be at low risk of conceiving; (4) as due to
excessive costs of contraception. The explanations are examined using
quantitative and qualitative data collected in 1993 from currently
married women and their husbands in two provinces in the Philippines.
The results indicate that the preference-behavior discrepancy commonly
termed `unmet need' is not an artifact of survey measurement. The most
important factors accounting for this discrepancy are the strength of
women's reproductive preferences, husbands' fertility preferences, and
the perceived detrimental side effects of contraception."
This
paper was originally presented at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the
Population Association of America.
Correspondence: J. B.
Casterline, Population Council, Research Division, One Dag Hammarskjold
Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40272 Cates, Willard; Raymond, Elizabeth
G. Emergency contraception--parsimony and prevention in
the medicine cabinet. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 87,
No. 6, Jun 1997. 909-10 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Emergency contraception [in the United States] remains an
underutilized public health gem. Unfortunately, women don't know about
it, clinicians don't talk about it, regulators don't label it,
policymakers don't endorse it, and pharmaceutical companies don't
market it....We believe we can have the greatest population-level
impact on unintended pregnancy by making emergency contraception
readily available to all who want it."
Correspondence:
W. Cates, Family Health International, One Triangle Drive,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
63:40273 DeGraff, Deborah S.; Bilsborrow,
Richard E.; Guilkey, David K. Community-level determinants
of contraceptive use in the Philippines: a structural analysis.
Demography, Vol. 34, No. 3, Aug 1997. 385-98 pp. Silver Spring,
Maryland. In Eng.
"We use household and community data from
the Philippines to estimate a multilevel model of contraceptive use. We
go beyond previous efforts in this field by developing a structural
model that reorganizes joint endogeneity and the temporal ordering of
variables, by considering a wider range of community influences on
fertility behavior, and by employing an econometric procedure allowing
for a multilevel error structure. The results suggest that there are
significant effects on fertility behavior of community-level family
planning services, labor-market conditions, and infrastructure
development. These results provide insights regarding the structural
determinants of contraceptive use and fertility that are useful for
drawing policy implications."
Correspondence: D. S.
DeGraff, Bowdoin College, Department of Economics, 9700 College
Station, Brunswick, ME 04011-8497. E-mail: ddegraff@polar.bowdoin.edu.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40274 Dodoo, F. Nii-Amoo; Luo, Ye;
Panayotova, Evelina. Do male reproductive preferences
really point to a need to refocus fertility policy? Population
Research and Policy Review, Vol. 16, No. 5, Oct 1997. 447-55 pp.
Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"Independently collected data
from a 1994 survey in Accra, Ghana, are used here to verify earlier
findings from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data which indicate
the existence of a closer tie between men's reproductive preferences
and contraceptive use, than between the latter and women's preferences.
Indeed, the findings corroborate the earlier studies and suggest that
fertility transition in Africa may be accelerated if the family
planning establishment would recognize the contribution of the `male
role', and bring men into the mainstream of their
agenda."
Correspondence: F. N.-A. Dodoo, Vanderbilt
University, Department of Sociology, Box 1811-B, Nashville, TN 37205.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40275 Edwards, R. G. New
concepts in fertility control. Human Reproduction, Vol. 9, Suppl.,
No. 2, Jun 1994. v, 157 pp. Oxford University Press: Oxford, England.
In Eng.
"This book is based on a conference held in
Thessaloniki in 1993....The meeting was intended to invite leading
scientists and doctors to present their most recent data on conception
and contraception, based on studies in animals and man. Contributors
were asked to indicate the areas and significance of further research
needed to maintain the momentum of studies on fertility control. Papers
delivered at the meeting have been published in Human Reproduction, and
are reprinted and repaginated in this
supplement."
Correspondence: Oxford University Press,
Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, England. Location: U.S.
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
63:40276 Elstein, Max; Jennings, Victoria H.;
Queenan, John T.; Spieler, Jeffrey. Natural family
planning and reproductive health awareness: expanding options and
improving health. Advances in Contraception, Vol. 13, No. 2-3,
Jun-Sep 1997. 81-384 pp. Kluwer Academic: Dordrecht, Netherlands. In
Eng.
This special issue contains papers presented at a conference
titled Natural Family Planning and Reproductive Health Awareness:
Expanding Options and Improving Health, which was held in April 1997 in
Washington, D.C. "The focus of the meeting was on the role of NFP
as a component of reproductive health and on expanding its availability
through a variety of service delivery structures." Papers are
grouped into sections on pregnancy and timing of intercourse; natural
family planning (NFP) and fecundability; detection of the fertile
period; NFP effectiveness; NFP safety; methods of NFP service delivery;
benefits of NFP and fertility awareness education; reproductive health
awareness; and implementation of reproductive health
awareness.
Selected items will be cited in this or subsequent issues
of Population Index.
Correspondence: Kluwer Academic
Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40277 Ezeh, Alex C.; Mboup, Gora.
Estimates and explanations of gender differentials in contraceptive
prevalence rates. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 2, Jun
1997. 104-21 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This article
examines gender differentials in the reporting of contraceptive use and
offers explanations regarding the sources of these differences. Data
from five countries where DHS surveys were conducted recently among men
and women are used in exploring these differences. The gap exists in
all five countries, with men (or husbands) reporting greater practice
of contraception than women (or wives). Results from the bivariate
analysis suggest that the gap is attributable to polygyny and to gender
differences in how the purpose of contraception is understood, rather
than to male extramarital sexual relations. Additionally, gender
differences in the definition of certain contraceptive methods and
differences in the interpretation of questions about contraception
contribute to the observed gap. These findings are also consistent with
results of the multivariate analysis."
Correspondence:
A. C. Ezeh, Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys,
Applied Research and Development, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD
20705-3119l. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40278 Feyisetan, Bamikale J.; Ainsworth,
Martha. Contraceptive use and the quality, price, and
availability of family planning in Nigeria. World Bank Economic
Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan 1996. 159-88 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Nigeria has experienced high fertility and rapid population
growth for at least the past thirty years. Only recently have public
authorities launched efforts to promote contraceptive use. In this
article, individual women are linked to the characteristics of the
nearest health facility, pharmacy, and source of family planning to
assess the relative importance of women's socioeconomic background and
the characteristics of nearby services on contraceptive use. The
results suggest that the limited levels of female schooling (and
probably other factors affecting women's opportunity cost of time) are
constraining contraceptive use, especially in rural areas. Another
major constraint to increased contraceptive use is the low availability
of family planning services in Nigeria. Broader availability of the
pill and other methods in pharmacies and of injectables and
intrauterine devices (IUDs) in health facilities is likely to raise
contraceptive use. Outpatient or consultation fees at nearby health
facilities do not appear to be constraining demand for modern
contraceptive methods."
Correspondence: B. J.
Feyisetan, Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Demography and
Social Statistics, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPIA).
63:40279 Grant, George.
Immaculate deception: the shifting agenda of Planned
Parenthood. ISBN 1-881273-54-7. 1996. 240 pp. Northfield
Publishing: Chicago, Illinois. In Eng.
This is a diatribe from a
fundamentalist Christian perspective against the U.S. family planning
organization Planned Parenthood. The author suggests that Planned
Parenthood may well be the largest and wealthiest nonprofit
organization in history. He also claims that its working agenda affects
the daily lives of people in many unsuspected ways by its involvement
in setting curricula for public schools, providing abortions,
distributing contraceptives, funding health and social services,
supporting legal services and litigation, lobbying for legislation,
providing foreign aid, underwriting pharmacological research and
development, providing psychological research counseling, and lobbying
for health care reform.
Correspondence: Northfield
Publishing, Moody Bible Institute, 215 West Locust, Chicago, IL 60610.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40280 Guilkey, David K.; Jayne,
Susan. Fertility transition in Zimbabwe: determinants of
contraceptive use and method choice. Population Studies, Vol. 51,
No. 2, Jul 1997. 173-89 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"The
determinants of contraceptive method choice in Zimbabwe are examined
within the context of a structural equations model that controls for
both supply and demand factors that can influence the choice. The data
set used in the empirical work is the 1989 Zimbabwe Demographic and
Health Survey. Among the policy related variables that have contributed
to Zimbabwe's highly successful programme, the multivariate results
reveal the importance of wife's education, husband's education, family
planning messages, and the presence of a community based distributor of
contraceptives."
Correspondence: D. K. Guilkey,
University of North Carolina, University Square 300A/CB No. 8120,
Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40281 Hubacher, David; Suazo, Margarita;
Terrell, Stanley; Pinel, Marco. Examining the increasing
popularity of traditional contraceptive methods in Honduras. In:
Demographic diversity and change in the Central American Isthmus,
edited by Anne R. Pebley and Luis Rosero-Bixby. 1997. 533-56 pp. RAND:
Santa Monica, California. In Eng.
The recent increase in
contraceptive practice in Honduras is analyzed using data from surveys
undertaken in 1987 and 1991-1992. The focus is on the reasons for the
growing popularity of traditional methods of contraception,
particularly the rhythm method. Differences in the characteristics of
those using the rhythm and withdrawal methods are
discussed.
Correspondence: D. Hubacher, Family Health
International, P.O. Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
E-mail: dhubacher@fhi.org. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40282 Knight, Rodney. The
diffusion of information and adoption of contraception in Costa
Rica. In: Demographic diversity and change in the Central American
Isthmus, edited by Anne R. Pebley and Luis Rosero-Bixby. 1997. 455-95
pp. RAND: Santa Monica, California. In Eng.
This study examines the
dynamics of information diffusion and the adoption of contraception in
light of the fertility decline that occurred in Costa Rica over the
period 1970-1980. The author assesses the relative importance of access
to mass media, amount of family planning program activity, and existing
levels of contraceptive practice.
Correspondence: R.
Knight, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 109 South
Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029. E-mail: knight@usaid.gov.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40283 Kohler, Hans-Peter.
Learning in social networks and contraceptive choice.
Demography, Vol. 34, No. 3, Aug 1997. 369-83 pp. Silver Spring,
Maryland. In Eng.
"A puzzling observation in the diffusion of
modern fertility control is the persistent diversity in contraceptive
practices across communities or social strata. I propose a model of
`learning in social networks' to explain this diversity with the random
dynamics of word-of-mouth communication. Women are uncertain about the
merits of modern contraception and estimate the different qualities of
available methods based on imprecise information from network partners.
Their contraceptive choices are determined by this estimate and by
private knowledge about one's personal characteristics. This process of
social learning leads to path-dependent adoption of fertility control
within, and diversity in contraceptive practices across villages or
social strata....I illustrate the regional diversity in contraceptive
use with data from rural Korean villages."
Correspondence:
H.-P. Kohler, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research,
Doberaner Strasse 114, 18057 Rostock, Germany. E-mail:
kohler@demogr.mpg.de. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40284 Kosunen, Elise A.-L.; Rimpelä,
Arja H.; Rimpelä, Matti K. Sixteen-year-old oral
contraceptive users in Finland, 1981-1993. Scandinavian Journal of
Social Medicine, Vol. 23, No. 4, Dec 1995. 236-41 pp. Oslo, Norway. In
Eng.
"We studied differences in the use of oral contraceptives
(OCs) among 16-year-old girls [in Finland] according to
sociodemographic variables between 1981 and 1993....The increasing
trend in OC use levelled off in 1989 at around 17-19%. OC use was most
frequent in the lower socioeconomic groups, least frequent in the rural
areas, but did not vary significantly according to region of the
country. The pace of adopting OCs did not vary across the socioeconomic
groups or regions."
Correspondence: E. A.-L. Kosunen,
University of Tampere Medical School, Box 607, Kalevantie 4, 33101
Tampere, Finland. Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD.
63:40285 Kvalem, Ingela L.; Sundet, Jon M.;
Rivø, Kate I.; Eilertsen, Dag E.; Bakketeig, Leiv S.
The effect of sex education on adolescents' use of condoms:
applying the Solomon four-group design. Health Education
Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 1, Feb 1996. 34-47 pp. Thousand Oaks,
California. In Eng.
"A school-based sex education program was
developed in order to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and
unwanted pregnancies. A Solomon four-group design, with random
assignment to the different conditions, was used to evaluate an
intervention based on cognitive social learning theory and social
influence theory. The main goal of the intervention was to increase use
of condoms. A stratified sample of 124 classes (2,411 students) was
drawn at random from all the upper secondary schools (high
schools/colleges) in one county in Norway. The results indicate a
consistent interaction between pretest and intervention, which seems to
have an effect on condom use. Pretest or intervention alone did not
contribute to this effect. The interaction effect appeared among the
students with few sexual partners."
Correspondence: I.
L. Kvalem, University of Oslo, Institute of Psychology, P.B. 1094,
Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: ingela.kvalem@psykologi.uio.no.
Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
63:40286 Larsson, Gerd; Blohm, Febe; Sundell,
Gunilla; Andersch, Björn; Milsom, Ian. A longitudinal
study of birth control and pregnancy outcome among women in a Swedish
population. Contraception, Vol. 56, No. 1, Jul 1997. 9-16 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng.
"The prevalence of contraception and
pregnancy outcome in the same women, at 19, 24, and 29 years of age,
was assessed in a longitudinal cohort study [in Sweden] using a postal
questionnaire technique....Contraceptive usage was as follows (at 19,
24, and 29 years of age respectively): oral contraception (OC)
47%/51%/22%; intrauterine device 3%/11%/19%; barrier methods
12%/12%/20%; depot gestagen 0/0.2%/0.4%; no contraception
39%/26%/25%....The relationship between method of contraception,
history of pregnancy, legal abortion, and smoking habits was analyzed
in detail. Despite the availability of effective contraception, the
ratio of legal abortions to live births was high. Fear of side effects
was the commonest reason for discontinuing
OC."
Correspondence: G. Larsson, Sahlgrenska
University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 416 85
Göteborg, Sweden. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40287 Leridon, Henri; Toulemon,
Laurent. The control of fertility becomes universal.
[La régulation des naissances se généralise.] In:
La population du monde: enjeux et problèmes, edited by
Jean-Claude Chasteland and Jean-Claude Chesnais. 1997. 421-34 pp.
Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France; Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques [INED]: Paris, France. In Fre.
The
spread of family planning and contraception around the world in recent
years is described using data from published sources, particularly the
World Fertility Survey and the Demographic and Health Surveys. The
authors note that, according to UN estimates, the percentage of couples
of reproductive age using contraception has increased from around 15%
in 1965 to 55-60% today. Global data on contraception and sterilization
are presented, some differences within regions are examined, and the
relation between contraception and fertility and its determinants is
reviewed. The role of induced abortion in the control of fertility is
also discussed.
Correspondence: H. Leridon, Institut
National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675
Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40288 Martinez, A. R.
Prediction and detection of the fertile phase of the menstrual
cycle: an overview. Advances in Contraception, Vol. 13, No. 2-3,
Jun-Sep 1997. 131-8 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
The author
discusses methods that have been developed to accurately predict and
detect the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. "Methods based on
the detection of direct fertility markers, such as hormonal tests and
ultrasound, are more objective and accurate than traditional markers
based on indirect markers, but cost and dependence on supplies limit
their application....Some new devices designed to facilitate recording
and calculation of fertility signals could be combined with clinical
methods to improve prediction and detection of the fertile
phase."
Correspondence: A. R. Martinez, Instituto de
Medicina Reproductiva, Fundación SAMEN, Casilla de Correo 855,
5500 Mendoza, Argentina. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40289 Meekers, Dominique. The
implications of free and commercial distribution for condom use:
evidence from Cameroon. PSI Research Division Working Paper, No.
9, 1997. 27 pp. Population Services International, Research Division:
Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The relative effectiveness of free versus
commercial distribution of contraceptive supplies is analyzed using
data from Cameroon. "This paper [describes] to what extent
adolescents and young adults in Cameroon obtain free condoms, socially
marketed condoms, and other commercial condoms, and by testing whether
the type of condoms procured is related to actual condom use and
continuation of use. The results indicate that free distribution
programs are more effective than programs that sell condoms for
reaching adolescents who are not yet sexually experienced. However,
among sexually experienced adolescents, programs that sell condoms are
more effective than free distribution
programs."
Correspondence: Population Services
International, Research Division, 1120 Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600,
Washington, D.C. 20036. E-mail: generalinfo@psiwash.org. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40290 Miller, Robert; Fisher, Andrew;
Miller, Kate; Ndhlovu, Lewis; Maggwa, Baker N.; Askew, Ian; Sanogo,
Diouratie; Tapsoba, Placide. The situation analysis
approach to assessing family planning and reproductive health services:
a handbook. ISBN 0-87834-090-4. LC 97-5428. 1997. x, 195 pp.
Population Council: New York, New York. In Eng.
This handbook
illustrates how the management technique called situation analysis can
be used to improve the quality of the services offered in family
planning and reproductive health programs. The work has four chapters.
The first describes the methodology used in situation analysis. The
second describes how situation analysis studies are carried out. The
third gives details on the instruments and question-by-question guides
used. The fourth deals with data analysis and reporting. The situation
analysis instruments described are available in electronic format on
request from the publishers.
Correspondence: Population
Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017.
E-mail:pubinfo@popcouncil.org. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40291 Muvandi, Ityai.
Fertility behaviour and contraceptive use in Kenya: findings from a
male survey. African Journal of Fertility, Sexuality and
Reproductive Health, Vol. 1, No. 2, Dec 1996. 136-45 pp. Nairobi,
Kenya. In Eng.
"This paper is based on information collected
from a representative sample of men aged between 20 and 54 years
selected from six districts of Kenya. The data are used to study the
role of men in influencing contraceptive use and fertility behaviour in
Kenya....The study has shown that fertility increases with age and is
inversely related to level of education of men....Public awareness of
family planning is very high among men but knowledge of family planning
methods is limited mainly to the pill and the
condom."
Correspondence: I. Muvandi, Centre for
African Family Studies, Nairobi, Kenya. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40292 Ngom, Pierre. Men's
unmet need for family planning: implications for African fertility
transitions. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 3, Sep 1997.
192-202 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This article
introduces the concept of men's unmet need for family planning and
explains its programmatic relevance. Using data from Demographic and
Health Surveys (DHS) of Ghana (1988, 1993) and Kenya (1989, 1993),
married men are found to have high levels of unmet need for family
planning that are comparable to, although slightly lower than, those
for women. The importance of men's unmet need is demonstrated when the
analysis is restricted to marital pairs in the DHS samples; trends in
the joint unmet need of husbands and wives are shown to be closely
associated with the nature of the fertility transitions occurring in
Ghana and Kenya. Because of wide discrepancies found between husbands'
and wives' unmet need statuses, family planning programs that foster
spousal communication are likely to facilitate the transition to lower
fertility."
This paper was originally presented at the 1996
Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: P. Ngom, Navrongo Health Research
Centre, Demographic Surveillance System, P.O. Box 114, Navrongo-UER,
Ghana. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40293 Okun, Barbara S. Family
planning in the Jewish population of Israel: correlates of withdrawal
use. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 3, Sep 1997. 215-27
pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This report describes trends
and differentials in contraceptive practices among Israeli Jews. Data
from two fertility surveys show a heavy reliance on the IUD, little use
of sterilization, and declining, but still significant use of
withdrawal. The factors associated with the practice of withdrawal are
explored. Evidence is found in support of Santow's hypotheses that the
degree of sex-role differentiation within marriage and the belief that
men hold the authority in reproductive decisionmaking are both
positively related to the practice of withdrawal. Fear of oral
contraceptives, a dislike of sterilization, and a reliance on the IUD
only at greater parities imply a continuing role for withdrawal,
especially among Israeli Jewish couples in which wives are less
educated and have more traditional sex roles than the wives in other
couples."
This paper was originally presented at the 1997
Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: B. S. Okun, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Department of Population Studies, Mount Scopus Campus,
Jerusalem 91905, Israel. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40294 Piotrow, Phyllis T.; Kincaid, D.
Lawrence; Rimon, Jose G.; Rinehart, Ward. Health
communication: lessons from family planning and reproductive
health. ISBN 0-275-95577-X. LC 97-19235. 1997. xx, 307 pp.
Praeger: Westport, Connecticut/London, England. In Eng.
"This
book is about the theory and practice of family planning communication.
The theory comes from many sources, including sociology, psychology,
political science, communication science, and medicine. The practice,
as described here, comes from 15 years of health communication work
through the Population Communication Services (PCS) project and other
activities of the Center for Communication Programs in the School of
Hygiene and Public Health of the Johns Hopkins University. This book
reviews the development of family planning communication and compiles
what we have learned from working in some 50 [developing] countries
around the world. While this book focuses on our experience in family
planning communication, the lessons apply to a broad range of health
issues, from diet to drug abuse, from child survival to accident
prevention."
Correspondence: Praeger Publishers, 88
Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40295 Ramesh, B. M.; Gulati, S. C.;
Retherford, Robert D. Contraceptive use in India,
1992-93. National Family Health Survey Subject Report, No. 2, Oct
1996. xvi, 107 pp. International Institute for Population Sciences
[IIPS]: Mumbai, India; East-West Center, Program on Population [POP]:
Honolulu, Hawaii. In Eng.
The demographic and socioeconomic
determinants of contraceptive use in India are analyzed using data from
the 1992-1993 National Family Health Survey. The results show that
"contraceptive use is higher in urban than in rural areas in part
because urban women are more educated than rural women. Son preference
has a strong effect on contraceptive use up to the point at which women
have two living sons, but not beyond. Religion has a substantial effect
on contraceptive use, even after residence and education are
controlled: in almost all states, Muslims have lower use rates than
Hindus. Although there is considerable variability among states in the
effect of caste and tribe on contraceptive use, there is a strong
tendency for women from scheduled castes or scheduled tribes to have
lower contraceptive use rates than other women. Exposure to the
electronic mass media (radio, television, and cinema) has a large,
positive effect on contraceptive use. This effect persists after
residence and education are controlled. Utilization of health services
for antenatal care or delivery tends to have a positive effect on
contraceptive use...but this effect varies considerably by
state."
Correspondence: International Institute for
Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088,
India. E-mail: ipps.nfhs@axcess.net.in. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40296 Rosero-Bixby, Luis.
Spatial dimensions of family planning in Costa Rica: the value of
geocoding demographic surveys. In: Demographic diversity and
change in the Central American Isthmus, edited by Anne R. Pebley and
Luis Rosero-Bixby. 1997. 497-532 pp. RAND: Santa Monica, California. In
Eng.
This study illustrates the use of geographic information
systems to evaluate the impact of the spatial distribution of family
planning services and availability of such services on contraceptive
behavior in Costa Rica. Data are from a number of sources, including
both censuses and surveys. The results confirm those from earlier
studies in that the larger and more accessible centers are more likely
to be chosen by those looking for contraceptive advice and services.
The author notes that choice of contraceptive method is affected
differently by clinic availability and information from
neighbors.
Correspondence: L. Rosero-Bixby, Universidad de
Costa Rica, Programa Centroamericano de Población/INISA,
Apartado 833-2050, San José, Costa Rica. E-mail:
lrosero@cariari.ucr.ac.cr. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40297 Sambisa, William; Curtis,
Siân. Contraceptive use dynamics in Zimbabwe:
postpartum contraceptive behaviour. Zimbabwe Further Analysis, Jul
1997. v, 24 pp. Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys
[DHS]: Calverton, Maryland. In Eng.
This report summarizes the
findings of one of the further analysis projects undertaken following
the 1994 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey. "It presents the
findings of the second of a two-part analysis entitled `Contraceptive
Use Dynamics in Zimbabwe' and provides a useful description of the
relationship between contraceptive initiation following the birth of a
child and postpartum factors including breastfeeding, abstinence, and
amenorrhoea. The first part of the analysis was published previously
and focused on patterns of contraceptive discontinuation, contraceptive
failure, reasons for discontinuation, and factors related to these
`behaviours'."
For the first part of this analysis, see
63:10313.
Correspondence: Macro International, Demographic
and Health Surveys, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD 20705-3119.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40298 Sly, David F.; Quadagno, David;
Harrison, Dianne F.; Eberstein, Isaac W.; Riehman, Kara; Bailey,
Marie. Factors associated with use of the female
condom. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 4, Jul-Aug
1997. 181-4 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Black, Hispanic
and white women recruited for an HIV prevention intervention were
instructed in the use of the female condom and encouraged to try the
device. Of the 231 women who completed the intervention, 29% tried the
condom over the course of a month; 30% of those who tried it used it
during at least half of their sexual encounters. Both ethnicity and age
were associated with trying the device....Trying the device was more
likely among women living with a partner, those with a history of
sexually transmitted disease infection, women who had had an HIV test,
those who did not believe that the method afforded them a greater
degree of overall control than did the male condom and those who had no
prior knowledge of the device."
Correspondence: D. F.
Sly, Florida State University, Center for the Study of Population,
659-C Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4063. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40299 Stanback, John; Thompson, Andy;
Hardee, Karen; Janowitz, Barbara. Menstruation
requirements: a significant barrier to contraceptive access in
developing countries. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 3,
Sep 1997. 245-50 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"One common,
but little appreciated, barrier to family planning services is the
requirement that women seeking hormonal methods and IUDs present
themselves for family planning services while they are
menstruating....Recent data from Ghana, Kenya, Cameroon, Jamaica, and
Senegal on family planning menstruation requirements are presented
below, and the rationales for and against such requirements are
outlined. Issues related to menstruation requirements are also
discussed."
Correspondence: J. Stanback, Family Health
International, Service Delivery Research Division, P.O. Box 13950,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40300 Ulrich, Ralf E.
Fertility and family planning in developing countries.
Economics, Vol. 54, 1996. 7-43 pp. Tübingen, Germany. In Eng.
The author explores recent trends in fertility and family planning
in developing countries. Phases in the process of demographic
transition are outlined. Reasons for a fall in fertility rates are
analyzed. Interrelations among the desire for children, terminated or
prevented births, and the demand for family planning services are
considered, and future needs for family planning are
discussed.
Correspondence: R. E. Ulrich,
Humboldt-Universität, 10099 Berlin, Germany. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40301 Wingood, Gina M.; DiClemente, Ralph
J. The effects of an abusive primary partner on the condom
use and sexual negotiation practices of African-American women.
American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 87, No. 6, Jun 1997. 1,016-8
pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This study examined the
consequences of having a physically abusive primary partner on the
condom use and sexual negotiation practices of young African-American
women...in San Francisco, California....Women in abusive relationships
were less likely than others to use condoms and were more likely to
experience verbal abuse, emotional abuse, or threats of physical abuse
when they discussed condoms. They were more fearful of asking their
partners to use condoms, worried more about acquiring the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and felt more isolated than did women not
in abusive relationships."
Correspondence: G. M.
Wingood, University of Alabama, School of Public Health, 1825
University Boulevard, Room 121, Birmingham, AL 35294-2010.
Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
Selected studies on the medical aspects of fertility control methods, including studies on side effects and use-effectiveness.
63:40302 Akhter, Farida.
Resisting Norplant: women's struggle against coercion and
violence. ISBN 984-467-044-6. LC 96-902381. Aug 1995. 142 pp.
Narigrantha Prabartana: Dhaka, Bangladesh. In Eng.
The author
discusses the forced use of Norplant in Bangladesh, with a focus on
population policy, untrue or misleading information, and lack of
informed consent. "What I have done mostly here is to
compile...writings since 1981 and to document all our activities for
[the] last 15 years to stop the unethical trial of Norplant."
Chapters are included on Norplant trials, the national family planning
program, unethical trials, dissemination, UN and government actions,
and promotional attempts.
Correspondence: Narigrantha
Prabartana, 2/8 Sir Syed Road, Mohammadpur, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
63:40303 Bonnar, J.; Lamprecht, V.; O'Connor,
E. Alternatives to vaginal intercourse practiced during
the fertile time among calendar method users in Ireland. Advances
in Contraception, Vol. 13, No. 2-3, Jun-Sep 1997. 173-7 pp. Dordrecht,
Netherlands. In Eng.
"The focus of this paper is to report the
alternatives to vaginal intercourse that couples [practice] during the
fertile time, and to determine the factors related to these alternative
sexual expressions....The data used in this analysis were obtained from
[a] pilot study of the acceptability of the calendar method of
contraception that was conducted in Dublin, Ireland in
1993-1994."
Correspondence: J. Bonnar, Trinity
College, St. James Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Dublin 8, Ireland. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40304 Faúndes, A.; Lamprecht, V.;
Osis, M. J.; Lopes, B. C. Simplifying NFP: preliminary
report of a pilot study of the "collar" method in
Brazil. Advances in Contraception, Vol. 13, No. 2-3, Jun-Sep 1997.
167-71 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
The authors evaluate the
acceptability of the "collar" method of natural family
planning, based on a pilot study conducted in Brazil. "Couples are
asked to abstain from day 9-19 (inclusive) of the menstrual cycle,
using beaded necklace (the `collar') as a mnemonic device. Focus groups
with the teacher-monitors and in-depth interviews with female and male
users were carried out to evaluate the acceptability of the `collar'
method....While volunteer couples have been difficult to recruit, and
initial acceptance of the method was low, the experience of those who
did accept the collar seems to indicate that this device is effective
in helping couples to use NFP properly."
Correspondence:
A. Faúndes, Centro de Pesquisas e Controle das
Doenças Materno-Infantis de Campinas, Ciudade Universitaria, 200
Rua Vital Brazil, CEP 13081, 970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40305 Ferreira-Poblete, A. The
probability of conception on different days of the cycle with respect
to ovulation: an overview. Advances in Contraception, Vol. 13, No.
2-3, Jun-Sep 1997. 83-95 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"Over the last 30 years two different models have been
developed to estimate probabilities of conception. Barrett and Marshall
proposed a model where the probability of conception depended only on
the timing of intercourse. Royston, on the other hand, related the
probability of conception to the survival time of sperm and the ovum.
The next two sections of this paper will present these two models and
further modifications proposed in the literature. The results section
will present estimates for these models as found in the literature.
These estimates have been taken directly from the published results and
have not been verified in all cases."
Correspondence:
A. Ferreira-Poblete, University of London, Royal Postgraduate
Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London W12 ONN,
England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40306 France, M.; France, J.; Townend,
K. Natural family planning in New Zealand: a study of
continuation rates and characteristics of users. Advances in
Contraception, Vol. 13, No. 2-3, Jun-Sep 1997. 191-8 pp. Dordrecht,
Netherlands. In Eng.
"This study has determined long-term
continuation rates of clients who attended clinics of the New Zealand
Association of Natural Family Planning and became autonomous users. It
has also identified factors which might influence the continuation of
NFP use....Subjects for whom NFP was their first family planning
method, who were Catholic or who gave religion as their reason for
choosing NFP were more likely to continue long-term use. The majority
of subjects [more than 90%] were highly satisfied with NFP use, with
the most common reasons for satisfaction being self-awareness, freedom
from drugs, naturalness and effectiveness. The difficulties reported
related to abstinence and cycle
interpretation."
Correspondence: M. France, New
Zealand Association of Natural Family Planning, 19a Frater Avenue,
Milford, Auckland, New Zealand. E-mail: j.france@auckland.ac.nz.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40307 Frank-Herrmann, P.; Freundl, G.;
Gnoth, C.; Godehardt, E.; Kunert, J.; Baur, S.; Sottong, U.
Natural family planning with and without barrier method use in the
fertile phase: efficacy in relation to sexual behavior: a German
prospective long-term study. Advances in Contraception, Vol. 13,
No. 2-3, Jun-Sep 1997. 179-89 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"A large prospective long-term study with users of natural
family planning (NFP) methods has been conducted to analyze the
relation between unintended pregnancy rates and sexual behavior with
special reference to barrier method use in the fertile phase....Of the
couples, 54.2% use NFP only or predominantly and 45.9% use mixed
methods....The overall pregnancy rate after 12 cycles of exposure is
2.2% according to the actuarial method. There is no significant
difference between NFP users and mixed methods users and also no
significant effect of duration of use in the first 5 years of
exposure."
Correspondence: P. Frank-Herrmann,
University of Düsseldorf, NFP Study Group, 4000 Düsseldorf
13, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40308 Hatcher, Robert A.; Rinehart, Ward;
Blackburn, Richard; Geller, Judith S. The essentials of
contraceptive technology. ISBN 1-885960-01-8. Jul 1997. xii, [329]
pp. Johns Hopkins University, Center for Communication Programs,
Population Information Program [PIP]: Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
"This handbook...aims at providing state-of-the-art
information on family planning methods to health care providers around
the world....The handbook uses a simple, client-centred approach to the
provision of family planning care. It covers a wide range of topics
that will help to enable women and men to use the method of their
choice effectively and with satisfaction while safeguarding against
avoidable negative health effects. It helps health care providers give
their clients simple but appropriate information and advice on method
use and other reproductive health concerns. Further, it offers guidance
for appropriate procedures in offering family planning methods and
helping continuing users."
Correspondence: Johns
Hopkins School of Public Health, Population Information Program, Center
for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD
21202-4012. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40309 Hight-Laukaran, Virginia; Labbok,
Miriam H.; Peterson, Anne E.; Fletcher, Veronica; von Hertzen, Helena;
Van Look, Paul F. A. Multicenter study of the lactational
amenorrhea method (LAM): II. Acceptability, utility, and policy
implications. Contraception, Vol. 55, No. 6, Jun 1997. 337-46 pp.
New York, New York. In Eng.
"A multicenter study of the
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) was carried out to determine
acceptability, satisfaction, and utilization in 10 different
populations, and to confirm the efficacy of the method....The overall
satisfaction with LAM was 83.6%, and continuation with another method
of family planning was shown to be 67.6% at 9 months postpartum, in
most cases exceeding previous use of contraception prior to use of LAM.
Knowledge and understanding of the method at discontinuation were high,
ranging from 78.4 to 88.6% for the three
criteria."
Correspondence: A. E. Peterson, Institute
of Reproductive Health, 2115 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 602,
Washington, D.C. 20007. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40310 Katz, D. F.; Slade, D. A.; Nakajima,
S. T. Analysis of pre-ovulatory changes in cervical mucus
hydration and sperm penetrability. Advances in Contraception, Vol.
13, No. 2-3, Jun-Sep 1997. 143-51 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This study analyzed daily changes in mucus water content
(hydration) prior to the LH surge (LH+0) in normal women, in relation
to daily levels of serum LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone, and to
daily tests of sperm penetration of the mucus. Cervical mucus was
studied for 12 cycles in 10 ovulating women....The new technique
determines objective measures of both the numbers of penetrating sperm
(motile and non-motile) and the distance penetrated by the forward most
vanguard sperm."
Correspondence: D. F. Katz, Duke
University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Engineering
Building, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40311 Labbok, Miriam H.; Hight-Laukaran,
Virginia; Peterson, Anne E.; Fletcher, Veronica; von Hertzen, Helena;
Van Look, Paul F. A. Multicenter study of the lactational
amenorrhea method (LAM): I. Efficacy, duration, and implications for
clinical application. Contraception, Vol. 55, No. 6, Jun 1997.
327-36 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"A multicenter study of
the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) was carried out to test the
acceptability and efficacy of the method. Additionally, the data are
used to test new constructs for improvement of method criteria....The
98+% efficacy of LAM is confirmed in a wide variety of settings. In
addition, the results yield insight on the possibility of continued use
beyond 6 months. LAM is found to be highly effective as an introductory
postpartum method when offered in a variety of cultures, health care
settings, socioeconomic strata, and industrial and developing country
locales. In addition, LAM acceptance complements breast-feeding
behaviors without ongoing breastfeeding support
services."
Correspondence: A. E. Peterson, Institute
of Reproductive Health, 2115 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 602,
Washington, D.C. 20007. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40312 Lamprecht, V.; Trussell, J.
Natural family planning effectiveness: evaluating published
reports. Advances in Contraception, Vol. 13, No. 2-3, Jun-Sep
1997. 155-65 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
The authors aim
"to equip the reader with the tools necessary to evaluate studies
of natural family planning (NFP) effectiveness found in the literature
and to make recommendations for future NFP effectiveness
studies....Current standards to evaluate contraceptive method
effectiveness are reviewed. A framework for evaluating reports on NFP
is presented....Most NFP studies found in the literature are flawed in
design and do not calculate pregnancy rates correctly. The results from
the few well-designed studies are
presented."
Correspondence: V. Lamprecht, Georgetown
University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2115 Wisconsin Avenue,
Suite 602, Washington, D.C. 20007. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40313 Masarotto, G.; Romualdi, C.
Probability of conception on different days of the menstrual cycle:
an ongoing exercise. Advances in Contraception, Vol. 13, No. 2-3,
Jun-Sep 1997. 105-15 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This
paper describes an ongoing study to obtain new estimates of the chance
of conceiving on a given day of the cycle conditional to `unprotected'
intercourse taking place only on that specific day. The objective of
[the European Multicenter Study] is to obtain more precise and
informative estimates of the time of fecundability than the few already
available in the literature....This paper reviews the basic
characteristics of the study; describes some models that can be used to
analyze the type of data we are collecting; and presents some
preliminary results, based on a part of our
data."
Correspondence: G. Masarotto, Università
di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Statistiche, via San Francesco 33,
35121 Padua, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40314 May, K. Monitoring
reproductive hormones to detect the fertile period: development of
Persona--the first home use system. Advances in Contraception,
Vol. 13, No. 2-3, Jun-Sep 1997. 139-41 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In
Eng.
The author describes the development of Persona, a home use
test designed to monitor reproductive hormones to detect a woman's
fertile period.
Correspondence: K. May, UNIPATH, Research
and Development, Priory Business Park, Bedford MK44 3UP, England.
E-mail: keith.may@unilever.com. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40315 Rosenberg, Michael J.; Waugh, Michael
S. Latex condom breakage and slippage in a controlled
clinical trial. Contraception, Vol. 56, No. 1, Jul 1997. 17-21 pp.
New York, New York. In Eng.
"In an effort to define condom
performance in a group of monogamous couples typical of those using
condoms for contraception, we conducted a clinical trial of a single
brand of lubricated condoms....A total of 4,637 attempts to use the
condom were evaluated. Six breaks occurred before intercourse
(nonclinical breaks), and 10 condoms broke during intercourse or were
only noted to have broken upon withdrawal....Results indicate that
condoms can, in experienced, motivated populations, provide excellent
performance and suggest that their efficacy at preventing pregnancy may
equal that of the most reliable forms of contraception. Because this
study involved a single condom brand, these results may not be
generalizable to other brands."
Correspondence: M. J.
Rosenberg, Health Decisions, 1516 East Franklin Street, Suite 200,
Chapel Hill, NC 27514. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40316 Simmons, Ruth; Hall, Peter;
Díaz, Juan; Díaz, Margarita; Fajans, Peter; Satia,
Jay. The strategic approach to contraceptive
introduction. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 2, Jun
1997. 79-94 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"The introduction
of new contraceptive technologies has great potential for expanding
contraceptive choice, but in practice, benefits have not always
materialized as new methods have been added to public-sector
programs....After reviewing previous experience with contraceptive
introduction, the article outlines [a new] strategic approach and
discusses lessons from eight countries. This new approach shifts
attention from promotion of a particular technology to an emphasis on
the method mix, the capacity to provide services with quality of care,
reproductive choice, and users' perspectives and needs. It also
suggests that technology choice should be undertaken through a
participatory process that begins with an assessment of the need for
contraceptive introduction and is followed by research and policy and
program development. Initial results from Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina
Faso, Chile, Myanmar, South Africa, Vietnam, and Zambia confirm the
value of the new approach."
Correspondence: R.
Simmons, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of
Health Behavior and Health Education, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109-2029. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40317 Trussell, James; Koenig, Jacqueline;
Ellertson, Charlotte; Stewart, Felicia. Preventing
unintended pregnancy: the cost-effectiveness of three methods of
emergency contraception. American Journal of Public Health, Vol.
87, No. 6, Jun 1997. 932-7 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This
study examined the cost-effectiveness of emergency contraceptive pills,
minipills, and the copper-T intrauterine device (IUD) as emergency
contraception [in the United States]....In a managed care (public
payer) setting, a single treatment of emergency contraception after
unprotected intercourse saves $142 ($54) with emergency contraceptive
pills and $119 ($29) with minipills. The copper-T IUD is not
cost-effective as an emergency contraceptive alone, but savings quickly
accrue as use continues. Advance provision of emergency contraceptive
pills to women using barrier contraceptives, spermicides, withdrawal,
or periodic abstinence saves from $263 to $498 ($99 to $205)
annually."
Correspondence: J. Trussell, Princeton
University, Office of Population Research, 21 Prospect Avenue,
Princeton, NJ 08544-2091. E-mail: trussell@opr.princeton.edu.
Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
63:40318 Tu, Ping; Qiu, Shuhua; Fang, Huimin;
Smith, Herbert L. Acceptance, efficacy, and side effects
of Norplant implants in four counties in North China. Studies in
Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 2, Jun 1997. 122-31 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"This report attempts to present a comprehensive
analysis of the acceptability, side effects, and efficacy of Norplant
as used in rural areas, based on a field experiment conducted in four
counties in Hebei and Shandong Provinces, China. The initial acceptance
of Norplant was relatively high but waned after the first year in three
of the four counties. Compared with clinical trials, the current study
shows a lower prevalence but similar patterns of side effects. The
pregnancy rate during the first two years of use is similar to that
found in large-scale clinical trails conducted in China, but
discontinuation due to other reasons is lower. A three-level logistic
regression analysis shows significant variation in the probability of
discontinuation due to side effects across counties. It also indicates
an increase in the conditional probability of discontinuation with the
duration of use."
Correspondence: P. Tu, Peking
University, Institute of Population Research, Beijing 100871, China.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40319 Weinberg, C. R.; Zhou, H.
Model-based approaches to studying fertility and contraceptive
efficacy. Advances in Contraception, Vol. 13, No. 2-3, Jun-Sep
1997. 97-103 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"The purpose
of this paper is to propose two...approaches to design and analysis of
contraceptive clinical trials. The proposed approaches are to be used
in a setting where intercourse is unrestricted and intercourse records
are maintained daily by participating couples, and where the
investigator has available a reliable benchmark for dating ovulation.
For methods used sporadically, e.g. condoms, the approaches to be
described allow simultaneous estimation of both the relevant fertility
parameters and the contraceptive efficacy
parameters."
Correspondence: C. R. Weinberg, National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Biostatistics Branch, MD
A3-03, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies evaluating either the demographic impact or other criteria of effectiveness of family planning programs.
63:40320 Barry, T. M. Quality of
care: from concept to action. A way ahead for Sub-Saharan Africa
FP&RH programmes. African Journal of Fertility, Sexuality and
Reproductive Health, Vol. 1, No. 2, Dec 1996. 85-91 pp. Nairobi, Kenya.
In Eng.
"This article describes sub-Saharan African countries'
efforts to maximise the access and the quality of their FP/RH [family
planning/reproductive health] programmes, and examines the impact of
the various initiatives. The author also discusses some strategic
approaches to improve the actual situation bearing in mind that the
prospects for fertility transition in the sub-region will depend highly
on the extent to which quality concerns are integrated into
comprehensive national programmes."
Correspondence: T.
M. Barry, International Planned Parenthood Federation, Africa Region,
Nairobi, Kenya. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40321 Davies, John; Agha, Sohail.
10 years of contraceptive social marketing in Pakistan: an
assessment of management, outputs, effects, costs and cost-efficiency,
1987-1996. PSI Research Division Working Paper, No. 7, 1997. 37
pp. Population Services International, Research Division: Washington,
D.C. In Eng.
"This report examines the evolution of management
and organization of contraceptive social marketing (CSM) in Pakistan,
showing how the change from implementation by a local commercial firm
to implementation by a local social marketing firm in partnership with
a U.S.-based firm specializing in social marketing improved
sustainability of the activities while improving relationships between
stakeholders. Second, the report describes how an increase in
contraceptive prices led to a large decline in demand among low-income
users. Third, the report analyses ten-year output trends and shows
that, among other things, access to contraceptives increased from 7,000
to 30,000 outlets, condom users increased from 200,000 to 500,000, and
consumption rose from 25 million to 71
million."
Correspondence: Population Services
International, Research Division, 1120 Nineteenth Street NW, Suite 600,
Washington, D.C. 20036. E-mail: generalinfo@psiwash.org. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40322 Janowitz, Barbara; Holtman, Matthew;
Hubacher, David; Jamil, Kanta. Can the Bangladeshi family
planning program meet rising needs without raising costs?
International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 3, Sep 1997.
116-21, 145 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Efforts to expand Bangladesh's government-sponsored family
planning program to meet the needs of more women while raising overall
contraceptive prevalence may increase costs to unacceptably high
levels. A 1993-1994 study examined this problem using data for both
clinics and home visits. Results show that cost per couple-year of
protection are affected by the overlap between the home service
delivery and clinic systems, since fieldworkers visit couples of
reproductive age in their homes, regardless of couples' method choice
or source of supply....Furthermore, costs could be reduced if worker
productivity improved....Increased productivity would enable the
existing systems to meet the projected demand in
2004."
Correspondence: B. Janowitz, Family Health
International, One Triangle Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40323 Khanna, Renu. Dilemmas
and conflicts in clinical research on women's reproductive health.
Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 168-73 pp. London,
England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Reflecting on the
experiences of SARTHI [Social Action for Rural and Tribal Inhabitants
of India], a rural grass roots organisation in western India, this
paper questions the research process adopted for carrying out
community-based, clinical research in women's reproductive health. It
challenges the `top-down' imposition of a narrowly-focused methodology
which requires the community to keep pace with the study rather than
the other way around, and creates unreal service-delivery conditions
which cannot be sustained after the study. The paper underscores the
need for methodology that looks beyond the study, pays as much
attention to process as to results, and is an ongoing exercise
operating within the realities of service
provision."
Correspondence: R. Khanna, SAHAJ, 1 Tejas
Apartments, 53 Haribhakti Colony, Old Padra Road, Baroda 390 007,
India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40324 Özvaris, Sevkat B.; Dervisoglu,
Ayse A. Operational research for an effective information
and training approach for surgical contraception knowledge and attitude
in Turkey. Nüfusbilim Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Population
Studies, Vol. 17-18, 1995-1996. 41-53 pp. Ankara, Turkey. Distributed
by Ankara, Turkey. In Eng. with sum. in Tur.
"This study was
conducted in two districts of Ankara (Etimesgut and Gölbasi),
which are rural and semi-rural areas and consist of 27 villages, to
identify the most effective training (information and education)
approach to increase knowledge and change attitudes toward surgical
contraception....After three different training interventions, increase
in knowledge scores on surgical contraception was observed to be higher
in groups in which women were trained directly. However, this study
shows that although the scores of knowledge increased, the training
intervention did not cause a significant change in attitude. Training
couples concurrently was not shown to be superior to other training
approaches in terms of increasing knowledge or changing
attitude."
Correspondence: S. B. Özvaris,
Hacettepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Public Health,
Hacettepe Parki, Ankara, Turkey. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40325 Tiezzi, Lorraine; Lipshutz, Judy;
Wrobleski, Neysa; Vaughan, Roger D.; McCarthy, James F.
Pregnancy prevention among urban adolescents younger than 15:
results of the "in your face" program. Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1997. 173-6, 197 pp. New York,
New York. In Eng.
"Data from a pregnancy prevention program
operating through school-based clinics in four New York City junior
high schools suggest that an intensive risk-identification and
case-management approach may be effective among very young adolescents.
Among students given a referral to a family planning clinic for
contraception, the proportion who visited the clinic and obtained a
method rose from 11% in the year before the program began to 76% in the
program's third year. Pregnancy rates among teenagers younger than 15
decreased by 34% over four years in the program schools. In the fourth
year of the program, the pregnancy rate in one school that was unable
to continue the program was almost three times the average rate for the
other three schools (16.5 pregnancies per 1,000 female students vs 5.8
per 1,000)."
Correspondence: L. Tiezzi, Columbia
University, Center for Population and Family Health, 60 Haven Avenue,
New York, NY 10032. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40326 Valadez, Joseph J.; Transgrud, Rikka;
Mbugua, Margaret; Smith, Tamara. Assessing family planning
service-delivery skills in Kenya. Studies in Family Planning, Vol.
28, No. 2, Jun 1997. 143-50 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This report demonstrates the use of Lot Quality Assurance
Sampling (LQAS) to evaluate the technical competence of two cohorts of
family planning service providers in Kenya trained with a new
curriculum. One cohort had just finished training within two months of
the study. The other cohort was the first group trained with the new
curriculum about one year before the study....Results show that Cohorts
One and Two did not differ markedly in the number of tasks needing
improvement. However, both cohorts exhibited more tasks needing
improvement in counseling skills as compared with physical examination
skills or with all other skills. Care-givers who were not currently
providing services accounted for most service-delivery
problems."
Correspondence: J. J. Valadez, Johns
Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of
International Health, Baltimore, MD 21218. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40327 Vimard, Patrice; Koffi, N'Guessan;
Guillaume, Agnès; Adjamagbo, Agnès. Some
suggestions for applied research on family planning in Sub-Saharan
Africa: on the value of research to improve population program
effectiveness. [Propositions pour des recherches appliquées
sur la planification familiale en Afrique subsaharienne: de
l'utilité de la recherche pour l'efficience des programmes de
population.] Notes et Projets, No. 5, Sep 1997. 18 pp. Equipe de
Recherche Transition de la Fécondité et Santé de
la Reproduction [ETS]: Marseilles, France; Institut Français de
Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en
Coopération [ORSTOM]: Paris, France. In Fre.
The authors
suggest that current family planning efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa are
not as effective as they might be, and that applied research in this
area would help increase their efficiency. They argue for a closer link
between fertility research and family planning programs, and describe
an example of this kind of research currently underway in the Ivory
Coast.
Correspondence: Institut Français de
Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en
Coopération, 213 rue Lafayette, 75480 Paris Cedex 10, France.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies concerned with the interrelations between fertility control and attitudinal variables, including studies on wanted and unwanted pregnancy and children, motivation for parenthood, sex preference, and voluntary childlessness. Studies on knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) of family planning and attitudes toward family size are classified under this heading.
63:40328 Arnold, Fred. Gender
preferences for children. DHS Comparative Studies, No. 23, Aug
1997. vii, 56 pp. Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys
[DHS]: Calverton, Maryland. In Eng.
"Parental preferences for
daughters or sons exhibit a wide variety of patterns throughout the
world. This report documents patterns and consequences of gender
preferences in [developing] countries with Demographic and Health
Surveys (DHS). The report also provides a model of how to analyze DHS
data on gender preferences. The findings are based on data from 57 DHS
surveys in 244 countries, conducted from 1986 to 1995. Three different
aspects of gender preferences are examined in this report: (1) women's
gender preference attitudes; (2) the extent to which gender preferences
influence demographic behavior; (3) differential treatment of daughters
and sons, particularly during the first few years of life. The
underlying reasons for gender preferences are also briefly
addressed."
Correspondence: Macro International,
Demographic and Health Surveys, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Suite 300,
Calverton, MD 20705-3119. E-mail: reports@macroint.com. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40329 Beets, Gijs C. N.; Liefbroer, Aart
C.; de Jong Gierveld, Jenny. Combining employment and
parenthood: a longitudinal study of intentions of Dutch young
adults. Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 16, No. 5, Oct
1997. 457-74 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This paper
examines the intentions of Dutch males and females with regard to
combining paid employment and parenthood. Four models of how couples
combine these roles are distinguished. Panel data from a representative
survey among Dutch young adults show that the traditional model (the
female takes care of the children and the male works full-time) is
becoming less popular, whereas the supplementary model (the female
takes care of the children and supplements the labor force
participation of the male), and the egalitarian model (both partners
share paid labor more or less equally) are becoming more popular. The
no-child model is preferred by about 10% of the respondents. A
multivariate analysis shows that both job characteristics, like the
flexibility of working hours, and gender role attitudes are important
predictors of intentions with regard to combining family and work
roles."
Correspondence: G. C. N. Beets, Netherlands
Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, Postbus 11650, 2502 AR The
Hague, Netherlands. E-mail: beets@nidi.nl. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40330 Biddlecom, Ann E.; Casterline, John
B.; Perez, Aurora E. Spouses' views of contraception in
the Philippines. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol.
23, No. 3, Sep 1997. 108-15 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum.
in Spa; Fre.
"Data from a 1993 survey in the Philippines
indicate that, in the aggregate, men and women have similar views of
contraception. For example, 72% of husbands and 77% of wives strongly
approved of contraception, and at least half believed that relatives
and friends approved (although men were less likely than women to think
so). At the couple level, however, men's perceptions about
contraception often differ from those of their wives. A relatively
large amount of disagreement exists about the importance of certain
contraceptive attributes and the extent to which these attributes apply
to specific methods. This disagreement is associated both with lower
levels of contraceptive use and with greater conflict over intentions
to use contraceptives in the future. For example, when both spouses
approve of family planning in general, 81% of couples share the same
intentions to practice contraception in the future; but among couples
who disagree over approval of contraception, just 43% share intentions
about future use."
Correspondence: A. E. Biddlecom,
Population Council, Policy Research Division, One Dag Hammarskjold
Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40331 Cao, Jingzhuang; Zhang, Qiang; Wang,
Zhong; Liu, Fengxia; Kang, Zhuang. An investigative report
on the phenomenon of postponing the birth of a second child among
farmers in Liaoning Province. Chinese Journal of Population
Science, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1997. 9-17 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Along with the implementation of birth control policies and
the rapid development of the rural economy [in China], the living
standard and educational quality of farmers have both improved
dramatically, thus bringing about tremendous changes in farmers' values
and conceptions including those on marriage and reproduction. Many
farmers have begun to postpone the birth of a second child. Based on
investigations on people who decide to postpone the birth of a second
child on their own initiative, this article analyzes this social
phenomenon and puts forth feasible proposals for further guidance and
intensified efforts over management of this
trend."
Correspondence: J. Cao, Population Information
Center, Population Society, Liaoning Province, China. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40332 Geldstein, Rosa N.; Pantelides, Edith
A. Double subordination, double risk: class, gender and
sexuality in adolescent women in Argentina. Reproductive Health
Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 121-31 pp. London, England. In Eng. with sum.
in Fre; Spa.
"This paper presents part of the results of
research on the relationship between sexual behaviour and gender images
among adolescents of both sexes in Argentina, with a focus on young
women in the highest and lowest social classes in the greater Buenos
Aires metropolitan area. The research was based on the hypothesis that
gender inequality is translated into behaviour through cultural role
images (gender images). This study shows that more young women from the
upper-middle class have egalitarian gender images, feel more in control
of their lives, tend to protect themselves during sexual relations and
experience few unplanned pregnancies. Sexual and reproductive
risk-taking behaviour is more likely among those who have the least
educational opportunities, whose mothers had similar experiences, and
among whom traditional gender concepts are
maintained."
Correspondence: R. N. Geldstein, Centro
de Estudios de Población, Casilla 4397, Correo Central, 1000
Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: geldstei@cenep.satlink.net.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40333 Genç, Metin; Günes,
Gülsen; Sahin, Mustafa; Karaoglu, Leyla; Pehlivan, Erkan.
Family planning knowledge and practice of reproductive age (15-49
years) married women in Yesilyurt (Malatya). [Yesilyurt (Malatya)
merkezindeki 15-49 yas grubu evli kadinlarin aile planlamasina iliskin
bilgi ve uygulamalari.] Nüfusbilim Dergisi/Turkish Journal of
Population Studies, Vol. 17-18, 1995-1996. 61-81 pp. Ankara, Turkey. In
Tur. with sum. in Eng.
The authors investigate knowledge and
practice of family planning among married women aged 15-49 in
Yesilyurt, Malatya, Turkey. "It was observed that the increase in
the number of both methods known by the women was parallel to the
increase in their educational levels. Women whose source of knowledge
was [the] media had more knowledge about contraception compared to the
women whose source of knowledge was health
professionals."
Correspondence: M. Genç, Halk
Sagligi Uzmani, Malatya ACS-AP, Merkezi, Turkey. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40334 Groat, H. Theodore; Giordano, Peggy
C.; Cernkovich, Stephen A.; Pugh, M. D.; Swinford, Steven P.
Attitudes toward childbearing among young parents. Journal of
Marriage and the Family, Vol. 59, No. 3, Aug 1997. 568-81 pp.
Minneapolis, Minnesota. In Eng.
"Grounded in both cultural and
rational choice theories of fertility, this article examines the
positive and negative attitudes of young [U.S.] parents toward their
own childbearing and childrearing experiences. With data from a
subsample of 412 White and African American respondents, our analyses
show marked differences in the combinations of variables that predict
attitudes of childbearing rewards and regrets. Respondents who find
child bearing most rewarding are disproportionately white, female,
married, and have positive feelings about their first pregnancies.
Those holding regretful childbearing attitudes, in contrast are
disproportionately Black, materialistic, have three or more children,
and express negative feelings about their first pregnancies. Thus, race
and retrospections concerning experiences of first pregnancy
significantly predict both rewards and
regrets."
Correspondence: H. T. Groat, Bowling Green
State University, Department of Sociology, Bowling Green, OH
43403-0231. E-mail: tgroat@bgnet.bgsu.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40335 Gwako, Edwins L. M.
Conjugal power in rural Kenya families: its influence on women's
decisions about family size and family planning practices. Sex
Roles, Vol. 36, No. 3-4, 1997. 127-47 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This paper addresses the effects of conjugal power on
currently married women's decisions about family size and family
planning practices in rural Kenya. Data on wife's position
vis-à-vis husband's that reflects the nature of spousal power
relations measured in this study by a constructed score index based on
wives' influence in decision-making processes about family size,
adoption of family planning methods, and management of income were
collected during an 18 months fieldwork among the Abaluhya, Abagusii,
and Masai ethnic groups. These data were used to classify wives'
positions relative to their husbands' as either low, moderate, or high.
These categories were cross-tabulated with the mean number of children
ever born and current use of family planning methods. The results
reveal that wives who had high positions relative to their husbands had
a low mean number of children ever born and reported a greater
percentage of current use of family planning
methods."
Correspondence: E. L. M. Gwako, Washington
University, Department of Anthropology, Campus Box 1114, One Brookings
Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40336 Harries, Richard.
Population and birth control: an Anglican perspective. In:
Population and the environment: the Linacre Lectures 1993-4, edited by
Bryan Cartledge. 1995. 136-49 pp. Oxford University Press: Oxford,
England. In Eng.
The author, who is the Anglican Bishop of Oxford,
England, discusses population growth and birth control. While the
author sympathizes with the view of the Roman Catholic Church that
economic development will lead to lower population rates, he also
states that "economic growth and the availability of family
planning need to go together....Some recent evidence shows that the
traditional assumption that family size falls with economic progress
does nor always hold true."
Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40337 Jukes, John. Mankind:
master of this creation but servant of the Creator. In: Population
and the environment: the Linacre Lectures 1993-4, edited by Bryan
Cartledge. 1995. 150-64 pp. Oxford University Press: Oxford, England.
In Eng.
Taking his point of departure in the Book of Genesis and in
Papal writings on the topics of marriage, fertility, population growth,
and the environment, the author reaffirms the opposition of the Roman
Catholic Church to contraception.
Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40338 Kaufman, Gayle. Men's
attitudes toward parenthood. Population Research and Policy
Review, Vol. 16, No. 5, Oct 1997. 435-46 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In
Eng.
"This paper examines men's attitudes toward parenthood
using data from the [U.S.] National Survey of Families and Households.
The results indicate (1) married men are significantly less likely than
unmarried men to think that the stress of raising children, the ability
to purchase goods, career time, leisure time, and old age security are
important considerations in deciding whether or not to have a child;
(2) men with higher education are more likely than less educated men to
consider time for career and time for leisure and social activities
important in making fertility decisions but are less likely to consider
having someone to love important; and (3) black and Hispanic men are
more likely to place importance on old age security than non-Hispanic
white men."
Correspondence: G. Kaufman, University of
North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, University Square, CB 8120,
124 East Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997. E-mail:
gayle_kaufman@unc.edu. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40339 Kubicka, L.; Matejcek, Z.; David, H.
P.; Dytrych, Z.; Miller, W. B.; Roth, Z. Children from
unwanted pregnancies in Prague, Czech Republic revisited at age
thirty. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Vol. 91, No. 6, Jun 1995.
361-9 pp. Copenhagen, Denmark. In Eng.
"The results of the
fourth wave of the Prague Study of subjects born of unwanted
pregnancies (UP) are reported. Of these young adults, 190 were examined
at age 30 together with pair-matched control subjects born of accepted
pregnancies (AP). Siblings of both UP and AP subjects were also
examined. As in the previous data waves the UP subjects manifest less
favorable psychosocial development on average than their AP controls,
although the differences have narrowed. In some respects the siblings
of the UP subjects share the latter's less favorable characteristics.
However, there is a gender specific nonshared late effect of unwanted
pregnancy: the UP females are more frequently emotionally disturbed
than their AP female controls, whereas no such difference occurs
between the female siblings of the UP and AP
subjects."
Correspondence: L. Kubicka, Prague
Psychiatric Center, 181 03 Prague 8, Czech Republic. Location:
U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
63:40340 Kuiper, Heather; Miller, Suellen;
Martinez, Elena; Loeb, Lisa; Darney, Philip. Urban
adolescent females' views on the implant and contraceptive
decision-making: a double paradox. Family Planning Perspectives,
Vol. 29, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1997. 167-72 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Focus groups and in-depth interviews were used to explore the
decline in popularity of the contraceptive implant in a [San Francisco]
clinic-based sample of 41 ethnically diverse, urban, sexually active
adolescents. While these teenagers' socioeconomic status and patterns
of inconsistent contraceptive use made them potentially ideal implant
recipients, they were unlikely to select this method. Negative media
reports about the method were less influential than social conditions
such as peer perspectives and gender relations. Oral networks that
propagated misinformation went unchallenged because of the silence of
satisfied users. Personal factors such as future orientation,
autonomous decision-making and value of control also influenced
contraceptive decision-making."
Correspondence: H.
Kuiper, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
94143. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40341 Mahmood, Naushin; Ringheim,
Karin. Knowledge, approval and communication about family
planning as correlates of desired fertility among spouses in
Pakistan. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 23, No.
3, Sep 1997. 122-9, 145 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in
Spa; Fre.
"The responses of a matched sample of husbands and
wives who participated in the 1990-1991 Pakistan Demographic and Health
Survey are used to identify the factors associated with desired
fertility in Pakistan. In urban areas, 40% of men and 50% of women do
not want more children, compared with 26% of men and 37% of women in
rural areas. Urban men and women are equally likely to approve of
family planning, whereas among rural residents, men are significantly
more likely than women to approve. In both settings, men are more
likely than women to know of a source of supply. Multivariate analyses
indicate that a couple's approval of family planning, knowledge of a
source of family planning and discussion about family planning are
correlated with the desire to have no additional children, and the
relationship is particularly strong among rural
residents."
Correspondence: N. Mahmood, Pakistan
Institute of Development Economics, P.O. Box 1091, Islamabad 44000,
Pakistan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40342 Obermeyer, Carla M.; Cárdenas,
Rosario. Son preference and differential treatment in
Morocco and Tunisia. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 3,
Sep 1997. 235-44 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This report
investigates the links between son preference and differential
treatment of children by analyzing data from the Demographic and Health
Surveys of Morocco and Tunisia, two countries that are thought to vary
considerably regarding indicators of gender. The analyses find no
significant differences in either country in the duration and intensity
of breast feeding and small differences in favor of boys in Tunisia
regarding immunization and the treatment of diarrhea. These findings,
which are, to some degree, unexpected, are discussed in light of other
research relevant to son preference in the two
countries."
Correspondence: C. M. Obermeyer, Harvard
School of Public Health, Department of Population and International
Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40343 Population Council (New York, New
York). The gap between reproductive intentions and
behaviour: a study of Punjabi men and women. Jun 1997. ix, 78, [2]
pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
This study examines the unmet need
for family planning in the Pakistani part of Punjab. The fieldwork,
which took place in 1996, was carried out in two phases; the first
consisted of 42 qualitative interviews and the second involved a survey
of 1,310 currently married women aged 20-44 and 554 of their husbands.
Emphasis was placed on the analysis of fertility preferences, and it
was concluded that one explanation for unmet need was the fact that
women are often only weakly attached to their stated preferences.
Another factor explaining the gap between the desire to limit fertility
and the practice of family planning was identified as the cost of
contraception, understood not only as the monetary cost, but also as
fear of husband's disapproval, fear of contraceptive side effects, and
fear of social, cultural, or religious
disapproval.
Correspondence: Population Council, One Dag
Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40344 Thailand. National Statistical Office
(Bangkok, Thailand). Determinants of desire for more
children: an analysis of the 1993 Social Attitudes towards Children
Survey. ISBN 974-236-313-7. [1997]. [xx], 16, 12 pp. Bangkok,
Thailand. In Eng; Tha.
This report uses data from the 1993 Social
Attitudes towards Children Survey to analyze the extent of sex
preference in Thailand and the factors affecting the desire for
additional children. The analysis includes differences in desire for
more children by socioeconomic status and by
region.
Correspondence: National Statistical Office,
Statistical Data Bank and Information Dissemination Division, Larn
Luang Road, Bangkok 10100, Thailand. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40345 Thomson, Elizabeth.
Couple childbearing desires, intentions, and births.
Demography, Vol. 34, No. 3, Aug 1997. 343-54 pp. Silver Spring,
Maryland. In Eng.
"Using new panel data from the National
Surveys of Families and Households, I investigate the effects of [U.S.]
wives' and husbands' childbearing desires on their spouses' intentions,
and the effects of spouses' desires and intentions on subsequent
births. The results show clearly that husbands' desires and intentions
influence couples' births, with approximately equal force to that of
wives' desires and intentions. When couples disagreed about wanting a
child, each partners' intentions were shifted toward not having a
child; and disagreement in desires or intentions were reflected in
births rates that were lower than average. These patterns were
generally not different for couples with more or less traditional
gender roles or attitudes."
This paper was originally presented
at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: E. Thomson, University of
Wisconsin, Department of Sociology, Center for Demography and Ecology,
1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1393. E-mail:
Thomson@ssc.wisc.edu. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40346 Wang, Weiren; Famoye, Felix.
Modeling household fertility decisions with generalized Poisson
regression. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1997.
273-83 pp. Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"This paper models
household fertility decisions by using a generalized Poisson regression
model. Since the fertility data used in the paper exhibit
under-dispersion, the generalized Poisson regression model has
statistical advantages over both standard Poisson and negative binomial
regression models, and is suitable for analysis of count data that
exhibit either over-dispersion or under-dispersion. The model is
estimated by the method of maximum likelihood. Approximate tests for
the dispersion and goodness-of-fit measures for comparing alternative
models are discussed....The hypothesis of Becker-Lewis is...tested with
a data set of fertility from the Michigan Panel Study of Income
Dynamics...."
Correspondence: W. Wang, University of
Kentucky, Department of Economics, Lexington, KY 40506-0034. E-mail:
weiren@convex.cc.uky.edu. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40347 Wielandt, Hanne; Knudsen, Lisbeth
B. Birth control: some experiences from Denmark.
Contraception, Vol. 55, No. 5, May 1997. 301-6 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"The concept of family planning and birth control is
often used to signify the limitation of the number of children in a
family, but in a broader sense it may also include planning of the
wished-for number of children and the time of their births. In this
article we take the broader view and consider birth control not only as
a means for the couple to limit the number of children in the family
but also as an expression of the wish to be able to decide when to have
children, for instance, by postponement of first childbirth and by
spacing the births of the children." The authors conclude that
"birth control is primarily accomplished by use of contraceptives
and as an effect of widespread use, teenagers have managed to diminish
their total rate of pregnancy rather
dramatically."
Correspondence: H. Wielandt, Odense
University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Odense,
Denmark. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40348 Zafar, Muhammad I.
Husband-wife roles as a correlate of contraceptive and fertility
behavior. Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 35, No. 2, Summer
1996. 145-70 pp. Islamabad, Pakistan. In Eng.
"In this paper,
an investigation of reproductive behaviour [in Pakistan] within the
socioeconomic and cultural frameworks is carried out to find the extent
to which socioeconomic, cultural, and attitudinal variables...influence
the fertility decision-making process....Preferences for smaller
families and contraceptive use were found to be consistently associated
with modern attitudes and behaviour towards the husband-and-wife
relationship....It is concluded that cultural setting and tradition
exert an important influence on reproductive behaviour independent of
development in economic realities."
Correspondence: M.
I. Zafar, University of Agriculture, Department of Rural Sociology,
Faisalabad, Pakistan. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
Studies on induced abortion, including those on attitudes, with the exception of studies primarily concerned with government regulation of abortion, which are coded under M.2. Measures Affecting Fertility. Studies of spontaneous abortion appear under F.3. Sterility and Other Pathology.
63:40349 Abeyesekera, Sunila.
Abortion in Sri Lanka in the context of women's human rights.
Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 87-93 pp. London,
England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"This paper analyses,
from the perspective of women's human rights, an unsuccessful attempt
to amend the abortion law in the Penal Code of Sri Lanka in 1995. The
parliamentary debate brought to the surface a number of contentious
issues relating to women's right to control their sexuality and
reproductive capacities, in which women were variously assumed to be
promiscuous and conniving, or vulnerable and needing protection....This
paper argues that a human rights framework, with its emphasis on
equality and universality, is appropriate for conceptualising and
working for women's right to abortion."
Correspondence:
S. Abeyesekera, INFORM, 5 Jayaratne Avenue, Colombo 5, Sri Lanka.
E-mail: inform@lanka.gn.apc.org. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40350 Azize-Vargas, Yamila; Avilés,
Luis A. Abortion in Puerto Rico: the limits of colonial
legality. Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 56-65 pp.
London, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"As a colony
of the United States, abortion became legal in Puerto Rico, as a
consequence of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Roe v. Wade, rather
than as a consequence of internal political developments....Using data
from a survey carried out in 1991-92 of women attending 10 of the 13
private abortion clinics, and other sources of historical information,
this paper examines the current practice of abortion and the hurdles
women face to obtain this service, taking into consideration the impact
of colonial subordination. The colonial legality of abortion in Puerto
Rico has both supported and deterred Puerto Rican women's right to
abortion, and other means of ensuring that right need to be
found."
Correspondence: Y. Azize-Vargas, P.O. Box
10000, Suite 292, Cayey, Puerto Rico 00737. E-mail: azize@coqui.net.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40351 Ba-Thike, Katherine.
Abortion: a public health problem in Myanmar. Reproductive
Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 94-100 pp. London, England. In Eng.
with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Based on a review of various studies,
and comparing data from the 1970s and 1980s with data since 1990, this
paper presents an overview of the problem of [illegal] induced abortion
in Myanmar. Maternal deaths have decreased dramatically since the 1970s
in relation to pregnancy and childbirth, but remain very high for
abortion complications....Women's experience and perceptions of
abortion are also described."
Correspondence: K.
Ba-Thike, Institute of Medicine, 19 Myitzu Road, Parami Yeiktha, Yankin
P.O. 11081, Yangon, Myanmar. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40352 Benson, Janie; Nicholson, Lori A.;
Gaffikin, Lynne; Kinoti, Stephen N. Complications of
unsafe abortion in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Health Policy and
Planning, Vol. 11, No. 2, Jun 1996. 117-31 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"The Commonwealth Regional Health Community Secretariat
undertook a study in 1994 to document the magnitude of abortion
complications in Commonwealth member countries. The results of the
literature review component of that study, and research gaps identified
as a result of the review, are presented in this article.
The...findings indicate a significant public health problem in the
region, as measured by a high proportion of incomplete abortion
patients among all hospital gynaecology admissions....Articles on
contraceptive behaviour and abortion reported that almost all patients
suffering from abortion complications had not used an effective, or
any, method of contraception prior to becoming pregnant, especially
among the adolescent population; studies on post-abortion contraception
are virtually nonexistent. Almost all articles on the legal aspect of
abortion recommended law reform to reflect a public health, rather than
a criminal, orientation."
Correspondence: L. A.
Nicholson, Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in
Reproductive Health, Baltimore, MD 21218. Location: U.S.
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
63:40353 Berer, Marge. Abortion:
unfinished business. Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997.
190 pp. Reproductive Health Matters: London, England. In Eng.
This
special issue is devoted to the status of abortion worldwide. The focus
is on commitments made to women's health and empowerment at the Cairo
and Beijing conferences, and on the actual changes that have been made
since those conferences were held.
Selected items will be cited in
this or subsequent issues of Population Index.
Correspondence:
Reproductive Health Matters, 29-35 Farringdon Road, London EC1M
3JB, England. E-mail 100663.3504@compuserve.com. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40354 Bertelsen, Ole. Abortion
or birth. [Abort eller fødsel.] Rapport fra
Socialforskningsinstituttet, No. 94:4, ISBN 87-7487-481-0. 1994. 107
pp. Socialforskningsinstituttet: Copenhagen, Denmark. In Dan.
This
report is based on a survey of a cohort of Danish women who either gave
birth or had an abortion in 1993. Chapter 1 describes the main results
of the survey. Chapter 2 defines the methodology of the survey. Chapter
3 examines trends in births and abortions. Chapter 4 discusses abortion
as part of family planning. Chapter 5 examines how the choice of
abortion was made. Chapter 6 describes issues of social background and
networks. Chapter 7 gives an overview of the use of contraception, and
Chapter 8 renders a statistical analysis.
Correspondence:
Socialforskningsinstituttet, Borgergade 28, 1300 Copenhagen,
Denmark. Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
63:40355 Bumpass, Larry L. The
measurement of public opinion on abortion: the effects of survey
design. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 4, Jul-Aug
1997. 177-80 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"A factorial
experiment examined the effects of the wording and sequence of survey
questions on the measurement of [U.S.] attitudes toward abortion. When
a first-trimester pregnancy is specified, 55% of respondents agree that
a woman should be able to obtain a legal abortion for any reason,
compared with 44% when no pregnancy duration is stated. Specifying
first-trimester pregnancies has little effect on the proportion of
respondents who agree that abortion should be available for maternal
health, fetal defects or rape, but it significantly increases the
proportion who agree that a woman should be able to obtain an abortion
if she is single, has financial constraints or wants no more children.
When gestational lengths from one to six months are presented to
respondents in ascending order, agreement that a woman should be able
to obtain an abortion for any reason is lower for any given length of
gestation than when pregnancy durations are presented in descending
order."
Correspondence: L. L. Bumpass, University of
Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology, 4412 Social Science
Building, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1393. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40356 Casas-Becerra, Lidia.
Women prosecuted and imprisoned for abortion in Chile.
Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 29-36 pp. London,
England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Chile is one of the
last countries in the world where abortion is absolutely illegal. This
paper reports on a study of 80 women who were prosecuted in Santiago
for having had an abortion....Most of the women who had abortions were
single mothers; many were domestic workers who had migrated to the city
from the countryside....This paper highlights the gender and
poverty-related discrimination that poor women having abortions face in
Chile, and how the law is used to undermine medical
confidentiality."
Correspondence: L. Casas-Becerra,
Avenida Suecia 0119, Oficina 507, Providencia, Santiago, Chile. E-mail:
lcasas@chasqui.mic.cl. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40357 Castle, Mary A.; Fisher,
Barbara. Anatomy of a physician education programme.
Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 46-55 pp. London,
England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"This paper describes
an innovative abortion training programme implemented in three
free-standing clinics of a women's health care agency in a large U.S.
city. It was designed to address the growing shortage of clinicians
trained and willing to perform abortions, a shortage that has
restricted women's access to abortion services....In its first three
years, this programme trained 60 physicians and 2 physician-assistants
to provide first trimester abortions, using local anaesthesia. The
successes and challenges in implementing an innovative programme which
also called for change from a medical model of care to patient-centred
care, are described."
Correspondence: M. A. Castle,
METIS Associates, 80 Broad Street, Suite 1600, New York, NY 10004.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40358 Cazzola, Alberto.
Abortion and fertility: short-term effects of legal abortion on
natality in Italy. [Aborto e fecondità: gli effetti di
breve periodo indotti dall'aborto legale sulle nascite in Italia.] ISBN
88-204-9434-5. 1996. 272 pp. FrancoAngeli: Milan, Italy. In Ita.
This book assesses the impact on fertility of Italy's legalization
of abortion in 1978. In addition to estimating the number of births
avoided or postponed by legal abortions by region, age, and woman's
marital status, the author discusses the most likely hypotheses
concerning the trends in reproductive behavior in the years immediately
before and after this legislative change. Particular attention is given
to the process of change from a restrictive to a permissive regime; the
author analyzes abortion trends and attempts to distinguish abortions
that would previously have been performed illegally from those that
would not have occurred if abortion had remained
illegal.
Correspondence: FrancoAngeli, Viale Monza 106,
20217 Milan, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40359 Driedger, Leo; Halli, Shiva
S. Pro life or pro choice: politics of career and
homemaking. Population Studies, Vol. 51, No. 2, Jul 1997. 129-37
pp. London, England. In Eng.
"The authors constructed
empirical homemaking and career typologies to test the validity of
Luker's contention that the abortion debate is not about the welfare of
the fetus but about the status and roles of women. We found that both
homemakers and career-oriented women existed in a North American sample
of Mennonites. Homemakers, who were more religious, less educated and
less individualistic, were significantly more pro-life, as expected.
The career-oriented were more educated and more individualistic, and
they were also significantly more pro-choice. Individualism was the
most significant predictor of pro-choice attitudes on all six dependent
variables. However, ideology in the form of the Anabaptist religious
beliefs found in this sample of Mennonites, was the most consistent and
most significant predictor of pro-life
attitudes."
Correspondence: L. Driedger, University of
Manitoba, Department of Sociology, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40360 Ellertson, Charlotte; Elul, Batya;
Winikoff, Beverly. Can women use medical abortion without
medical supervision? Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997.
149-61 pp. London, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"This paper identifies the seven steps women would need to
accomplish in order to use mifepristone-misoprostol for abortion
without medical supervision....Data from a large clinical trial of
mifepristone-misoprostol medical abortion offer indirect evidence that
women may be able to complete these steps successfully. If so, it is
possible that women could use the method safely and effectively with
less medical supervision than is currently required in the standard
protocols."
Correspondence: C. Ellertson, Population
Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10021. E-mail:
cellertson@popcouncil.org. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40361 Fried, Marlene G.
Abortion in the U.S.: barriers to access. Reproductive Health
Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 37-45 pp. London, England. In Eng. with sum.
in Fre; Spa.
"This paper argues that connecting abortion to a
broader conception of women's rights and social justice is necessary to
defending and expanding abortion rights [in the United States]....[It]
gives a picture of the status of legal abortion from the vantage point
of those women who bear the brunt of restricted access--low income
women, women of colour (who comprise a disproportionate number of the
poor), and young women. As such, it emphasises the losses rather than
the gains that have accompanied the legalisation of abortion and the
inadequacy of the pro-choice political
responses."
Correspondence: M. G. Fried, Hampshire
College, Civil Liberties and Public Policy Program, Amherst, MA 01002.
E-mail: mfried@hamp.hampshire.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:40362 Gupte, Manisha; Bandewar, Sunita;
Pisal, Hemlata. Abortion needs of women in India: a case
study of rural Maharashtra. Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9,
May 1997. 77-86 pp. London, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"The Indian Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act came
into force in 1972, in response to the high mortality and morbidity
associated with illegal abortion. However, 25 years on, both
restrictions in the law and the way it is implemented through service
delivery have failed to meet the abortion needs of large numbers of
women. Using data from a larger qualitative study in rural Maharashtra,
this paper explores women's perceptions of their rights and needs in
relation to abortion. The women were ambivalent about abortion, based
on their roles and identity as mothers, but they saw the necessity for
abortion and supported each other to have
abortions."
Correspondence: S. Bandewar, CEHAT, 2/10
Swanand, Aapli Sahakari Society, Parvati Darshan, Pune 441 009, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40363 Hardy, Ellen; Bugalho,
António; Faúndes, Anibal; Duarte, Graciana A.; Bique,
Cassimo. Comparison of women having clandestine and
hospital abortions: Maputo, Mozambique. Reproductive Health
Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 108-15 pp. London, England. In Eng. with sum.
in Fre; Spa.
"In Mozambique a Ministry of Health decree since
1981 allows public hospitals to carry out abortions if pregnancy
results from contraceptive failure or places a woman's health or life
at risk....This study compared women attending the main hospital in
Maputo for complications of clandestine abortion and those having an
induced abortion in the hospital. Most of those in the fist group were
young and primigravida, had experienced fewer abortions and lived in
poorer socio-economic conditions. Fewer had a steady partner, were more
frequently recent migrants to Maputo, and had lower knowledge and use
of contraceptives."
Correspondence: E. Hardy,
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculty of Medical Sciences,
Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Caixa Postal 6181, 10381-970
Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: cemicamp@turing.unicamp.br.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40364 Huntington, Dale; Nawar, Laila;
Abdel-Hady, Dalia. Women's perceptions of abortion in
Egypt. Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 101-7 pp.
London, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"A rapidly
implemented qualitative study was conducted to investigate the
perceptions of women about abortion in Egypt using in-depth interviews
with hospitalised patients and focus group discussions with family
planning clients and non-contracepting women. The most salient issue
confronting the patients (whether the abortion had been spontaneous or
induced) was their physical survival....The provision of post-abortion
contraception was found to be problematic as women believed their
bodily balance needed restoring first and that their fertility would
not return immediately. The provision of counseling to reduce anxiety
and fears, accurate and easily comprehensible information about
miscarriage, induced abortion and future fertility and support for the
women's need to rest are important aspects of post-abortion
care."
Correspondence: D. Huntington, Population
Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40365 Jewkes, Rachel K.; Fawcus, Susan;
Rees, Helen; Lombard, Carl J.; Katzenellenbogen, Judy.
Methodological issues in the South African incomplete abortion
study. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 3, Sep 1997.
228-34 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"In 1994, a national
hospital-based study was undertaken of cases of incomplete abortion
presenting to public hospitals in South Africa....This report focuses
on methodological issues arising from the study that have implications
for future research. The findings demonstrate that only a small
proportion of the women acknowledged having had an induced abortion and
that only a few of those who did showed evidence of interference with
pregnancy. Clinical opinion of sepsis and the likelihood of induction
were found to be highly unreliable. These findings considerably reduce
the usefulness of the WHO-protocol method of estimating the likely
origin of incomplete abortions."
Correspondence: R. K.
Jewkes, Medical Research Council, CERSA--Women's Health, Centre for
Epidemiological Research in Southern Africa, Private Bag X385, Pretoria
0001, South Africa. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40366 Langer, Ana; García-Barrios,
Cecilia; Heimburger, Angela; Stein, Karen; Winikoff, Beverly; Barahona,
Vilma; Casas, Beatriz; Ramírez, Francisca.
Improving post-abortion care in a public hospital in Oaxaca,
Mexico. Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 20-8 pp.
London, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"This paper
describes patients' and providers' perceptions of the quality of care
in the treatment of 132 women who arrived at the emergency room of a
public hospital in Oaxaca, Mexico, with complications of abortion,
whether spontaneous or induced clandestinely. This hospital was
interested in assessing and improving its services. Questionnaires,
on-site observation and in-depth interviews revealed insensitive
personal treatment by rushed staff, apparent lack of concern for
women's emotional state, lack of privacy during examinations, poor
attention to pain management, and long waiting times for
treatment....An intervention was developed to improve quality of care,
both from a medical standpoint and as regards access to information,
counseling and personal interaction."
Correspondence:
A. Langer, Population Council, Regional Office for LAC, Escondida
No. 110, Col. Villa Coyoacán, Mexico, DF 0400, Mexico. E-mail:
alangerpc@laneta.apc.org. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40367 Nunes, Frederick E.; Delph, Yvette
M. Making abortion law reform work: steps and slips in
Guyana. Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 66-76 pp.
London, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"The euphoria
of success with abortion law reform [in Guyana], followed by the
practical difficulties of implementation and the impact of the law are
described in this paper....[It] discusses the role of the
non-governmental advisory board which monitors the law, a new NGO
[nongovernmental organization] formed to support the implementation of
the law, the importance of the local media, and the difficulties of
sustaining action for change where civil society is
weak."
Correspondence: Author's E-mail:
ydelph@aol.com. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40368 Posada, Carmen.
Abortion: a social, legal and juridical debate of the first order
in Colombia. Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 147-8
pp. London, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"A review
of the sentence in a case of abortion of a pregnancy resulting from
rape earlier this year led to a split of opinion on the Constitutional
Court of Colombia. This paper summarises the majority and minority
opinions. It argues that it is no longer only women committed to sexual
and reproductive rights who are speaking out in favour of the
decriminalisation of abortion, under specific conditions such as rape.
Three high court judges have opened new levels of debate and motivated
the media and public opinion in Colombia to participate in this
debate."
Correspondence: C. Posada, CERFAMI, Cra. 77A
No. 48-27, A.A.057443, Medellín, Colombia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40369 Rance, Susanna. Safe
motherhood, unsafe abortion: a reflection on the impact of
discourse. Reproductive Health Matters, No. 9, May 1997. 10-9 pp.
London, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"In Bolivia,
the past decade has seen considerable developments in reproductive
health policies and services, including a number of programmes designed
to reduce maternal mortality, at least one third of which result from
the complications of unsafe abortions. However, due to opposition from
conservative forces within the Bolivian government influenced by the
Catholic hierarchy, efforts to reduce deaths from unsafe abortion took
a step backwards in 1996. This paper shows that discourses which
condemn abortion have material effects on women's bodies and
lives."
Correspondence: S. Rance, Capsule 10640, La
Paz, Bolivia. E-mail: srance@lpz.rds.org.bo. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40370 Rogo, Khama O. A review
of abortion in Zambia. LC 95-980953. Feb 1994. 35 pp. Centre for
the Study of Adolescence: Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
The author
reviews abortion trends in Zambia. The impact of a 1972 law providing
for more liberal abortion indicators is considered, and constraints on
legal abortion are described.
Correspondence: Centre for
the Study of Adolescence, P.O. Box 19329, Nairobi, Kenya. Location:
U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
63:40371 Roloff, Juliane.
Abortion in West and East Germany: analysis of background, facts,
and acceptance with special reference to the results of the German FFS
(Fertility and Family Survey). [Schwangerschaftsabbruch in West-
und Ostdeutschland: Analyse seiner Hintergründe, Fakten und
Akzeptanz unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse des
deutschen FFS (Fertility and Family Survey).] Materialien zur
Bevölkerungswissenschaft, No. 27, 1997. 117 pp. Bundesinstitut
für Bevölkerungsforschung: Wiesbaden, Germany. In Ger.
The author analyzes to what extent the responses to an unwanted
pregnancy differ in the old versus the new German states, whose
abortion laws differed until reunification in 1990. She also analyzes
differences in abortion acceptance and trends in the abortion rate,
along with the sociodemographic factors influencing it. A history and
bibliography of abortion law in Germany are included, and some
demographic factors related to abortion, such as birthrate, are
examined.
Correspondence: Bundesinstitut für
Bevölkerungsforschung, Gustav-Stresemann-Ring 6, Postfach 5528,
65180 Wiesbaden, Germany. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40372 Shin, Hee-Choon.
Pro-life, pro-choice, and pro-health: a principal coordinate
analysis. In: 1996 Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section.
1996. 24-6 pp. American Statistical Association [ASA]: Alexandria,
Virginia. In Eng.
Data from the 1994 General Social Survey are used
in an attempt to better understand attitudes toward abortion in the
United States. "People's opinion or attitude on abortion should
not be understood on an unidimensional space based on morality, or on a
liberal versus non-liberal basis. Using Principal Coordinate Analysis,
we graphically identify two components: the moral and the health
dimension. In addition to `pro-life' and `pro-choice' groups, we
identify a third group, the `pro-health'
group."
Correspondence: H.-C. Shin, National Opinion
Research Center, 55 East Monroe Street, Suite 4800, Chicago, IL 60603.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40373 Singh, Susheela; Cabigon, Josefina
V.; Hossain, Altaf; Kamal, Haidary; Perez, Aurora E.
Estimating the level of abortion in the Philippines and
Bangladesh. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 23,
No. 3, Sep 1997. 100-7, 144 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum.
in Spa; Fre.
"In countries where data on induced abortion are
underreported or nonexistent--such as the Philippines and
Bangladesh--indirect estimation techniques may be used to approximate
the level of abortion. The collection of data about women hospitalized
for abortion complications and the use of such indirect estimation
techniques indicates that the abortion rate in the Philippines is
within the range of 20-30 induced abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-49,
and the rate in Bangladesh ranges between 26 and 30 per 1,000. About
400,000 abortions are estimated to occur each year in the Philippines,
while the number in Bangladesh is calculated to be about 730,000. Some
80,000 women per year are estimated to be treated in hospitals in the
Philippines for complications of induced abortion; in Bangladesh, about
52,000 women are treated for such complications, and another 19,000 are
treated for complications resulting from menstrual regulation
procedures."
Correspondence: S. Singh, Alan Guttmacher
Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40374 World Health Organization [WHO]
(Geneva, Switzerland). Methotrexate for the termination of
early pregnancy: a toxicology review. Reproductive Health Matters,
No. 9, May 1997. 162-7 pp. London, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre;
Spa.
"A review of the toxicology of methotrexate combined with
misoprostol for termination of early pregnancy found that: (1)
methotrexate is teratogenic in both animals and humans, and (2) some
data suggest that misoprostol may be a human teratogen. The combined
regimen of methotrexate and misoprostol fails to interrupt pregnancy in
about four per cent of cases. Serious congenital abnormalities have
been observed in several of these continuing pregnancies....This paper
summarises the review and the Panel's
comments."
Correspondence: World Health Organization,
Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in
Human Reproduction, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on lactation, nutrition, fecundability, sex behavior, menarche and menopause, and other biological factors or social customs as they affect fertility directly. Factors affecting contraceptive practice and factors affecting fertility indirectly are not included here.
63:40375 Paulsen, C. A.; Berman, N. G.; Wang,
C. Is male reproductive health at risk? Longitudinal semen
analysis studies. Advances in Contraception, Vol. 13, No. 2-3,
Jun-Sep 1997. 119-21 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"We
examined the semen data collected from 510 healthy adult men. These
data spanned a 21-year period (1972-1993)....Our data do not rule out
the possibility of a deterioration in male reproductive health in
[some] geographical areas, or in certain small populations which are
vulnerable as a consequence of environmental toxins....Our semen
analyses, as well as those of other investigators, are not able to
answer the important question of whether a certain male is fertile or
infertile."
Correspondence: C. A. Paulsen, University
of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:40376 Zinaman, M. J.; Katz, D. F.
Incidence and implications of altered semen quality on family
planning. Advances in Contraception, Vol. 13, No. 2-3, Jun-Sep
1997. 123-8 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"[A] report by
Carlsen in 1992 suggested that semen quality has deteriorated over the
past six decades. More recent reports suggest that the decline may be
globally non-uniform and regional in nature....A preliminary review of
the impact of a small decrease in sperm concentrations suggests that a
directly measurable reduction in fecundity does not occur, but that
future problems could be anticipated....Current understanding of the
implications of altered semen quality on relative fertility is not
sufficient to change our current teaching and practice of [natural
family planning]."
Correspondence: M. J. Zinaman,
Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on nonmarital fertility, including illegitimacy. Studies of common-law marriage and other forms of cohabitation or voluntary single parenthood are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household.
63:40377 Garssen, M. J.; Sprangers, A.
H. Nonmarital fertility: the Netherlands in a European
context. [Buitenechtelijke geboorten: Nederland in Europees
perspectief.] Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking, Vol. 45, No. 5, May
1997. 28-36 pp. Voorburg, Netherlands. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
The authors analyze trends in nonmarital fertility in the
Netherlands and compare these trends with those for other European
countries. "The share of non-marital fertility in total fertility
in the European Economic Area has more than quadrupled since the 1960s.
This rapid increase has to some extent been caused by the decrease in
the total number of births. Historical evidence suggests a continuously
low level of non-marital fertility in the Netherlands. In spite of a
tenfold increase since 1960, the share of non-marital fertility is
still well below the European average....Tradition would seem to play a
major role in explaining the differences between neighbouring
countries....Policy measures on the other hand have been shown to
influence fertility."
Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:40378 Hoffman, Saul D.; Foster, E.
Michael. Nonmarital births and single mothers: cohort
trends in the dynamics of nonmarital childbearing. History of the
Family, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1997. 255-75 pp. Greenwich, Connecticut. In Eng.
"It is no secret that the proportion of births in the U.S.
that are nonmarital has been rising steadily for the past several
decades. But what about the proportion of women who have nonmarital
births? How has it changed over time? There is, in fact, no necessary
relationship between the two proportions; rather, the relationship
reflects what we refer to as the dynamics of nonmarital childbearing
over the life-course. In this article, we use new data from the panel
Study of Income Dynamics to describe the relationship between the two
proportions, and the way this relationship has changed across birth
cohorts in the U.S. [from the 1930s to the present]. We find that the
proportion of women ever having a nonmarital birth has risen much more
slowly over time than the proportion of births that are nonmarital.
This finding implies that there are now fewer changes than in the past
in a woman's marital status across births. Indeed, what appears most to
distinguish recent cohorts of women who have nonmarital births is that
they do not have a subsequent marital
birth."
Correspondence: S. D. Hoffman, University of
Delaware, Department of Economics, Newark, DE 19716. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
63:40379 Pongrácz, Tiborné;
Molnár, Edit, S. Extramarital pairs of
parents. [Szülopárok
házasságkötés nélkül.]
Statisztikai Szemle, Vol. 75, No. 7, Jul 1997. 582-97 pp. Budapest,
Hungary. In Hun. with sum. in Eng.
"The proportion of births
out of wedlock [in Hungary] increased considerably in the past 10-15
years....The authors looked for an explanation as to changes in the
value system underlying facts and figures....The two main subject areas
of the study are: (a) presenting the socio-demographic characteristics
of the mothers, and (b) analysing the [characteristics] of the
parents."
Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:40380 Trent, Katherine; Crowder,
Kyle. Adolescent birth intentions, social disadvantage,
and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol.
59, No. 3, Aug 1997. 523-35 pp. Minneapolis, Minnesota. In Eng.
"Data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor
Market Experience of Youth are used to examine the extent to which
group differentials in early nonmarital childbearing are a function of
normative differences in fertility intentions. We find that, like
adolescent and nonmarital childbearing, birth intentions do vary by
race and ethnicity, poverty status, and family structure. However,
although birth intentions significantly influence birth outcomes, they
do not substantially reduce the effects of race and ethnicity, poverty
status, and family background. Furthermore, the effect of intentions on
birth outcomes is not significantly greater for more socially
disadvantaged adolescents."
Correspondence: K. Trent,
State University of New York, Department of Sociology, 1400 Washington
Avenue, Albany, NY 12222. E-mail: kt526@cnsibm.albany.edu.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
