Studies and documentary statements relating to governmental policy as it affects population.
Studies relating primarily to national and international population policies and development assistance for population activities. Studies of policies affecting the quality of populations that are not covered by L.4. Demographic Factors and Human Genetics are classified under this heading.
63:20440 Blayo, Yves. Population
policies in China. [Des politiques démographiques en
Chine.] Travaux et Documents Cahier, No. 137, ISBN 2-7332-0137-9. 1997.
xviii, 409 pp. Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques [INED]:
Paris, France; Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
China's population policies since 1948 are described and their
demographic effectiveness assessed. The author suggests that the
policies aimed at controlling internal migration succeeded in
postponing the impact of rapid urbanization until the mid-1980s, at a
price that included restricting the free movement of the rural
population and deporting illegal urban in-migrants. The birth control
policies of 1971 probably accelerated a fertility decline that was
already underway. The coercive measures adopted after 1979 had the
negative effects of lowering the status of women by increasing induced
abortion (particularly of female fetuses), and by encouraging the
infanticide of female babies. In conclusion, the author notes that some
of the measures designed to promote the Four Modernizations have in
fact made reaching the demographic goals set for the year 2000 less
likely. The recent increase in fertility and acceleration of
uncontrolled urbanization indicate that Chinese efforts to control
demographic trends have had only a temporary
impact.
Correspondence: Institut National d'Etudes
Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14,
France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Government policies aimed at directly influencing fertility and nuptiality, and policies with an indirect effect on fertility such as family allowances, pregnancy and maternity benefits, infant welfare measures, and government regulation of fertility controls, including abortion.
63:20441 Donovan, Patricia. Can
statutory rape laws be effective in preventing adolescent
pregnancy? Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan-Feb
1997. 30-4, 40 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"The new focus
on statutory rape laws [in the United States], which have been on the
books in every state for decades but have been largely ignored, has
prompted public debate over the effectiveness of this approach as a
potential remedy for the ongoing problem of adolescent pregnancy and
childbearing. Advocates of tougher enforcement assert that adult men
who `prey' on minor women will avoid these involvements if they believe
that prosecution and severe punishment will follow violation of the
law....Most experts, however, do not believe that greater enforcement
of statutory rape laws can significantly reduce adolescent pregnancy
and birth rates....Many providers...cautioned that such efforts could
discourage some teenagers from obtaining reproductive health care, for
fear that disclosing information about their partners could lead to a
statutory rape charge and the man's incarceration. Moreover, statutory
rape prosecutions could jeopardize the support that young mothers
receive from their partners, and could make it less likely that these
men would develop relationships with their
children."
Correspondence: P. Donovan, Alan Guttmacher
Institute, 2010 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20036.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20442 Fargues, Philippe. State
policies and the birth rate in Egypt: from socialism to
liberalism. Population and Development Review, Vol. 23, No. 1, Mar
1997. 115-38, 224, 226-7 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in
Fre; Spa.
"This note explores the influence that state
policies have had on the decline of the birth rate in Egypt during the
second half of the twentieth century. The three successive political
regimes over this period have pursued similar policies seeking to
extend the practice of birth control. Despite this continuity in
population policy, the birth rate has exhibited several shifts,
alternatively downward and upward, indicating the influence of other
factors. The erratic variations of the birth rate, in the short term,
appear to parallel the resources available to households, which in turn
change in relation to public policies affecting the distribution of
income and, more recently, the increasing dominance of market processes
in the economy. On the other hand, the long-term trend toward a
decrease in the birth rate is paralleled by an increase in the average
level of education among women, which for its part results from state
policies extending schooling to girls. These results suggest that the
analysis of population policies should not be isolated from the global
political economy that forms the context of the fertility
transition."
Correspondence: P. Fargues, Institut
National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675
Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20443 Lesotho. Ministry of Economic
Planning. Population and Manpower Division (Maseru, Lesotho).
Lesotho national population policy. Jun 1994. 23 pp. Maseru,
Lesotho. In Eng.
The population policy adopted in Lesotho in 1994
is outlined. "The Population Policy clearly envisages [an]
intermediate demographic goal within the framework of its long term
goal of achieving two children norm per couple...by the year 2011 and a
series of policy strategies to achieve those goals. Adequate provision
of family planning/MCH services coupled with information, education and
communication (IEC) and a series of policy measures to create an
enabling environment for adoption of small family norm are the
centralities of the present policy."
Correspondence:
Ministry of Economic Planning, Population and Manpower Division,
Maseru, Lesotho. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20444 O'Connor, Karen. No
neutral ground? Abortion politics in an age of absolutes. Dilemmas
in American Politics, ISBN 0-8133-1945-5. 1996. xv, 208 pp. Westview
Press: Boulder, Colorado/Oxford, England. In Eng.
The example of
abortion is used to illustrate how major policy decisions are made in
the United States in areas where people express little agreement but
strong feelings. The author "builds on the history of abortion as
a political issue--how it was first defined in the early 1800s and how
it got on the political agenda--and takes us through the tug-of-war
development of abortion politics to the present, using the policy
process framework. Examining key court cases, institutions, dramatic
events, and opinions from the public to the Supreme Court, [the author]
highlights the dilemma of how a polity attempts to make decisions about
issues on which agreement or compromise is unlikely. She questions
whether such divisive issues can ever be satisfactorily resolved, but
gives us the tools to explore every avenue toward potential
resolution."
Correspondence: Westview Press, 5500
Central Avenue, Boulder, CO 80301-2877. Location: Princeton
University Library (FST).
63:20445 Sen, Amartya. Population
policy: authoritarianism versus cooperation. DERP Discussion
Paper, No. 63, Sep 1995. 37 pp. London School of Economics and
Political Science, Development Economics Research Programme: London,
England. In Eng.
"The `cooperative' route to reducing
fertility (through female literacy, employment and decisional power,
and through expanded health care) seems to act more securely--and often
much faster--than the use of `coercion' in reducing family size and
birth rates (through such means as `one child family' or the alienation
of economic or political rights of families with more than the approved
number of children). This essay examines the comparative evidence from
India and China on this subject as well as the interregional contrasts
within India. It emerges that cooperation can contribute something that
coercion cannot provide."
Correspondence: London
School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, Aldwych,
London WC2A 2AE, England. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:20446 Sollom, Terry. State
actions on reproductive health issues in 1996. Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1997. 35-40 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"Although a majority of the hundreds of
reproductive health-related legislative initiatives launched [in the
United States] in 1996 were not implemented or even considered by the
end of the year, significant trends emerged that heightened awareness
of fertility-related matters and their impact on women's reproductive
lives. An examination of these issues and events shows the power of the
states to shape reproductive health policy and to control the
availability of services." Information is provided on abortion,
family planning, maternal and child health, and sex education. "In
1996, there was minimal movement overall toward ensuring access to the
full range of reproductive health care services to all those who want
and need them. There was no significant backtracking in this area
either, despite the predominance of conservative strongholds in a
majority of state legislatures."
Correspondence: T.
Sollom, Alan Guttmacher Institute, 2010 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, D.C. 20036. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
Government policies relating to emigration, immigration, and population resettlement. See also the appropriate categories under H. Migration that include general studies also covering policy issues.
63:20447 Adelman, Howard.
Canadian immigration and refugee policy and practice.
Migration, Vol. 21-22, No. 1-2, 1994. 230 pp. Verlagsabteilung des
Berliner Instituts für Vergleichende Sozialforschung: Berlin,
Germany. In Eng.
This special issue contains seven articles by
various authors on aspects of Canadian immigration and refugee policy.
Consideration is given to the extent to which the Canadian experience
can be applied to the situation in Europe.
Correspondence:
Verlagsabteilung des Berliner Instituts für Vergleichende
Sozialforschung, Editions Parabolis, P.O. Box 30 11 25, 10722 Berlin,
Germany. Location: New York Public Library, New York, NY.
63:20448 Avery, Donald H.
Reluctant host: Canada's response to immigrant workers,
1896-1994. ISBN 0-7710-0827-9. 1995. 342 pp. McClelland and
Stewart: Toronto, Canada. In Eng.
This is a history of the
evolution of Canadian immigration policy over the period 1896-1994.
"The focus is threefold: how pressure groups--business, labour,
ethnic, political, bureaucratic--determined immigration policies; the
experiences of immigrants as shaped by racial and ethnic
considerations; and official policy in relation to the race, ethnicity,
and political background of immigration
workers."
Correspondence: McClelland and Stewart, 481
University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2E9, Canada. Location:
Princeton University Library (FST).
63:20449 Baker, Susan G. The
"amnesty" aftermath: current policy issues stemming from the
legalization programs of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control
Act. International Migration Review, Vol. 31, No. 1, Spring 1997.
5-27 pp. Staten Island, New York. In Eng.
"The 1986
Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) created two one-time only
legalization programs affecting nearly 3 million undocumented
immigrants. Legalization has produced important changes among
immigrants and in immigration policy. These changes include new
patterns of immigrant social and economic adaptation to the United
States and new immigrant flows through family ties to IRCA-legalized
aliens....This article combines data from a longitudinal survey of the
IRCA-legalized population with qualitative field data on current
immigration issues from key informants in eight high-immigration
metropolitan areas. It reviews the political evolution and early
implementation of legalization, the current socioeconomic position of
legalized aliens, and changes in the immigration `policy space'
resulting from legalization."
Correspondence: S. G.
Baker, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1088. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20450 Cohen, Steve. The mighty
state of immigration controls. Social Policy Review, No. 7, 1995.
129-50 pp. Canterbury, England. In Eng.
"The purpose of this
chapter has been to show how absurd, cynical and ahistorical it is to
consider that there can be immigration controls minus racism. It is a
bizarre hypothesis whereby the antisemitic, eugenicist, racist,
proto-fascist progenitors of immigration controls might be removed
whilst keeping controls intact. Quite apart from anything else, the
realisation of this fantasy would mean rolling back history to the
point of repealing nine decades of welfare legislation. The
relationship of the imperialist state and of ideology to immigration
controls means the latter must inevitably be racist." The primary
geographical focus is on the United Kingdom, but the argument applies
to developed countries in general.
Location: Princeton
University Library (FST).
63:20451 Drbohlav, Dusan.
Migration policy objectives for European East-West international
migration. International Migration, Vol. 35, No. 1, 1997. 85-108
pp. Oxford, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"The study
contains selected results of Delphi research (subjective judgements
concerning the future on a collective expert basis) on international
migration between Central/Eastern (C/EEc) and Western European
countries. Taking part in the research were 109 scholars and
officers....from all over Europe....Results indicate growing problems
and tensions in societies, the division of Europe into two parts, and
the triggering rather than pacifying of further antagonisms and hostile
anti-immigrant attitude on the Western side....Concerning policy
objectives, the two most important general aims were how to contribute
to migration stabilization in the East, and how to maintain and further
develop stable democratic order and promote economic
development."
Correspondence: D. Drbohlav, Charles
University, Department of Social Geography and Regional Development,
Ovocny trh 5, 116 36 Prague 1, Czechoslovakia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20452 Duleep, Harriet O.; Wunnava,
Phanindra V. Immigrants and immigration policy: individual
skills, family ties, and group identities. Contemporary Studies in
Economic and Financial Analysis, Vol. 79, ISBN 0-7623-0076-0. LC
95-54003. 1996. xiv, 378 pp. JAI Press: Greenwich, Connecticut/London,
England. In Eng.
This volume is the product of a conference held at
Middlebury College, Vermont, April 2-3, 1993. "All of the papers
are relevant to the ongoing debate concerning the direction U.S.
immigration policy should take. More generally, these papers add to our
basic knowledge about the complex interactions of immigrant admission
policies, individual skills, human capital investment, group
strategies, and immigrant-native labor market competition. The
papers--by historians, sociologists, anthropologists, and
economists--reflect diverse methodological and theoretical
perspectives...." The papers are divided into five parts. Part 1
examines the importance of individual human capital, particularly
language skills, among immigrants to both the United States and Canada.
Part 2 investigates how the ethnic group concerned affects migration
motivation. Part 3 considers entrepreneurship and the importance of
social capital in migration. Part 4 discusses the labor market
consequences of family versus skills as a criterion for immigrant
admissions. In Part 5, the contributors explore past, present, and
future aspects of U.S. immigration policy.
Correspondence:
JAI Press, 55 Old Post Road, No. 2, Greenwich, CT 06836.
Location: Princeton University Library (FST).
63:20453 Farmer, Ruth S. J. New
Zealand's "targeted" immigration policy, 1991 to 1996.
People and Place, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1997. 1-15 pp. Clayton, Australia. In
Eng.
"The tide of economic rationalism which has swept over
New Zealand since 1984 included a new enthusiasm for business migrants
and other well-qualified immigrants. In 1991 a points test was
introduced to target these groups for selection but, while the overall
intake had a nominal cap of 25,000 per annum, keen demand for places in
the new program meant that the cap was soon exceeded by more than 100
per cent. Immigration became increasingly controversial. In October
1995 the points system was adjusted so that annual caps would not be
exceeded, selection criteria were tightened, and steep fees were
introduced for applicants with inadequate
English."
Correspondence: R. S. J. Farmer, University
of Waikato, Department of Geography, Private Bag, Hamilton, New
Zealand. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20454 Fitzgerald, Keith. The
face of the nation: immigration, the state, and the national
identity. ISBN 0-8047-2485-7. LC 95-23066. 1996. xii, 285 pp.
Stanford University Press: Stanford, California. In Eng.
This study
examines the changes in U.S. immigration policy over time from the late
nineteenth century to the present. "This book has two
complementary goals. One is to contribute to recent work in political
science that places political institutions at the center in explaining
public policy. The second is to explain important features of United
States immigration policy. An understanding of how institutions
influence the content of public policies helps solve the most puzzling
features of immigration policy. Immigration policy, in turn,
illuminates central issues and implications for recent institutional
political theories." The author's main hypothesis is that
"the explanation for these contrasting patterns of immigration
policy and politics lies in their institutionalization, that is, in the
legacies of the policies themselves and the political battles that
surround them. Contingent institutional developments that took place
before the New Deal and World War II established the policy and
politics of immigration that would prevail long after the postwar era.
These same patterns created the problems that critics and reformers of
immigration policy addressed in the 1980s and
1990s."
Correspondence: Stanford University Press,
Stanford, CA 94305-2235. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:20455 Kotzé, Hennie; Hill,
Lloyd. Emergent migration policy in a democratic South
Africa. International Migration, Vol. 35, No. 1, 1997. 5-35 pp.
Oxford, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"This article
sets recent debates on migration policy in South Africa against broader
historical realities that have shaped patterns of population movement
on the subcontinent since the end of the nineteenth century. During the
course of the last century, most forms of population movement were the
result of disjointed regional economic development which can be traced
to two epochal events at the end of the nineteenth century: the
creation of the modern African state system and the discovery of
mineral wealth in Southern Africa. Although regulation of migrant
labour was a fundamental feature of the colonial period, it was only
after 1950, when independent states began to define specific migration
priorities, that states began to restrict significantly the flow of
transnational labour. From this point notions such as internally
displaced person, refugee and illegal immigrant become increasingly
appropriate to the study of regional
migration."
Correspondence: H. Kotzé,
University of Stellenbosch, Department of Political Science,
Stellenbosch 7600, Cape Province, South Africa. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20456 Marie, Claude-Valentin.
The European Union and the migrations of populations. Government
logic and human rights. [L'Union Européenne face aux
déplacements de populations. Logiques d'etat face aux droits des
personnes.] Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales,
Vol. 12, No. 2, 1996. 169-209 pp. Poitiers, France. In Fre. with sum.
in Eng; Spa.
"The first part of this article consists of a
summary of the major [immigration] reforms undertaken by the EU
[European Union] states over the past decade. The second chapter
discusses the ways in which these reforms were drafted, and, in
particular, the influence of intergovernmental negotiations on national
policy. The third part, relative to the regulation of job markets,
underscores the contrast between the tough restrictions on permanent
employment of foreigners and flexibility...for administering seasonal
immigration or entry visas granted within the context of temporary work
contracts. The fourth part, which analyzes the impact of these
legislative changes on individual rights, logically leads to a
discussion of the foundation of the procedure followed by the wealthy
countries, and points out the shortcoming of a strictly punitive or
even military solution to what is chiefly a problem of development and
democracy."
Correspondence: C.-V. Marie, 3 rue des
Petites Ecuries, 75010 Paris, France. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20457 Suro, Roberto. Watching
America's door: the immigration backlash and the new policy
debate. A Twentieth Century Fund Report, ISBN 0-87078-383-1. LC
96-30397. 1996. vii, 81 pp. Twentieth Century Fund Press: New York, New
York. In Eng.
Recent trends in immigration to the United States are
examined, and the contemporary political debate concerning responses to
immigration is discussed. In particular, the author updates and expands
on his 1995 study on immigration, with particular emphasis on the
political reactions at the grass-roots level to immigration. "He
argues that the sweeping immigration bills of the past, designed to
guide U.S. policy for decades at a time, have proven woefully
ineffective and calls for a new national immigration policy--one that
is more responsive. Washington should be prepared to adjust its
priorities regularly, and shift resources in response to new needs at
home and changes in the immigration flow from abroad. The question is
not one of keeping people out, but rather shaping the flow so it meets
our needs in a changing global economy."
For the 1995 study,
see 62:30499.
Correspondence: Twentieth Century Fund
Press, 41 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20458 Zimmermann, Klaus F.
Tackling the European migration problem. SELAPO Reprint, No.
9/95, 1995. 45-62 pp. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München:
Munich, Germany. In Eng.
"The threat of further increases of
unemployment caused by immigration is the essence of the European
migration problem....This paper will begin by examining the historical
pattern of migration and the empirical dimension of western Europe's
migration problem. A next step examines the labor market issues and
impacts on natives as western Europe perceives them. The paper
concludes with a discussion of policy issues and
options."
Reprinted from Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.
9, No. 2, Spring 1995.
Correspondence:
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, SELAPO,
Ludwigstraße 28 RG, 80539 Munich, Germany. Author's E-mail:
zimmermann@selapo.vwl.uni-muenchen.de. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
