Studies that treat quantitative fertility data analytically. References to crude data are coded under S. Official Statistical Publications. Methodological studies specifically concerned with fertility are cited in this division and cross-referenced to N. Methods of Research and Analysis Including Models, if necessary.
Analytical studies of quantitative birth data and reproduction rates and studies of fertility and its concomitants. Studies of age at marriage, divorce, and factors influencing family size are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household.
63:20132 Afzal, Mohammad; Kiani, M. F.
K. Mean ages at parities: an indirect estimation.
Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 34, No. 4, Pt. II, Winter 1995.
545-61 pp. Islamabad, Pakistan. In Eng.
"The objective of this
paper is to describe an indirect approach for estimating the age
patterns of occurrence of birth by parity. The main concern here is not
of estimating the frequency of occurrence of births (in a period of
time) in relation to the population (birth rate) or in relation to the
number of females (fertility). Rather, the focus here is on the ages of
first, second, and subsequent births, and on their shifts over time.
Essentially, the approach is an extension of Hajnal's method for using
proportions single to estimate singulate mean age at marriage...."
The approach is illustrated using data from the 1975 Pakistan Fertility
Survey and the 1990-1991 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. A
comment by Sultan S. Hashmi is included (pp.
560-1).
Correspondence: M. Afzal, Pakistan Institute of
Development Economics, P.O. Box 1091, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20133 Andersson, Gunnar.
Childbearing trends in Sweden 1961-1995. Stockholm Research
Reports in Demography, No. 117, ISBN 91-7820-105-5. Jan 1997. 11, [15]
pp. Stockholm University, Demography Unit: Stockholm, Sweden. In Eng.
"The purpose of this paper is to update a system of annual
indexes of birth rates and to display trends in childbearing for
Swedish women over the years since 1961. Our indexes are produced by
applying indirect standardization to register data. They enable us to
decompose the overall fertility trends, as measured by the period TFR,
into its birth-order specific components. Swedish fertility has shown
strong fluctuations during our study period and these fluctuations have
been particularly dramatic during recent years. A postponement of the
age at first birth and a sudden shift to shorter birth intervals are
important components in the fertility trends. A peak in the level of
childbearing at the beginning of the present decade has now been
followed by a sharp drop in the propensity to give birth. This change
in behavior pertains to women of all
parities."
Correspondence: Stockholm University,
Demography Unit, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20134 Bosveld, Willy.
Childbearing over thirty: a cohort analysis of age-specific
fertility. [Kinderen krijgen boven de dertig: een cohortanalyse
naar vruchtbaarheid op leeftijd.] Bevolking en Gezin, No. 2, 1994.
29-57 pp. Brussels, Belgium. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
"Changes in the total period fertility rate can better be
understood if age-and-parity-specific fertility rates are available
next to the developments in the age-and-parity-specific populations at
risk. The parity progression rates specific for age, i.e. the `local
parity progression rates' increase the knowledge in the changing period
fertility as they are adjusted for the parity specific populations at
risk. Comparing cohorts [of] 1935 and 1970 [in the Netherlands] shows
`fertility postponement' started from cohort 1950. Due to postponement
a delay in births occurs with respect to women from previous cohorts.
`Catching up' starts usually already before the age of 30 years, but at
age 30 still some arrears exist. However, the chances for childbearing
at or after age 30 increase."
Correspondence: W.
Bosveld, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Planologisch en Demografisch
Instituut, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20135 Camstra, Ronald. The
influence of childbirth on changes in labor and housing careers.
[De invloed van de geboorte van kinderen op veranderingen in de
arbeids- en wooncarriere.] Bevolking en Gezin, No. 2, 1993. 43-63 pp.
Brussels, Belgium. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
"The individual
life course consists of a number of careers which are strongly
intertwined. The main focus of this article can be found in the
interrelations of the fertility career, the working career, and the
housing career [in the Netherlands]. A new data source, the TelePanel,
enables us to look at the influence of changes in one career on other
careers at the individual level with a high accuracy in time.
Childbirth is the main event here. Over the past decades, the moment of
quitting a job came closer to the moment of childbirth, which made the
sequence change direction: nowadays a woman quits her job because she's
pregnant, while she used to quit a job to become pregnant. Analyses of
relocation behaviour show that many women delay getting pregnant until
they have found [a] larger home."
Correspondence: R.
Camstra, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Planologisch Demografisch
Instituut, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20136 Chakraborty, Nitai; Sharmin, Sayema;
Islam, M. Ataharul. Differential pattern of birth
intervals in Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 11,
No. 4, Dec 1996. 73-86 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"This
study provides some empirical evidence for association between some
selected explanatory variables and subsequent birth interval [in
Bangladesh]. The main strength of this study is that it is based on
nationally representative data. Among the six explanatory variables
that are examined, the survival status of the index child seems to have
a very strong effect on birth spacing....The next explanatory variable
that seems to have a strong effect on birth spacing is the age of the
mother at the birth of the child, showing an increasing mean birth
interval by the age of the mothers. Other explanatory variables, such
as education of the mother, sex of the index child, residence and birth
order, do not seem to have much influence on birth
spacing."
Correspondence: N. Chakraborty, University
of Dhaka, Department of Statistics, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20137 Courbage, Youssef.
Palestinian fertility in the aftermath of the Intifada. [La
fécondité palestinienne des lendemains d'Intifada.]
Population, Vol. 52, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1997. 223-33 pp. Paris, France. In
Fre.
Recent Palestinian fertility trends are analyzed using data
from the preliminary report of the Demographic Survey in the West Bank
and Gaza Strip carried out in 1995, which included some 20,000
households. The results indicate that the Palestinian population has
not begun a transition to lower fertility, and that completed family
size remains at just under seven children. The prospects for change in
desired and actual fertility are discussed.
Correspondence:
Y. Courbage, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27
rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20138 de Vries, Rina F.
Education and differences in female labor force participation and
fertility behavior. [Opleiding en verschillen in
arbeidsmarktparticipatie en vruchtbaarheidsgedrag van vrouwen.]
Bevolking en Gezin, No. 1, 1993. 45-63 pp. Brussels, Belgium. In Dut.
with sum. in Eng.
"In this article it is argued that the often
noticed duality in patterns of female employment and fertility
behaviour can be explained more satisfactorily by focussing on level of
education attained. Proceeding from a lifecourse perspective,
differences are expected as to choice of lifestyle, especially in the
areas of work and family, between low and high educated women. An
attempt is made to clarify why differences in content and level of
education give rise to diverging value orientations. The mechanisms
through which education influences the nature and character of
employment and fertility related decisions are elaborated on and
discussed." The geographical focus is on developed
countries.
Correspondence: R. F. de Vries,
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Population Research Centre, Postbus 800,
9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:20139 Evans, V. Jeffery.
Fertility: past, present, and future. American Journal of
Reproductive Immunology, Vol. 35, No. 3, 1996. 131-9 pp. Copenhagen,
Denmark. In Eng.
The author describes how conceptions of the
population problem have changed since the 1960s, when the primary focus
was on population control. "I will discuss how the nature of the
population problem has changed and how the thinking of social
scientists has changed with it. I will outline a theoretical framework
that may be useful in both understanding how seemingly disparate
elements of the population problem of today are interrelated and what
the changed nature of the problem implies for those...who are working
on the frontiers of reproductive
technology."
Correspondence: V. J. Evans, National
Institute for Child Health and Human Development, Demographic and
Behavioral Sciences Branch, 6100 Executive Boulevard, Room 8B13,
Bethesda, MD 20892. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20140 Hacettepe University. Institute of
Population Studies (Ankara, Turkey); Macro International. Demographic
and Health Surveys [DHS] (Calverton, Maryland). Fertility
trends, women's status, and reproductive expectations in Turkey.
Results of further analysis of the 1993 Turkish Demographic and Health
Survey. Mar 1997. v, 127 pp. Macro International, Demographic and
Health Surveys [DHS]: Calverton, Maryland. In Eng.
This report
consists of three separate studies which present further analyses of
data from the 1993 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey. The first, by
Attila Hancioglu, analyzes fertility trends in Turkey from 1978 to 1993
and discusses the components of the fertility decline that occurred in
that period. The second, by Banu A. Ergöçmen, discusses the
relationship between women's status and marital fertility. The third,
by Turgay Ünalan, examines changes in reproductive preferences and
fertility trends over time.
Correspondence: Macro
International, Demographic and Health Surveys, 11785 Beltsville Drive,
Calverton, MD 20705-3119. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:20141 Hoem, Britta; Hoem, Jan M.
Sweden's family policies and roller-coaster fertility.
Stockholm Research Reports in Demography, No. 115, ISBN 91-7820-101-2.
Jan 1997. 22, [9] pp. Stockholm University, Demography Unit: Stockholm,
Sweden. In Eng.
"Sweden has experienced dramatic waves in its
fertility level over the last three decades. The Swedish TFR [total
fertility rate] dropped from almost 2.5 in the mid-1960s to about 1.7
around 1980 and then increased again to above the replacement level in
1990, after which it fell back to below 1.7 over the subsequent six
years. In this paper, we describe the various birth-order components of
these waves in some detail and relate them to correspondingly dramatic
economic trends and to progressive family-policy
reforms."
Correspondence: Stockholm University,
Demography Unit, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Author's E-mail:
Jan.Hoem@SUDA.SU.SE. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20142 Hutter, I.; Hilderink, H. B. M.;
Willekens, F. J.; Niessen, L. W. Fertility change in
India. GLOBO Report Series, No. 13, Sep 1996. 90 pp. University of
Groningen, Population Research Centre: Groningen, Netherlands;
Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu [RIVM]: Bilthoven,
Netherlands. In Eng.
This report on fertility change in India is
one of the results of a Dutch project on integrated population
modeling. The research program, "Global Dynamics and Sustainable
Development", has developed a modeling framework, TARGETS, which
focuses on the interactions between environmental change and human
activities in developing countries. TARGETS includes a generic
fertility model, which is applied to India in this report. There are
chapters on the demographic transition in India, a qualitative review
of the fertility process, case studies of Kerala and Uttar Pradesh, a
description of an integrated systems approach to fertility change, and
some model explorations of future fertility change. The computer
listing of the model used is included as an
appendix.
Correspondence: University of Groningen,
Population Research Centre, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen,
Netherlands. Author's E-mail: I.Hutter@frw.rug.nl. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20143 Juárez, Fátima;
Quilodrán, Julieta; Zavala de Cosío, María
E. New reproductive trends in Mexico. [Nuevas pautas
reproductivas en México.] ISBN 968-12-0653-3. 1996. 232 pp. El
Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Demográficos y de
Desarrollo Urbano: Mexico City, Mexico. In Spa.
This study examines
the decline in fertility that occurred in Mexico from the mid-1970s to
the early 1980s, and analyzes its causes. Data are primarily taken from
the fertility surveys of 1976-1977 and 1982. There are chapters on
fertility trends from 1950 to 1980, new patterns of reproduction, the
women who pioneered these reproductive changes, regional differences in
fertility, family formation and mobility in metropolitan areas, and
Mexico's population policies.
Correspondence: El Colegio de
México, Camino al Ajusco 20, Pedregal de Santa Teresa, 10740
Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:20144 MacCormack, Carol P.
Ethnography of fertility and birth. 2nd ed. ISBN
0-88133-817-6. 1994. xii, 283 pp. Waveland Press: Prospect Heights,
Illinois. In Eng.
This book contains 10 chapters by various authors
on the cultural rules and social practices that shape the pattern of
human fertility around the world. The focus is on the adaptive process
of developing such rules and practices to teach constructive meanings
of birth and to maximize the reproductive potential of women. The
approach is interdisciplinary, with an emphasis on
anthropology.
Correspondence: Waveland Press, P.O. Box 400,
Prospect Heights, IL 60070. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:20145 Mathews, T. J.; Ventura, Stephanie
J. Birth and fertility rates by educational attainment:
United States, 1994. NCHS Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol.
45, No. 10, Suppl., Apr 24, 1997. 20 pp. U.S. National Center for
Health Statistics [NCHS]: Hyattsville, Maryland. In Eng.
"This
report presents birth rates for the United States by educational
attainment of mother for 1994. Rates are shown by age, race, Hispanic
origin of mother, birth order, and marital status. Calculated for the
first time are total fertility rates by educational attainment of
mother."
Correspondence: U.S. National Center for
Health Statistics, 6525 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782. E-mail:
nchsquery@nch10a.em.cdc.gov. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:20146 Murphy, M.; Hey, K.; Brown, J.;
Willis, B.; Ellis, J. D.; Barlow, D. Infertility treatment
and multiple birth rates in Britain, 1938-94. Journal of Biosocial
Science, Vol. 29, No. 2, Apr 1997. 235-43 pp. Cambridge, England. In
Eng.
"Trends in multiple birth rates are thought to have been
substantially affected by subfertility treatments in the last 25 years,
but there are few quantitative assessments of this. This paper examines
trends in twin and higher multiple birth rates separately in Scotland,
England and Wales and compares their course with corresponding multiple
birth rates in the Oxford Record Linkage Study area, where the
proportions following subfertility treatment are documented. National
data on prescriptions for subfertility treatments reinforce the view
that they have had a major effect on the trends, and currently perhaps
60% of triplet and higher order births and 15% of twins follow their
use in Britain."
Correspondence: M. Murphy, University
of Oxford, Unit of Health Care Epidemiology, Oxford OX2 6HE, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20147 Nagarajan, R.
Landholding and fertility relationship: a review of the empirical
evidence. Artha Vijnana, Vol. 38, No. 3, Sep 1996. 274-305 pp.
Pune, India. In Eng.
"The recent availability of empirical
evidence gathered from a number of demographic surveys in agrarian
societies has led to a debate on the nature and extent of [the]
relationship between landholding and fertility. The discussions have
yielded plausible ways in which access to land influences fertility
behaviour. The main focus of this paper is on an examination of
theories relating to the land-fertility relationship and a review of
empirical studies on the topic. The results of the empirical studies
are presented in a tabular form. The available evidence at the micro
and macro levels confirms the existence of a positive relationship
between land and fertility. The theoretical arguments on the
relationship are reviewed and the suggested land-fertility linkages
then examined in the light of the available evidence. Finally,
prospects for further research are discussed." The geographical
scope is worldwide.
Correspondence: R. Nagarajan, Gokhale
Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune 411 004, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20148 Nair, Sukumari N.; Nair, P.
S. Inter-generational changes in birth intervals in
Kerala. Demography India, Vol. 25, No. 2, Jul-Dec 1996. 221-38 pp.
Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The main objective of the present
research attempt is to study the levels and patterns of birth intervals
in Kerala [India]--a transitional society....First, we investigate
whether or not the length of birth intervals is the same for two
generations (20 year period). Second, we tried to know whether the
effects of a host of predictor variables on the dependent variable
(i.e. birth intervals) [vary] among comparable women of different time
periods during a period of accelerated fertility transition in
Kerala."
Correspondence: S. N. Nair, University of
Kerala, Population Research Centre, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695
581, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20149 Nakazawa, Minato; Ohtsuka,
Ryutaro. Analysis of completed parity using
microsimulation modeling. Mathematical Population Studies, Vol. 6,
No. 3, 1997. 173-86 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This
paper aims to construct a demographic microsimulation model, which is
easily applicable to gene transmission..., and to examine the
distribution of completed parity as a fertility measure at a population
level according to the schedule of individual life course....The
simulation model was applied to the data of the Gidra-speaking people
living in the lowlands of Papua New
Guinea."
Correspondence: M. Nakazawa, University of
Tokyo, Department of Human Ecology, School of International Health,
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. E-mail:
minato@humeco.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:20150 Notkola, Veijo; Nieminen,
Mauri. Fertility decline in China and family planning
programs. [Syntyvyyden pieneneminen Kiinassa ja Kiinan
perhesuunnitteluohjelmat.] Sosiologia, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1995. 38-48,
78-9 pp. Helsinki, Finland. In Fin. with sum. in Eng.
"The
article looks in detail at the population development in China since
the 1950s, highlighting some dramatic changes. In the late 1950s the
country was hit by widespread famine, which resulted in increased
mortality and decreased fertility. Infant mortality climbed to almost
300/1,000. During the 1960s fertility began to increase again and
mortality declined. From the beginning of the 1970s fertility started
to decline, dropping from about six to just over two children per woman
in the late 1980s. Today, fertility is thought to be below replacement
level. The main reason for this fertility decline lies in the highly
efficient family planning programmes implemented in China since the
1950s and particularly since the 1970s. The decline in infant mortality
and the favourable socio-economic development have also been important
factors in the decline in fertility. Although fertility in China is
currently at a low level, the country's population is still set to
grow."
Correspondence: V. Notkola, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 33, Hallituskatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20151 Ntozi, James P. M.; Odwee, Jonathan
O. O. High fertility in rural Uganda: the role of
socioeconomic and biological factors. ISBN 9970-02-074-9. 1995.
xi, 184 pp. Fountain Publishers: Kampala, Uganda. In Eng.
This is
the fourth in a series of publications based on research done in the
Ankole region of Uganda in 1983-1985 on three aspects of fertility:
elders' views on fertility, the determinants of fertility, and the
value of children. The present study includes "several other
variables such as the household property, the influence of the extended
family, the length of birth intervals and the incidence of infertility
in explaining high fertility in Ankole. The study also puts together
data on women, elders and men in a comparative analysis of fertility.
In addition, information from the 1948, 1959, 1980 and 1991 censuses of
population and housing is utilised to gauge trends during the past four
decades. The objective of this monograph is therefore to present a
comprehensive [analysis of the] fertility situation in Ankole based on
all the demographic data available to-date." The study includes
chapters on sexual customs, nuptiality, and
contraception.
Correspondence: Fountain Publishers, P.O.
Box 488, Kampala, Uganda. Location: Princeton University
Library (FST).
63:20152 Peters, Kimberley D.; Martin, Joyce
A.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Maurer, Jeffrey D. Births and
deaths: United States, July 1995-June 1996. NCHS Monthly Vital
Statistics Report, Vol. 45, No. 10, Suppl. 2, Apr 30, 1997. 40 pp.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], Division of
Reproductive Health: Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. National Center for Health
Statistics [NCHS]: Hyattsville, Maryland. In Eng.
"This report
presents preliminary data on births and deaths in the United States
from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) for the 12 months
ending June 1996. U.S. data on births are shown by age, race, and
Hispanic origin of mother. National and State data on marital status,
prenatal care, cesarean delivery, and low birthweight are also
presented. Mortality data presented include life expectancy, leading
causes of death, and infant mortality."
Correspondence:
U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, 6525 Belcrest Road,
Hyattsville, MD 20782. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20153 Petrioli, Luciano. A new
female fertility function. Sezione di Popolazione, Ambiente e
Metodi Matematico-Statistici, Quaderno, No. 2, Dec 1996. 6 pp.
Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Studi Aziendali
e Sociali: Siena, Italy. In Eng.
In addition to the numerous
functions describing trends in age-specific fertility rates, the author
proposes another which begins by considering the potential fertility of
a woman, represented by the descending branch in the first quadrant of
an ellipse. The intervention of some restraints of variable intensity
leads to a curve that appears to interpret well the trend of observed
rates.
Correspondence: Università degli Studi di
Siena, Dipartimento di Studi Aziendali e Sociali, Piazza S. Francesco
17, 53100 Siena, Italy. E-mail: seg.az_soc@unisi.it. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20154 Rodríguez Sumaza,
Carmen. Demographic cycles: a socioeconomic
perspective. [Ciclos demográficos: una perspectiva
socioeconómica.] Sociología, No. 3, ISBN 84-7762-437-2.
1994. 246 pp. Universidad de Valladolid, Secretariado de Publicaciones:
Valladolid, Spain. In Spa.
This study describes the fertility
fluctuations that have occurred in developed countries since the end of
World War II and examines their causes. Using data from Spain, the
author employs an interdisciplinary approach to build on the work of
Easterlin, and suggests that the primary reason for these fluctuations
can be found in changes in the relative economic status of individuals,
which in turn flow from changes in the population's age structure. A
clear link between economic and demographic factors is established, and
the author concludes that the prospects for future employment
opportunities indicate that Spain will soon experience a fertility
increase similar to that of other European
countries.
Correspondence: Universidad de Valladolid, Plaza
de Santa Cruz 8, 47002 Valladolid, Spain. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20155 Sable, Marjorie R.; Spencer, John C.;
Stockbauer, Joseph W.; Schramm, Wayne F.; Howell, Vicky; Herman, Allen
A. Pregnancy wantedness and adverse pregnancy outcomes:
differences by race and Medicaid status. Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 2, Mar-Apr 1997. 76-81 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"The relationship between pregnancy wantedness
and adverse pregnancy outcomes was studied using data from 2,828
mothers who participated in the Missouri Maternal and Infant Health
Survey....Fifty-eight percent of the very low birth weight infants and
59% of the moderately low birth weight infants resulted from unintended
pregnancies, as did 62% of the normal-birth-weight infants. Logistic
regression showed that mothers of very low birth weight infants were
significantly more likely than those who had a normal-weight baby to
report that they had felt unhappy about the pregnancy (odds ratio of
1.53). Very low birth weight was also associated with early denial of
the pregnancy (1.54). Odds ratios associating these two unwantedness
categories with low-birth-weight babies were higher among Medicaid
recipients than among women not receiving
Medicaid."
Correspondence: M. R. Sable, University of
Missouri, College of Education, Assessment Resource Center, Columbia,
MO 65211. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20156 Sardon, Jean-Paul.
Coale's indices, comparative indices, mean generation, total
fertility rate and components. Population: An English Selection,
Vol. 8, 1996. 251-7 pp. Paris, France. In Eng.
"Conversion of
the Princeton fertility indices into more frequently employed units of
measure, such as TFR and its components, can make information on
historical times easier to grasp. But the resulting indicators are only
estimates, which will be accurate if the underlying assumptions hold,
and otherwise may deviate from reality."
For the original
French version, see 61:20797.
Correspondence: J.-P.
Sardon, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du
Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20157 Toulemon, Laurent. Very
few couples remain voluntarily childless. Population: An English
Selection, Vol. 8, 1996. 1-27 pp. Paris, France. In Eng.
"The
secular decline of fertility, which reached its bottommost level
between the two world wars, went together with a rise in permanent
infertility that was sometimes, in the ideological atmosphere of the
time, ascribed to physiological factors, but obviously indicated that
some couples were refusing to have children. The signs of a similar
pattern in present-day France are much more discreet. Having emerged
relatively recently, it is difficult to quantify, but the main problem
is that sterility therapy now makes it more difficult to define once
and for all a level of infertility beyond which we can speak of
`refusal to have children'. In an attempt to do so, [the author] uses
an impressive range of tools: analysis of vital registration and census
data, of ad hoc and general surveys, methods of estimation to fill in
the many gaps, fertility models and so on. It is a useful reminder that
the understanding of fertility behaviour goes beyond the mere
interpretation of individual intentions."
For the original
French version, see 62:20257.
Correspondence: L. Toulemon,
Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur,
75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:20158 Westoff, Charles F.; Bankole,
Akinrinola. Mass media and reproductive behavior in
Africa. DHS Analytical Report, No. 2, Apr 1997. ix, 39 pp. Macro
International, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Calverton,
Maryland. In Eng.
This study examines the contribution of modern
mass media to fertility reduction in societies with traditional notions
of early childbearing and large families. The data are from DHS surveys
in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Namibia, and Zambia, and
from a similar survey carrried out in Morocco. "The general
conclusion of this research is that there is a persistent and
frequently strong association between exposure to the mass media and
reproductive behavior in Africa in the expected direction; such
exposure is directly related to greater knowledge and use of
contraception, intention to use contraception in the future,
preferences for fewer children, and intention to stop childbearing. In
addition, there is evidence that media exposure is also associated with
later age at marriage. These conclusions are generalizable to women and
men, both married and single."
Correspondence: Macro
International, Demographic and Health Surveys, Suite 300, 11785
Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD 20705. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20159 Wichterich, Christa.
People made to measure: population policies in north and
south. [Menschen nach Maß: Bevölkerungspolitik in Nord
und Süd.] ISBN 3-88977-359-1. 1994. 267 pp. Lamuv: Göttingen,
Germany. In Ger.
This is a collection of 14 essays by various
authors on the broad topic of fertility control. The main focus is on
the ethical issues surrounding control of women's bodies and the
"bodies" of populations as a whole. Individual essays address
such issues as new reproductive technologies, eugenics, abortion, and
population policy in the developing world. The consensus among the
authors is that women and populations should be free to decide their
own reproductive fate.
Correspondence: Lamuv Verlag,
Postfach 26 05, 37016 Göttingen, Germany. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on differences in fertility patterns and levels in subgroups of a population. Also included are studies on age-specific fertility, such as teenage pregnancy.
63:20160 Hwang, Sean-Shong; Saenz,
Rogelio. Fertility of Chinese immigrants in the U.S.:
testing a fertility emancipation hypothesis. Journal of Marriage
and the Family, Vol. 59, No. 1, Feb 1997. 50-61 pp. Minneapolis,
Minnesota. In Eng.
"This study explores our hypothesis that
the fertility of Chinese women, which was kept low by the one-child
policy implemented in the People's Republic of China in 1979, is likely
to bounce back to a higher level once these women emigrate. We test
this hypothesis with data from the 1990 U.S. Census of Population 5%
Public Use Microdata Samples. Using least squares regression analysis,
we find evidence supporting our hypothesis. Our findings indicate that,
other things being equal, women from the People's Republic of China
have a significantly lower average number of children than Chinese
women from other countries. The fertility difference between the two
groups of women reverses direction, however, when we shift our focus to
the average number of U.S. births. Women from the People's Republic of
China are able to surpass their counterparts in postmigration births
due to their accelerating U.S. fertility rate. These findings
corroborate theories of social behavior that suggest that rational
individuals adjust their fertility levels when external circumstances
affect fertility change."
Correspondence: S.-S. Hwang,
University of Alabama, Department of Sociology, 237 Ullman Building,
1212 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294. E-mail:
shwang@sbs.sbs.uab.edu. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20161 Klepinger, Daniel; Lundberg, Shelly;
Plotnick, Robert. How does adolescent fertility affect the
human capital and wages of young women? Seattle Population
Research Center Working Paper, No. 97-2, Feb 1997. 36, [7] pp.
University of Washington, Seattle Population Research Center: Seattle,
Washington; Battelle Seattle Research Center: Seattle, Washington. In
Eng.
"In this paper, we model and estimate the relationship
between early childbearing and human capital investment, and its effect
on wages in early adulthood. Taking advantage of a large set of
potential instruments for fertility--principally state and county-level
indicators of the cost of fertility and fertility control, we use
instrumental variables procedures to generate unbiased estimates of the
effects of early fertility on education and work experience, and the
effects of these outcomes on adult wages....Our results, unlike those
of recent `revisionist' studies, suggest that public policies which
reduce teenage childbearing are likely to have positive effects on the
economic well-being of many young mothers and their
families."
Correspondence: University of Washington,
Department of Sociology, Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology,
DK-40, Seattle, WA 98195. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:20162 Lindberg, Laura D.; Sonenstein, Freya
L.; Ku, Leighton; Martinez, Gladys. Age differences
between minors who give birth and their adult partners. Family
Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 2, Mar-Apr 1997. 61-6 pp. New York,
New York. In Eng.
"The role of adult men in [U.S.] adolescent
childbearing has received heightened attention in recent years, and new
policy efforts have focused on statutory rape laws as a way to reduce
adolescent childbearing. Analyses of the 1988 National Maternal and
Infant Health Survey indicate, however, that these policies would not
apply to most teenage births. Among mothers aged 15-17 who had a child
in 1988, 27% had a partner at least five years older than themselves.
In addition, since 23% of minors with older partners were married at
the time of the infant's birth, 21% of babies born to unmarried minors
were fathered by substantially older men. While births to young mothers
and older men raise social concerns, these births make up a small share
of all teenage childbearing: Only 8% of all births to 15-19-year-olds
are to unmarried minors with a partner five or more years
older."
Correspondence: L. D. Lindberg, Urban
Institute, Population Studies Center, 2100 M Street NW, Washington,
D.C. 20037. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20163 Liu, Gang; Goldstein,
Sidney. Migrant-nonmigrant fertility differentials in
Anhui, China. Chinese Environment and Development, Vol. 7,
Spring-Summer 1996. 144-69 pp. Armonk, New York. In Eng.
"This
analysis is designed to provide insights into the relation between
migration and fertility in China. Survey data collected from Anhui
Province in 1989 are used to evaluate whether fertility is higher or
lower among the temporary migrants to urban places in comparison to
permanent residents in those locations....Our analysis will...assess
the extent to which socioeconomic characteristics, family planning, and
migration help to explain observed differences in the fertility of
temporary migrants and permanent residents. In doing so, the basic
question to be answered is whether temporary migrants have used their
movement as a way to avoid official policies controlling fertility and,
in so doing, have they contributed to a higher than average fertility
in China?"
Correspondence: G. Liu, Boston Healthy
Start Initiative, 1010 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20164 Peru. Instituto Nacional de
Estadística e Informática (Lima, Peru); United Nations
Population Fund [UNFPA] (New York, New York); Peru. Ministerio de Salud
(Lima, Peru). Adolescent fertility in Peru. [La
fecundidad adolescente en el Perú.] Dec 1995. 128 pp. Lima,
Peru. In Spa.
This study on adolescent fertility in Peru is based
on data from the 1993 census. The analysis is performed separately for
women aged 12-14 and 15-19, and at the national, provincial, and
departmental levels. The characteristics of adolescent mothers are
compared to the characteristics of adolescents as a
whole.
Correspondence: Instituto Nacional de
Estadística e Informática, General Garzón 658,
Lima 11, Peru. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on infertility, as well as studies of spontaneous abortion, prematurity, and other relevant pathologies of pregnancy.
Studies concerning activities, including family planning programs, that are primarily designed to influence fertility.
General aspects of fertility control, primarily those concerned with family planning and family planning programs.
63:20165 Alihonou, Eusébe; Carre,
Nicolas; Capochichi, Virgil; Thonneau, Patrick F.
Contraceptive continuation and its determinants in Benin.
Contraception, Vol. 55, No. 2, Feb 1997. 97-101 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"To understand better the rates of continuation of
different contraceptive methods, a study in 12 family planning centers
in Cotonou and Porto Novo, the two largest cities in Benin, was
conducted....Age was associated with the probability of abandoning oral
contraception....In contrast, drop-out was not associated with age for
women using injection...or the IUD....Our results indicate a relatively
high and rapid rate of discontinuation for modern contraceptive
methods, particularly for young women having chosen oral
contraceptive."
Correspondence: P. F. Thonneau, French
World Health Organization Collaborative Center/INSERM Unit 292,
Hôpital Bicetre, 82 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276
Le Kremlin-Bicetre Cedex, France. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20166 Bhatti, Mansoor ul H.
Correlates of choice of contraceptive methods in Pakistan.
Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 34, No. 4, Pt. III, Winter 1995.
889-98 pp. Islamabad, Pakistan. In Eng.
Aspects of the choice of
contraceptive methods in Pakistan are examined using data on 375 family
planning acceptors from a survey carried out in 1993. The main
objectives of the study are: "1. To find out choices and
preferences of acceptors for particular contraceptive methods; 2. to
analyse the correlates of the choice of contraceptive methods; and 3.
to suggest measures to provide methods of choice and to reduce the
drop-out rates to the minimum."
Correspondence: M. ul
H. Bhatti, National Institute of Population Studies, House No. 8,
Street 70, F-8/3, P.O. Box 2197, Islamabad, Pakistan. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20167 Breman, Jan; White, Ben.
Coercion and quality in Indonesian family planning. Bijdragen
tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkund, Vol. 152, No. 1, 1996. 144-7 pp.
Leiden, Netherlands. In Eng.
In the form of a response to a
critical book review by Anke Niehof, the authors discuss the extent to
which there is coercion in the Indonesian national family planning
program.
Location: Princeton University Library (FST).
63:20168 Bulut, Aysen; Filippi,
Véronique; Marshall, Tom; Nalbant, Hacer; Yolsal, Nuray; Graham,
Wendy. Contraceptive choice and reproductive morbidity in
Istanbul. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 1, Mar 1997.
35-43 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"A cross-sectional
survey was conducted in Istanbul [Turkey] to investigate the
relationship between contraceptive choice and reproductive morbidity.
Altogether, 918 women who had ever used any means of avoiding pregnancy
were interviewed at home, and, among these, 694 parous nonpregnant
women were examined by three female physicians. The women were aware of
bearing a considerable burden of ill health, with 81 percent reporting
at least one episode of illness in the three months prior to the
interview. Current users of the intrauterine device were significantly
more likely than users of other methods to report menstrual disorders,
but pelvic relaxation and reproductive and urinary tract infections,
whether perceived or diagnosed, were not significantly related to any
of the contraceptive methods....Most users tended to stay with the same
method once chosen and...health concerns played an important part only
in the initial choice of the method."
Correspondence:
A. Bulut, Istanbul University, Institute of Child Health, Milliet
Cad., 34390 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20169 Colombo, Bernardo; Scarpa,
Bruno. Calendar methods of fertility regulation: a rule of
thumb. Statistica, Vol. 56, No. 1, Jan-Mar 1996. 3-14 pp. Bologna,
Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Ita.
"[Many] illiterate women,
particularly in the third world, find [it] difficult to apply usual
calendar methods for the regulation of fertility. Some of them are even
unable to make simple subtractions. In this paper we are therefore
trying to evaluate the applicability and the efficiency of an extremely
simple rule which entails only [the ability to count] a number of days,
and always the same way."
Correspondence: B. Colombo,
Università degli Studi di Padova, Department of Statistical
Sciences, Via 8 Febbraio 2, 35122 Padua, Italy. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20170 Duncan, M. Elizabeth; Tibaux, Gerard;
Kloos, Helmut; Pelzer, Andrée; Mehari, Letebirhan; Perine, Peter
L.; Peutherer, John; Young, Hugh; Jamil, Yasmin; Darougar, Sohrab;
Lind, Inga; Reimann, Karin; Piot, Peter; Roggen, Erwin.
STDs in women attending family planning clinics: a case study in
Addis Ababa. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 44, No. 4, Feb
1997. 441-54 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
In a study of sexually
transmitted diseases carried out in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, information
was included on contraceptive practice. "A study of 2,111 women of
whom 542 (25.7%) attended FPCs [family planning clinics] in Addis Ababa
showed utilisation rates to be highest in women who were: Tigre (33%)
or Amhara (31%), aged 20-34 years (30%), age 16 or older at first
marriage/coitus (28%:38% in those first married after 25 years); who
had a monthly family income of 10 Ethiopian Birr (EB) or more (33%:36%
for those with income 100-500 EB), three or more children (37%), more
than five lifetime husbands/sexual partners (39%); or were bargirls
(73%) or prostitutes (43%)."
Correspondence: M. E.
Duncan, Ahlaine, Cardrona, Peebles EH45 9HX, Scotland. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
63:20171 Gold, Melanie A.; Schein, Aviva;
Coupey, Susan M. Emergency contraception: a national
survey of adolescent health experts. Family Planning Perspectives,
Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1997. 15-9, 24 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"In a survey of 167 [U.S.] physicians with expertise in
adolescent health, 84% said they prescribe contraception to
adolescents, but only 80% of these prescribe emergency contraception,
generally a few times a year at most. Some 12% of respondents said they
believe that providing emergency contraception to adolescents would
encourage contraceptive risk-taking, 25% said they think it would
discourage correct use of other methods and 29% said they think
repeated use of the method could pose health risks. Physicians who were
more likely than their colleagues to prescribe emergency contraception
included obstetrician-gynecologists (92%), those who graduated from
medical school after 1970 (77%) and those who describe their practice
as being in an `academic' setting (76%). Physicians may restrict use of
the method by limiting treatment to adolescents who seek it within 48
hours after unprotected intercourse (29%), by requiring a pregnancy
test (64%) or an office visit (68%), or by using the timing of menses
as a criterion for providing the method
(46%)."
Correspondence: M. A. Gold, Children's
Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of General Academic
Pediatrics/Adolescent Medicine, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA
15213. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20172 Greenwell, K. Fern.
Contraceptive method mix menu: providing healthy choices for
women. World Health Statistics Quarterly/Rapport Trimestriel de
Statistiques Sanitaires Mondiales, Vol. 49, No. 2, 1996. 88-93 pp.
Geneva, Switzerland. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"This article
addresses expansion of the contraceptive method mix, in the specific
context of underserved women in developing countries who, like all
women, expect to maintain their health status while successfully
regulating their fertility. It is a critical review of the health
implications of the contraceptive methods most commonly included on a
menu of options and includes fertility awareness methods as essential
non-supply method options where barriers currently exist for supply
methods."
Correspondence: K. F. Greenwell, World
Health Organization, UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of
Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction,
Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20173 Gulati, S. C.
Contraceptive method's use and choice in Kerala and Uttar Pradesh:
multinomial logit analysis of NFHS data. Demography India, Vol.
25, No. 2, Jul-Dec 1996. 205-20 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This study purports to highlight the relative significance of
alternate factors affecting choice and current use of contraceptive
methods in different socioeconomic and cultural settings of Kerala and
Uttar Pradesh, which have been categorized as demographically most
advanced and most backward states of India respectively....The study
clearly highlights that contraceptive use rates are significantly lower
amongst the Muslims compared to the Hindus and the other religious
groups....The extent of son preference is much higher in Uttar Pradesh
compared to the southern state of Kerala....It is higher education and
not just literacy amongst women which can bring about results in terms
of wider usage of contraceptive methods and reduction in
fertility."
Correspondence: S. C. Gulati, Institute of
Economic Growth, Population Research Centre, Delhi University Enclave,
Delhi 110 007, India. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20174 Jejeebhoy, Shireen J.
Addressing women's reproductive health needs: priorities for the
family welfare programme. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 32,
No. 9-10, Mar 1-14, 1997. 475-84 pp. Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"A
growing recognition that population dynamics, quality of life and
women's status are closely interrelated argues strongly for a fresh
look at India's population programme. Strategies to broaden the narrow
focus of services, and more important, to put women's reproductive
health services and information needs in the forefront are urgently
required. [The author addresses the questions:] What are the gaps in
women's reproductive health care? What are the constraints women face
in accessing quality health care?"
Correspondence: S.
J. Jejeebhoy, 16-A G. Deshmukh Marg, Mumbai 400 026, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (PF).
63:20175 Kamuzora, C. L. Towards
understanding low contraceptive prevalence in African societies.
African Review, Vol. 19, No. 1-2, 1992. 1-12 pp. Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania. In Eng.
"While limited to the exploration of the
factors that lead to the understanding of current low contraceptive
prevalence levels [in Africa], this paper raises questions concerning
the change to deliberate control of fertility....The identification and
understanding of factors associated with low contraceptive prevalence
in Africa have been sought in the experiences of developing countries
in Asia....Here a summary discussion is made and implications for
successful fertility regulation programmes are
drawn."
Correspondence: C. L. Kamuzora, University of
Dar es Salaam, Demographic Unit, Box 35050, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Location: Cornell University Library, Ithaca, NY.
63:20176 Karra, Mihira V.; Stark, Nancy N.;
Wolf, Joyce. Male involvement in family planning: a case
study spanning five generations of a South Indian family. Studies
in Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 1, Mar 1997. 24-34 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"Family planning program planners often view men
as gatekeepers who, if involved in reproductive decisionmaking, will
thwart women's efforts to regulate fertility. This study examines
fertility decisions made by five generations of one South Indian family
and the factors affecting its sudden observed fertility decline. Male
involvement in family planning and use of male methods are associated
with the fertility decline and resulted in long-term benefits for
women. Traditional notions about gender roles and family, in addition
to economic concerns, shaped fertility decisionmaking. Individual
motivation rather than choice of methods was more important for
positive male participation in family
planning."
Correspondence: M. V. Karra, Population
Leadership Program, Western Consortium for Public Health, 210 High
Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95060. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:20177 Khan, H. T. Abdullah. A
hierarchical model of contraceptive use in urban and rural
Bangladesh. Contraception, Vol. 55, No. 2, Feb 1997. 91-6 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng.
"In this paper, a model is developed
for examining the hierarchical effects of contraceptive use and its
determinants in urban-rural Bangladesh by employing data from the 1989
Bangladesh Fertility Survey (BFS). In the survey, a total of 11,905
ever-married women of reproductive age were interviewed in urban and
rural situations....It has been found that contraceptive use has no
significant variation between regions; however, a statistically
significant variation exists between the blocks (census tracts) of
Bangladesh. Findings also indicate that mother's parity, her education,
family planning decisions, and female independence score are found to
have a significant positive effect on the use of contraception in urban
and rural Bangladesh, whereas child death has a significant negative
influence. Religion and work experience of women are found to have
little effect on contraceptive use."
Correspondence:
H. T. A. Khan, University of Dhaka, Department of Statistics,
Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. E-mail: akhan.stat@ducc.agni.com. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20178 Kosunen, Elise; Sihvo, Sinikka;
Hemminki, Elina. Knowledge and use of hormonal emergency
contraception in Finland. Contraception, Vol. 55, No. 3, Mar 1997.
153-7 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"We studied the
knowledge and use of hormonal emergency contraception (EC) in Finland
by mailing a questionnaire to a national sample of 3,000 women aged
18-44 years (response rate 74%). Ten percent of the women aged under 25
and 4% of all respondents had sometimes used EC. Unmarried women were
more likely to report having used hormonal EC than were married women,
and nulliparous women reported more use than did parous women. However,
no statistically significant difference in EC use among women with or
without previous abortion history was observed. Older women were less
aware of EC than of other methods; only one-third of the women aged
over 35 knew about this method. Current contraceptive practices were
otherwise similar among ever-users and never-users of EC, but EC users
more commonly reported using condom together with oral contraceptives
or IUD. Nobody reported using EC as her only contraceptive
method."
Correspondence: E. Kosunen, University of
Tampere Medical School, P.O. Box 607, 33101 Tampere, Finland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20179 Lodewijckx, Edith.
Turkish and Moroccan women: family planning in Flanders and
Brussels and in the countries of origin. [Turkse en Marokkaanse
vrouwen: gezinsplanning in Vlaanderen en Brussel en in de
herkomstlanden.] Bevolking en Gezin, No. 1, 1994. 53-78 pp. Brussels,
Belgium. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
"Moroccan and Turkish
communities constitute the most important migrant populations living in
Flanders and Brussels today. Some aspects of their family formation,
with emphasis on contraceptive behaviour are described, and are
compared with the behaviour of the autochthonous population, as well as
with that of the non-migrant population in the countries of origin. The
desired and realised fertility of Turkish and Moroccan women in Belgium
is higher than that of the nationals but they both want and have
smaller families than the non-migrant couples in Turkey and
Morocco....The contraceptive profile of the migrant population is more
`modern' than that of the non-migrant
populations."
Correspondence: E. Lodewijckx, Centrum
voor Bevolkings- en Gezinsstudiën, Markiesstraat 1, 1000 Brussels,
Belgium. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20180 Meekers, Dominique; Oladosu,
Muyiwa. Spousal communication and family planning
decision-making in Nigeria. Population Research Institute Working
Paper in African Demography, No. AD96-03, Apr 1996. 33 pp. Pennsylvania
State University, Population Research Institute: University Park,
Pennsylvania. In Eng.
"Scattered research suggests that the
limited success of family planning programs in Nigeria and other
countries of sub-Saharan Africa, may stem from the fact that these
programs mainly target women, while family planning decisions are
usually made either by the couple, or by the husband or male partner.
This study uses data from the 1990 Nigeria Demographic and Health
Survey in order to obtain a better understanding of the factors that
facilitate or hinder spousal communication and to investigate the
effect of spousal communication on contraceptive use in
Nigeria."
This paper was originally presented at the 1996
Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: Pennsylvania State University,
Population Research Institute, 601 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA
16802. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20181 Oddens, Björn J.
Determinants of contraceptive use: national population-based
studies in various West European countries. ISBN 90-5166-509-1.
1996. 206 pp. Eburon Publishers: Delft, Netherlands; International
Health Foundation: Brussels, Belgium. In Eng. with sum. in Dut.
This study of current contraceptive practice in Europe is primarily
based on two surveys carried out in 1992 in the United Kingdom and
Germany, involving 967 and 1,064 women aged 15-45, respectively. The
analysis provides information on the contraceptive methods currently
used in the two countries by those trying to avoid pregnancy; changes
in contraceptive patterns since the mid 1980s; the effect of pill
scares and AIDS campaigns on contraceptives chosen; attitudes toward
various contraceptive methods; factors determining contraceptive use;
and factors affecting international differences in contraceptive usage.
Chapters are also included on the impact of contraceptive pricing on
demand in eight Western European countries, and the dynamics of oral
contraceptive switching in the Netherlands.
Correspondence:
Eburon Publishers, P.O. Box 2867, 2601 CW Delft, Netherlands.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20182 Oheneba-Sakyi, Yaw; Takyi, Baffour
K. Effects of couples' characteristics on contraceptive
use in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Ghanaian example. Journal of
Biosocial Science, Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan 1997. 33-49 pp. Cambridge,
England. In Eng.
"Using data from the 1988 Ghana Demographic
and Health Survey, this study examines couples' demographic and
socioeconomic characteristics in the context of their attitudes towards
family planning, and the impact of these factors on the use of
contraceptives. The characteristics of the husbands and their influence
on wives' behaviour illustrate the role of intra-household relations
between men and women and their effect on fertility-related behaviour
in patriarchal African societies."
Correspondence: Y.
Oheneba-Sakyi, State University of New York, Potsdam College,
Department of Sociology, Potsdam, NY 13676-2294. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20183 Peru. Instituto Nacional de
Estadística e Informática. Dirección
Técnica de Demografía y Estudios Sociales (Lima, Peru);
United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA] (New York, New York); Peru.
Ministerio de Salud (Lima, Peru). Peru: the demand for
family planning. [Peru: demanda de planificación familiar.]
Pub. Order No. 677-95-SG-OEPI. LC 96-136461. Aug 1995. 161 pp. Lima,
Peru. In Spa.
Data from the 1993 census and a recent survey (ENDES
II) are used to analyze levels of contraceptive practice and the unmet
need for contraception in Peru. The level of demand for family planning
is first examined at national, departmental, and provincial levels.
Next, the methodology for making such estimates is considered.
Variations in contraceptive usage by marital status, educational
status, region or area of residence, housing characteristics, age, and
parity are then discussed. Finally, the data sources on which the study
is based are described.
Correspondence: Instituto Nacional
de Estadística e Informática, General Garzón
654-658, Lima 11, Peru. Location: U.S. Library of Congress,
Washington, D.C.
63:20184 Pinkerton, Steven D.; Abramson, Paul
R. Effectiveness of condoms in preventing HIV
transmission. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 44, No. 9, May
1997. 1,303-12 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"In this paper two
estimates of condom effectiveness are reported. The first estimate is
derived from a pooled analysis of published studies investigating
condom use and seroconversion rates among sexual partners of
HIV-infected persons....The pooled seroconversion data are then used to
derive the second index of condom effectiveness, which provides an
estimate of the reduction in per-contact probability of HIV
transmission provided by the consistent use of condoms." The
results indicate that "a reexamination of HIV seroconversion
studies suggests that condoms are 90 to 95% effective when used
consistently, i.e. consistent condom users are 10 to 20 times less
likely to become infected when exposed to the virus than are
inconsistent or non-users. Similar results are obtained utilizing
model-based estimation techniques, which indicate that condoms decrease
the per-contact probability of male-to-female transmission of HIV by
about 95%."
Correspondence: S. D. Pinkerton, Medical
College of Wisconsin, Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Milwaukee,
WI. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
63:20185 Potts, Malcolm. Sex and
the birth rate: human biology, demographic change, and access to
fertility-regulation methods. Population and Development Review,
Vol. 23, No. 1, Mar 1997. 1-39, 223, 225 pp. New York, New York. In
Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Human beings have been able to
exercise conscious control over their fertility since the second half
of the twentieth century, but wherever access to birth control
technologies is not constrained by law, policies, custom, or economic
factors, there has been a marked fall in family size, in most cases to
a total fertility rate of 2 or less....Social success in the modern
world tends to be associated with the acquisition of material goods but
not with larger families. It follows that making fertility-regulation
choices available (including voluntary sterilization and safe abortion)
through multiple, convenient channels of distribution is likely to
prove the most straightforward strategy for lowering birth rates. This
article explores the implications of this perspective for international
family planning policies."
Correspondence: M. Potts,
University of California, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA 94720.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20186 Salvini, Silvana.
Contraception and family planning: social change and population
control in developing countries. [Contraccezione e pianificazione
familiare: trasformazioni sociali e controllo della popolazione nei
paesi in via di sviluppo.] Ricerca, ISBN 88-15-05761-7. 1997. 311 pp.
Il Mulino: Bologna, Italy. In Ita.
This is a general study on the
population problems that the developing countries are facing, and on
the prospects for resolving those problems. The book is in four parts.
Part 1 describes the history of contraception. Part 2 looks at
fertility trends and the spread of contraception in developing
countries. Part 3 examines the factors that are associated with the
successful control of fertility, including cultural change, economic
development, social policies, and improvements in the status of women.
Part 4 deals with population policies, and with the evaluation of their
effectiveness. The author identifies the following factors as being
most likely to encourage a significant decline in fertility and an
increase in life expectancy: the spread of education, the availability
of services and structures to promote reproductive health as well as
maternal and child health, and, above all, improvements in the status
of women.
Correspondence: Il Mulino, Strada Maggiore 37,
Casella Postale No. 119, 40100 Bologna, Italy. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20187 Sangi-Haghpeykar, Haleh; Poindexter,
Alfred N.; Bateman, Louise. Consistency of condom use
among users of injectable contraceptives. Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 2, Mar-Apr 1997. 67-9, 75 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"Use of condoms for protection against sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs) was examined over a nine-month period among
536 women from 17 clinics in southeastern Texas who had selected the
injectable depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a contraceptive.
Among women who were using condoms prior to receiving DMPA, nearly half
said they never or rarely did so after initiating DMPA use; only 18% of
all women in the study used condoms consistently while relying on DMPA.
Factors associated with consistent condom use were being black (odds
ratio of 2.0), being unmarried (odds ratio of 2.2), having a history of
STD infection (odds ratio of 1.8), having previously used condoms (odds
ratio of 2.7) and having no interest in future childbearing (odds ratio
of 1.8). Our data suggest that the majority of users of injectables may
not be protected from exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus and
other STDs."
Correspondence: H. Sangi-Haghpeykar,
Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Houston, TX 00730. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20188 Schuler, Sidney R.; Hashemi, Syed M.;
Riley, Ann P. The influence of women's changing roles and
status in Bangladesh's fertility transition: evidence from a study of
credit programs and contraceptive use. World Development, Vol. 25,
No. 4, Apr 1997. 563-75 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"Multivariate analyses of data from a recent study in rural
Bangladesh suggest that women's access to credit provided by two
organizations, Grameen Bank and BRAC, augments use of contraception.
This effect increases with the duration of the women's involvement in
the credit programs. Although three of eight measures of women's
empowerment have statistically significant effects on contraceptive use
(women's economic security and contribution to family support, freedom
of mobility, and relative freedom from domination by the family), these
variables account for surprisingly little of the effect of credit on
contraceptive use. The authors present qualitative data describing how
the credit programs empower women, and speculate about other paths
through which participation in them may influence contraceptive
use."
Correspondence: S. R. Schuler, JSI Research and
Training Institute, 1616 North Fort Myer Drive, Arlington, VA 22209.
Location: Princeton University Library (PF).
63:20189 Strickler, Jennifer A.; Magnani,
Robert J.; McCann, H. Gilman; Brown, Lisanne F.; Rice, Janet
C. The reliability of reporting of contraceptive behavior
in DHS calendar data: evidence from Morocco. Studies in Family
Planning, Vol. 28, No. 1, Mar 1997. 44-53 pp. New York, New York. In
Eng.
"This report addresses the consistency of reporting in
the contraceptive calendar in the 1992 and 1995 Morocco Demographic and
Health Surveys. Because a panel design was used in these surveys, the
same women were interviewed in both years, providing a unique
opportunity to examine the reliability of responses. Measures of
reliability for various aspects of contraceptive-use dynamics are
computed, and the impact of reporting errors on contraceptive failure,
discontinuation, and switching rates is estimated. Results suggest that
reporting of contraceptive behavior in Moroccan DHS calendar data
appears to be relatively reliable at the aggregate level. Individual
respondents, particularly those whose contraceptive patterns have been
complex, have a lower level of reliability. The observed
inconsistencies do not appear to affect aggregate-level estimates of
contraceptive prevalence; however, measures of contraceptive-use
dynamics are less stable."
Correspondence: J. A.
Strickler, University of Vermont, Department of Sociology, 31 South
Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05405. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20190 Tawiah, E. O. Factors
affecting contraceptive use in Ghana. Journal of Biosocial
Science, Vol. 29, No. 2, Apr 1997. 141-9 pp. Cambridge, England. In
Eng.
"The relationships between selected demographic and
socioeconomic variables and current use status of contraception were
examined using logistic regression technique. Information on current
contraceptive use was provided by 3,156 out of 4,488 currently married
women aged 15-49 interviewed in the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health
Survey. Respondents' approval of family planning emerged as the most
important predictor of current contraceptive use, followed by
discussion of family planning with partner and level of education. As a
policy measure, information, education and communication programmes on
family planning should be intensified, particularly in rural areas.
Female education, at least up to secondary level, should be given top
priority."
Correspondence: E. O. Tawiah, University of
Ghana, Regional Institute for Population Studies, P.O. Box 96, Legon,
Ghana. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20191 Valabrègue, Catherine;
Treiner, Sandrine. The pill, and then? Two generations
cope with birth control. [La pilule, et après? Deux
générations face au contrôle des naissances.] ISBN
2-234-04609-2. 1996. 298 pp. Stock: Paris, France. In Fre.
This
book is in two parts. The first part, by Valabrègue, describes
the development of the family planning movement in France over time,
from the adoption of anticontraceptive legislation in 1920 up to the
reforms of the 1960s. The second part, by Treiner, examines the
situation from a female perspective in the period since the 1960s, with
particular reference to the benefits and problems posed by the general
availability of effective modern contraceptive methods such as the oral
contraceptive pill.
Correspondence: Editions Stock, 23 rue
du Sommerard, 75005 Paris, France. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20192 Villela, Wilza; Barbosa,
Regina. Contraceptive choices and experiences of
sexuality: a comparison of sterilized and non-sterilized women.
[Opções contraceptivas e vivências da sexualidade:
comparação entre mulheres esterilizadas e não
esterilizadas em região metropolitana do Sudeste do Brasil.]
Revista de Saúde Pública, Vol. 30, No. 5, Oct 1996. 452-9
pp. São Paulo, Brazil. In Por. with sum. in Eng.
"A
cross sectional study involving 357 women, 174 of them sterilized and
183 non-sterilized, with a view to comparing their sexual and
reproductive behaviour, was undertaken....The results show that
sterilized women--who are older and more often have steady partnerships
than non-sterilized women--fulfil traditional gender roles more closely
than the others. Furthermore, no sterilized woman had used the condom
in the month prior to the interview."
Correspondence:
W. Villela, Instituto de Saúde da Secretaria de Estado da
Saúde de São Paulo, Rua Santo Antonio 549, 2o andar,
01314 000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20193 Zelaya, Elmer; Peña, Rodolfo;
García, Jairo; Berglund, Staffan; Persson, Lars Å.;
Liljestrand, Jerker. Contraceptive patterns among women
and men in León, Nicaragua. Contraception, Vol. 54, No. 6,
Dec 1996. 359-65 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"The aim was
to study the contraceptive patterns among men and women in León,
Nicaragua. A questionnaire about sexual, contraceptive, reproductive
and socioeconomic issues was directed to 7,789 households including 22%
of all women of the municipality aged 15-49 years (n = 10,867). A
subsample of 388 men and 413 women aged 15-49 years was drawn at
random....Private interviews revealed that among fertile women who had
been sexually active within the last three months, non-pregnant and
wishing to avoid pregnancy, 77% were contracepting. Female
sterilization was the most common contraceptive method (39%), followed
by intrauterine device (16%)....Contraceptive use in sexually active
women aged 15-44 years was lower among those having lower education,
living in rural areas, and living under poverty conditions. The
predominance of female sterilization and the occasional condom
use--mainly reported by men--reflects a situation of relative male
control over contraception and
reproduction."
Correspondence: E. Zelaya, Umeå
University, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 901 85
Umeå, Sweden. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
Selected studies on the medical aspects of fertility control methods, including studies on side effects and use-effectiveness.
63:20194 Harrison, Polly F.; Rosenfield,
Allan. Contraceptive research and development: looking to
the future. ISBN 0-309-05442-7. LC 96-26149. 1996. xi, 519 pp.
National Academy Press: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
This book
"explores the frontiers of science where the contraceptives of the
future are likely to be found and lays out criteria for deciding where
to make the next R&D investments....[It] comprehensively examines
today's contraceptive needs, identifies `niches' in those needs that
seem most readily translatable into market terms, and scrutinizes
issues that shape the market: method side effects and contraceptive
failure, the challenge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted
diseases, and the implications of the `women's agenda'....[The authors
analyze] the response of the pharmaceutical industry to current
dynamics in regulation, liability, public opinion, and the economics of
the health sector and offer an integrated set of recommendations for
public- and private-sector action to meet a whole new generation of
demand."
Correspondence: National Academy Press, 2101
Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20418. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies evaluating either the demographic impact or other criteria of effectiveness of family planning programs.
63:20195 Barberis, M.; Harvey, P. D.
Costs of family planning programmes in fourteen developing
countries by method of service delivery. Journal of Biosocial
Science, Vol. 29, No. 2, Apr 1997. 219-33 pp. Cambridge, England. In
Eng.
"The cost effectiveness of several modes of family
planning service delivery based on the cost per couple-year of
protection (CYP), including commodity costs, is assessed for 1991-92
using programme and project data from fourteen developing countries
(five in Africa, four in Asia, three in Latin America and two in the
Middle East)....Sterilisation services provided both the highest volume
(over 60% of total) and the lowest cost per CYP ($1.85)....The highest
costs were for community-based distribution projects (0.7 million
CYPs), which averaged $9.93, and clinic-based services with a
community-based distribution component (almost 6 million CYPs), at a
cost of $14.00 per CYP. Based on a weighted average, costs were lowest
in the Middle East ($3.37 per CYP for all modes of delivery combined)
and highest in Africa ($11.20)."
Correspondence: M.
Barberis, DKT International, 1120 19th Street NW, Washington, D.C.
20036. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20196 Bertrand, Jane T.; Kincaid, D.
Lawrence. Evaluating Information-Education-Communication
(IEC) programs for family planning and reproductive health: final
report of the IEC Working Group. No. WG-IEC-03, Oct 1996. ix, 178
pp. University of North Carolina, Carolina Population Center: Chapel
Hill, North Carolina. In Eng.
This report is one of the main
products of a project involving the Carolina Population Center, the
Center for International Health and Development at Tulane University,
and the Futures Group. The project examined how to evaluate IEC
activities carried out as part of family planning or reproductive
health programs. Separate chapters are included on the evaluation of
counseling, group presentations, community mobilization, mass media
campaigns, and communication directed to influentials. A final chapter
examines the extent to which it is possible to evaluate whether an
observed change has occurred due to IEC input.
Correspondence:
University of North Carolina, Carolina Population Center,
University Square, CB 8120, 123 East Franklin Street, Suite 304, Chapel
Hill, NC 27516-3997. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20197 Freedman, Ronald. Do
family planning programs affect fertility preferences? A literature
review. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 1, Mar 1997. 1-13
pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"A literature review finds few
studies about whether family planning programs have reduced fertility
preferences. The strong and surprising evidence from Matlab,
Bangladesh, demonstrated that this intensive program did not decrease
preferences; however, it did crystalize latent demand for fewer
children, resulting in a demand for contraception. One cross-national
multivariate study was consistent with this finding. A few intracountry
multivariate studies found small program effects, decreasing the number
of children that couples want. An intensive multimethod study in India
found plausible larger effects. Most studies of program media effects
are flawed by possible selection bias, but one longitudinal study
avoids this pitfall and finds large effects for one country. Program
feedback effects are plausible but not yet demonstrated empirically.
The effects of a coercive program are plausible, at least in China, but
not definitively demonstrated."
Correspondence: R.
Freedman, University of Michigan, Department of Sociology, Population
Studies Center, 1225 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2590.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20198 Frost, Jennifer J.; Bolzan,
Michele. The provision of public-sector services by family
planning agencies in 1995. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29,
No. 1, Jan-Feb 1997. 6-14 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Results from a 1995 [U.S.] survey of a nationally
representative sample of 603 publicly funded family planning agencies
reveal that 96% rely on federal funding, 60% on state funding and 40%
on local funding to provide family planning and other services.
Although only 25% of the contraceptive clients served by these publicly
funded agencies...are Medicaid recipients, 57% have incomes below the
federal poverty level and an additional 33% have incomes of 100-250% of
the poverty level. Some 40% of the recipients of family planning
services are black, Hispanic or from other minority groups, and 30% are
younger than 20. Each agency employs an average of three physicians who
together provide approximately seven hours of care per week and seven
midlevel clinicians who provide 71 hours of care per week. The pill is
the only contraceptive method provided by all agencies, but 96% provide
the injectable; at least 90% spermicide, the condom and the diaphragm;
78% periodic abstinence; and 59% the
implant."
Correspondence: J. J. Frost, Alan Guttmacher
Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20199 Manzoor, Khaleda.
Utilisation, excess capacity, and performance of family welfare
centres in a district of Punjab. Pakistan Development Review, Vol.
34, No. 4, Pt. III, Winter 1995. 1,151-64 pp. Islamabad, Pakistan. In
Eng.
The author examines how the Family Welfare Centres, which
provide most of the family planning services in Pakistan, might provide
such services more efficiently. Data are from a number of sources, and
primarily consist of information collected through observation of the
centers at work in 1992. A comment by S. Mazhar Hussain Hashmi is
included (pp. 1,162-4).
Correspondence: K. Manzoor,
National Institute of Population Studies, House No. 8, Street 70,
F-8/3, P.O. Box 2197, Islamabad, Pakistan. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
Studies concerned with the interrelations between fertility control and attitudinal variables, including studies on wanted and unwanted pregnancy and children, motivation for parenthood, sex preference, and voluntary childlessness. Studies on knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) of family planning and attitudes toward family size are classified under this heading.
63:20200 Campbell, Eugene K.; Campbell, Puni
G. Family size and sex preferences and eventual fertility
in Botswana. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 29, No. 2, Apr
1997. 191-204 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"Botswana is one
of the sub-Saharan countries where actual fertility has declined. This
study examines the fertility preferences of both men and women and
shows that fertility intentions have a significant influence on future
fertility behaviour. Fertility preferences are relatively low and there
is no significant difference between those of men and women. Men's
preference for sons influences desired family size and eventual
fertility. For women as well as men, child survival is an important
factor. Women's income is also
influential."
Correspondence: E. K. Campbell,
University of Botswana, Department of Demography, Private Bag 0022,
Gaborone, Botswana. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20201 Delbanco, Suzanne; Lundy, Janet;
Hoff, Tina; Parker, Molly; Smith, Mark D. Public knowledge
and perceptions about unplanned pregnancy and contraception in three
countries. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 2, Mar-Apr
1997. 70-5 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"A 1994-1995 survey
of men and women aged 18-44 in the United States, Canada and the
Netherlands revealed considerable differences in public knowledge and
perceptions about unplanned pregnancy and contraception. The proportion
who believe that unplanned pregnancy is a `very big problem' is 60% in
the United States, 36% in Canada and 6% in the Netherlands. Americans
are more likely than their Canadian or Dutch counterparts to cite
societal problems as significant factors in the rate of unplanned
pregnancy; higher proportions of Americans also cite the cost of
contraceptives...and an inability to obtain methods....In all three
countries, adults are generally well informed about the relative
effectiveness of commonly used contraceptives, but Americans are more
skeptical about method safety and effectiveness....Health care
professionals are the most frequently cited source of contraceptive
information, but only 51-63% of adults have ever discussed
contraception with such a practitioner."
Correspondence:
S. Delbanco, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2400 Sand Hill
Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:20202 Dorbritz, Jürgen; Schwarz,
Karl. Infertility in Germany--a mass phenomenon? Analyses
of manifestations and causes. [Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland--ein
Massenphänomen? Analysen zu Erscheinungsformen und Ursachen.]
Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, Vol. 21, No. 3,
1996. 231-61 pp. Munich, Germany. In Ger. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
"In the old federal territory and within the forseeable future
in Germany as a whole as well, childlessness could well become the most
important factor to influence the fertility trend....Analyses of the
decline in the birth rate beginning in the 1970s show that this trend
is not primarily the result of the disappearance of the large family or
of the dominance of the one-child family but rather of the influence of
childlessness....Childlessness has been correlated with income (a
higher level of childlessness among those of lower income), the level
of occupational training (increased childlessness among those with
higher qualifications) and living situation (higher childless rate for
more or less individualised living situations)....There is also a
correlation between childlessness and the postponement of marriage and
the birth of the first child as well as the decline in mean numbers of
children in the parent generation of today's childless
women."
Correspondence: J. Dorbritz, Bundesinstitut
für Bevölkerungsforschung, 65180 Wiesbaden, Germany.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20203 Fialová, Ludmila; Tucek,
Milan. Opinions on ideal number of children in selected
European countries. [Názory na ideální pocet
detí ve vybraných evropských zemích.]
Demografie, Vol. 39, No. 1, 1997. 1-12 pp. Prague, Czech Republic. In
Cze. with sum. in Eng.
"Comparison of the opinions of 14
European countries' population on ideal number of children in the
family recorded...in 1994...[shows] a considerable homogeneity of
European countries, especially that of the young generation....The
[comparison indicated]...differences among individual countries, which
issued from their own cultural and religious traditions. It was
confirmed that...young Europeans share...the opinion that the childless
life is not empty and dull and that the parents...need not try to keep
the family together with respect to their children. This fact
indicates, together with a low attractiveness of the institution of
marriage, [continuation] of a low fertility level even in the
future."
Correspondence: L. Fialová, 250 66
Zdiby 16, Prague Vychod, Czech Republic. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20204 Mauldon, Jane; Delbanco,
Suzanne. Public perceptions about unplanned
pregnancy. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan-Feb
1997. 25-9, 40 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This article
reports on the results of a nationally representative telephone survey
examining Americans' level of concern about unplanned pregnancy in
general. We investigate the extent to which different groups share
views about the problem and what they see as the primary causes of
unplanned pregnancy in the United States. Finally, we examine
differences in these beliefs and in the level of concern across various
segments of the population." Results from the 1994 survey indicate
that 60% of respondents "believe that unplanned pregnancy is a
very big problem in the United States, and virtually all (90%) say it
is at least a somewhat big problem. Two-thirds mistakenly believe that
a larger percentage of women have unplanned pregnancies now than 10
years ago. A decline in moral standards is cited by 89% of respondents
as contributing very much or somewhat to the problem. Lack of education
is mentioned as a significant factor by 87%, and 88% see any of three
barriers to contraceptive use--knowledge about use, access or cost--as
being important factors."
Correspondence: J. Mauldon,
University of California, Graduate School of Public Policy, 2607 Hearst
Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
Studies on induced abortion, including those on attitudes, with the exception of studies primarily concerned with government regulation of abortion, which are coded under M.2. Measures Affecting Fertility. Studies of spontaneous abortion appear under F.3. Sterility and Other Pathology.
63:20205 Bedall, Fritz. A
statistical analysis of abortions in the Federal Republic of Germany
from 1977 to 1988. [Eine statistische Analyse der
Schwangerschaftsabbrüche der Jahre 1977 bis 1988 in der
Bundesrepublik Deutschland.] Zeitschrift für
Bevölkerungswissenschaft, Vol. 21, No. 3, 1996. 319-27 pp. Munich,
Germany. In Ger. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
"The tables
compiled...at the Federal Institute for Population Research on
probabilities relating to abortion in the Federal Republic of Germany
are subjected to a statistical analysis. The data, differentiated
according to age and marital status of pregnant women during the period
1977 to 1988, show that abortion probabilities steadily rise from a low
level (below 4%) beginning at age 30 to a high level (40%) and that
they occupy a consistently high level (45%) among unmarried women,
regardless of age. These correlations remained constant over the entire
twelve-year period covered by the study."
Correspondence:
F. Bedall, Staatsinstitut für Schulpädagogik und
Bildungsforschung, Arabellastraße 1, 81925 Munich, Germany.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20206 Blayo, Chantal. Abortion
trends in France since 1976. Population: An English Selection,
Vol. 8, 1996. 29-57 pp. Paris, France. In Eng.
The author analyzes
abortion trends in France since 1976. Aspects considered include
abortion registration and incidence, the characteristics of women who
abort, repeat abortions, and type of procedure. "Abortion is very
rarely used as a method of birth control. If abortion rates are higher
in France than in some other western European countries, it is because
sterilization is much less widespread."
For the original French
version, see 62:10340.
Correspondence: C. Blayo,
Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV, Avenue Léon-Duguit,
33608 Pessac, France. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20207 Entwisle, Barbara; Kozyreva,
Polina. New estimates of induced abortion in Russia.
Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 28, No. 1, Mar 1997. 14-23 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng.
"This article describes findings from
a new source of data for estimating the incidence of induced abortion
in the Russian Federation, the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey
(RLMS). According to RLMS data, the abortion rate in 1994 was 56 per
1,000 women aged 15-44, with a 95% confidence interval of plus or minus
12 per 1,000, an estimate that varies from that advanced by official
sources and other studies. The sensitivity of this estimate to survey
design, underreporting of abortion, and potential confusion about
miniabortions is considered. Consistency of abortion estimates with
patterns of contraceptive use is also evaluated. A significant
advantage of RLMS data is the ability to estimate abortion rates
specific to respondent characteristics. The article presents findings
concerning socioeconomic differences."
Correspondence:
B. Entwisle, University of North Carolina, Carolina Population
Center, University Square, CB #8120, 123 West Franklin Street, Chapel
Hill, NC 27516-3997. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20208 International Planned Parenthood
Federation European Network (London, England). Abortion:
the European experience. Choices, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1997. 44 pp.
London, England. In Eng.
This special issue is a product of a
conference on European women's choices concerning abortion. The
conference was held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, in March 1996. The
contributors describe the situation in different countries, including
the Baltic countries, Poland, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland,
Yugoslavia, and Turkey. The general conclusion of the conference was
that the European experience shows that legal and safe abortion can be
combined with very low abortion rates if it is accompanied by good
sexual and contraceptive education and services.
Correspondence:
International Planned Parenthood Federation European Network,
Regent's College, Inner Circle, Regent's Park, London NW1 4NS, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20209 Lazarus, Ellen S.
Politicizing abortion: personal morality and professional
responsibility of residents training in the United States. Social
Science and Medicine, Vol. 44, No. 9, May 1997. 1,417-25 pp. Oxford,
England. In Eng.
"This paper focuses on some of the problems
generated by abortion policies and procedures in an
obstetrics/gynecology residency program [in the United States].
Examples of conflicts among residents are presented to demonstrate the
effect of pluralistic moral perspectives. A system is described where
some residents will do abortions and some will not. Patients seeking
abortion are often treated in an unprofessional manner when it appears
that a conflict exists between the values of patients and those of
residents. Unless the socialization of residents includes ethical
training, defined educational policy and institutional direction,
ethical dilemmas will lead to increased resident stress, an inadequate
doctor-patient relationship and a continued shortage of physicians
willing to perform abortions despite new policies called for in
graduate medical education."
Correspondence: E. S.
Lazarus, Case Western Reserve University, Department of Anthropology,
Cleveland, OH 44120. Location: Princeton University Library
(PR).
63:20210 Maleck-Lewy, Eva. And
what if I'm pregnant? Women between autonomy and dependence. [Und
wenn ich nun schwanger bin? Frauen zwischen Selbstbestimmung und
Bevormundung.] ISBN 3-7466-8998-8. 1994. 249 pp. Aufbau Taschenbuch
Verlag: Berlin, Germany. In Ger.
This is a summary of abortion
history in Germany from the Middle Ages to 1993, focusing on the debate
surrounding Paragraph 218, the 1871 law banning abortion; it was
reformed in 1992, but in 1993 Germany's supreme court ruled parts of
the reform unconstitutional. The author sketches out the history
leading up to the law, the changes made during and after the two world
wars, the liberalization of abortion in East Germany under Communist
rule, and finally, the debate and legislation that followed
reunification. There is a chapter on abortion in other countries,
especially the United States; there is also a short bibliography, a
detailed explanation of the provisions of the 1993 law, a list of
accredited counseling and family planning centers in Germany, and an
appendix containing various primary sources such as the actual text of
legislation and extracts from hearings.
Correspondence:
Aufbau-Verlag, Postfach 193, 10105 Berlin, Germany. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20211 Matthews, Stephen; Ribar, David;
Wilhelm, Mark. The effects of economic conditions and
access to reproductive health services on state abortion rates and
birthrates. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 2, Mar-Apr
1997. 52-60 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"The effects that
such factors as wages, welfare policies and access to physicians,
family planning clinics and abortion providers have on [U.S.] abortion
rates and birthrates are examined in analyses based on 1978-1988
state-level data and longitudinal regression techniques. The incidence
of abortion is found to be lower in states where access to providers is
reduced and state policies are restrictive. Calculations indicate that
decreased access may have accounted for about one-quarter of the 5%
decline in abortion rates between 1988 and 1992. In addition,
birthrates are elevated where the costs of contraception are higher
because access to obstetrician-gynecologists and family planning
services is reduced. Economic resources such as higher wages for men
and women and generous welfare benefits are significantly and
consistently related to increased birthrates; however, even a 10% cut
in public assistance benefits would result in only one birth fewer for
every 212 women on welfare. Economic factors showed no consistent
relationship with abortion rates."
Correspondence: S.
Matthews, Pennsylvania State University, Population Research Institute,
22 Burrowes Building, University Park, PA 16802-6202. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20212 Merz, Jon F.; Jackson, Catherine A.;
Klerman, Jacob A. A review of abortion policy: legality,
Medicaid funding, and parental involvement, 1967-1994. RAND Labor
and Population Program Reprint Series, No. 96-24, 1996. 61 pp. RAND:
Santa Monica, California. In Eng.
"This article has three
sections. The first section briefly summarizes the United States
Supreme Court decisions that set the constitutional boundaries of state
actions regarding abortion legality, Medicaid payment for abortion for
indigent women, and the requirements for the involvement of minors'
parents in the abortion decision. The second and main section of the
article provides a documented state-by-state review. The third and
final section summarizes this review (including figures graphically
describing the status of each policy by state through time) and
presents some concluding comments."
This article is reprinted
from Women's Rights Law Reporter, Vol. 17, No. 1, Winter
1995.
Correspondence: RAND, 1700 Main Street, Santa Monica,
CA 90407-2138. E-mail: order@rand.org. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20213 Millar, Wayne J.; Wadhera, Surinder;
Henshaw, Stanley K. Repeat abortions in Canada,
1975-1993. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan-Feb
1997. 20-4 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"In this article,
we describe the rate of and trends in repeat abortion in Canada from
1975 to 1993, and we relate these data to selected characteristics of
Canadian women who obtained repeat abortions. Additionally, although
the Canadian data have a level of completeness and detail not available
in most other countries, we compare the Canadian experience with that
of other industrialized countries." Results indicate that
"the proportion of abortion patients undergoing repeat procedures
increased from 9% to 29% over the 19-year period. The proportion was
above average (22-28% for all years combined) among women who were in
common-law marriages, those aged 25-39 and those who had previously had
children....During the study period, the repeat rate rose sharply among
women younger than 25 but fell among those aged 30 and older. In 1993,
fewer than 2% of abortions were obtained by women who had had three or
more previous procedures, suggesting that abortion is not widely used
as a primary method of birth control."
Correspondence:
W. J. Millar, Statistics Canada, Health Statistics Division,
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0T6, Canada. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20214 Orobaton, Nosa. Are
unsafe induced abortions contributing to fertility decline in Africa?
Findings from Egypt and Zimbabwe. Demography India, Vol. 25, No.
2, Jul-Dec 1996. 261-74 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The
objectives of this paper are to: 1. Examine the effect of induced
abortions on the decline of total fertility rates in [Egypt and
Zimbabwe]. 2. Discuss the implications of rising induced abortion rates
for maternal health within the context of restrictive legal
environments. 3. Suggest recommendations for reducing the incidence of
abortion related maternal deaths."
Correspondence: N.
Orobaton, BASICS Project Eritrea, c/o Partnership for Child Health
Care, 1600 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 300, Arlington, VA 22209.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20215 Tatalovich, Raymond. The
politics of abortion in the United States and Canada: a comparative
study. Comparative Politics Series, ISBN 1-56324-417-9. LC
96-23923. 1997. xii, 265 pp. M. E. Sharpe: Armonk, New York/London,
England. In Eng.
This is a comparative analysis of the changes made
in abortion policy in Canada and the United States from the late 1960s
to the present day. Chapter 1 reviews the situation in both countries
in the 1950s and 1960s before changes in the laws concerning abortion
were made. Chapter 2 deals with the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision in
Roe vs. Wade and the different approach taken in Canada culminating in
Morgentaler vs. the Queen in 1988. Chapter 3 discusses efforts to
tighten restrictions on abortion in the legislatures of both countries
following these two cases. Chapter 4 examines public opinion on
abortion issues and the activities of pro-life and pro-choice lobby
groups. Chapter 5 analyzes the political aspects of this issue. Chapter
6 explores how the executive branches of the governments have dealt
with abortion policy in the two countries. Chapter 7 investigates
abortion implementation and the roles played by public authorities and
the private sector in providing abortion
services.
Correspondence: M. E. Sharpe, 80 Business Park
Drive, Armonk, NY 10504. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
Studies on lactation, nutrition, fecundability, sex behavior, menarche and menopause, and other biological factors or social customs as they affect fertility directly. Factors affecting contraceptive practice and factors affecting fertility indirectly are not included here.
63:20216 Dunne, Michael P.; Martin, Nicholas
G.; Statham, Dixie J.; Pangan, Theresa; Madden, Pamela A.; Heath,
Andrew C. The consistency of recalled age at first sexual
intercourse. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan
1997. 1-7 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"It is widely
believed that people can remember the age at which they first had
sexual intercourse. Questions about age at onset are routinely asked in
population sexual behaviour surveys and in clinical history-taking.
However, there are limited test-retest data, especially with regard to
individual differences in unreliable recall. In this study, telephone
interviews and follow-ups an average of 15 months later were conducted
with 570 non-virgin [Australian] subjects aged between 28 and 73 years.
Test-retest correlations for recalled age at first intercourse were
0.85 for females and 0.91 for males. Consistency was slightly lower
among older people and women with a history of sexual abuse. There were
no significant associations between consistency of recall and measures
of personality, educational background or history of alcohol dependence
and depression."
Correspondence: M. P. Dunne,
Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Epidemiology Unit, Brisbane,
Queensland, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20217 Farid, Samir; Clarke, Sue; Diamond,
Ian. The determinants of the duration of breast feeding in
Bahrain. Actuarial Studies and Demography Research Paper, No.
004/97, ISBN 1-86408-358-1. Mar 1997. 20, [8] pp. Macquarie University,
School of Economic and Financial Studies: Sydney, Australia. In Eng.
"The purpose of this study is to determine the socio-economic
and demographic factors having the greatest influence on breast feeding
behavior during [the] early months of a child's life [in Bahrain].
There are many possible factors for consideration and in this study
they are divided into three broad groups: educational, health-related
and demographic."
Correspondence: N. Parr, Macquarie
University, School of Economics and Financial Studies, Actuarial
Studies and Demography Department, NSW 2109, Australia. E-mail:
lschalch@efs.mq.edu.au. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:20218 Mannan, Haider R.; Islam, M.
Nurul. Determinants of breastfeeding duration in
Bangladesh: a hazards model analysis. Demography India, Vol. 25,
No. 2, Jul-Dec 1996. 249-60 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The
purpose of this paper is to study the determinants of breastfeeding
duration in Bangladesh, a country for which a dataset is available at
the national level through the Bangladesh Fertility Survey (BFS)....The
hazards analysis has identified that the maternal characteristics such
as mother's education, mother's age at birth of index child and parity
are more important in explaining the duration of breastfeeding than the
spousal characteristics such as husband's education and husband's
occupation, which have come out insignificant in the final
model."
Correspondence: H. R. Mannan, Dhaka
University, Department of Statistics, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:20219 Sahu, Damodar; Pandey, Arvind; Sunil,
T. S. Determinants of duration of post-partum amenorrhoea
in Gujarat: a multivariate life table analysis. Demography India,
Vol. 25, No. 2, Jul-Dec 1996. 239-48 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"In this paper...we intend to find the effect of various
covariates on the duration of PPA [postpartum amenorrhea] in the state
of Gujarat [India]....The...analysis has shown that the rate of
attainment of PPA varies significantly by mother's household standard
of living, place of residence, age and education. The duration of
breastfeeding has been found to emerge as a significant time dependent
covariate affecting the length of PPA."
Correspondence:
D. Sahu, International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi
Station Road, Deonar, Bombay 400 088, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on nonmarital fertility, including illegitimacy. Studies of common-law marriage and other forms of cohabitation or voluntary single parenthood are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household.
63:20220 Pillai, Vijayan K.; Yarbrough,
James. Unmarried Zambian school teenagers and sexual
activity: a discriminant analysis. Demography India, Vol. 25, No.
2, Jul-Dec 1996. 285-90 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This study
has several purposes: Firstly, to isolate variables which discriminate
between teenagers who have [a] liberal attitude toward sex and those
who do not and, secondly, to determine if the variables suggested by
current explanations of modernization are supported by data from an
African country, Zambia. Another purpose is to ascertain the social and
demographic profile of the teenagers who have liberal sexual attitudes
as contrasted with those who do not."
Correspondence:
V. K. Pillai, University of North Texas, Department of Sociology,
P.O. Box 13675, Denton, TX 76203-3826. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:20221 Scott, Susan; Duncan, C. J.
Interacting factors affecting illegitimacy in preindustrial
northern England. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 29, No. 2,
Apr 1997. 151-69 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"Illegitimacy
in a historic, single community at Penrith, Cumbria [in northern
England] (1557-1812), has been studied using aggregative analysis,
family reconstitution and time series analysis. This population was
living under extreme conditions of hardship....In a complex interaction
of events, the peaks of the cycles in wheat prices were associated with
rises in adult mortality which promoted an influx of migrants and a
concomitant rise in illegitimacy. The association between immigration
and illegitimacy was particularly noticeable after the mortality crises
of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Children of
immigrant families also tended to produce illegitimate offspring.
Native and immigrant families responded differently to extrinsic
fluctuations, and variations in their reproductive behaviour were
probably related to access to resources."
Correspondence:
S. Scott, University of Liverpool, Department of Environmental and
Evolutionary Biology, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
