Studies concerned with the relations between population factors as a whole and noneconomic factors. Relations affecting a single demographic variable are coded under the variable concerned and not in this division. Studies concerned equally with economic and social factors are coded under K.1.1. General Economic Development and Population.
Studies on interrelations with education, religion, social change, and socioeconomic status.
63:10699 Anyanwu, Sarah O. The
girl-child: problems and survival in the Nigerian context.
Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives, Vol. 14, No. 1-2,
1995. 85-105 pp. Stockholm, Sweden. In Eng.
"This paper
discusses the basic problems confronting the female child in Nigeria,
namely sex discrimination in the education of boys and girls, sex
discrimination in access to food and nutrition, child labour practices,
heavy domestic duties for females and early child marriage. The paper
thus recommends means and ways of enhancing the female child's survival
and development without gender bias."
Correspondence:
S. O. Anyanwu, Federal University of Technology, PMB 2076, Yola,
Adamawa, Nigeria. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPIA).
63:10700 Berer, Marge; Ravindran, T. K.
Sundari. Fundamentalism, women's empowerment and
reproductive rights. Reproductive Health Matters, No. 8, Nov 1996.
166 pp. Reproductive Health Matters: London, England. In Eng.
This
special issue is concerned with religious fundamentalism and the threat
it poses to women's empowerment and reproductive rights. "The
papers in this issue of the journal provide a sometimes bleak picture
of how fundamentalist politics and governments seek to influence if not
control women in ways which threaten feminist and human rights goals of
women's empowerment, sexual autonomy and reproductive rights. Others
are more optimistic in describing how fundamentalist perspectives and
policies are being challenged, revised and
overcome."
Correspondence: Reproductive Health
Matters, 29-35 Farringdon Road, London EC1M 3JB, England. E-mail:
100663.3504@compuserve.com. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:10701 Bianchi, Suzanne M.; Spain,
Daphne. Women, work, and family in America.
Population Bulletin, Vol. 51, No. 3, Dec 1996. 48 pp. Population
Reference Bureau: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
This report examines
both the positive and negative aspects of the changes that have
affected the lives of women in the United States in recent years,
including new patterns of marriage and childbearing, educational
attainment, and labor force participation. "Delayed marriage,
increases in divorce and cohabitation, declines in remarriage after
divorce, and higher widowhood rates for women than men mean that women
spend more of their adult lives unmarried. Most women have children,
but they are more likely now than in the past to have a child out of
wedlock, and to raise it without the benefit of a partner. Women have
made significant gains in education and in the workplace. Women are
earning degrees in fields such as medicine and business that were
almost exclusively male a few decades ago. The earnings gap between men
and women has narrowed. However, women often are segregated in the
lower-status jobs within a given occupation, and are underrepresented
in high-level management positions and in elected political offices.
Although most wives work for pay, they are still responsible for most
of the housework and child care. Women's gains in employment and
earnings do not make up for the economic loss associated with increases
in divorce and out-of-wedlock childbearing. Women are more likely than
men to be poor at every age. Their share of the poverty population has
grown because of the increasing proportion of families headed by single
women--which run a high risk of being
poor."
Correspondence: Population Reference Bureau,
1875 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 520, Washington, D.C. 20009-5728.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10702 Cornman, Jennifer C.
Toward sustainable development: implications for population aging
and the wellbeing of elderly women in developing countries.
Population and Environment, Vol. 18, No. 2, Nov 1996. 201-17 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng.
"Attaining sustainable development has
significant implications for population age structure, family structure
and the wellbeing of elderly women. If one of the primary goals of
sustainable development is reducing fertility to attain a population
growth rate which can be supported by the Earth's resources, then
working toward sustainable development will lead to an aging
population. This demographic change coupled with other impacts of
working toward sustainable development could significantly affect the
status and wellbeing of elderly women. Drawing on examples primarily
from the Asian setting, this paper will examine population aging and
what this demographic change may mean for elderly women in developing
areas."
Correspondence: J. C. Cornman, University of
Michigan, Population Studies Center, 1225 S. University, Ann Arbor, MI
48104-1225. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10703 Dandekar, Kumudini. The
elderly in India. ISBN 0-8039-9301-3. 1996. 229 pp. Sage
Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
This study examines the
situation of the elderly in India, focusing on the state of Maharashtra
and using data from the 1986-1987 round of the National Sample Survey
involving some 50,000 households. Emphasis is placed on regional
variations and differences between rural and urban areas in terms of
health problems, financial constraints, and both the geographical
spread and functioning of old-age homes and pension schemes. The author
concludes that old-age homes may offer a viable solution to the
problems affecting the elderly in urban areas, but that the problems
faced by the elderly in rural areas can only be solved by the provision
of old-age pensions, which would be both cheaper and more suited to
rural conditions than the provision of homes for the
elderly.
Correspondence: Sage Publications, M-32 Greater
Kailash Market I, New Delhi 110 048, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10704 Gronchi, Sandro.
Demographic changes and pension reform in Italy. Review of
Economic Conditions in Italy, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1996. 107-17 pp. Rome,
Italy. In Eng.
The author comments on recent pension reforms
carried out in Italy. He suggests that "the promise to renounce
real indexing of pensions appears to be a `sham', used in order to make
the initial pension award more generous but impossible to maintain.
Equalization will be necessary and will once again unhinge the
financial balance of the system, because the rate of return will be
pushed above the growth of overall wages and the golden rule will be
violated. Moreover, individual rates of return on contributions will
again be diversified, favouring those working people whose retirement
period is longer (in terms of the working life) and/or characterized by
more frequent or more generous
adjustments."
Correspondence: S. Gronchi,
Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Via Nomentana 41,
Rome 00161, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:10705 Heikel, María V.
Gender and population: another challenge for equality.
[Género y población: otro desafío para la
equidad.] Notas de Población, No. 62, Dec 1995. 139-76 pp.
Santiago, Chile. In Spa.
The author discusses the consideration of
gender and women's status in demographic investigations. The need for a
more humane conception of public policies is considered. The use of an
approach to try to eliminate sexism in social policies is examined,
with a focus on biological reproduction, mortality and morbidity,
migration, and spatial distribution.
Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:10706 Locoh, Thérèse;
Lobourie-Racapé, Annie; Tichit, Christine. Gender
and development: some roads to follow. [Genre et
développement: des pistes à suivre.] Documents et Manuels
du CEPED, No. 5, ISBN 2-87762-100-6. Dec 1996. viii, 154 pp. Centre
Français sur la Population et le Développement [CEPED]:
Paris, France. In Fre.
These are the proceedings of a scientific
meeting held in Paris, June 11-12, 1996, on gender issues in
development. The focus of this interdisciplinary gathering was to
consider the integration of gender concepts into research and training
on socioeconomic development issues. The first chapter, by
Thérèse Locoh, examines the demographic aspects of
gender. Other chapters look at gender issues in education, employment,
land ownership, and nutrition. The primary geographic focus is on
Africa South of the Sahara.
Correspondence: Centre
Français sur la Population et le Développement, 15 rue de
l'Ecole de Médecine, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10707 Mason, Karen O. Gender
and demographic change: what do we know? ISBN 2-87108-052-6. 1995.
31 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population
[IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
"A critical review of
what is known about the interrelationships between change in social
systems of gender and change in the fertility and mortality of
populations is presented in the interests of describing the contours of
current knowledge and suggesting needed areas of research. Research
into the impact of gender change on demographic change is still in its
infancy; that on the impact of demographic change on gender systems is
practically non-existent. Much of the research used as evidence for the
idea that female empowerment promotes lower fertility and mortality is
based on weak designs and measures. Studies using good designs and
measures are starting to be done, however, and have thus far confirmed
that in South Asia, at least, when gender stratification is less
extreme, fertility tends to be lower, contraceptive use higher, and
child survival greater. We know little about the effects of fertility
and mortality decline on gender systems, but this is an important area
of study because of the possibility that modern demographic regimes
enhance the likelihood of achieving gender
equality."
Correspondence: International Union for the
Scientific Study of Population, 34 rue des Augustins, 4000
Liège, Belgium. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:10708 Näsman, Elisabet.
Seeing things through the eyes of children. [Vuxnas intresse
av att se med barns ögon.] Stockholm Research Reports in
Demography, No. 101, ISBN 91-7820-122-5. Feb 1996. 26 pp. Stockholm
University, Demography Unit: Stockholm, Sweden. In Swe.
This is a
discussion of different ways of viewing childhood and children. The
author notes that the perspectives that adults have on children and
their needs are determinants of eventual legislation concerning
children. She stresses the need for legislators and others to assume a
"children's perspective" and to view children not just as
"future grown-ups". The theoretical and methodological
consequences of such a shift of viewpoint are
discussed.
Correspondence: Stockholm University, Demography
Unit, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:10709 Potter, Joseph E. The
social consequences of rapid fertility decline during a period of
economic crisis. In: The fertility transition in Latin America,
edited by José M. Guzmán, Susheela Singh, Germán
Rodríguez, and Edith A. Pantelides. 1996. 275-88 pp. Clarendon
Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
The author analyzes the
socioeconomic impact of Latin America's rapid fertility decline in the
1970s and 1980s. In particular, he looks at the health and education of
the children born during these two decades, and at the situation of the
women concerned. He concludes that the quality of education,
particularly at the primary and secondary level, has not improved much
despite the decline in the size of birth cohorts, since the health
sector seems to have absorbed any dividends from the fertility decline.
However, child survival has continued to improve despite worsening
economic conditions, suggesting that it is closely tied to fertility;
the author suggests that the connections are as much social as
bio-demographic. The preliminary evidence also indicates that women's
increased fertility control and labor force participation have not led
to either improved gender relations or increases in the status of
women.
Correspondence: J. E. Potter, University of Texas,
Population Research Center, Main 1800, Austin, TX 78712-1088.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10710 Véron, Jacques.
The world of women: gender inequalities and inequalities among
societies. [Le monde des femmes: inégalité des
sexes, inégalité des sociétés.] L'Epreuve
des Faits, ISBN 2-02-024817-4. Jan 1997. 209 pp. Editions du Seuil:
Paris, France. In Fre.
This work examines the demographic, social,
and economic aspects of the status of women in society. The focus is on
the differences among societies in the inequalities that women
experience. The author examines how differences in region, culture,
religion, legal system, and mode of production affect women in
societies worldwide.
Correspondence: Editions du Seuil, 27
rue Jacob, 75261 Paris Cedex 06, France. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
Studies on the political aspects of population growth, including the demographic impact of war.
63:10711 Bose, Ashish.
Demographic transition and demographic imbalance in India.
Health Transition Review, Vol. 6, Suppl., 1996. 89-99 pp. Canberra,
Australia. In Eng.
"In the coming decades, there will be
growing demographic disparity in India and, like economic disparity,
this should be a matter of serious concern for our planners and
policy-makers. This demographic disparity leading to demographic
imbalance may cause considerable social turbulence and may even pose a
threat to political stability. Demographers must look far beyond
demographic statistics and anticipate the consequences of demographic
imbalance between different regions and states in India as well as
between different religious communities, castes and tribes. Relevant
data based on 1991 Census and National Family Health Survey (1992-93)
are presented to highlight the `North-South Demographic
Divide'."
Correspondence: A. Bose, I-1777 C. R. Park,
New Delhi, India. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:10712 Courbage, Youssef. The
demographic factor in Ireland's movement toward partition
(1607-1921). [Le facteur démographique dans la marche de
l'Irlande vers la partition (1607-1921).] Population, Vol. 51, No. 6,
Nov-Dec 1996. 1,129-52 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng;
Spa.
"Relationships between demography and politics are
studied in an historic and geographic context where they are quasi
archetypal, namely Ireland and Ulster before the 1921 partition.
Migration from Great Britain became denominational during the sixteenth
century, and the military occupation of Ireland reinforced both the
colonization type of settlement and the plantations of the seventeenth
century. In 1659, eighteen per cent of the island's population were
Anglo-Scottish, Anglican, and Presbyterian protestants, but this figure
rose to 41 per cent in what was to become Northern
Ireland....Differential migration and fertility account for the
increase in the number of Catholics....The upsurge was halted, however,
by the principle of impartible inheritance. Later marriage, too,
reduced birth rates of Catholics."
Correspondence: Y.
Courbage, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du
Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:10713 Davey Smith, George; Dorling,
Daniel. "I'm all right, John": voting patterns
and mortality in England and Wales, 1981-92. British Medical
Journal, Vol. 313, No. 7072, Dec 21, 1996. 1,573-7 pp. London, England.
In Eng.
The associations among voting patterns, deprivation, and
mortality in England and Wales are explored using data from the
elections of 1983, 1987, and 1992 and official data for mortality. The
results indicate that "Conservative and Labour voting are at least
as strongly associated with mortality as is a standard deprivation
index. Voting patterns may add information above that provided by
indicators of material deprivation. People living in better
circumstances and who have better health, who are least likely to
require unemployment benefit and free school meals or to rely on a
state pension in old age, and who are most able to opt out of state
subsidised provision of transport, education, and the NHS [National
Health Sevice], vote for the party that is most likely to dismantle the
welfare state."
Correspondence: G. Davey Smith,
University of Bristol, Department of Social Medicine, Bristol BS8 2PR,
England. Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
63:10714 Kunitz, Stephen J. What
Yugoslavia means: progress, nationalism, and health. Health
Transition Review, Vol. 6, Suppl., 1996. 253-82 pp. Canberra,
Australia. In Eng.
"Theories of modernization have assumed
that the creation of nation-states involved the breakdown of parochial
ethnic boundaries and increasing secularism, all of which resulted in a
demographic transition from high to low fertility and mortality. Recent
experiences suggest, however, that in some circumstances nation-states
may be highly unstable as ethnic minorities assert their rights to
self-determination. Under such conditions, converging patterns of
mortality may begin to diverge as growing inequalities appear between
newly independent regions of once unified states. The recent history of
Yugoslavia is described to provide an example of how this process might
occur and what the results might be." An appendix on mortality
calculations, by K. Ruben Gabriel, is included (pp.
273-82).
Correspondence: S. J. Kunitz, University of
Rochester, Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Wilson
Boulevard, Rochester, NY 14627. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:10715 Pirozhkov, S. I. The
demographic losses in Ukraine during the 1930s and 1940s. [Les
pertes démographiques en Ukraine dans les années 1930 et
1940.] Population, Vol. 51, No. 4-5, Jul-Oct 1996. 1,032-40 pp. Paris,
France. In Fre.
An attempt is made to reconstruct probable
demographic trends in the Ukraine during the 1930s and 1940s, in order
to estimate the demographic impact of the famines that occurred in
1932-1933, and of the Second World War. The author concludes that these
and other social catastrophes that affected the Ukraine between 1929
and 1939 caused a population loss of 14.6 million people, about 35% of
the total population enumerated in the census of
1959.
Correspondence: S. I. Pirozhkov, Ukrainian Academy of
Sciences, Volodymirska 54, 252601 Kiev, Ukraine. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10716 Terrie, E. Walter.
Several recent Supreme Court decisions and their implications for
political redistricting in Voting Rights Act context. Population
Research and Policy Review, Vol. 15, No. 5-6, Dec 1996. 565-78 pp.
Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This paper focuses on four
recent United States Supreme Court decisions which have profound
implications for political redistricting. These cases are Holder v.
Hall, Johnson v. De Grandy, Shaw v. Reno and Miller v. Johnson. Each of
these cases places limits on the scope of Section 2 of the Voting
Rights Act when conducting a political redistricting or fashioning a
remedy for a Section 2 violation. These cases have resolved a number of
important issues in redistricting while creating yet new issues to be
resolved. Although demographers are not in the business of practicing
law, they must clearly understand the legal requirements and often
subtle nuances imposed by the case law. The paper concludes that the
combined force of these cases does not yet spell the end of race
conscious redistricting and therefore, effectively repeal the Voting
Rights Act but does require that more weight be given to traditional
redistricting criteria when designing districts that will withstand
legal challenges."
Correspondence: E. W. Terrie,
Florida State University, Center for the Study of Population, 659-C
Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4063. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on nutrition and health, including psychological aspects and sex behavior. Studies that are concerned with the impact of these factors on fertility are coded under F.5. Factors Other Than Contraception Affecting Fertility.
63:10717 Biraben, Jean-Noël.
The role of sexually transmitted diseases in historical
demography. [Le rôle des maladies sexuellement
transmissibles en démographie historique.] Population, Vol. 51,
No. 4-5, Jul-Oct 1996. 1,041-57 pp. Paris, France. In Fre.
The
author identifies 10 illnesses which are spread primarily through
sexual intercourse, and reviews each one individually with regard to
its demographic impact in times past. He then focuses on several
historical cases illustrating the impact of venereal disease on various
populations: the nineteenth-century worldwide military and prostitutes
in France, the Nzakara of Africa, and the Pacific
Islands.
Correspondence: J.-N. Biraben, Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex
14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10718 Bishai, David M.
Parents' schooling and investments in the health capital of
children: multisample estimates from Bangladesh and the
Philippines. Johns Hopkins Population Center Papers on Population,
No. 96-12, Oct 1996. 30, [10] pp. Johns Hopkins School of Public
Health, Department of Population Dynamics: Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
"A child health production function is developed based on a
dynamic stochastic version of Grossman's model of health capital. The
model indicates that because health has the properties of a durable
good, even when the effects of health on future earnings are neglected,
investments in health capital will have a financial payoff in terms of
lower shadow prices for health in the future. In the empirical
implementation the key feature is an interaction term between a
caregiver's schooling and their exposure time to the child....The 1978
Intrafamily Food Distribution and Feeding Practices Survey dataset from
Bangladesh is used together with census data for one set of estimates.
The 1984 Philippines Cash Cropping Survey data set is used for
another."
Correspondence: Johns Hopkins School of
Public Health, Department of Population Dynamics, 615 North Wolfe
Street, Baltimore, MD 21205. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:10719 Brind, Joel; Chinchilli, Vernon M.;
Severs, Walter B.; Summy-Long, Joan. Induced abortion as
an independent risk factor for breast cancer: a comprehensive review
and meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,
Vol. 50, No. 5, Oct 1996. 481-96 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The
aims of this study were "to ascertain, from the published reports
to date, whether or not a significantly increased risk of breast cancer
is specifically attributable to a history of induced abortion...; to
establish the relative magnitude of such risk..., and to ascertain and
quantify such risk increases as may pertain to particular
subpopulations of women exposed to induced abortion....The results
support the inclusion of induced abortion among significant independent
risk factors for breast cancer, regardless of parity or timing of
abortion relative to the first term pregnancy. Although the increase in
risk was relatively low, the high incidence of both breast cancer and
induced abortion suggest a substantial impact of thousands of excess
cases per year currently, and a potentially much greater impact in the
next century, as the first cohort of women exposed to legal induced
abortion continues to age."
Correspondence: J. Brind,
City University of New York, Baruch College, Department of Natural
Sciences, 17 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10720 Cleland, John; Ferry,
Benoît. Sexual behaviour and AIDS in the developing
world. Social Aspects of AIDS, ISBN 0-7484-0343-4. 1995. xix, 243
pp. Taylor and Francis: New York, New York/London, England; World
Health Organization [WHO]: Geneva, Switzerland. In Eng.
"This
volume contains findings from sexual behaviour and partner relations
surveys conducted in the late 1980s and early 1990s in countries in
Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. A total of 16
surveys are reported on here. This unique data collection effort was
begun in 1988....While the primary purpose of these studies was to
inform national efforts in the fields of prevention and care, their use
of similar methods of data collection and analysis enabled across-site
comparisons to be made. This is the first global report of its kind to
contain inter-country comparisons of HIV and AIDS-related knowledge,
attitudes and behaviour in the developing world." Attention is
given to sexual relationships outside of marriage and their
implications for the spread of HIV infections, and to knowledge,
beliefs, and attitudes concerning HIV/AIDS. Both policy and
methodological implications for future surveys are
discussed.
Correspondence: Taylor and Francis, 4 John
Street, London WC1N 2ET, England. Location: Princeton
University Library (FST).
63:10721 Defo, Barthélémy
K. Effects of socioeconomic disadvantage and women's
status on women's health in Cameroon. Social Science and Medicine,
Vol. 44, No. 7, Apr 1997. 1,023-42 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
Data from the Enquête sur la Mortalité Infantile et
Juvenile, carried out in Cameroon from 1978 to 1981 and involving some
10,000 women, are used to examine the impact of socioeconomic factors
and women's status on maternal health."The most important finding
is that the burden of illness rests disproportionately on the
economically disadvantaged women and on those with low social status.
The long-term effects of social disadvantage are apparent in the
excesses of morbidity among women who are not employed at the time of
their children's birth, women living in poor neighborhoods, and those
living in households without modern
amenities."
Correspondence: B. K. Defo,
Université de Montréal, Département de
Démographie, C.P. 6128, Succursale A, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7,
Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
63:10722 Douglas, Robert M.; D'Souza, Rennie
M. Health transition research in the control of morbidity
and mortality from acute respiratory infection. Health Transition
Review, Vol. 6, Suppl., 1996. 245-52 pp. Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"We review here the problem of acute respiratory infections in
Australian and Pakistani children. In Australia, we focus on the large
differences in respiratory infection severity and outcomes between
Aboriginal children and Caucasians. We also draw attention to our
current ignorance on what differentiates children who are prone to
respiratory infections from those who are not. In Pakistan, we
highlight the problem of refocusing a health care system that is
already seriously underfunded for the biomedical task. A major
challenge for social scientists is to become involved more directly in
the medical care system and devise health care interventions that can
address social inequities, and can provide a better integration between
social and biomedical views of the world."
Correspondence:
R. M. Douglas, Australian National University, National Centre for
Epidemiology and Population Health, G.P.O. 4, Canberra, ACT 0200,
Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10723 Egidi, Viviana; Frova,
Luisa. Relationship between morbidity and mortality by
cause. In: Démographie: analyse et synthèse. Causes
et conséquences des évolutions démographiques,
edited by Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin, and Guillaume Wunsch. Aug
1996. 235-53 pp. Centre Français sur la Population et le
Développement [CEPED]: Paris, France; Università degli
Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Scienze Demografiche: Rome,
Italy. In Eng.
The authors first note that when mortality was high,
survival itself was sufficient to estimate a population's state of
health. However, as a consequence of greater longevity and the
increasing impact of chronic or degenerative diseases, the focus is
switching from length of life per se to the quality of life in the
years that have been added to the human lifespan. The focus of this
chapter is therefore on analyzing the morbidity process and calculating
expectancies of healthy life.
Correspondence: V. Egidi,
Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, Via Cesare Balbo 11a, 00184 Rome,
Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10724 Ekanem, Ita I. HIV/AIDS
and labor force productivity in Africa. PSTC Working Paper Series,
No. 96-02, May 1996. 30 pp. Brown University, Population Studies and
Training Center [PSTC]: Providence, Rhode Island. In Eng.
This
paper focuses on "four aspects of the HIV/AIDS pandemic....The
first [covers] the prevalence of the disease, its spread, transmission
modes and the unfavorable economic climate in Africa. The second
[focuses] on the impact of HIV/AIDS particularly on labor force
productivity....The third and fourth...address respectively, the
challenges posed by and the responses towards confronting the
pandemic."
Correspondence: Brown University,
Population Studies and Training Center, Box 1916, Providence, RI 02912.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10725 Ford, Nicholas; Kittisuksathit,
Sirinan. Youth sexuality: the sexual awareness, lifestyles
and related-health-service needs of young, single, factory workers in
Thailand. IPSR Publication, No. 204, ISBN 974-588-447-2. 1996.
[xiv], 179 pp. Mahidol University, Institute for Population and Social
Research [IPSR]: Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. In Eng.
"This report
presents the detailed findings from a study of the sexual lifestyles of
young (15-24 years of age), single, factory workers in Thailand. The
context of the study includes Thailand's rapid industrialisation and
associated gendered pattern of rural-urban migration, and intense
HIV/AIDS epidemic and other threats to sexual health. The primary focus
is upon young women, but data has also been collected from young men in
order to explore the gender and interactional sexual dimensions. The
principal objective is to enhance understanding of developments in the
sexual culture of young factory workers, in order to derive policy and
programme implications and recommendations to protect sexual
health." The data were collected from 1992 to 1994 in 18 focus
group discussions, a schedule-structured survey of 2,033 young factory
workers, and 25 in-depth interviews with sexually experienced young
workers.
Correspondence: Mahidol University, Institute for
Population and Social Research, Salaya, Puttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom
73170, Thailand. E-mail: directpr@mucc.mahidol.ac.th. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10726 Gage, Anastasia J. Does
fertility timing influence the utilization of maternal health care
services? Evidence from Kenya and Namibia. Population Research
Institute Working Paper, No. AD96-05, Jun 1996. 38 pp. Pennsylvania
State University, Population Research Institute: University Park,
Pennsylvania. In Eng.
"Using data from the 1993 Kenya
Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the 1992 Namibia DHS, this
study examines the impact of premarital childbearing on women's use of
prenatal and delivery care. [The study focuses] on the interactions
between premarital childbearing, mistimed/unwanted fertility, and
maternal age and on the extent to which the effects of premarital
childbearing on maternity care are conditioned by the mother's cultural
environment. Kenya and Namibia are of interest because both countries
have witnessed increasing levels of premarital childbearing, despite
the onset of a decline in fertility in the general
population."
This paper was originally presented at the 1996
Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: Pennsylvania State University,
Department of Sociology, 206 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA 16802.
Author's E-mail: gage@pop.psu.edu. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:10727 Gobalet, Jeanne G.; Thomas, Richard
K. Demographic data and geographic information systems for
decision making: the case of public health. Population Research
and Policy Review, Vol. 15, No. 5-6, Dec 1996. 537-48 pp. Dordrecht,
Netherlands. In Eng.
"Recent changes in the United States
health care system include a broadened definition of health and renewed
focus on public health. Increasingly, demographic analyses are
incorporated into public health decision-making. Analysts also are
using geographic information more routinely, because Geographic
Information System (GIS) software is becoming easier to use. The paper
describes three cases in which demographers used GIS to analyze the
spatial distribution of public health data. The first case, from Santa
Clara County, California, focuses on adolescent sexually transmitted
diseases in secondary school districts. The second case, also from
Santa Clara County, maps preventable hospitalizations of senior
citizens. The third examines the distribution of premature births in
Tennessee counties. The researchers applied demographic techniques and
perspectives in each case, and each case produced information that is
being used by officials who plan health education campaigns and
services."
Correspondence: J. G. Gobalet, Lapkoff and
Gobalet Demographic Research, 22361 Rolling Hills Road, Saratoga, CA
95070. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10728 Jain, Anrudh K.; Stein, Karen;
Arends-Kuenning, Mary; Garate, Maria R. Measuring
reproductive morbidity with a sample survey in Peru. Population
Council Programs Division Working Paper, No. 9, 1996. 44 pp. Population
Council: New York, New York. In Eng.
"Reproductive health
assessment based on laboratory testing has limited applicability in
developing countries due to the cost of these tests and the lack of
equipped facilities and trained personnel....Morbidity estimates based
on these data are biased and do not reflect an accurate picture. This
paper presents results of another approach, based on women's reports,
not of symptoms, but of diagnoses they received during visits they made
to medical facilities or professionals in two provinces of Peru. The
estimate of reproductive morbidity based on this approach is influenced
by women's health-seeking behavior and access to medical facilities.
Nevertheless, the approach used in this survey looks promising for
estimating reproductive health through sample
surveys."
Correspondence: Population Council, Programs
Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10729 Johansson, S. Ryan.
Doing "health" research in an unhealthy research
environment. Health Transition Review, Vol. 6, Suppl., 1996.
371-84 pp. Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"In the present
research environment it is generally true that most health research is
done to advance the welfare of a field and the experts in it. The
competition between fields means that the overarching goal of all
social science research--the improvement of human welfare--is easily
lost in the struggle for disciplinary hegemony. The purpose of this
paper is to explore the intellectual and institutional circumstances
which create this counterproductive, welfare-negative research
environment, and suggest how it might be
reformed."
Correspondence: S. R. Johansson, Cambridge
Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, 27
Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1QA, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10730 Kremer, Michael.
Integrating behavioral choice into epidemiological models of
AIDS. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 111, No. 2, May 1996.
549-73 pp. Cambridge, Massachusetts. In Eng.
"Increased HIV
risk creates incentives for people with low sexual activity to reduce
their activity, but may make high-activity people fatalistic, leading
them to reduce their activity only slightly, or actually increase it.
If high-activity people reduce their activity by a smaller proportion
than low-activity people, the composition of the pool of available
partners will worsen, creating positive feedbacks, and possibly
multiple steady states. Early public health efforts may allow societies
to reach more favorable steady states."
Correspondence:
M. Kremer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
02139. Location: Princeton University Library (PF).
63:10731 Landry, David J.; Forrest, Jacqueline
D. Public health departments providing sexually
transmitted disease services. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol.
28, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1996. 261-6 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Results of a 1995 survey reveal that 1,437 local [U.S.]
health departments--half of those in the country--provide sexually
transmitted disease (STD) services and receive about two million client
visits each year. Their clients are predominantly individuals with
incomes of less than 250% of the poverty level (83%), women (60%) and
non-Hispanic whites or blacks (55% and 35%, respectively); 36% of
clients are younger than 20, and 30% are aged 20-24. On average, 23% of
clients tested for STDs have chlamydia, 13% have gonorrhea, 3% have
early-stage syphilis, 18% have some other STD and 43% have no STD.
Virtually all public STD programs offer testing and treatment for
gonorrhea and syphilis; only 82% test for chlamydia, but 97% provide
treatment for it. Some 14% offer services only in sessions dedicated to
STD care, 37% always integrate STD and other services, such as family
planning, in the same clinic sessions, and 49% offer both separate and
integrated sessions."
Correspondence: D. J. Landry,
Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10732 Lindahl, Katarina. After
Cairo and before (and after) Beijing: sexual and reproductive health as
a part of the empowerment of teenage girls and women. Yearbook of
Population Research in Finland, Vol. 33, 1996. 272-83 pp. Helsinki,
Finland. In Eng.
"Empowerment of women in the perspective of
sexual and reproductive health (SRH) [is] dealt with in this article.
The themes of the Cairo and Beijing conferences are related and the
discussions and conflicts regarding the SRH field commented on. The
Cairo conference was a step forward--seen from women's
[perspective]--for issues concerning sexual and reproductive
health."
Correspondence: K. Lindahl, International
Affairs, RFSU, Stockholm, Sweden. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:10733 Lundberg, Anna. Health
and social consequences: linkages between parish registers and patient
records as a source in social medical history. Yearbook of
Population Research in Finland, Vol. 33, 1996. 306-18 pp. Helsinki,
Finland. In Eng.
"The purpose of this article is twofold. It
starts with a short history of venereal disease in Sweden. The
computerized population registers at the Demographic Database in
Umeå [give] us a possibility to do unique research. Questions
that have yet to be asked on venereal disease will be discussed. The
major part of this essay explains how a medical historian can use the
linkage between population registers and medical case journals. The
article also includes a couple of case studies. Finally, this article
will discuss some major problems in using these
linkages."
Correspondence: A. Lundberg, Umeå
University, Department of Historical Demography, 901 87 Umeå,
Sweden. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10734 Melbye, Mads; Wohlfahrt, Jan; Olsen,
Jørgen H.; Frisch, Morten; Westergaard, Tine; Helweg-Larsen,
Karin; Andersen, Per K. Induced abortion and the risk of
breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 336, No. 2,
Jan 9, 1997. 81-5 pp. Boston, Massachusetts. In Eng.
The relation
between induced abortion and breast cancer is explored using data on
all women born in Denmark from 1935 to 1978. "In the cohort of 1.5
million women...we identified 370,715 induced abortions among 280,965
women...and 10,246 women with breast cancer. After adjustment for known
risk factors, induced abortion was not associated with an increased
risk of breast cancer....No increases in risk were found in subgroups
defined according to age at abortion, parity, time since abortion, or
age at diagnosis of breast cancer....[The authors conclude that]
induced abortions have no overall effect on risk of breast
cancer."
Correspondence: M. Melbye, Statens
Seruminstitut, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Department of
Epidemiology Research, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
63:10735 Murray, Christopher J. L.; Lopez,
Alan D. The global burden of disease: a comprehensive
assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and
risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Global Burden of
Disease and Injury Series, Vol. 1, ISBN 0-674-35448-6. LC 96-27266.
1996. xxxii, 990 pp. Harvard University, School of Public Health:
Boston, Massachusetts; World Health Organization [WHO]: Geneva,
Switzerland; World Bank: Washington, D.C. Distributed by Harvard
University Press, 79 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Eng.
This is the first in a planned series of 10 volumes that will
attempt to "summarize epidemiological knowledge about all major
conditions and most risk factors;...generate assessments of numbers of
deaths by cause that are consistent with the total numbers of deaths by
age, sex and region provided by demographers;...provide methodologies
for and assessments of aggregate disease burden that combine--into the
Disability-Adjusted Life Year or DALY measure--burden from premature
mortality with that from living with disability; and...use historical
trends in main determinants to project mortality and disease burden
forward to 2020." This first volume includes chapters summarizing
results from the project as a whole.
Correspondence:
Harvard University, School of Public Health, 665 Huntington
Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
63:10736 Nathanson, Constance A.
Disease prevention as social change: toward a theory of public
health. Population and Development Review, Vol. 22, No. 4, Dec
1996. 609-37, 813, 815 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in
Fre; Spa.
"This article argues that public health policies are
critical to the prevention and control of disease. However, public
health policies are not adopted and implemented in a vacuum: they are
the outcome of social and political change. The forces of change need
to be understood in order for them to be harnessed in the interest of
public health. The article proposes a conceptual framework to account
for variation in the initiation and implementation of public health
policies directed at reducing levels of mortality. This framework
incorporates three sets of variables: pertaining to states, to social
movements, and to constructions of risk. The framework's usefulness for
analytic purposes is tested in two case studies describing public
health policymaking in France and the United States. Applicability of
the framework in other settings is briefly
discussed."
Correspondence: C. A. Nathanson, Johns
Hopkins School of Public Health, Department of Population Dynamics, 615
North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:10737 Orubuloye, I. O.; Oni, J. B.
Health transition research in Nigeria in the era of the Structural
Adjustment Programme. Health Transition Review, Vol. 6, Suppl.,
1996. 301-24 pp. Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"The Nigerian
Health Transition research program was initiated in 1990. The
objectives of the program include the understanding of the cultural,
social and behavioural determinants of health, and the part played by
these factors in the achievement of lower levels of mortality and
improved conditions of health....The research described here is...the
first stage of the Ondo State segment of the Nigerian program. A
similar survey on Family Structure and Treatment of Child Illness in
Ekiti District, Nigeria, was also conducted between April 1993 and
February 1994. The result is presented separately in this
paper."
Correspondence: I. O. Orubuloye, Ondo State
University, Ado-Ekiti, Ondo State, Nigeria. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10738 Palloni, Alberto.
Demography of HIV/AIDS. Population Index, Vol. 62, No. 4,
Winter 1996. 601-52 pp. Princeton, New Jersey. In Eng.
"This
paper has two goals. First, it provides an account of the current state
of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with special emphasis on the situation in the
developing world, where the bulk of new cases is arising, and where the
effects of the epidemic are likely to be most devastating. An attempt
is made to evaluate forecasts and projections made during the past 10
to 15 years, and to examine the reason for their relatively
unsatisfactory performance. The second goal is to analyze the relation
between the known characteristics of the epidemic, and the properties
of the various demographic and epidemiological models that have been
used to represent the spread of the virus. Some fault lines in these
models are identified, and ways to improve them and apply them more
effectively in the future outlined."
Correspondence:
A. Palloni, University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and
Ecology, 4426 Social Science Building, Madison, WI 53706. E-mail:
palloni@ssc.wisc.edu. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
63:10739 Reddy, P. H. The health
of the aged in India. Health Transition Review, Vol. 6, Suppl.,
1996. 233-44 pp. Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"Because of
declining fertility, the proportion of the aged in the Indian
population has risen....The paper employs data on persons 65+ years of
age drawn from the 42nd Round of the National Sample Survey, and for
the analysis subdivides them into three age groups, 60-64, 65-69 and
70+. It is shown that, among population over 60 years of age, 10 per
cent suffer from impaired physical mobility and 10 per cent are
hospitalized at any given time, both proportions rising with increasing
age. Of the population over 70 years of age, more than 50 per cent
suffer from one or more chronic conditions. The very limited support
provided to the old by government is brought out by the fact that even
in Karnataka, one of the states with the most generous provision, only
15 per cent of persons over 65 years of age receive any type of
pension."
Correspondence: P. H. Reddy, Population
Centre, 2nd Cross, Malleswaram, Bangalore 560 003, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10740 Riley, James C.; Alter,
George. The sick and the well: adult health in Britain
during the health transition. Health Transition Review, Vol. 6,
Suppl., 1996. 19-44 pp. Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"Using
adult life-long histories of health experience among a group of men and
women born in Britain between 1725 and 1874, this paper examines
individual health during the mortality decline. The risk of initiating
a new sickness declined sharply between the cohorts born in the
eighteenth century and those born during 1825-74, but the average
duration of each episode increased. As successive cohorts added to
their life expectancy, survival time rose more sharply than did well
time. Continuity rather than change is apparent in another aspect of
their health experience, the capacity of prior health to predict future
sickness and wellness. Among the men and the women and in the
eighteenth-century cohorts as well as the cohorts of 1825-74, the
degree of wellness or sickness evident early in adult life strongly
predicted future sick time for 15 to 20 years, and strongly predicted
future sickness events for a longer period still. Moreover, women
surpassed men in their propensity to hold on to the health status
exhibited in early adulthood."
Correspondence: J. C.
Riley, Indiana University, History Department, Bloomington, IN 47405.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10741 Russian Centre for Public Opinion and
Market Research (Moscow, Russia); United States. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention [CDC] (Atlanta, Georgia); United States. Agency
for International Development [USAID] (Washington, D.C.).
1996 Russia Women's Reproductive Health Survey: a study of three
cities. Preliminary report. Jan 1997. 14, [38] pp. U.S. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]: Atlanta, Georgia. In Eng.
This is a preliminary report from the Russian Women's Reproductive
Health Project, which consists of several activities designed to expand
and improve the use of effective contraception, reduce reliance on
induced abortion, and generally improve the reproductive health of
Russian women. The primary objective of the 1996 survey is to provide
baseline data, to be followed up in a second survey scheduled for 1998.
Surveys were carried out in Ivanovo Oblast and Yekaterinburg (formerly
Sverdlovsk), both project sites, and Perm, a control city not included
in the project. The report includes data on population characteristics;
fertility, abortion, and pregnancy; contraception; young women's sexual
experience; maternal and child health; sexually transmitted diseases;
and information, education, and communication (IEC)
activities.
Correspondence: U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10742 Wallace, Rodrick; Huang, Yi-Shan;
Gould, Peter; Wallace, Deborah. The hierarchical diffusion
of AIDS and violent crime among U.S. metropolitan regions: inner-city
decay, stochastic resonance and reversal of the mortality
transition. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 44, No. 7, Apr 1997.
935-47 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
Census data are used to compare
the spread of AIDS and violent crime in the United States from the
major cities into smaller metropolitan regions. The authors conclude
"that continuation of public policies of `benign neglect' and
`planned shrinkage' directed against marginalized urban populations may
trigger a strong stochastic resonance which can significantly degrade
public health and public order for much of the three-quarters of the
U.S. population living in or near cities, in effect reversing the
mortality transition of the last century."
Correspondence:
R. Wallace, PISCS, 549 West 123 Street, Suite 16F, New York, NY
10027. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
63:10743 Warren, Kenneth S.
Rationalizing health care in a changing world: the need to
know. Health Transition Review, Vol. 6, Suppl., 1996. 393-6 pp.
Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"The World Development Report
1993 announced that global life expectancy was then 65. Experience in
the developed world suggests that the World Health Organization's
dictum, `health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being', is simply not attainable for the foreseeable future. As
physical health has improved, mental problems have become more
prominent and a sense of well-being has declined. Furthermore, as the
population ages and medical technology improves, the cost of health
care grows almost exponentially. Since the population of the developed
world is continuing to age and aging is spreading rapidly throughout
the developing world, knowledge is the principal way of dealing with
the seemingly intractable problem: we must know, quantitatively, the
age-specific causes of ill health, and we must know which means of
prevention and treatment are effective. Finally, we must apply that
knowledge rationally."
Correspondence: K. S. Warren,
Picower Institute for Medical Research, 300 Community Drive, New York,
NY 11030. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
63:10744 Wills, Christopher.
Yellow fever, black goddess: the coevolution of people and
plagues. ISBN 0-201-44235-3. LC 96-23934. 1996. xii, 324 pp. Helix
Books: Reading, Massachusetts. In Eng.
This book examines, from a
biologist's perspective, why and how disturbances of the ecological
balance can give rise to plagues. The diseases examined include the
Black Death, cholera, typhoid, malaria, syphilis, and AIDS. The author
concludes that, although mankind has managed to reduce the toll of
plagues on our own species, we have accidentally increased the toll of
such plagues on other species, and that this will have a great impact
on our long-term survival and on the overall health of the
planet.
Correspondence: Helix Books, Addison-Wesley
Publishing, Route 128, Reading, MA 01867. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
Studies on consanguinity and isolates, inbreeding, and twinning.
63:10745 Lynn, Richard.
Dysgenics: genetic deterioration in modern populations. Human
Evolution, Behavior, and Intelligence, ISBN 0-275-94917-6. LC 96-2802.
1996. vi, 237 pp. Praeger: Westport, Connecticut. In Eng.
"The
view that the populations of Western nations were deteriorating
genetically and that steps needed to be taken to correct this came to
be widely accepted in the first half of the twentieth century. In the
second half of the century a reaction against eugenics set in, and from
the 1970s onward eugenics became virtually universally dismissed. My
objective in this book is to make the case that in the repudiation of
eugenics an important truth has been lost, and to rehabilitate the
argument that genetic deterioration is occurring in Western populations
and in most of the developing world." The author considers the
criticisms of the view that the genetic quality of modern populations
is deteriorating and rejects them. "Only one verdict is possible
concerning the critics of eugenics who have advanced these arguments,
and that is that they have not taken the trouble to examine the
research evidence. The eugenicists believed that modern populations are
deteriorating genetically. The evidence set out in this book shows they
were correct."
Correspondence: Praeger Publishers, 88
Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
63:10746 Riggs, Jack E.
Differential survival, natural selection, and the manifestation of
senescence. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, Vol. 87, No. 2,
1996. 91-8 pp. Limerick, Ireland. In Eng.
"Although its
evolutionary influence diminishes with aging, natural selection might
also impact upon the manifestation of senescence via differential
survival. Annual population estimates in the United States from 1951 to
1990 for age groups over 60 years old were analyzed. The rate of
increase in the size of these age groups increased with increasing age.
Since birth rates in developed countries have declined, this finding is
a direct manifestation of differential survival over time.
Correspondingly, increasing mortality rates from many disorders
associated with senescence have been shown to be correlated with
increasing age group population size. These observations suggest that
natural selection, via differential survival, has had a demonstrable
impact upon manifestation rates of the disorders of
senescence."
Correspondence: J. E. Riggs, West
Virginia University, School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology,
Medicine, and Community Medicine, P.O. Box 9180, Morgantown, WV
26506-9180. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
