Studies concerned with the relations between population factors as a whole and noneconomic factors. Relations affecting a single demographic variable are coded under the variable concerned and not in this division. Studies concerned equally with economic and social factors are coded under K.1.1. General Economic Development and Population .
Studies on interrelations with education, religion, social change, and socioeconomic status.
62:40651 Becker, Henk A.; Hermkens, Piet L.
J. Solidarity of generations: demographic, economic and
social change, and its consequences. ISBN 90-5170-260-4. 1993. 844
pp. Thesis Publishers: Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
This
two-volume work presents the proceedings of a symposium, held on April
7-8, 1993 at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, on the problem of
generations. The 33 papers are organized into sections on core issues
in generations research, demographic change and social capital, cohort
replacement and the legitimation of inequality, educational and
professional careers, formation and dissolution of households and
marriages, the elderly and solidarity of generations, and the
solidarity of generations reconsidered. The primary geographical focus
is on Europe in general, and particularly on the
Netherlands.
Correspondence: Thesis Publishers, Postbus
14791, 1001 LG Amsterdam, Netherlands. Location: Princeton
University Library (FST).
62:40652 Daatland, Svein O.
Formal and informal care: new approaches. In: Health and
mortality among elderly populations, edited by Graziella Caselli and
Alan D. Lopez. 1996. 315-30 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England;
International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]:
Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
In this chapter, the author reviews
the Scandinavian experience in organizing available resources to
provide for a growing elderly population. The focus is on care and
services, rather than on pensions and other forms of cash transfer to
the elderly.
Correspondence: S. O. Daatland, Norwegian
Institute of Gerontology, Oslo, Norway. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40653 Golini, Antonio; Vivio,
Roberta. Strategies for the provision of social and health
care services for the elderly. In: Health and mortality among
elderly populations, edited by Graziella Caselli and Alan D. Lopez.
1996. 331-49 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England; International Union
for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium.
In Eng.
The authors examine the impact of population aging on
health and social services with respect to the need to reorganize
financing, the types of services required, and the way the services are
delivered.
Correspondence: A. Golini, Università
degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Via Nomentana 41, Rome 00161, Italy.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40654 Jejeebhoy, Shireen J.
Women's education, autonomy, and reproductive behaviour: experience
from developing countries. ISBN 0-19-829033-0. 1995. xvi, 306 pp.
Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
This study is concerned
with the relationships among women's education, autonomy, and
reproductive behavior in developing countries. "Synthesizing the
available literature from various disciplines and regions, this review
addresses such topics as the ways in which educating women affects
their lives and their autonomy, as well as the linkages of women's
education to reproductive behaviour, distinguishing the pathways in
this relationship and, at the same time, synthesizing the volume of
data available on aspects of this relationship....In almost every
setting, regardless of region, culture, or level of development,
well-educated women have a greater say in their lives, including their
reproductive lives, and bear fewer children than do uneducated women.
In almost every setting where it has been studied, the relationship is
genuine and cannot be explained by the fact that educated women marry
better educated men or come from wealthier households. At the same
time, the study cautions that a modest amount of education does not
necessarily enhance women's autonomy, improve reproductive health, or
increase reproductive choices in all contexts....The results...suggest
that the impact of women's education is greatest among women with more
than five or six years of schooling; it is also greatest when education
offers women an expanded role in family decisions and control over
resources."
Correspondence: Oxford University Press,
Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, England. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40655 Kelley, Allen C. The
consequences of rapid population growth on human resource development:
the case of education. In: The impact of population growth on
well-being in developing countries, edited by Dennis A. Ahlburg, Allen
C. Kelley, and Karen O. Mason. 1996. 67-137 pp. Springer-Verlag: New
York, New York/Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"In this paper we
assemble evidence on the ways in which Third World countries over the
period 1960-1990 have responded in the provision and use of educational
services in the face of population pressures. We take up three
questions. First, have population pressures significantly constrained
the pace of human capital growth in education?...Second, have education
expenditures associated with population growth `crowded out' other
areas of investment?...Third, have large families deterred schooling
enrollments and attainment; and how have families underwritten the
costs of schooling?"
Correspondence: A. C. Kelley,
Duke University, Center for Demographic Studies, 2117 Campus Drive,
Durham, NC 27706. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40656 Rajan, S. Irudaya; Ramanathan, Mala;
Mishra, U. S. Female autonomy and reproductive behaviour
in Kerala: new evidence from the recent Kerala Fertility Survey.
In: Girls' schooling, women's autonomy and fertility change in South
Asia, edited by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M. Basu. 1996. 269-87 pp. Sage
Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"We argue...that low
fertility or mortality [in Kerala, India] cannot be a result of the
higher level of autonomy among its women (since that predates the
declines in fertility and mortality) unless this autonomy has also been
increased by any of the other changes which took place in Kerala during
the past 50 years. We therefore need to examine the levels of female
autonomy among women in Kerala using a known set of indicators. Our
data come from the [1991] Kerala Fertility Survey
(KFS)...."
Correspondence: S. I. Rajan, Centre for
Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40657 Trappe, Paul. Population
change, social security, and the family in sub-Saharan Africa. In:
Resources and population: natural, institutional, and demographic
dimensions of development, edited by Bernardo Colombo, Paul Demeny, and
Max F. Perutz. 1996. 181-92 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In
Eng.
This chapter is concerned with traditional social structures
in Sub-Saharan Africa. It analyzes the family and the social security
network and describes the changes that are affecting them. In
particular, the author examines the negative aspects of
twentieth-century changes in the region, which have included
"disintegration of traditional social structures; a lack of social
reintegration; high infant and child mortality; high and increasing
population growth rates; high percentage of victims of disease,
including AIDS; high illiteracy; increased propensity to natural and
climatic disasters; and persistent decline of agricultural production
per capita. Sub-Saharan Africa, however, is also a special case in
positive terms: the development potential exists that could overcome
the area's vulnerability to crises as well as provide its population a
better future."
Translated from German by Mark Kyburz.
Correspondence: P. Trappe, Universität Basel,
Institute of Sociology, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40658 United Nations. Department for
Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis. Population
Division (New York, New York). Population and women.
Proceedings of the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population
and Women, Gaborone, Botswana, 22-26 June 1992. No.
ST/ESA/SER.R/130, Pub. Order No. E.96.XIII.10. ISBN 92-1-151306-5.
1996. xiii, 435 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
These are the
proceedings of one of the preparatory meetings for the International
Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994. The
report includes the recommendations of the meeting and the papers that
were prepared for it. The papers are organized under the following
topics: the value of women, women's autonomy, and population trends;
women, health, and mortality; women, fertility, and family planning;
women's education and its demographic impact; linkages between women's
economic activity and population dynamics; and population, environment,
and development: issues of special concern for
women.
Correspondence: UN Sales Section, New York, NY
10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40659 United Nations. Secretariat (New
York, New York). The world's women 1995: trends and
statistics. Social Statistics and Indicators, Series K, No. 12,
Pub. Order No. E.95.XVII.2. ISBN 92-1-161372-8. 1995. xxiv, 188 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng.
This is the second edition of a report,
originally published in 1991, presenting data on women around the
world. The report is co-sponsored by 11 UN institutions, and is an
official document of the Fourth World Conference on Women. It presents
and interprets a selection of statistics concerning women, and is
intended to provide the numbers and analysis to show how conditions are
or are not changing around the world for women. It has chapters on
population, households, and families; population growth, distribution,
and environment; health; education and training; work; and power and
influence.
Correspondence: UN Publishing Division, New
York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40660 Visaria, Leela. Regional
variations in female autonomy and fertility and contraception in
India. In: Girls' schooling, women's autonomy and fertility change
in South Asia, edited by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M. Basu. 1996. 235-68
pp. Sage Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This chapter
has three distinct objectives. Firstly, I outline an approach to
women's autonomy by delineating analytical categories that can be
measured in large surveys. Secondly, I present district level data,
derived from surveys conducted in two Indian states--Gujarat in Western
India and Kerala in South India--to understand whether the degree of
female autonomy and gender relations are different in the two regions.
Thirdly, I consider fertility and related measures for women enjoying
different degrees of autonomy to understand the extent to which
autonomy is associated with or can explain regional variations in
fertility behaviour."
Correspondence: L. Visaria,
Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Near Gota Char Rasta, Gota,
Ahmedabad 382 481, India. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
Studies on the political aspects of population growth, including the demographic impact of war.
62:40661 Labaki, Boutros; Rjeily, Khalil
A. The consequences of wars in Lebanon, 1975-1990.
[Bilan des guerres du Liban, 1975-1990.] Comprendre le Moyen-Orient,
ISBN 2-7384-1525-3. 1993. 256 pp. L'Harmattan: Paris, France. In Fre.
An attempt is made to assess the cost of the wars that were fought
in Lebanon from 1975 to 1990. Aspects considered are the human costs,
including deaths, injuries, and permanent disabilities; losses in
education and culture; the economic costs; and the costs associated
with the forced population movements, both within the country and out
of the country. Chapter 1 discusses mortality from the war, examining
military and civilian losses separately and analyzing war-related
mortality by social class. Chapter 2 looks at forced resettlements of
the population within the country. Chapter 3 examines emigration,
including emigrant characteristics and the consequences for the country
of origin.
Correspondence: Editions L'Harmattan, 5-7 rue de
l'Ecole-Polytechnique, 75005 Paris, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on nutrition and health, including psychological aspects and sex behavior. Studies that are concerned with the impact of these factors on fertility are coded under F.5. Factors Other Than Contraception Affecting Fertility .
62:40662 Abeykoon, A. T. P. L.
Demographic implications of health care in Sri Lanka.
Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2, Jun 1996. 47-58 pp.
Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"Population projections for Sri
Lanka for the next 25 years show that the ageing process will gradually
gather momentum. By 2020, the country will experience South Asia's most
rapid population ageing. This phenomenon will demand that a higher
proportion of financial and human resources be allocated for health
care services in the coming decades. The article makes a number of
recommendations for policy and programme purposes in this
regard."
Correspondence: A. T. P. L. Abeykoon,
Ministry of Health and Social Services, Population Division, Colombo,
Sri Lanka. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40663 Acharya, Sanghmitra; Kanitkar,
Tara. Maternal and child mortality: a study of village
Nirpura, district Meerut (U.P.). IIPS Research Report Series, No.
12, 1994-1995. iii, 38 pp. International Institute for Population
Sciences [IIPS]: Mumbai, India. In Eng.
"The purpose of the
study was to understand the factors responsible for maternal and
infants deaths [in the village of Nirpura, India] in the light of
available infrastructure. The specific objective...is to identify the
village level factors affecting the health care, particularly mother
and child health care (MHC) services by examining: (a) quality of
services rendered, (b) quality of care received, [and] (c) related
social and cultural factors."
Correspondence:
International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station
Road, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088, India. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40664 Albrecht, Stan L.; Clarke, Leslie L.;
Miller, Michael K.; Farmer, Frank L. Predictors of
differential birth outcomes among Hispanic subgroups in the United
States: the role of maternal risk characteristics and medical
care. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 2, Jun 1996. 407-33
pp. Austin, Texas. In Eng.
This article explores why, despite
problems associated with barriers to health access, Hispanics in the
United States compare favorably with the general population regarding
low birth weight and infant mortality rates. "This issue is
addressed by using national linked birth/infant death records to assess
the influence of a set of sociodemographic and medical care variables
on prematurity, low birthweight, and mortality for five Hispanic
subgroups: Cubans, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Central/South Americans,
and others." Results show that "Hispanic subgroups differ
significantly on these measures of suboptimal birth outcomes. The most
consistent finding relates to the relatively advantaged position of
Cuban Americans and the relatively disadvantaged position of Puerto
Ricans. Multivariate models indicate that while some of these
differences are due, in part, to sociodemographic profiles, important
differences remain even when controlling for these
factors."
Correspondence: S. L. Albrecht, University
of Florida, Health Sciences Center, Department of Health Policy and
Epidemiology, P.O. Box 100177, Gainesville, FL 32610-0177.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
62:40665 Barcellos, Christovam; Bastos,
Francisco I. Social networks and the spread of AIDS in
Brazil. [Redes sociais e difusão da AIDS no Brasil.]
Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, Vol. 121, No. 1,
Jul 1996. 11-24 pp. Washington, D.C. In Por. with sum. in Eng.
"This study is a spatial analysis of the AIDS epidemic in
Brazil, which sought to incorporate variables reflecting economic and
demographic events into a system for processing geographically
referenced health information. Findings indicate that metropolises and
regional urban centers, mainly those in the Southeast, play an
important role in the spread of the epidemic, not only because of their
population density but also because they are centers of trade and
social interaction. In smaller cities located in the state of
São Paulo, a large number of AIDS cases among injecting drug
users are concentrated, revealing the routes and centers of cocaine
use."
Correspondence: C. Barcellos, Avenida Brasil
4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, RJ, Brazil. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40666 Bastos, Francisco I.; Barcellos,
Christovam. The social geography of AIDS in Brazil.
[Geografia social da AIDS no Brasil.] Revista de Saúde
Pública, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1995. 52-62 pp. Sao Paulo, Brazil. In
Por. with sum. in Eng.
The techniques of geographical analysis are
used here to chart the dynamics of the AIDS epidemic in Brazil.
"Recent trends of the AIDS epidemic in Brazil: the displacement
toward medium sized cities and expansion frontiers, increasing report
of AIDS cases among the poor and underprivileged, changes in the
pattern of transmission with proportional augmentation of heterosexual
transmission and IDUs [intravenous drug users] as transmission groups,
are described and analysed. The geographical distribution of the AIDS
cases registered between 1987-1993 in Brazil throughout the Brazilian
States is evaluated by means of worksheets, maps, and non-parametric
statistics."
Correspondence: F. I. Bastos,
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de
Informações em Ciência e Tecnologia, Departamento
de Informações para a Saúde, Avenida Brasil 4365,
21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40667 Caselli, Graziella; Lopez, Alan
D. Health and mortality among elderly populations.
International Studies in Demography, ISBN 0-19-823337-X. 1996. xvi, 360
pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England; International Union for the
Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
This is a collection of 16 papers based on those presented at a
seminar convened in June 1993 by the Committee on Adult Mortality, a
committee of the International Union for the Scientific Study of
Population (IUSSP). The papers are grouped under four topics. The three
introductory contributions define the concept of old age, describe the
issues surrounding it, and assess the future prospects for extended
survival. The next eight papers discuss trends and determinants of
health status among older populations. There are three papers
presenting mortality projections, and the final two contributions
discuss strategies and policies for dealing with elderly
populations.
Selected items will be cited in this or subsequent
issues of Population Index.
Correspondence: Oxford
University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40668 Delaunay, Valérie.
Reproductive health and socioeconomic change in a rural environment
in Senegal. The conceptual framework of a research project.
[Santé de la reproduction et changement socio-économique
dans un milieu rural sénégalais. Cadre conceptuel d'un
programme de recherche.] ETS Notes et Projets, No. 2, May 1996. 18 pp.
Equipe de Recherche Transition de la Fécondité et
Santé de la Reproduction [ETS]: Marseilles, France; Institut
Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement
en Coopération [ORSTOM]: Paris, France. In Fre.
This study
analyzes changes in reproductive health over time in a rural zone of
Senegal. The area Niakhar, which has a population of around 28,000, has
been the subject of a longitudinal survey since 1983. The author
examines how various socioeconomic changes have affected health and
reproduction.
Correspondence: Equipe de Recherche
Transition de la Fécondité et Santé de la
Reproduction, ORSTOM/LPE, Case 10, Centre St. Charles, 3 place Victor
Hugo, 13331 Marseilles Cedex 3, France. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40669 Frank, Jeffrey. 15 years
of AIDS in Canada. Canadian Social Trends, No. 41, Summer 1996.
4-10 pp. Ottawa, Canada. In Eng.
"Fifteen years ago, few
Canadians had even heard of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Indeed, the first documented
AIDS case in Canada was not reported until 1982. HIV/AIDS today
represent one of the most pressing health and social issues facing
society. An estimated 16,000 people had been diagnosed with AIDS in
Canada by the end of 1994, and over half of these people had already
died from AIDS-related causes. It is further estimated that up to
45,000 people have been infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
There is no vaccine or cure and the full impact of the disease has yet
to be realized."
Location: Princeton University
Library (PR).
62:40670 Grantham-McGregor, Sally.
Malnutrition and human development. In: Resources and
population: natural, institutional, and demographic dimensions of
development, edited by Bernardo Colombo, Paul Demeny, and Max F.
Perutz. 1996. 233-47 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
Focusing on protein-energy malnutrition, this chapter explores the
extent of nutritional deficiencies and their impact on child
development around the world. The relationship between nutritional
deficiency and poor development among succeeding generations is
noted.
Correspondence: S. Grantham-McGregor, University of
the West Indies, Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Mona, Kingston 7,
Jamaica. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40671 Grummer-Strawn, Laurence; Stupp, Paul
W. An alternative sampling strategy for obtaining child
health data in a reproductive health survey. Population Research
and Policy Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, Jun 1996. 265-74 pp. Dordrecht,
Netherlands. In Eng.
"Retrospective demographic surveys
typically collect substantial information about child health. This
information is often collected for all children born during a specified
period. For women with several young children, the interview can become
quite long. To shorten the interview, some surveys have asked child
health questions only for the last child born. However, data on the
last birth may be biased because last children have a younger age
distribution and have longer subsequent birth intervals than does the
average child. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to
collecting child health data--that child health questions be asked only
for a child chosen randomly from among the respondent's children
younger than age five. This alternative has the advantage of keeping
the interview shorter but does not lead to biased information."
Demographic and Health Surveys for the Dominican Republic, Sri Lanka,
and Uganda were used to evaluate these sampling strategies.
This
paper was originally presented at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the
Population Association of America.
Correspondence: L.
Grummer-Strawn, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of
Nutrition, Mailstop K25, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40672 Guatemala. Instituto Nacional de
Estadística [INE] (Guatemala City, Guatemala); Guatemala.
Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social [MSPYAS]
(Guatemala City, Guatemala); United States. Agency for International
Development [USAID] (Washington, D.C.); United Nations Population Fund
[UNFPA] (New York, New York); Macro International. Demographic and
Health Surveys [DHS] (Calverton, Maryland). Guatemala:
National Survey of Maternal and Child Health, 1995. [Guatemala:
Encuesta Nacional de Salud Materno Infantil, 1995.] Oct 1996. xxx, 245
pp. Guatemala City, Guatemala. In Spa.
This is the final report
from the 1995 DHS survey undertaken in Guatemala involving a nationwide
sample of 11,297 households and 12,403 women aged 15-49 with children
under five. Following chapters on survey methodology, there are
chapters on maternal and child health, infant and child mortality,
lactation and infant nutrition, maternal mortality, knowledge and use
of family planning methods, nuptiality and exposure to risk of
pregnancy, fertility preferences, and knowledge of AIDS and how to
prevent the disease.
Correspondence: Macro International,
Demographic and Health Surveys, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD
20705-3119. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40673 Hanson, Lars Å.
The state of children's health in the developing world. In:
Resources and population: natural, institutional, and demographic
dimensions of development, edited by Bernardo Colombo, Paul Demeny, and
Max F. Perutz. 1996. 224-32 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In
Eng.
This is a general review of the factors affecting infant and
child health and mortality in developing countries, with particular
attention given to data for Pakistan. The author considers the negative
impact of population growth on child health, the efficacy of
breast-feeding in reducing infant mortality, and the link between
infant mortality and birthrates.
Correspondence: L.
Å. Hanson, Göteborgs Universitet, Department of Clinical
Immunology, Vasaparken, 411 24 Gothenburg, Sweden. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40674 Heikkinen, Eino; Jokela, Jukka;
Jylhä, Marja. Disability and functional status among
elderly people: cross-national comparisons. In: Health and
mortality among elderly populations, edited by Graziella Caselli and
Alan D. Lopez. 1996. 202-20 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England;
International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]:
Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
The epidemiology of functional
abilities and disabilities of elderly people living in urban areas of
various countries around the world is described. Data are from four WHO
surveys carried out between 1979 and 1986. Differences in the level of
functional ability are analyzed by sex as well as
culture.
Correspondence: E. Heikkinen, University of
Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40351 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40675 Howson, Christopher P.; Harrison,
Polly F.; Hotra, Dana; Law, Maureen. In her lifetime:
female morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. ISBN
0-309-05430-3. LC 95-72800. 1996. xi, 308 pp. National Academy Press:
Washington, D.C. In Eng.
This book presents a report from the
Committee to Study Female Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan
Africa. The committee, which was set up by the National Research
Council's Institute of Medicine, had two main objectives for the
report: first, to elaborate and test the life-span model and its
utility for the analysis of health and illness, particularly in
Sub-Saharan Africa; and second, to provide a unified documentary base
that could be used in developing an agenda for research and health
policy focused on female health in this region. There are chapters on
nutritional status; obstetric morbidity and mortality; nervous system
disorders; mental health problems; cardiovascular diseases, cancers,
and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases; injury; occupational and
environmental health; tropical infectious diseases; and sexually
transmitted diseases and HIV infection.
Correspondence:
National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington,
D.C. 20418. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40676 Jensen, Eric; Westley, Sidney
B. Do family planning programs enhance children's
health? Asia-Pacific Population and Policy, No. 38, Jul 1996. 4
pp. East-West Center, Program on Population [POP]: Honolulu, Hawaii. In
Eng.
The authors discuss the effects of family planning programs on
child health and welfare, with a focus on the presumed benefits of
smaller families. Data from the 1993 National Demographic Survey of the
Philippines are used as an example.
Correspondence:
East-West Center, Program on Population, 1601 East-West Road,
Honolulu, HI 96848. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40677 Kimball, Ann M.; Berkley, Seth;
Ngugi, Elizabeth; Gayle, Helene. International aspects of
the AIDS/HIV epidemic. Annual Review of Public Health, Vol. 16,
1995. 253-82 pp. Palo Alto, California. In Eng.
"This review
provides...information on the epidemiology, prevention, and new
technologies of the ongoing HIV pandemic. These aspects are key to
international policy discussions surrounding the public health response
to the international spread of HIV. Our understanding of the impact of
AIDS on other diseases is evolving, as is our insight into the
demographic and economic effects of the epidemic on the global
community. Observations on the success of certain prevention strategies
allow rational allocation of resources in newly affected epidemic
areas. Information on the origin and nature of HIV transmission
exemplifies the phenomenon of global emerging infections. As world
populations are brought closer together through transportation,
communication, trade, and commerce, insight into emerging infections of
epidemic potential becomes increasingly important to the practitioner
of public health."
Correspondence: A. M. Kimball,
University of Washington, Department of Health Services and
Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195. Location: Princeton
University Library (FST).
62:40678 Kraus, Jaroslav; Tomek, Ivan;
Velebil, Petr. Results of reproduction and health
research, the Czech Republic, 1993: Part 2. [Výsledky
pruzkumu reprodukce a zdraví, CR 1993: 2. cást.]
Demografie, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1996. 181-93 pp. Prague, Czech Republic. In
Cze. with sum. in Eng.
This article "aims at the following
topics: problems of health of pregnant women, sexual behaviour of young
women and attitudes towards health." Data are from a 1993 survey
on reproduction and health research in the Czech Republic.
For Part
1, see elsewhere in this issue.
Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40679 Mann, Jonathan M.; Tarantola, Daniel
J. M. AIDS in the world II: global dimensions, social
roots, and responses. ISBN 0-19-508994-4. LC 96-20008. 1996.
xxxiv, 616 pp. Oxford University Press: New York, New York/Oxford,
England. In Eng.
This volume represents a continuing effort to
track the global AIDS pandemic and to describe the efforts, successes,
and failures of attempts to curb its course and mitigate its impact.
"Part I provides recent information on the global epidemiology of
HIV/AIDS and analyzes recent trends. The pandemic has become
increasingly complex and fragmented, targeting populations
characterized by a high degree of social and economic vulnerability.
Part II summarizes the state of scientific progress in HIV/AIDS
research....Part III examines how people are responding to the HIV/AIDS
pandemic--as individuals or through organized community efforts--and
Part IV analyzes the collective efforts of governments,
intergovernmental institutions, and nongovernment organizations (NGOs).
A series of original surveys provides the most up-to-date account of
national and international action against HIV/AIDS. Then Part V brings
these several threads--epidemiology, research, individual and
collective response--together into a new analytic framework to inform a
truly modern understanding and response to the pandemic. It shows how
risk, risk-taking behaviors, and risk-generating situations are linked
to societal environment, and it ties this analytical framework to
pragmatic and conceptual dimensions of human rights protections and
promotion."
For the first edition, published in 1992, see
60:10652.
Correspondence: Oxford University Press, 198
Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40680 Mbizvo, M. T.; Mashu, A.; Chipato,
T.; Makura, E.; Bopoto, R.; Fottrell, P. F. Trends in
HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence and risk factors in pregnant women in
Harare, Zimbabwe. Central African Journal of Medicine, Vol. 42,
No. 1, 1996. 14-21 pp. Harare, Zimbabwe. In Eng.
"The
objective of the present study was to determine the HIV prevalence rate
and the risk factors in pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics
in the Greater Harare area of Zimbabwe. Women presenting for antenatal
care in four maternity clinics between May 1994 and June 1995 were
tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies following informed consent,
counselling and completion of a questionnaire....Present findings
indicate a 30.4% HIV prevalence rate for a sample of 1,168 pregnant
women in Harare. This rate is much higher than the 18% HIV prevalence
rate reported for 1,008 pregnant women in the same Greater Harare area
in 1990."
Correspondence: M. T. Mbizvo, University of
Zimbabwe Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, P.O.
Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe. Source: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40681 McCoy, H. Virginia; Correa, Ronald;
Fritz, Emma. HIV diffusion patterns and mobility: gender
differences among drug users. Population Research and Policy
Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, Jun 1996. 249-64 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In
Eng.
"The travel patterns of injecting drug users (IDUs) and
the extent to which they engage in high risk drug and sexual activities
were examined as an explanation of diffusion of the HIV virus from one
community to another. The study population of 49,621 was comprised of
subjects recruited from approximately 60 sites...[in the United States]
from 1988-1991. While the data are limited in some ways, they partially
support a diffusion explanation of HIV transmission for males and
females. The analysis demonstrates that low prevalence cities were
significantly more likely to have been the destinations of both men and
women who engaged in high risk drug and sexual activities. In addition,
HIV seropositive drug users who engaged in high risk drug and sexual
behaviors in destination cities were more likely than seronegatives to
travel to high or low seroprevalence areas than to moderate prevalence
areas."
Correspondence: H. V. McCoy, Florida
International University, College of Health, Department of Public
Health, 3000 NE 145 Street, North Miami, FL 33181-3600. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40682 Mertens, T. E.; Low-Beer, D.
HIV and AIDS: where is the epidemic going? Bulletin of the
World Health Organization/Bulletin de l'Organisation Mondiale de la
Santé, Vol. 74, No. 2, 1996. 121-9 pp. Geneva, Switzerland. In
Eng.
"This paper presents the methods and results of global
HIV/AIDS estimates, describes subcontinental characteristics of the
epidemic, and discusses important trends which emerge and their
possible determinants....Of the total prevalent HIV infections, the
majority remain concentrated in eastern, central and southern Africa,
but the epidemic continues to evolve with diffusion of infection from
urban to rural areas, to West and South Africa, to India and south-east
Asia, and to a lesser extent--with proportional shifts to heterosexual
infections--in North America, western Europe and Latin America. The
past concentration of infections has led to a relentless rise in AIDS
cases and subsequent mortality. Recent data suggested that AIDS is
emerging as a leading cause of death in adults aged 25-44 years in
substantial areas of the developed and developing
worlds."
Correspondence: T. E. Mertens, World Health
Organization, Division of Development of Policy, Programme and
Evaluation, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40683 Miller, Kate; Rosenfield,
Allan. Population and women's reproductive health: an
international perspective. Annual Review of Public Health, Vol.
17, 1996. 359-82 pp. Palo Alto, California. In Eng.
"This
paper gives a brief overview of current world population or demographic
issues, followed by a discussion of the ICPD [International Conference
on Population and Development] proceedings and various notable aspects
of the ICPD Programme of Action. It then focuses on six of the most
pressing reproductive health concerns facing women today: gender
inequalities, access to contraceptive services, sexually transmitted
diseases (including HIV), maternal mortality, unsafe abortion, and
adolescent pregnancy. Because the ICPD Programme of Action is intended
to have far-reaching consequences for each of these issues, it is taken
as a focal point of analysis."
Correspondence: K.
Miller, Columbia University, School of Public Health, New York, NY
10032. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).
62:40684 Orubuloye, I. O.; Caldwell, John C.;
Caldwell, Pat; Jain, Shail. The third world AIDS
epidemic. Health Transition Review, Vol. 5, Suppl., 1995. ii, 305
pp. Australian National University, Health Transition Centre: Canberra,
Australia. In Eng.
"The present book...is a collection of
papers resulting from research produced from across the African
continent, carried out between 1992 and 1995. The papers have been
selected from four workshops held between 1994 and 1995....All papers
focus on the social and behavioural aspects of AIDS....This
collection...emphasizes the social, sexual and economic context of the
disease both in the general population and in high-risk groups.
However, there is...greater stress on the social effects of the
disease, on interventions and on care and counselling. The collection
ends with glances at areas which may well become more important in the
future. The first emphasizes legal issues which the epidemic makes it
imperative to face. The second is the most recent invasion of Asia by
the epidemic."
Selected items will be cited in this or
subsequent issues of Population Index.
Correspondence:
Australian National University, National Centre for Epidemiology
and Population Health, Health Transition Centre, Canberra, ACT 0200,
Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40685 Pais, Prem. HIV and
India: looking into the abyss. Tropical Medicine and International
Health, Vol. 1, No. 3, Jun 1996. 295-304 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"Serosurveillance of high risk groups started in India in
October 1985. The first positive cases were detected in 1986. As of
mid-1994, official figures stood at 15,000 HIV positive cases and 559
cases of AIDS. This is most certainly an underestimate because of under
reporting. Among high risk groups, prevalence has risen rapidly.
Between 1986 and 1994, prevalence has risen from 1.6 to 40.0% in sex
workers, 1.4 to 40% in STD clinics and 0 to 70% in i.v. drug abusers in
various studies. The penetration into the general population is
uncertain. As in Africa, infection has been mainly by heterosexual
intercourse, with commercial sex workers, long distance truck drivers
and migrant labour serving as vehicles of spread. Other routes of
infection are transfusion of blood and blood products and i.v. drug
use. Dependence on professional blood donors is the main cause of
infected blood supplies. Ninety per cent of cases with HIV infection
are aged between 15 and 45 years and belong to socioeconomically
disadvantaged groups. The male to female ratio is 5:1, with female
cases being mainly sex workers. The predominant virus is HIV-1 but
cases with HIV-2 and mixed infection are being reported from port
cities. The present situation in India is similar to the early pattern
in Africa where a sharp increase in seroprevalence among high risk
groups was followed by spread to the general
population."
Correspondence: P. Pais, St. Johns
Medical College Hospital, Department of Medicine, Bangalore 560 034,
India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40686 Robine, Jean-Marie; Mathers, Colin;
Brouard, Nicolas. Trends and differentials in
disability-free life expectancy: concepts, methods, and findings.
In: Health and mortality among elderly populations, edited by Graziella
Caselli and Alan D. Lopez. 1996. 182-201 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford,
England; International Union for the Scientific Study of Population
[IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium. In Eng.
Some of the problems,
concepts, and issues involved in the study of disability-free life
expectancy are discussed in this chapter. Attention is given to the
differences among total survival, handicap-free survival,
disability-free survival, and impairment-free survival. Comparisons are
made among selected developed countries with regard to differences in
life expectancy and disability-free life
expectancy.
Correspondence: J.-M. Robine, Institut National
de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier,
France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40687 Rozenfeld, Boris A. The
crisis of Russian health care and attempts at reform. In: Russia's
demographic "crisis", edited by Julie DaVanzo and Gwendolyn
Farnsworth. 1996. 163-74 pp. RAND: Santa Monica, California. In Eng.
The author describes the deterioration of health services in Russia
in recent years and its causes. He concludes that "the main state
programs for improving the health of the Russian population are
underfunded and suffer from lack of resources in general. No conditions
can yet be foreseen for the reanimation of an effective preventive and
curative health care system. Many famous medical research centers,
especially on the federal level, are left without proper financial
support. Progress in all spheres of health care is under great
stress." Comments by discussants are included (p.
174).
Correspondence: B. A. Rozenfeld, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Institute for Economic Forecasting, Center for Demography and
Human Ecology, Leninsky Pr. 14, 117901 Moscow, Russia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40688 Senturia, Kirsten D.
Maternal and child health in Albania. Social Science and
Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 7, Oct 1996. 1,097-107 pp. Tarrytown, New
York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"The study reported here
documents current health conditions for pregnant women and their
offspring in Albania. Data for the study were collected in 1993 and
1994 from field sites throughout Albania. A total of 3,250 medical
charts from 1993 were abstracted from five maternity houses. Interviews
were conducted during 1993-1994 with 1,199 pregnant women who were
followed through their pregnancies. Of these women, 938 were located at
delivery. Their infants were weighed and assessed. The data show that
infant birth weights, gestational ages and mortality rates are now
comparable to the rest of Europe. Maternal disease rates and
spontaneous and therapeutic abortion rates are also surprisingly low
considering the previous reports. However, fertility rates remain
relatively high compared to Western Europe. The results show that
despite the degeneration of health services, maternal and child health
in Albania is much better than expected and vastly improved over the
pre-communist era."
Correspondence: K. D. Senturia,
2240 Crest Drive, El Cajon, CA 92021. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
62:40689 Stoneburner, Rand L.; Low-Beer,
Daniel; Tembo, George S.; Mertens, Thierry E.; Asiimwe-Okiror,
Godwill. Human immunodeficiency virus infection dynamics
in East Africa deduced from surveillance data. American Journal of
Epidemiology, Vol. 144, No. 7, Oct 1, 1996. 682-95 pp. Baltimore,
Maryland. In Eng.
"The authors deduce hypotheses of HIV
incidence dynamics from birth cohort analyses of Ugandan acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) incidence from 1987 to 1992 and from
the age and sex distribution of sexually transmitted disease: an age
dependency for HIV risk; a period effect of varying HIV incidence
growth; and a replenishment of HIV-susceptible populations through
demographic renewal. The hypotheses are tested by incorporating them
into a model that generates patterns of HIV incidence, prevalence, and
AIDS cases that are consistent with empiric data. When applied to
Uganda, the modeled HIV incidence is characterized by a short temporal
concentration of high incidence, followed by a decline, stabilization,
and concentration in younger ages. The ensuing HIV dynamics result in a
rapid build-up and subsequent stabilization of prevalence and mortality
in years 10 and 13, respectively, after epidemic onset. When this model
is used to forecast scenarios from 1980 to 2000, HIV prevalence
declines in some populations, which is different from earlier
scenarios."
Correspondence: R. L. Stoneburner,
International Center for Migration and Health, 24 Avenue de
Beau-Séjour, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland. Location:
Princeton University Library (SZ).
62:40690 Svanborg, Alvar. The
health and survival of the elderly: evidence from the Gothenburg
Longitudinal Study. In: Health and mortality among elderly
populations, edited by Graziella Caselli and Alan D. Lopez. 1996.
221-32 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England; International Union for
the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liège, Belgium. In
Eng.
"This chapter presents research results mainly from a
longitudinal study of 70-year-olds in Gothenburg, Sweden. The aim is to
illustrate possible answers to some of [the] questions about health and
mortality trends in the older Swedish population, as well as to shed
light on some of the determinants of and implications for better
societal planning for future generations of older
people."
Correspondence: A. Svanborg, University of
Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40691 United Nations. Department for
Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis. Population
Division (New York, New York). Reproductive rights and
reproductive health: a concise report. No. ST/ESA/SER.A/157, Pub.
Order No. E.96.XIII.11. ISBN 92-1-151307-3. 1996. vi, 46 pp. New York,
New York. In Eng.
One in a series on special themes, this report
was prepared to assess progress in implementing the program of action
adopted at the 1994 International Conference on Population and
Development in Cairo. "The present report provides a summary of
recent information on selected aspects of reproductive rights and
reproductive health and covers such topics as entry into reproductive
life; reproductive behaviour; contraception; abortion; maternal
mortality and morbidity; sexually transmitted diseases, including
HIV/AIDS; reproductive rights; and population information, education
and communication with respect to reproductive rights and reproductive
health."
Correspondence: UN Publishing Division, New
York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40692 van de Mheen, Perla J.;
Gunning-Schepers, Louise J. Differences between studies in
reported relative risks associated with smoking: an overview.
Public Health Reports, Vol. 111, No. 5, Sep-Oct 1996. 420-6 pp. Boston,
Massachusetts. In Eng.
"The authors reviewed the published
literature on smoking-related diseases to determine (a) the extent of
variation between studies in reported relative risks associated with
smoking for heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive
lung disease and (b) the effect that this variation has on the
population attributable risk for smoking and the potential impact
fraction." The geographical focus is primarily on developed
countries. The authors conclude that "the main reasons for the
variation in reported relative risks were: misclassification of former
smokers as never smokers, the use of mortality rate ratios rather than
incidence rate ratios, a possible period effect suggesting increasing
relative risks over time, and differences in the amount smoked. It is
far more likely that these factors are responsible for the observed
variation between studies than that the variations reflect true
biological differences between
populations."
Correspondence: P. J. van de Mheen,
Academic Medical Center, Institute of Social Medicine, Meibergdreef 15,
1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40693 Waldron, Ingrid; Hughes, Mary E.;
Brooks, Tracy L. Marriage protection and marriage
selection--prospective evidence for reciprocal effects of marital
status and health. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 1,
Jul 1996. 113-23 pp. Tarrytown, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
Panel data for a large sample of women in the United States taken
from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women are used to
examine the relationship between marital status and health.
"Analyses of the prospective data indicate that there were
significant marriage protection effects, but only among women who were
not employed. Specifically, for women who were not employed, married
women had better health trends than unmarried women in each follow-up
interval. It appears that marriage had beneficial effects on health for
women who did not have a job which could provide an alternative source
of financial resources and social support. In addition, analyses of the
prospective data provide limited evidence for marriage selection
effects. Specifically, women who had better health initially were more
likely to marry and less likely to experience marital dissolution, but
only for women who were not employed full-time and only during the
first follow-up interval."
Correspondence: I. Waldron,
University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA
19104-6018. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
Studies on consanguinity and isolates, inbreeding, and twinning.
62:40694 James, William H. Are
"natural" twinning rates continuing to decline? Human
Reproduction, Vol. 10, No. 11, 1995. 3,042-4 pp. Oxford, England. In
Eng.
The author examines the extent to which the increase in
twinning rates that has occurred in England and Wales since 1980 is a
consequence of hormonal induction of ovulation and various other
techniques of assisted reproduction. "It is tentatively concluded
here that the `natural' twinning rate has recently been increasing in
England and Wales and Belgium. These conclusions are based on two
assumptions: (i) that in England and Wales, conceptions by young women
are infrequently preceded by medical assistance; and (ii) in Belgium,
the rate of medically assisted conceptions is not lower in East
Flanders than in the rest of Belgium. Direct data on these points would
test these conclusions."
Correspondence: W. H. James,
University College London, Galton Laboratory, Wolfson House, 4
Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, England. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
