Studies that treat quantitative fertility data analytically. References to crude data are coded under S. Official Statistical Publications . Methodological studies specifically concerned with fertility are cited in this division and cross-referenced to N. Methods of Research and Analysis Including Models , if necessary.
Analytical studies of quantitative birth data and reproduction rates and studies of fertility and its concomitants. Studies of age at marriage, divorce, and factors influencing family size are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household .
62:40211 Acs, Gregory. The impact
of welfare on young mothers' subsequent childbearing decisions.
Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 31, No. 4, Fall 1996. 898-915 pp.
Madison, Wisconsin. In Eng.
The impact of welfare on fertility in
the United States is explored, focusing on the theory that some women
have many children to increase their incomes and to prolong their stay
on welfare rolls. The author "examines the relationship between
welfare and births to women who already have a child, using data on
young mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). I
find that variations in welfare benefit levels and the incremental
benefit have no statistically significant impacts on the subsequent
childbearing decisions of young mothers in general, nor on the
subsequent childbearing decisions of women who received welfare in
particular. Furthermore, mothers who received welfare to support their
first children are no more likely to have additional children in any
given year through the age of 23."
Correspondence: G.
Acs, Urban Institute, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPIA).
62:40212 Ainsworth, Martha. A
symposium on fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Economic
Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan 1996. 79-222 pp. World Bank: Washington,
D.C. In Eng.
This special section contains four papers on aspects
of fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. The papers attempt to provide some
answers to two basic questions. The first concerns how Sub-Saharan
Africa is different from other developing regions with regard to the
factors influencing the demand for children, and, if it is different,
the extent to which policies and programs associated with fertility
decline in other regions will be effective in Africa. The second
concerns whether high levels of fertility are the result of low levels
of economic development that encourage large families, or a consequence
of the insufficient provision of family planning information and
methods.
Selected items will be cited in this or subsequent issues
of Population Index.
Correspondence: M. Ainsworth, World
Bank, Policy Research Department, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C.
20433. Location: Princeton University Library (UN).
62:40213 Ainsworth, Martha; Beegle, Kathleen;
Nyamete, Andrew. The impact of women's schooling on
fertility and contraceptive use: a study of fourteen Sub-Saharan
countries. World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan 1996.
85-122 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This article examines the
relationship between female schooling and two behaviors--cumulative
fertility and contraceptive use--in fourteen Sub-Saharan African
countries where Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) have been
conducted since the mid-1980s. Average levels of schooling among women
of reproductive age are very low, from less than two years to six.
Controlling for background variables, the last years of female primary
schooling have a negative relation with fertility in about half of the
countries, while secondary schooling is associated with substantially
lower fertility in all countries. Female schooling has a positive
relationship with contraceptive use at all levels. Among ever-married
women, husband's schooling exerts a smaller effect than does female
schooling on contraceptive use and, in almost all cases, on
fertility."
Correspondence: M. Ainsworth, World Bank,
Policy Research Department, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433.
Location: Princeton University Library (UN).
62:40214 Amin, Sajeda. Female
education and fertility in Bangladesh: the influence of marriage and
the family. In: Girls' schooling, women's autonomy and fertility
change in South Asia, edited by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M. Basu. 1996.
184-204 pp. Sage Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This
paper explores the connections between women's status, education and
fertility, drawing upon evidence from a long-term, intensive village
study on family structure and change in two villages in north-west
Bangladesh. While we utilise individual level data from the village
study and from a large nationally representative fertility survey, the
emphasis is on familial and contextual factors affecting women's
lives."
Correspondence: S. Amin, Population Council,
One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40215 Anderies, John M. An
adaptive model for predicting !Kung reproductive performance: a
stochastic dynamic programming approach. Ethology and
Sociobiology, Vol. 17, No. 4, Jul 1996. 221-45 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"A stochastic dynamic programming model is presented
that supports and extends work on the reproductive performance of the
!Kung Bushmen [of Botswana]..., proposing that !Kung women and their
reproductive systems may be maximizing reproductive success. The
stochastic dynamic programming approach allows the construction of a
whole-life model where the physical/environmental constraints along
with the uncertainty about future events !Kung women face when making
reproductive choices can be explicitly built in....By including the
effect of the mother's mortality...the model allows for further
exploration of the application of an adaptive approach to human
reproductive performance. By adding some considerations about the risks
of childbirth for the mother the model not only predicts optimal birth
spacing...but also predicts the optimal time for a woman to begin and
cease having children. These predictions coincide with menarche and
menopause and shed light on their possible adaptive
value."
Correspondence: J. M. Anderies, University of
British Columbia, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada. Location: Princeton University
Library (SZ).
62:40216 Basu, Alaka M. Girls'
schooling, autonomy and fertility change: what do these words mean in
South Asia? In: Girls' schooling, women's autonomy and fertility
change in South Asia, edited by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M. Basu. 1996.
48-71 pp. Sage Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"In
this paper I...try to understand, first...what words such as education,
autonomy and fertility change mean in the South Asian cultural milieu.
Then...I try to understand the ways in which female schooling may lead
to increased female autonomy and...the ways in which increased female
autonomy in turn may lead to lower fertility. In each case, I begin
with the problems--in defining the terms of interest, in interpreting
relationships, and in drawing any lessons for South Asia from the
non-South Asian experience."
Correspondence: A. M.
Basu, Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, 104 Savage
Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-6301. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40217 Benefo, Kofi; Schultz, T.
Paul. Fertility and child mortality in Côte d'Ivoire
and Ghana. World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan 1996.
123-58 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This article examines
individual, household, and community characteristics that may affect
fertility in contemporary Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana and the
relationship between child mortality and fertility. It was not possible
to reject the null hypothesis that child mortality is exogenous.
Treating child mortality as exogenous, fertility responds directly to
child mortality, but by a smaller proportion than estimated in studies
of East Asia and Latin America. Increases in female education and
urbanization are likely to contribute to declines in fertility in both
countries, but economic growth without these structural changes is not
yet strongly related to lower fertility."
Correspondence:
K. Benefo, Brown University, Department of Sociology, Box 1916,
Providence, RI 02912. Location: Princeton University Library
(UN).
62:40218 Bosveld, Willemien. The
ageing of fertility in Europe: a comparative demographic-analytic
study. ISBN 90-5170-382-1. 1996. 285 pp. Thesis Publishers:
Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Dut.
"In the
past, many women had their children when they were young, whereas
nowadays the trend is to have children at an older age. This book
provides insight into the changes in tempo and quantum of post-war
fertility among birth cohorts in a number of European countries. Based
on an advanced demographic-analytic approach, it demonstrates how age
and parity distributions have changed between successive cohorts and
the effects of these changes on period fertility. How cohort life
course patterns have changed varies between countries because of
country-specific characteristics, opportunities and
constraints."
Correspondence: Thesis Publishers, P.O.
Box 14791, 1001 LG Amsterdam, Netherlands. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40219 Caldwell, Bruce. Female
education, autonomy and fertility in Sri Lanka. In: Girls'
schooling, women's autonomy and fertility change in South Asia, edited
by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M. Basu. 1996. 288-321 pp. Sage
Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"In this chapter I
explore the linkages between female schooling, autonomy and fertility
in Sri Lanka. I do not seek to be predictive in the sense of saying
that so many years of schooling will create so much autonomy and
ultimately lead to a specific degree of reduction in fertility. Rather
I seek to investigate a very complex and confusing
interrelationship....Accepting that fertility control of some kind has
been practised in Sri Lanka for much longer than elsewhere in South
Asia, the issue for this paper is whether this was related to female
schooling and autonomy."
Correspondence: B. Caldwell,
Australian International Development Assistance Bureau, Canberra, ACT
2601, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40220 Cleland, John; Jejeebhoy,
Shireen. Maternal schooling and fertility: evidence from
censuses and surveys. In: Girls' schooling, women's autonomy and
fertility change in South Asia, edited by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M.
Basu. 1996. 72-106 pp. Sage Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The purpose of this chapter is to review the evidence
concerning the relationship between schooling and fertility and its
proximate determinants, with special reference to South Asia. The main
focus is on the findings of censuses and large demographic surveys. An
implicit assumption of our approach is that interpretation of findings
from large-scale surveys can go beyond mere numerical description and
yield valuable insights about the possible pathways of
influence."
Correspondence: J. Cleland, London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Population Studies, Keppel
Street, London WC1E 7HT, England. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40221 Fattah, Mohamed N. A.
The relational Gompertz model in detecting the recent changes of
fertility in Egypt. Egyptian Population and Family Planning
Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, Dec 1993. 82-101 pp. Giza, Egypt. In Eng.
"The main objective of this research is to detect the recent
changes in fertility in Egypt using Gompertz's relational model....The
analysis [in] this chapter is based on the data collected in the
maternity history section of the PAP/child (1991) and DHS 1992
individual questionnaire for ever married women aged 15-49 years....It
turns out that fertility is still high in Egypt although there is an
indication that it has declined from the level prevailing in the recent
past."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40222 Ferroukhi, D.; Zemamouche,
S. An econometric analysis of data on duration in
demography. [Analyse économétrique des
données de durée en démographie.] Collections
Statistiques, No. 51, [1993?]. 161 pp. Office National des
Statistiques: Algiers, Algeria. In Fre.
This work concerns the
application of the econometric concept of duration data in demography.
It includes three separate studies that attempt to use this concept for
the study of fertility in Algeria. The first part examines birth
intervals as duration data using data from the 1986 National Algerian
Fertility Survey. The second part looks at intergenerational changes in
fertility, and the third part examines birth
spacing.
Correspondence: Office National des Statistiques,
8-10 Rue des Moussebiline, Algiers, Algeria. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40223 Gallagher, Sally K.; Stokes, Randall
G.; Anderson, Andy B. Economic disarticulation and
fertility in less developed nations. Sociological Quarterly, Vol.
37, No. 2, Spring 1996. 227-44 pp. Berkeley, California. In Eng.
"A large body of research and theory seeking to explain
fertility levels in less developed nations has stressed the effects of
economic development on family-level decision making. While clearly a
major factor, economic development levels fail to explain much of the
variation in fertility rates. Some researchers have attempted to remedy
this shortcoming by taking into account cross-national variation in
income distributions, on the grounds that this approach provides a more
refined indication of the real social consequences of economic
development. The present analysis extends this tradition of research by
arguing that the degree of disarticulation [a distorted mode of
economic growth] provides a theoretically more powerful and empirically
more accurate way to operationalize these hypothesized distributional
effects on fertility levels."
Correspondence: S. K.
Gallagher, Oregon State University, Department of Sociology, Fairbanks
307, Corvallis, OR 97331. Location: Princeton University
Library (PR).
62:40224 Goodkind, Daniel.
Chinese lunar birth timing in Singapore: new concerns for child
quality amidst multicultural modernity. Journal of Marriage and
the Family, Vol. 58, No. 3, Aug 1996. 784-95 pp. Minneapolis,
Minnesota. In Eng.
"In line with traditional folk beliefs,
many Chinese societies throughout the world (with the exception of
China itself) began in the 1970s and 1980s to exhibit birth
fluctuations during significant lunar zodiac years--baby booms during
the auspicious Year of the Dragon and baby busts during the
inauspicious (for daughters) Year of the Tiger....The article details
how lunar birth fluctuations have been influenced by and have
influenced official policies instituted by Singapore's shrinking
Chinese majority. None of the assimilative social forces discussed here
can be expected to weaken lunar birth timing in the future, although
government intervention may inhibit its
reoccurrence."
Correspondence: D. Goodkind, University
of Michigan, Department of Sociology, Population Studies Center, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109-1070. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40225 Gould, W. T. S.; Brown, M.
S. A fertility transition in Sub-Saharan Africa?
International Journal of Population Geography, Vol. 2, No. 1, Mar 1996.
1-22 pp. Chichester, England. In Eng.
"There is now
substantial evidence for fertility decline in the majority of countries
of sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews that evidence, identifying
the large variation in the extent of change, particularly between
Southern Africa and West Africa, and sets it in the context of the
demographic transition model, concluding that it is not yet clear
whether or to what extent the recent African experience and likely
future trends are consistent with the experience of demographic change
in other continental areas. The discussion examines issues for theory
(how unique is Africa?), for method (what are the limitations of
dependence on large-scale, standardised demographic surveys for
fertility data?) and for policy (how have the survey data been used and
interpreted to formulate population policy?) raised by the recent
African experience."
Correspondence: W. T. S. Gould,
University of Liverpool, Department of Geography, Liverpool L69 3BX,
England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40226 Jeffery, Roger; Basu, Alaka
M. Girls' schooling, women's autonomy and fertility change
in South Asia. ISBN 0-8039-9276-9. LC 95-35991. 1996. 339 pp. Sage
Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This...volume
challenges the popular notions that there is a universal and causal
relationship between rising levels of schooling and declining levels of
fertility, and that schooling enhances female autonomy. Presenting
primary evidence from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh and
utilising existing census and survey data, the eleven original papers
in this book explore the interrelated issues of women's autonomy,
girl's schooling, and fertility reduction in South Asia. The volume
concludes that schooling is indeed important for women and should
definitely be supported and encouraged, but not because of the possible
impact it may have on fertility decline. Further, that while resources
should continue to be devoted to the spread of education, this should
not be at the expense of providing women-friendly contraceptive and
maternal/child health services, which give couples the ability to
successfully plan the size of the family they want."
Selected
items will be cited in this or subsequent issues of Population
Index.
Correspondence: Sage Publications, M-32 Greater
Kailash Market I, New Delhi 110 048, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40227 Jeffery, Roger; Basu, Alaka
M. Schooling as contraception? In: Girls' schooling,
women's autonomy and fertility change in South Asia, edited by Roger
Jeffery and Alaka M. Basu. 1996. 15-47 pp. Sage Publications: New
Delhi, India. In Eng.
"In this introduction our main task is
as follows. To begin with, we need to unpack some of the terms which
enter into the title of this book. What has been meant by female
education, by women's autonomy, and by fertility in the demographic
literature? How do these discussions relate to those in neighbouring
disciplines? What are the implications of these discussions for the
indicators to be used in empirical research? Because education and
female autonomy are thought to have combined and separate effects on
fertility, we will then set out the key elements in how they are
thought to affect the proximate determinants of fertility: in
particular, natural fertility, demand for children, and access to
contraception. In this context we will consider in more detail the
related issue of the extent to which female schooling reduces fertility
via the impact it has on child mortality." The geographical focus
is on South Asia.
Correspondence: R. Jeffery, University of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40228 Kalipeni, Ezekiel. The
fertility transition in Africa. Geographical Review, Vol. 85, No.
3, Jul 1995. 286-300 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Some
African countries may be going through the initial stages of the
fertility transition. In this article multivariate analysis based on
country-level data from 1980 and 1993 assesses spatial variations and
changes in fertility rates. Demographic and socioeconomic factors such
as education, rural or urban residence, status of women, and use of
contraceptives are important factors in determining the onset of the
fertility transition. Over the long term, fertility will decline to
acceptable levels as Africa continues to experience socioeconomic and
cultural changes. Of special importance in the transition is the status
of women in society."
Correspondence: E. Kalipeni,
University of Illinois, Department of Geography, Urbana, IL 61801.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
62:40229 Kraus, Jaroslav; Tomek, Ivan;
Velebil, Petr. Results of reproduction and health
research, the Czech Republic 1993: Part 1. [Výsledky
pruzkumu reprodukce a zdraví, CR 1993: 1. cást.]
Demografie, Vol. 38, No. 2, 1996. 105-20 pp. Prague, Czech Republic. In
Cze. with sum. in Eng.
This article "deals with two basic
spheres: natality (abortion rate) and family planning. Natality was
evaluated by current indicators such as specific female birth rate, by
age, aggregate fertility, and/or median age at birth of the first
child." Women were also asked about contraceptive use, knowledge
of contraceptive methods, and reasons for use or
nonuse.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40230 Kravdal, Øystein.
How the local supply of day-care centers influences fertility in
Norway: a parity-specific approach. Population Research and Policy
Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, Jun 1996. 201-18 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In
Eng.
"In order to assess how expansion of day care facilities
affects fertility, the Norwegian Family and Occupation Survey of 1988
was linked with individual register-based migration histories and
time-series data on day-care coverage rates in all Norwegian
municipalities. Many factors affect both the allocation of resources to
day-care centers and a woman's probability of giving birth. The local
coverage rate is positively associated with the probability of
advancing from parity two...[and] contributed to a moderate rise in
third-birth rates after the mid 1970s. However, if the aggregate
employment rate for women is also regarded as a confounder, the effect
of day care may actually be insignificant. Moreover, the effect fades
at higher coverage levels. Finally, there are indications that second-
and first-birth probabilities decline with increasing provision of day
care. These results suggest that further efforts to improve the supply
of private and public day care...will have little stimulating effect on
fertility."
Correspondence: Ø. Kravdal,
University of Oslo, Department of Economics, P.O. Box 1095, Blindern,
0317 Oslo, Norway. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40231 Lam, David A.; Miron, Jeffrey
A. The effects of temperature on human fertility.
Demography, Vol. 33, No. 3, Aug 1996. 291-305 pp. Silver Spring,
Maryland. In Eng.
"Monthly birth and temperature data for a
variety of states and countries are used to estimate the effect of
short-run temperature fluctuations on fertility. Regressions of monthly
births on a flexible specification of lagged monthly temperature show
that temperature has quantitatively important effects on both seasonal
and nonseasonal variation in births. Summer temperature extremes reduce
conceptions in the southern United States, explaining a substantial
part of the observed seasonal birth pattern. Extreme cold shows no
evidence of affecting conceptions. The results also show significant
seasonality in births even after accounting for temperature. Controls
for monthly temperature do not explain the persistent spring peak in
births in northern Europe. This finding suggests that other factors
play an important role."
This is a revised version of a paper
originally presented at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the Population
Association of America.
Correspondence: D. A. Lam,
University of Michigan, Department of Economics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40232 Letamo, Gobopamang.
Contributions of the proximate determinants to fertility change in
Botswana. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jul 1996.
325-38 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"This study uses
Bongaarts's model to examine the relative contributions of three
proximate determinants (non-marriage, contraceptive use and postpartum
infecundability) to fertility change using data from the 1984 and 1988
Botswana Family and Health Surveys. Breast-feeding is shown to be the
most important proximate determinant of fertility, followed by
contraceptive use, and finally non-marriage, both in 1984 and 1988.
However, contraceptive use increased between 1984 and 1988 leading to
fertility decline over this period. Marriage is the least important
proximate determinant of fertility, probably due to the high prevalence
of premarital childbearing. Other factors such as induced abortion
could have played a major role in the fertility decline but their
effect could not be estimated due to lack of accurate
data."
Correspondence: G. Letamo, University of
Botswana, Department of Demography, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone,
Botswana. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40233 Mahadevan, Kuttan.
Demographic transition and development strategies in India.
ISBN 81-7018-855-5. 1996. viii, 143 pp. B. R. Publishing: Delhi, India.
Distributed by D. K. Publishers Distributors, 1 Ansari Road, Darya
Ganj, New Delhi 110 002, India. In Eng.
This study of the
demographic transition in India is based on a review of the literature
published from 1974 to 1992. "The first part of the report focuses
on historical changes and regional variations [in] fertility, general
mortality and infant mortality rate (IMR). Following these vital
events, subsequent discussion focuses on demographic transition at the
all India level and also briefly highlights...the fascinating
Demographic Transition completed in Kerala state. The second part of
the report covers major studies on determinants of fertility behavior.
The third part highlights...[the] family planning programme and
research. The fourth part relates to studies on determinants of
mortality and at the end, a comprehensive list of references [to]
studies, published in the form of papers, reports, books, theses and
the like [has] been presented."
Correspondence: B. R.
Publishing Corporation, A-6 Nimri Commercial Centre, Near Bharat Nagar,
Ashok Vihar, Delhi 110 052, India. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40234 Matthiessen, Poul C.
Regional aspects of reproduction and family formation in
Denmark. [Regionale aspekter af reproduktion og familiedannelse i
Danmark.] Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift, No. 1996/Suppl., 1996.
115-20 pp. Copenhagen, Denmark. In Dan. with sum. in Eng.
"Similar to the trends in other industrialized countries,
Denmark has since the mid-1960s experienced substantial changes in the
demographic components which are determining the reproduction rate and
formation of families. At present the development is characterized by a
widespread formation of couples at an early age, which in most cases is
commenced without a marriage certificate. Further the fertility level
has decreased and there has been an increase in the average age of
females at first child birth. These changes have also taken place in
the three selected geographic areas; however, most of the deviations
from the national average that were prevailing before the changes are
still present."
Correspondence: P. C. Matthiessen,
Carlsbergfondet, H. C. Andersens Boulevard 35, 1553 Copenhagen,
Denmark. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40235 Montgomery, Mark R.; Lloyd, Cynthia
B. Fertility and maternal and child health. In: The
impact of population growth on well-being in developing countries,
edited by Dennis A. Ahlburg, Allen C. Kelley, and Karen O. Mason. 1996.
37-65 pp. Springer-Verlag: New York, New York/Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"This chapter explores the relationship between levels of
fertility, on the one hand, and levels of mortality and morbidity among
women and children, on the other....Our task in this chapter is first
to weigh the evidence that has been accumulated, and then to consider
its implications for government investments in family planning
programs. That is, we shall ask whether family planning programs can be
justified in terms of their health benefits for women and children,
these benefits being derived from changes in the level, timing and
spacing of fertility." The geographical focus is on developing
countries.
Correspondence: M. R. Montgomery, Population
Council, Research Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY
10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40236 Norden, R. H. On the
distribution of completed parities when fertility is heritable.
Mathematical Population Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1996. 95-128, 171 pp.
Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"Over the
last one hundred years, there has been, in many developed countries, a
demographic convergence towards the two child family. The possible
implications for population growth of such a tendency are considered in
this paper in terms of both family limitation and also the
intergenerational transmission of fertility. These two effects interact
so that as the proportion of two-child families increases, the possible
influence of mother-daughter fertility associations on population
growth decreases, though even now it could override otherwise
significant changes in either or both of the birth and death
intensities. In particular, it is shown that according...to how
fertility is transmitted through generations, it is still possible to
have zero growth rates consistently with a widely dispersed stable
distribution of family size as well as a typical mortality
regime."
Correspondence: R. H. Norden, St. Wulstans,
Abbey Road, Chilcompton, Bath BA3 4HY, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40237 Otani, Kenji. The Cigno
model and cumulative fertility in Canada and Japan: the effects of
wife's education and work experience. Review of Economics and
Business, Vol. 24, No. 1-2, Mar 1996. 1-26 pp. Osaka, Japan. In Eng.
"This paper examined the effects of wife's education and work
experience on fertility comparing Canada and Japan on the basis of the
modified Cigno model....We used the micro data of the [1984] Canadian
Fertility Survey and the Ninth Japanese National Fertility Survey
[undertaken in 1987]....Finally we discussed the implication of these
findings [for] future fertility trends with a reference to the result
of decomposing recent changes in total fertility rate in Canada and
Japan."
Correspondence: K. Otani, Kansai University,
Faculty of Economics, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564, Japan.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40238 Patel, Tulsi. Fertility
behaviour: population and society in a Rajasthan village. ISBN
0-19-563539-6. 1994. xvi, 287 pp. Oxford University Press: Delhi,
India. In Eng.
"The present research attempts a holistic
perspective on fertility behaviour through a monographic study of a
village community. A holistic perspective here means an integrated view
of the village community and its functioning, especially in relation to
people's fertility. The aim is to understand fertility behaviour as an
integral part of village society." The village concerned is Mogra,
located in the Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, and the data were
collected during the course of in-depth interviews of 713 women and
their husbands conducted in 1984-1985. In addition to examining the
cultural and social factors affecting fertility, the author considers
the effects of child mortality on fertility, and the impact of both
indigenous and modern methods of fertility
control.
Correspondence: Oxford University Press, YMCA
Library Building, Jai Singh Road, Delhi 110 001, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40239 Pennec, Sophie; Blanchet, Didier;
Kojima, Hiroshi. Women's labour force participation and
family size: the case of France and Japan. Institute of Population
Problems Reprint Series, No. 26, May 1996. 76-106 pp. Institute of
Population Problems: Tokyo, Japan. In Eng. with sum. in Jpn.
The
authors investigate the impact of women's labor force participation on
fertility, with a focus on the examples of France and Japan. A model is
developed that postulates "that both activity and fertility
behaviours change in response to changes in a set of three latent
explanatory variables: the value attributed to work, the value
attributed to raising a large family, and the degree of incompatibility
between work and family care. Identification of the changes in these
three explanatory factors allows [discrimination] between the two
different potential scenarios for the explanation of the joint increase
in labour force participation rates and decrease in fertility: the
scenario where both variables would change in reaction to an increasing
inclination to work, and the scenario where the same change would
result from a change in attitudes toward large
families."
Correspondence: Institute of Population
Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-45, Japan. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40240 Pick, William M.; Obermeyer, Carla
M. Urbanisation, household composition and the
reproductive health of women in a South African city. Social
Science and Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 10, Nov 1996. 1,431-41 pp.
Tarrytown, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This paper
focuses on urbanisation, household structures and women's reproductive
histories. It examines the relationships between household composition,
migration, other socio-demographic variables, and fertility and
infertility in a group of women in a rapidly growing South African
city." The data are from a survey, carried out in 1989-1990, of
659 households in a suburb of Capetown.
Correspondence: W.
M. Pick, University of the Witwatersrand, Medical School, Department of
Community Health, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
62:40241 Raftery, Adrian E.; Lewis, Steven M.;
Aghajanian, Akbar; Kahn, Michael J. Event history modeling
of World Fertility Survey data. Mathematical Population Studies,
Vol. 6, No. 2, 1996. 129-53, 171 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
with sum. in Fre.
"Event history analysis seems ideally suited
for the analysis of World Fertility Survey [WFS] data, which consists
of full birth histories and related information, but it has not been
much used for this purpose. This may be because event history analysis
has practical drawbacks for WFS data, namely partial dates,
computational burden, the need to take account of five clocks at once
and the difficulty of interpreting coefficients. We propose a modeling
strategy for the event history analysis of WFS data which overcomes
these problems, and we apply it to the previously unanalyzed WFS data
from Iran. This yields estimates of the time of onset of fertility
decline and the extent to which it was due to compositional changes in
the population. It also enables us to determine whether it was a period
effect, a cohort effect, or both....In addition, the usefulness of ACE
[an Alternating Conditional Expectation algorithm] as an exploratory
tool for determining the best coding of independent variables is
illustrated."
Correspondence: A. E. Raftery,
University of Washington, Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology,
Box 353340, Seattle, WA 98195-3340. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40242 Rindfuss, Ronald R.; Morgan, S.
Philip; Offutt, Kate. Education and the changing age
pattern of American fertility: 1963-1989. Demography, Vol. 33, No.
3, Aug 1996. 277-90 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"Using pooled data from the 1980, 1985, and 1990 [U.S.]
Current Population Surveys, we describe fertility trends by age and
education for the period 1963-1989. Interest focuses on whether the
effects of education have changed across this period. We show that
women with college degrees experienced dramatic shifts toward later
ages of childbearing. This shift is consistent with arguments we
develop about the increased opportunity for women to pursue careers and
about changes in the availability of child
care."
Correspondence: R. R. Rindfuss, University of
North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, University Square, CB#
8120, 124 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40243 Rychtaríková,
Jitka. Current changes in the characteristics of
reproduction in the Czech Republic and the international
situation. [Soucasné zmeny charakteru reprodukce v
Ceské republice a mezinárodní situace.]
Demografie, Vol. 38, No. 2, 1996. 77-89 pp. Prague, Czech Republic. In
Cze. with sum. in Eng.
The author analyzes reproduction trends in
the Czech Republic and compares them with patterns in some other
European countries since World War II. "Population in the East has
a stronger feeling of insecurity and of a certain personal distress and
this fact contributes apparently towards creating...different family
strategies compared to the past."
Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40244 Sathar, Zeba A. Women's
schooling and autonomy as factors in fertility change in Pakistan: some
empirical evidence. In: Girls' schooling, women's autonomy and
fertility change in South Asia, edited by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M.
Basu. 1996. 133-49 pp. Sage Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"Since schooling, despite its low level of pervasiveness,
[has] an impact on fertility in Pakistan, it remains worthwhile to
investigate why this is so. To what extent is female schooling a
measure of the relative status of women? How important is the position
of women in influencing fertility? These are the questions which are
explored in this paper."
Correspondence: Z. A. Sathar,
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, P.O. Box 1091, Islamabad
44000, Pakistan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40245 Scotese, Carol A.; Wang,
Ping. Can government enforcement permanently alter
fertility? The case of China. Economic Inquiry, Vol. 33, No. 4,
Oct 1995. 552-70 pp. Huntington Beach, California. In Eng.
The
authors "quantitatively assess the main sources of fertility
fluctuations in China and find that only preference shifts, involving
education, health care and the employment and social status of women,
can generate a statistically significant long-run decline in fertility
growth. However, the government's enforcement power can explain some
short-run movements in fertility. To examine the effect of key
variables, we modify a growth model with endogenous fertility to
represent the average rural household's fertility decisions under
government imposed constraints. The model provides the structure
necessary to econometrically identify shocks to government enforcement
ability, agricultural output and preferences toward
fertility."
Correspondence: C. A. Scotese, Indiana
University, Bloomington, IN 47405. Location: Princeton
University Library (FST).
62:40246 Srinivasan, K. Recent
fertility trends and prospects in India. Current Science, Vol. 69,
No. 7, Oct 10, 1995. 577-86 pp. Bangalore, India. In Eng.
"There is an increasing pace of fertility decline in large
parts of...[India] in...recent years. Among the proximate determinants,
the variables that have played a dominant role in fertility changes
directly...are natural fertility and contraceptive use and indirectly,
female literacy and infant mortality. For [the] future, we can expect
the TFR to be in the range of 2.9 to 3.0 by the year 2001 and 2.00 to
2.13 by the year 2011. The spurt in the female literacy rate will have
a major impact on...future fertility
levels."
Correspondence: K. Srinivasan, Population
Foundation of India, B-28 Qutab Institutional Area, Tara Crescent, New
Delhi 110 016, India. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40247 Street, Alan. Projecting
complete cohort fertility in Singapore. Asia-Pacific Population
Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, Mar 1996. 59-86 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"The aim of this paper has been to describe one way in which
complete cohort fertility rates [for Singapore] may be projected into
the future, with the underlying purpose, essentially, of addressing the
issue of population replacement. It is certainly not claimed that this
is the only way or indeed necessarily the best way to make such
projections but, based as it is on the secure foundation of partial
cohort fertility, it possesses the advantage of being grounded in
objectively determined past fertility performance....The paper seeks to
justify the use of cohort fertility measures in the approach to
answering questions concerning population replacement and ends with a
very brief review...of some practical issues and of a method that could
be used where the available data are not as comprehensive as they are
in Singapore."
Correspondence: A. Street, Skandia
International Insurance Corporation, 13-10 Ocean Building, 10 Collyer
Quay, Singapore 049315. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40248 Thang, Nguyen Minh; Swenson,
Ingrid. Variations in Vietnamese marriages, births and
infant deaths by months of the Julian calendar and years of the
Vietnamese and Chinese astrological calendars. Journal of
Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jul 1996. 367-77 pp. Cambridge,
England. In Eng.
"The timing of births and marriages in
Vietnam appears to have some statistically significant relationships
with the signs of the Chinese and Vietnamese astrological calendars.
Years considered to be good years have significantly more births and
marriages than years that are not considered as desirable. Births and
marriages also have some significant variations with seasons of the
year. Infant deaths do not appear to have any significant relationships
with the astrological signs although infant mortality has some
significant relationships with seasons of the year. The findings
indicate that there is some purposeful planning for marriages and
births to coincide with optimal times defined in the astrological
calendars."
Correspondence: I. Swenson, University of
North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, University Square, CB8120,
143 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40249 Tolnay, Stewart E.
Structural change and fertility change in the South, 1910 to
1940. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 3, Sep 1996. 559-76
pp. Austin, Texas. In Eng.
"This paper provides new
information about the decline in [U.S.] southern fertility that
occurred between 1910 and 1940....This analysis focuses specifically on
fertility change, rather than static cross-sectional differences across
geographic areas. Fertility change and structural change are measured
for state economic areas (SEAs) within the South....The findings show
that southern fertility fell mainly because of a reduced pace of
childbearing by married couples, rather than less exposure to marital
fertility. Further, marital fertility decline was sharper in areas that
experienced larger reductions in the number of farms per capita, and
greater increases in education and manufacturing activity. Marriage
became less common in SEAs that saw growth in manufacturing
opportunities."
This paper was originally presented at the 1995
Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.
Correspondence: S. E. Tolnay, State University of New
York, Department of Sociology, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY
12222. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
62:40250 Torrado, Susana.
Reproduction in Argentina: facts and ideas.
[Procreación en la Argentina: hechos e ideas.] ISBN
950-515-372-4. 1993. 397 pp. Ediciones de la Flor: Buenos Aires,
Argentina; Centro de Estudios de la Mujer: Buenos Aires, Argentina. In
Spa.
Changes in fertility in Argentina are analyzed over time. The
study begins with a chapter on methods of fertility analysis. The
author then analyzes fertility trends from 1870 to 1980 in the context
of the country's socioeconomic progress. Focusing on fertility
differentials by social class and geographic region, she presents a
more detailed analysis of fertility in 1980. Finally, attempts to
influence fertility through policy measures are described. The author
notes that the process of change from high to low fertility took place
prior to the general availability of modern contraceptive methods. It
also occurred despite opposition from political, religious, and
military authorities to lowering fertility through family planning. She
notes that the poorer members of society, who now want to achieve a low
level of fertility, still have difficulty in obtaining access to modern
contraception.
Correspondence: Ediciones de la Flor,
Anchoris 27, 1280 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40251 Udjo, Eric O. Is
fertility falling in Zimbabwe? Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol.
28, No. 1, Jan 1996. 25-35 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"With an unequalled contraceptive prevalence rate in
sub-Saharan Africa, of 43% among currently married women in Zimbabwe,
the Central Statistical Office (1989) observed that fertility has
declined sharply in recent years. Using data from several surveys on
Zimbabwe, especially the birth histories of the Zimbabwe Demographic
and Health Survey, this study examines fertility trends in Zimbabwe.
The results show that the fertility decline in Zimbabwe is modest and
that the decline is concentrated among high order births. Multivariate
analysis did not show a statistically significant effect of
contraception on fertility, partly because a high proportion of
Zimbabwean women in the reproductive age group never use contraception
due to prevailing pronatalist attitudes in the
country."
Correspondence: E. O. Udjo, University of
Botswana, Department of Demography, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone,
Botswana. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40252 Vlassoff, Carol. Against
the odds: the changing impact of schooling on female autonomy and
fertility in an Indian village. In: Girls' schooling, women's
autonomy and fertility change in South Asia, edited by Roger Jeffery
and Alaka M. Basu. 1996. 218-34 pp. Sage Publications: New Delhi,
India. In Eng.
"This paper investigates the relationships
between female schooling, autonomy and fertility in a village in
Maharashtra [India] from the perspectives of unmarried adolescent girls
and young married women, and the changes in these relationships over a
12-year period. It argues that the above associations are not as
straightforward as is often suggested, and that educational advancement
and fertility decline may be simultaneous, but relatively independent,
processes, while female autonomy plays a marginal, and somewhat
equivocal, role."
Correspondence: C. Vlassoff, World
Health Organization, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40253 Wadhera, Surinder; Millar, Wayne
J. Pregnancy outcomes. [Issue des grossesses.] Health
Reports/Rapports sur la Santé, Vol. 8, No. 1, Summer 1996. 7-15
pp. Ottawa, Canada. In Eng; Fre.
This article examines trends in
the outcomes of pregnancies in Canada over the period 1974-1992,
including live births, abortions, and miscarriages or stillbirths.
"An estimated 525,100 pregnancies ended in Canada during 1992.
While this was a substantial increase from 438,300 in 1974, the
pregnancy rate in 1992--77 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15-44--was
actually lower than in 1974, when it had been 85 per 1,000. As the
pregnancy rate declined, there was a shift in outcomes. The share of
pregnancies that ended in live births fell from 79% to 76%, and the
proportion ending in miscarriages/stillbirths went from 9% to 5%. A
growing proportion of pregnancies ended in abortions: 19% in 1992,
compared with 12% in 1974."
Correspondence: S.
Wadhera, Statistics Canada, Health Statistics Division, Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 0T6, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40254 Wang, Yan. The impact of
boy preference on fertility in China. Chinese Journal of
Population Science, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1996. 69-75 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"[Son] preference is prevalent in China and has long
become a focus of concern by both the academic circles and the
government. However, the question about the extent of the impact of the
sex of existing children on fertility has never received a direct and
quantitative answer. Using data from a sample survey and analysis
techniques from a life table and the Arnold-Index method, this article
quantitatively calculates the specific amount of influence the sex of
children already born to women may have on the women's later fertility
behavior."
Correspondence: Y. Wang, Beijing Medical
University, Research Office of the Public Health College, Xue Yuan Lu,
Northern Suburb, Beijing 100083, China. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40255 Welti Chanes, Carlos.
Fertility in Mexico. [La fecundidad en México.] ISBN
970-13-0176-5. 1994. [viii], 251, [14] pp. Instituto Nacional de
Estadística, Geografía e Informática [INEGI]:
Aguascalientes, Mexico. In Spa.
This is one in a series of
monographs presenting analyses of data from the 1990 census of Mexico.
This study concerns fertility and contains chapters on the marital
status of the female population, fertility levels and trends, and
fertility rates. The focus is on changes in period fertility from 1980
to 1990 rather than on changes in cohort fertility. This is examined at
both the state and national levels. Some attention is also given to
fertility differentials by socioeconomic status.
Correspondence:
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e
Informática, Edificio Sede, Avenida Héroe de Nacozari
Número 2301 Sur, Fracc. Jardines del Parque, C.P. 20270,
Aguascalientes, AG, Mexico. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40256 Yadava, K. N. S. Status
and fertility of women in rural India. ISBN 81-85445-83-4. 1995.
x, 142 pp. Manak Publications: Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The main
objective of this book is to define women's status in rural eastern
Uttar Pradesh [India] and to examine its impact on fertility." The
data concern 864 women from 590 households living in rural areas.
Following chapters on survey methodology, there are chapters on women's
status in the region; the relationship between women's status and
fertility, fecundability, and knowledge, attitude, and practice of
family planning; and women's status and
fertility.
Correspondence: Manak Publications, G-19, Vijaya
Chowk, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi 110 092, India. Location: Columbia
University Library, New York, NY.
62:40257 Yusuf, Farhat; Siedlecky,
Stefania. Family formation patterns among migrant women in
Sydney. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan 1996.
89-99 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"A demographic survey
among a probability sample of 980 married migrant women was carried out
in Sydney in 1988. The sample included 507 Lebanese, 250 Turkish and
223 Vietnamese women. The study revealed differences in family
formation patterns within and between the three groups and between them
and the general population. Family size had declined among all three
groups compared with their family of origin, and it was clear that the
younger women would not achieve the same family size as the older
women. Migrant women tended to marry earlier than the general
population and to start their families earlier. While they showed a
strong preference for their children to marry within their own ethnic
and religious group, nearly one-third said it was up to the choice of
the individual. Overall, the future family size of younger migrant
women is expected to converge towards the Australian
norm."
Correspondence: F. Yusuf, Macquarie University,
School of Economic and Financial Studies, Demographic Research Group,
Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40258 Zakharov, Sergei V.; Ivanova, Elena
I. Fertility decline and recent changes in Russia: on the
threshold of the second demographic transition. In: Russia's
demographic "crisis", edited by Julie DaVanzo and Gwendolyn
Farnsworth. 1996. 36-83 pp. RAND: Santa Monica, California. In Eng.
"This paper surveys fertility trends in Russia since the
beginning of the 1900s, focusing on the 1980s and 1990s, with
comparisons to selected countries....[It] examines fluctuations in
post-war fertility, completed fertility of post-war generations, and
the timing of fertility. Distinguishing features of the fertility
decline in Russia appeared over the recent transitional period and in
the post-war trends, as well. An extremely large contribution by
younger mothers to the total number of births and short intervals
between successive births have been characteristic of Russian fertility
patterns in the last two decades. The paper introduces period and
cohort analyses of Russian fertility trends in 1979-1993. Though the
tempo of cohort fertility reflects shifts in the timing of births, the
results of cohort analysis show that the female post-war cohorts have
stabilized towards the two-child family. The findings of the present
research help to identify the historical point that Russia's fertility
transition has reached." Some comments by discussants are included
(p. 83).
Correspondence: S. V. Zakharov, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Institute for Economic Forecasting, Center for Demography and
Human Ecology, Leninsky Pr. 14, 117901 Moscow, Russia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40259 Zhang, Erli; Su, Ronggui.
Trend analysis of fertility in China in the 1990s. Chinese
Journal of Population Science, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1996. 51-8 pp. New York,
New York. In Eng.
"Fertility...in China in the early
1990s...dropped below replacement level, due to 20 years of continued
socioeconomic development since the adoption of the reform policies and
the persistent enforcement of birth control practices. Because many
women postponed marriage and childbearing in the early 1990s, fertility
is expected to surge in the mid and late 1990s. However, as long as
efforts are made to carry on family planning and improve services,
fertility will remain below the replacement level. At present, the
basis for the low-fertility rate is still precarious. In addition,
there is always the danger of `heaping' after a period of `dormancy' in
marriage and fertility."
Correspondence: E. Zhang,
State Family Planning Committee, Planning and Statistics Bureau,
Beijing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on differences in fertility patterns and levels in subgroups of a population. Also included are studies on age-specific fertility, such as teenage pregnancy.
62:40260 Chaudhury, Rafiqul H.
Factors affecting variations in fertility by states of India: a
preliminary investigation. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol.
11, No. 2, Jun 1996. 59-68 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"The
purpose of this paper has been to study the inter-state variation in
fertility [in India] in relation to certain aspects of female status
(education and employment) and the survival status of children
(infant/child mortality). Of these three status variables, survival
status of children, particularly the child mortality rate, emerges as
the single most important factor explaining inter-state variations in
fertility. The chances of survival of a child are strongly related to
fertility: the lower the chances of survival of a child (in other
words, the higher the child mortality rate), the higher is the
fertility rate....Female labour force participation, particularly a
woman's participation in activities outside the home for someone else,
turns out to be the second most important variable affecting
fertility....Female education, at less than the primary level, is the
third most important variable explaining inter-state variations in
fertility."
Correspondence: R. H. Chaudhury, UNDP,
P.O. Box 107, Kathmandu, Nepal. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40261 East, Patricia L. Do
adolescent pregnancy and childbearing affect younger siblings?
Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1996. 148-53 pp.
New York, New York. In Eng.
"To understand the consequences of
adolescent pregnancy and childbearing on siblings, a [U.S.] study
compares 309 younger brothers and sisters of pregnant, parenting and
never-pregnant teenagers. Compared with the younger siblings of
never-pregnant teenagers, the younger sisters of pregnant teenagers see
school and career as less important, are more accepting of adolescent
childbearing, perceive younger ages as appropriate for first
intercourse, marriage and childbearing and engage in more problem
behavior. The younger sisters of parenting teenagers are more accepting
of teenage childbearing than are younger sisters of never-pregnant
teenagers and have more definite intentions of having a child at a
young age. Compared with boys who have a never-pregnant older sister,
younger brothers of pregnant and parenting teenagers are more accepting
of nonmarital childbearing, ascribe more importance to childbearing,
perceive fewer problems related to early childbearing, have lower
self-esteem and report engaging in more drug use and partying
behavior."
Correspondence: P. L. East, University of
California, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40262 Luker, Kristin. Dubious
conceptions: the politics of teenage pregnancy. ISBN
0-674-21702-0. LC 95-52833. 1996. 283 pp. Harvard University Press:
Cambridge, Massachusetts/London, England. In Eng.
"In this
book we will look at what American society can and should be doing for
teenage parents and their children, as well as ways in which teenagers
might be persuaded to postpone childbearing. The discussion will be
shaped by what is sometimes called the social-construction model of
analysis. This model assumes that whatever the `facts' about pregnancy
and parenthood among teenagers, the public is nonetheless concerned
because teenagers and their pregnancies have come to represent a host
of other worrisome changes that are deeply rooted in American
society--changes involving race, age, gender, and poverty....How can
society's concern about teenagers and their babies be mobilized to good
effect? How can such anxiety be made less confused and inchoate--be
made to reflect real problems? Most centrally, how can society ensure
that this anxiety--which relates to sexuality, race, poverty, gender,
and a changing world economy--not simply exacerbate the existing
problems of young women and their babies?"
Correspondence:
Harvard University Press, 79 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40263 Narring, Françoise; Michaud,
Pierre-André; Sharma, Vinit. Demographic and
behavioral factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in
Switzerland. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 5, Sep-Oct
1996. 232-6 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"In this research
note, we seek to describe the general characteristics of 15-20-year-old
women [in Switzerland] who have ever been pregnant in a sample
representative of high school and vocational students....We then
analyze the relationships between social, demographic and lifestyle
variables, sexual behavior characteristics and pregnancy history."
Results indicate that "5% of 1,726 sexually active adolescents in
[this] group of 3,993...women...had ever been pregnant; most of these
women (80%) had terminated their pregnancy....Multiple logistic
regression analysis identified seven factors associated with pregnancy:
having had four or more sexual partners; not having used contraceptives
at first intercourse; ever use of less-effective contraceptive methods;
having used illicit drugs during the last 30 days; living apart from
one's parents; recently experiencing stress; and perceiving a lack of
future prospects."
Correspondence: F. Narring,
Institut Universitaire de Médecine Sociale et Préventive,
Bugnon 17, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40264 Oris, Michel. Fertility
and migration in the heart of the industrial revolution. History
of the Family, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1996. 169-82 pp. Greenwich,
Connecticut/London, England. In Eng.
"Using research into the
formation of industrial populations in the nineteenth century, this
article examines the relationships between immigration and natality in
Tilleur, an exemplary locality for studying the industrial revolution
in Belgium. The main purpose is to test the general hypothesis positing
a distinction between a foundation phase and a maturation phase in the
process through which an industrial population is formed. The results
are a contribution to the debate about the beginning of the fertility
transition in industrial cities, and its relations to differential
nuptiality and fertility in light of spatial
origins."
Correspondence: M. Oris, University of
Liège, Laboratory of Demography, 32 place du XX-Août, 4000
Liège, Belgium. Location: Princeton University Library
(PR).
Studies on infertility, as well as studies of spontaneous abortion, prematurity, and other relevant pathologies of pregnancy.
62:40265 Heinrichs, Jürgen.
Environment and fertility: introduction to aspects of sexual
ecology (contribution to world population trends). [Umwelt und
Fertilität: Einführung in Aspekte der Sexualökologie
(Beitrag zur Weltbevölkerungsentwicklung).] Politikwissenschaft,
Vol. 25, ISBN 3-8258-2040-8. 1994. 120 pp. Lit: Münster, Germany.
In Ger.
This book focuses on the interplay between fertility and
the environment, with a special emphasis on environmentally caused
infertility. There are chapters on occupational medicine and fertility,
population growth and environmental damage, environmental causes of
lowered fertility, experiences on the various continents, and human
rights in these matters, as well as a chapter on information sources
and an appendix containing news documents.
Correspondence:
Lit Verlag, Dieckstraße 73, 48145 Münster, Germany.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies concerning activities, including family planning programs, that are primarily designed to influence fertility.
General aspects of fertility control, primarily those concerned with family planning and family planning programs.
62:40266 Accampo, Elinor A. The
rhetoric of reproduction and the reconfiguration of womanhood in the
French birth control movement, 1890-1920. Journal of Family
History, Vol. 21, No. 3, Jul 1996. 351-71 pp. Thousand Oaks,
California. In Eng.
"Birth control movements that emerged in
Europe and the United States during the last third of the nineteenth
century lost their emancipatory and feminist potential in the twentieth
century as they succumbed to control by the medical profession,
eugenicists, and institutionalized goals of planned parenthood. The
neo-Malthusian movement in France, however, retained a radical
character and became a focal point for the convergence of libertarian,
feminist, and anarchist concerns. By emancipating women from their
`biological destiny' and separating sexuality and reproduction,
neo-Malthusian rhetoric reconfigured womanhood and established the
basis for women's development as full individuals and
citizens."
Correspondence: E. A. Accampo, University
of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40267 Ahituv, Avner; Hotz, V. Joseph;
Philipson, Tomas. The responsiveness of the demand for
condoms to the local prevalence of AIDS. Journal of Human
Resources, Vol. 31, No. 4, Fall 1996. 869-97 pp. Madison, Wisconsin. In
Eng.
"This paper investigates the degree to which the local
prevalence of AIDS increases the demand for disease-preventing methods
of contraception among young adults [in the United States]. Using data
from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY-1979), we find
substantial evidence that the use of condoms was quite responsive to
the prevalence of AIDS in one's state of residence, and this
responsiveness has been increasing over time. We present both
cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence estimating that a 1 percent
increase in the prevalence of AIDS increases the propensity to use a
condom significantly and up to 50 percent for the most
prevalence-responsive groups. Our findings lend support to the
existence of a self-limiting incentive effect of epidemics--an effect
that tends to be ignored in epidemiological theories of the spread of
infectious diseases."
Correspondence: V. J. Hotz,
University of Chicago, Harris School of Public Policy Studies, 1155
East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPIA).
62:40268 Alan Guttmacher Institute (New York,
New York). Readings on emergency contraception. ISBN
0-939253-42-9. 1996. 63 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
This report
contains a selection of articles published in either Family Planning
Perspectives or International Family Planning Perspectives between 1992
and 1996 on emergency contraception. The geographical focus is
worldwide. The topics covered include the effectiveness of different
regimens and the impact of emergency contraception on unintended
pregnancy.
Correspondence: Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120
Wall Street, New York, NY 10005. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40269 Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF] (Paris,
France). Methods of regulating human reproduction: impacts
on fertility and health. [Les modes de régulation de la
reproduction humaine: incidences sur la fécondité et la
santé.] No. 6, ISBN 2-7332-7013-3. 1994. xi, 777 pp. Presses
Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
These are the
proceedings of an international conference held in Delphi, Greece,
October 6-10, 1992, on aspects of fertility control. The 66 papers are
divided into six sessions. The first session looks at the social
pressures that affect fertility in various countries around the world.
The second session examines policies affecting fertility, and includes
both pro- and antinatalist policies. The next two sessions are
concerned with methods to increase and decrease fertility. There are
also sessions on problems of data collection and analysis, and on the
health impact of fertility control methods. The geographical focus is
worldwide, with particular emphasis on the French-speaking countries of
Africa and Europe.
Correspondence: Presses Universitaires
de France, 108 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006 Paris, France.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40270 Bertrand, Jane T.; Makani,
Bakutuvwidi; Edwards, Michael P.; Baughman, Nancy C.; Niwembo,
Kinavwidi L.; Djunghu, Balowa. The male versus female
perspective on family planning: Kinshasa, Zaire. Journal of
Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan 1996. 37-55 pp. Cambridge,
England. In Eng.
"Males have often been neglected in both
family planning programmes and in surveys used to design and evaluate
such programmes. A 1988 study on fertility, family planning and AIDS in
Kinshasa, Zaire, provides comparable data on 3,140 men and 3,485 women
of reproductive age which served as the basis for analyzing male/female
differences. The study indicated a fair degree of similarity in the
attitudes, beliefs, knowledge levels and practices of men and women
regarding fertility and family planning. Where they differed (e.g. on
expected or ideal number of children, the desire for more children at
parity 7 or above), men tended to be more pronatalist than women. The
implications of the findings for future family planning programmes are
discussed."
Correspondence: J. T. Bertrand, Tulane
University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans,
LA 70118. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40271 Caldwell, John C. The
International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 1994. Is
its Plan of Action important, desirable and feasible? Health
Transition Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, Apr 1996. 71-123 pp. Canberra,
Australia. In Eng.
This is an introduction to a forum on the 1994
International Conference on Population and Development and on its
resulting Plan of Action. Consisting of 12 papers by various authors,
it examines aspects of establishing family planning programs in
developing countries.
Correspondence: J. C. Caldwell,
Australian National University, National Centre for Epidemiology and
Population Health, Health Transition Centre, Canberra, ACT 0200,
Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40272 Cleland, John; Kamal, Nashid;
Sloggett, Andrew. Links between fertility regulation and
the schooling and autonomy of women in Bangladesh. In: Girls'
schooling, women's autonomy and fertility change in South Asia, edited
by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M. Basu. 1996. 205-17 pp. Sage Publications:
New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The objectives of this analysis are
two fold. First, we wish to establish whether or not the exposure of
[Bangladeshi] women to formal schooling enhances their autonomy or
position....Secondly and more importantly, we seek to assess the
effects of schooling and autonomy on contraceptive practice. Special
interest lies in the answers to two closely related questions: To what
extent is it possible to account for the link that usually exists
between schooling and fertility behaviour in terms of any empowering
effect of schooling? And does high autonomy have a major impact on
contraceptive use, after controlling for potentially confounding
factors such as socio-economic status and urban-rural
residence?"
Correspondence: J. Cleland, London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Population Studies, Keppel
Street, London WC1E 7HT, England. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40273 Crosier, Adam. Women's
knowledge and awareness of emergency contraception. British
Journal of Family Planning, Vol. 22, No. 2, Jul 1996. 87-91 pp. London,
England. In Eng.
The aim of this study was "to assess women's
knowledge, awareness and use of emergency contraception, and to
investigate women's views of how access to information about emergency
contraception might be improved....A sample of 1,354 women [in the
United Kingdom] aged 16 to 49 was identified from a national omnibus
survey of 125,000 individuals. Seven hundred and ninety eight
interviews were conducted by telephone with women aged 16 to 49 over a
one week period in November 1994....There was found to be very little
`spontaneous' awareness of the term, `emergency contraception'. When a
list of various contraceptive methods was read aloud, however, 97 per
cent of the sample had heard of the misleadingly named `morning after
pill'. Less than a quarter of these were able to say accurately how
long emergency contraceptive pills could be used following unprotected
sex or contraceptive failure."
Correspondence: A.
Crosier, Health Education Authority, Hamilton House, Mabledon Place,
London WC1H 9TX, England. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40274 Devi, D. Radha; Rastogi, S. R.;
Retherford, Robert D. Unmet need for family planning in
Uttar Pradesh. National Family Health Survey Subject Report, No.
1, May 1996. 25 pp. International Institute for Population Sciences
[IIPS]: Mumbai, India; East-West Center, Program on Population [POP]:
Honolulu, Hawaii. In Eng.
The unmet need for family planning in the
Indian state of Uttar Pradesh is examined. Using data from the
1992-1993 National Family Health Survey, the authors show that 30
percent of currently married women of reproductive age have an unmet
need for family planning, roughly the same percent as are currently
practicing family planning. They also note that the need for
contraception to space births is particularly acute. "Considerable
need for spacing exists, but 89 percent of that need is unmet. It is
therefore not surprising that 55 percent of all unmet need for
contraception in the state is due to unmet need for spacing. These
findings support the widespread perception that demand for temporary
methods exceeds supply, and that a greatly increased effort is needed
to meet the demand for temporary methods....Substantial proportions of
women with unmet need...say that they do not intend to use family
planning at any time in the future. " The variations in unmet need
by women's socioeconomic characteristics are
explored.
Correspondence: International Institute for
Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088,
India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40275 El-Zanaty, Fatma; Hussein, Enas M.;
Shawky, Gihan A.; Way, Ann A.; Kishor, Sunita. Egypt
Demographic and Health Survey, 1995. Sep 1996. xxiv, 348 pp.
National Population Council: Cairo, Egypt; Macro International,
Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Calverton, Maryland. In Eng.
This is the main report from the 1995 DHS survey, the third DHS
survey to be carried out in Egypt. It involved a nationally
representative sample of 14,779 ever-married women aged 15-49.
Following introductory chapters on survey methodology, there are
chapters on fertility; knowledge, attitudes, and ever use of family
planning; current use of family planning; nonuse and intention to use
family planning; fertility preferences; the proximate determinants of
fertility; infant and child mortality; maternal health care; child
health; infant feeding and maternal and child nutrition; female
circumcision; and women's status.
Correspondence: National
Population Council, P.O. Box 1036, Cairo, Egypt. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40276 El-Zanaty, Fatma H.
Women segmentation based on contraceptive use. Egyptian
Population and Family Planning Review, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jun 1994. 19-54
pp. Giza, Egypt. In Eng.
"This paper represents the main
results obtained from the in-depth analysis of the 1992 Egypt
Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data for women. Three main groups
were of interest, current [contraceptive] users, discontinuers and
non-users. The main characteristics of each group were studied, then
cluster analysis was applied [to] each group, which helps to identify
homogenous subgroups. Accordingly, special attention can be given to
each segment based on their characteristics. The results of the cluster
analysis indicated that, the key variables from which natural groups
emerge are area of residence, level of education, age, parity, desire
for more children, intention to practice family planning and husband's
approval. The clusters were mapped according to age and level of
intention to use family planning."
Correspondence: F.
H. El-Zanaty, Cairo University, Faculty of Economics and Political
Science, P.O. Box 12611, Giza, Egypt. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40277 Fathonah, Siti.
Contraceptive use dynamics in Indonesia. DHS Working Paper,
No. 20, Jul 1996. 31 pp. Macro International, Demographic and Health
Surveys [DHS]: Calverton, Maryland. In Eng.
"This report is
based on the DHS Model Further Analysis Plan on Contraceptive Use
Dynamics....The analyses use data from the 1994 Indonesia DHS survey.
The main aim of this report is to provide a comprehensive, descriptive
analysis of contraceptive discontinuation, switching, and failure in
Indonesia that is of interest to policymakers and researchers. The
structure of this report is as follows: Background, Data and
Methodology, Contraceptive Discontinuation Rates, Discontinuation Rates
by Reason for Discontinuation, Contraceptive Switching Behavior, and
Contraceptive Failure Rates. The report concludes with a discussion of
the main findings and their policy
significance."
Correspondence: Macro International,
Demographic and Health Surveys, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD
20705-3119. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40278 Feyisetan, Bamikale J.; Ainsworth,
Martha. Contraceptive use and the quality, price, and
availability of family planning in Nigeria. World Bank Economic
Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan 1996. 159-87 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Nigeria has experienced high fertility and rapid population
growth for at least the past thirty years. Only recently have public
authorities launched efforts to promote contraceptive use. In this
article, individual women are linked to the characteristics of the
nearest health facility, pharmacy, and source of family planning to
assess the relative importance of women's socioeconomic background and
the characteristics of nearby services on contraceptive use. The
results suggest that the limited levels of female schooling...are
constraining contraceptive use, especially in rural areas. Another
major constraint to increased contraceptive use is the low availability
of family planning services in Nigeria....Outpatient or consultation
fees at nearby health facilities do not appear to be constraining
demand for modern contraceptive methods."
Correspondence:
B. J. Feyisetan, Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of
Demography and Social Statistics, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Location:
Princeton University Library (UN).
62:40279 Graham, Anna; Green, Lora; Glasier,
Anna F. Teenagers' knowledge of emergency contraception:
questionnaire survey in south east Scotland. British Medical
Journal, Vol. 312, No. 7046, Jun 22, 1996. 1,567-9 pp. London, England.
In Eng.
The level of knowledge about emergency contraception among
young people in Scotland is explored. The data concern 1,206 pupils
aged 14 and 15 years in secondary schools in Lothian and were collected
in 1995. The results show that "one third of sexually active girls
aged under 16 in Lothian have used emergency contraception. This may
help explain the fairly constant teenage pregnancy rates despite
increasing sexual activity. Scottish teenagers are well informed about
the existence of emergency contraception. However, many do not know
when and how to access it properly."
Correspondence:
A. F. Glasier, Family Planning and Well Woman Services, 18 Dean
Terrace, Edinburgh EH4 1NL, Scotland. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
62:40280 Hoa, H. T.; Toan, N. V.; Johansson,
A.; Hoa, V. T.; Höjer, B.; Persson, L. Å. Child
spacing and two child policy in practice in rural Vietnam: cross
sectional survey. British Medical Journal, Vol. 313, No. 7065, Nov
2, 1996. 1,113-6 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The reproductive
history of women in rural Viet Nam is explored using data on 1,132
women who had at least one child under five years of age in 1992 in the
Red River Delta area. The results suggest that most families do not
adhere to the official family planning policy, which stipulates that
couples should have a maximum of two children with three to five years
spacing between births. "The mean age at first birth was 22.2
years. The average spacing between the first and the second child was
2.6 years. Mothers with a lower educational level, farmers, and women
belonging to the Catholic religion had shorter spacing between the
first and second child and also a higher probability of having a third
child. In addition, women who had no sons or who had lost a previous
child were more likely to have a third
child."
Correspondence: H. T. Hoa, c/o B. Höjer,
Karolinska Institute, Division of International Health Care Research,
Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
62:40281 Hynie, Michaela; Lydon, John
E. Sexual attitudes and contraceptive behavior revisited:
can there be too much of a good thing? Journal of Sex Research,
Vol. 33, No. 2, 1996. 127-34 pp. Mount Vernon, Iowa. In Eng.
"A longitudinal study was performed to explore a possible
curvilinear relationship between sexual attitudes and contraceptive
behavior. A community sample of 62 [Canadian] women recorded their
sexual and contraceptive behavior for five consecutive weeks using
daily diary reports. During an initial testing session, participants
were asked to report their contraceptive behavior in the last month and
to predict their contraceptive behavior for the coming month. Women
reported using less effective contraceptive methods during the five
weeks than they had for the month prior to the study and than they had
predicted for the month concurrent with the study. Both the consistency
and effectiveness of women's contraceptive behavior over the five weeks
were found to have a quadratic (inverted-U) relationship with their
sexual attitude....The results are discussed with respect to biases
inherent in subjective retrospective data and the possible link between
an extremely positive emotional orientation toward sexuality and
willingness to engage in high-risk sexual
behavior."
Correspondence: M. Hynie, McGill
University, Department of Psychology, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue,
Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
62:40282 Jaccard, James; Dittus, Patricia J.;
Gordon, Vivian V. Maternal correlates of adolescent sexual
and contraceptive behavior. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28,
No. 4, Jul-Aug 1996. 159-65, 185 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Maternal disapproval of premarital sex, maternal discussions
about birth control and the quality of the parent-child relationship
may have an important influence on adolescents' sexual activity and the
consistency of their contraceptive use. Findings from a survey of 751
black [U.S.] youths showed that adolescent perceptions of maternal
disapproval of premarital sex and satisfaction with the mother-child
relationship were significantly related to abstinence from adolescent
sexual activity and to less-frequent sexual intercourse and more
consistent use of contraceptives among sexually active youths.
Teenagers who reported a low level of satisfaction with their mother
were more than twice as likely as those highly satisfied with their
relationship to be having sexual intercourse. Discussions about birth
control were associated with an increased likelihood that adolescents
were sexually active. Such discussions were not significantly related
to consistent contraceptive use for female adolescents, but were
associated with increased contraceptive use for male
teenagers."
Correspondence: J. Jaccard, State
University of New York, Department of Psychology, Albany, NY 12222.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40283 Johnson, J. Timothy; Macke, Beth
A. Estimating contraceptive needs from trends in method
mix in developing countries. International Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 22, No. 3, Sep 1996. 92-6 pp. New York, New York. In
Eng. with sum. in Spa; Fre.
"Data from 106 national surveys
conducted in 35 countries between 1974 and 1992 permit calculation of
changes in total and method-specific prevalence and of annual rates of
change, upon which contraceptive forecasts can be based. In all, 44% of
women in the most recent surveys were practicing contraception; 36%
were using a modern method. Between the first and most recent surveys,
total contraceptive prevalence rose at an annual rate of 5%, and modern
method use increased by 6% annually. The increases were most rapid in
Sub-Saharan Africa (9-10% annually) and slowest in Latin America and
the Caribbean (3-4%). Whereas reliance on sterilization grew by 8%
yearly, increases in prevalence of the pill, IUD and condom were 2% or
less annually. In most regions, reliance on sterilization has changed
at a much quicker pace than use of other methods; the exception is
North Africa and the Middle East, where the annual increase for
sterilization has been modest, but IUD use has climbed quite
rapidly."
Correspondence: J. T. Johnson, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health,
Program Services and Evaluation Section, Atlanta, GA 30333.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40284 Kamal, Nashid. Influence
of family head's reproductive behaviour on the use of modern
contraceptive methods by other members of the family in rural
Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jul
1996. 297-303 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"A study in
Bangladesh showed that the probability of use of modern contraception
by eligible family members of a household increases significantly if
the household head himself is a user. Multinomial logistic regression
showed that contraceptive use was also significantly related with
maternal age, parity, education, socioeconomic status and experience of
child mortality. Inclusion of ever use of modern contraceptives by the
family head or his wife, showed family head's religiosity to be a
significant predictor of use, apart from his age and parity, and after
controlling for socioeconomic correlates."
Correspondence:
N. Kamal, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre
for Population Studies, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40285 Kanojia, J. K.; Nirbhavane, N. C.;
Toddywala, V. S.; Betrabet, S. S.; Patel, S. B.; Datte, S.; Gaur, L.;
Saxena, B. N. Dynamics of contraceptive practice amongst
urban Indian women. National Medical Journal of India, Vol. 9, No.
3, 1996. 109-12 pp. New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"In this study,
a mixed urban population was surveyed....Two thousand parous women from
different social and educational backgrounds residing in the metropolis
of Mumbai (Bombay), Maharashtra were included in the study....Fifty per
cent of illiterates, semi-literates and high-school educated, and 80%
of college-educated couples said that they had no gender preferences
for their children, but actual practice belied this. Regardless of the
level of education, 25%, 75% and 95% of all couples were sexually
active by 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after childbirth. Awareness
regarding the availability of various contraceptives increased with
education; 20% of all graduate couples used condoms or the rhythm
method immediately after marriage. After the birth of their first
child, 80% of educated couples used spacing methods whereas even after
the birth of their third child more than 50% of the uneducated did
not....Spacing methods were popular among the educated, and terminal
ones among the uneducated. Steroidal contraceptive pills were not
popular with any group, regardless of the level of
education."
Correspondence: V. S. Toddywala, Institute
of Research and Reproduction, Metabolic Department, Jehangir Merwanji
Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, Maharashtra, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40286 Khan, Mehrab A. Factors
affecting use of contraception in Matlab, Bangladesh. Journal of
Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jul 1996. 265-79 pp. Cambridge,
England. In Eng.
"This study examines the relationship between
family planning, perceived availability of contraceptives, and
sociodemographic factors in rural Bangladesh. Data are from the 1990
KAP survey in the Matlab treatment and comparison areas, using a sample
of about 8,500 married women of reproductive age. The contraceptive
prevalence rate was 57% in the treatment area but substantially lower
in the comparison area where mainly traditional methods of family
planning were used by women who did not know of a source of supply of
contraceptives. Education has no effect on contraceptive use in the
treatment area but in the comparison area, modest but consistent
differentials in use by level of education were found. Number of living
children is the best predictor for contraceptive use, followed by
number of living sons, and the attitude of respondents and their
husbands towards family planning."
Correspondence: M.
A. Khan, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,
Bangladesh, G.P.O. Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40287 Knodel, John; Pramualratana,
Anthony. Prospects for increased condom use within
marriage in Thailand. International Family Planning Perspectives,
Vol. 22, No. 3, Sep 1996. 97-102 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with
sum. in Spa; Fre.
"The transmission of the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from infected husbands to their wives is
now an important component of the AIDS epidemic in Thailand. Although
the value of condoms in reducing the spread of HIV is well-known among
Thai men and women, the rate of condom use for contraception among
married couples has never exceeded 2%. Focus groups and individual
interviews with both urban and provincial Thai men and women reveal a
number of formidable barriers to increasing the rate of marital condom
use: condoms are widely perceived as interfering with male sexual
pleasure, and they are primarily considered to be a prophylactic for
use with prostitutes. The potential for increasing the use of condoms
as a method of marital contraception appears limited, as highly
effective alternatives are widely available....Findings suggest that
general promotion of condoms for use during extramarital sex, together
with advocacy of voluntary HIV testing for individuals at high risk of
infection and counseling for those testing positive, are practical
recommendations."
Correspondence: J. Knodel,
University of Michigan, Department of Sociology, Population Studies
Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1070. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40288 Landry, David J.; Forrest, Jacqueline
D. Private physicians' provision of contraceptive
services. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 5, Sep-Oct
1996. 203-9 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Private
physicians provide family planning services to the majority of American
women. According to data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care
Survey, office-based physicians received on average 13.5 million visits
annually for contraceptive services during 1990-1992. Private insurance
was the expected form of payment for 38% of visits, while managed care
covered 22% of visits, and Medicaid or another source of public
assistance subsidized 12%; 22% were self-paid and 6% covered by other
sources. The majority of patients who received contraceptive services
gave a reason other than general family planning or care regarding a
specific contraceptive as the primary purpose for their visit, although
women covered by a managed care plan or through public funding were the
most likely to give general family planning needs as the main reason.
Women whose visit was listed as publicly funded were less likely to
have a contraceptive prescribed or provided or to obtain a Pap test
than were those expected to pay with private
insurance."
Correspondence: D. J. Landry, Alan
Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40289 Maynard-Tucker,
Gisèle. Haiti: unions, fertility and the quest for
survival. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 9, Nov 1996.
1,379-87 pp. Tarrytown, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This essay examines Haitian cultural and programmatic
barriers to modern contraception and reports on types of unions as they
relate to pregnancy and the prevalence of contraception." The data
are from three mini-surveys and represent 2,383 rural and urban women.
The results show that contraceptive usage is higher among urban (23%)
than rural (13%) women, and that the choice of contraceptive method is
influenced by the medical staff involved and by the availability of
specific methods. Recommendations are made about ways to increase
contraceptive usage, including improvements in the family planning
services provided, increased support for first-time users, and improved
education for women to encourage their greater economic
independence.
Correspondence: G. Maynard-Tucker,
International Health and Development Associates, 18133 Coastline Drive,
Suite 4, Malibu, CA 90265. Location: Princeton University
Library (PR).
62:40290 Measham, Anthony R.; Heaver, Richard
A. Supplement to India's Family Welfare Program: moving to
a reproductive and child health approach. Directions in
Development, ISBN 0-8213-3500-6. Mar 1996. vii, 113 pp. World Bank:
Washington, D.C. In Eng.
This is a companion volume to a report on
the policy issues that India faces concerning its family welfare
program. This supplement contains edited versions of the background
papers on which the main volume was based. There are papers on the
government's action plan to revamp the program, family welfare policy
issues, estimates of unwanted and wanted fertility, gender and poverty
concerns in a reproductive health program, reproductive and child
health services, the management of reproductive tract and sexually
transmitted infections, HIV/AIDS, IEC efforts and social marketing,
management and evaluation of a reproductive and child health program,
enhancing the role of private voluntary organizations, and financing
India's reproductive and child health program.
For the full report,
also published in 1996, see 62:30287.
Correspondence:
World Bank, Publications Department, 1818 H Street NW, Washington,
D.C. 20433. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40291 Oliver, Raylynn.
Contraceptive use in Ghana: the role of service availability,
quality, and price. Living Standards Measurement Study Working
Paper, No. 111, ISBN 0-8213-3020-9. LC 94-31691. Feb 1995. xi, 46 pp.
World Bank: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"In this paper,
individual women are linked to the characteristics of the nearest
pharmacy, health facility and source of family planning to assess the
relative importance of socioeconomic background and the availability,
price and quality of family planning services on contraceptive use and
fertility. The source of data is the 1988-89 Ghana Living Standards
Survey (GLSS). The results suggest that raising levels of female
schooling will also raise contraceptive use and lower fertility,
particularly in rural areas."
Correspondence: World
Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40292 Parazzini, Fabio; Negri, Eva; Ricci,
Elena; Franceschi, Silvia; La Vecchia, Carlo. Correlates
of oral contraceptive use in Italian women, 1991-93.
Contraception, Vol. 54, No. 2, Aug 1996. 101-6 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"In order to understand the determinants of oral
contraceptive (OC) use in Italy, we analyzed data on 1,577 women aged
under age 60 (median age 50 years) admitted as controls in a
case-control study of breast cancer....In this Italian population, OCs
were more likely to have been used by more educated and parous women,
and by women reporting a history of induced abortions. Furthermore, OC
use was less frequently reported by overweight women, but the finding
was of borderline statistical
significance."
Correspondence: F. Parazzini, Istituto
di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan,
Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40293 Potter, Linda; Oakley, Deborah; de
Leon-Wong, Emelita; Cañamar, Ruth. Measuring
compliance among oral contraceptive users. Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1996. 154-8 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"Irregular use of the pill compromises the
effectiveness of this highly reliable method. The consistency of
pill-taking has traditionally been estimated through women's own
reports of their patterns of pill use. In this study, self-reported
data on pill-taking were compared with data from an electronic device
measuring compliance among 103 [U.S.] women attending university health
services and publicly funded family planning clinics. In three months
of pill use, the electronic and self-reported data agreed on the number
of days when pills were missed only 45% of the time; the level of
agreement dropped from 55% in the first month to 38% in the third
month. In each month, the proportion of women reporting no missed pills
was much higher than the proportion recorded electronically (53-59%
compared with 19-33%), and the proportion missing at least three pills
according to the electronic data was triple that derived from the
women's reports (30-51% vs. 10-14%). In addition, the electronic data
recorded substantially more episodes in which women missed pills on two
or more consecutive days (88 vs. 30)."
Correspondence:
L. Potter, Family Health International, One Triangle Drive,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40294 Rahman, M. Mujibur; Islam, M. Nurul;
Islam, M. Mazharul. Users of traditional methods of
contraception in Bangladesh: 1981-91. Journal of Biosocial
Science, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jul 1996. 257-64 pp. Cambridge, England. In
Eng.
"This paper examines the changing patterns of knowledge,
attitude and use of traditional methods of contraception, compared to
modern methods, over the last five contraceptive prevalence surveys in
Bangladesh (1981-91). The results show that knowledge of at least one
method of family planning is universal in Bangladesh and usage is
higher at all ages for women who are using modern methods than for
those who are using traditional methods. Educated women and those in
employment are more likely to use modern contraceptive
methods."
Correspondence: M. M. Rahman, University of
Chittagong, Department of Statistics, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40295 Schuler, Sidney R.; Hashemi, Syed
M. Family planning outreach and credit programs in rural
Bangladesh. Human Organization, Vol. 54, No. 4, Winter 1995.
455-61 pp. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In Eng.
"Results of this
recent study in rural Bangladesh suggest that programs that draw women
out of their homes and reduce their dependence on men are contributing
to greater use of contraception. One such program, Grameen Bank, now
has female members in nearly half of all Bangladesh villages.
Participation in the program was found to be associated with high
levels of contraceptive use even among women who have not been exposed
to family planning outreach. For nonparticipants in communities where
the program works, the combination of home visits by female family
planning workers and the presence of Grameen Bank in the village
appears to have a dramatic effect on contraceptive
use."
Correspondence: S. R. Schuler, JSI Research and
Training Institute, Empowerment of Women Research Program, 1616 North
Fort Myer Drive, Arlington, VA 22209. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
62:40296 Sollom, Terry; Gold, Rachel B.; Saul,
Rebekah. Public funding for contraceptive, sterilization
and abortion services, 1994. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol.
28, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1996. 166-73 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"In this article, we present the results of our [fiscal year]
1994 survey on [U.S.] public funding for contraceptive, sterilization
and abortion services. These data are then analyzed with the results of
previous survey data collected between 1980 and 1992. The purpose of
this research is to examine current spending for family planning
services in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and other federal
jurisdictions from various funding sources and to identify trends in
public funding for family planning services." Results indicate
that "in 1994, federal and state funding for contraceptive
services and supplies reached $715 million. Funding totaled $148
million for contraceptive sterilization and $90 million for abortion
services....The largest source of public funds for family planning
services continues to be the joint federal-state Medicaid
program....State funds continue to be the second largest source,
providing almost one-quarter of reported public expenditures in
1994."
Correspondence: T. Sollom, Alan Guttmacher
Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40297 Soonthorndhada, Amara.
Sexual attitudes and behaviours and contraceptive use of late
female adolescents in Bangkok: a comparative study of students and
factory workers. IPSR Publication, No. 202, ISBN 974-588-356-5.
1996. ix, 95 pp. Mahidol University, Institute for Population and
Social Research [IPSR]: Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. In Eng.
This study
examines attitudes toward premarital sex and contraceptive usage among
adolescent women in Thailand. The data concern 500 unmarried female
adolescents in Bangkok, of whom 250 attended secondary schools and 250
worked in factories. The results indicate that despite their general
awareness of contraceptive methods, many young women did not know of a
place where they could obtain contraceptive services. Among the few
women who were sexually active, 5 out of 15 did not use birth control;
this was due to a reported lack of knowledge about
contraception.
Correspondence: Mahidol University,
Institute for Population and Social Research, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom
73170, Thailand. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40298 Thailand. National Statistical Office
(Bangkok, Thailand). Report of the survey of knowledge,
attitude and family planning practice in the southern region of
Thailand, 1994. ISBN 974-236-184-3. [1996?]. [xii], 49, 111 pp.
Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng; Tha.
Results of a KAP survey carried out
in southern Thailand in 1994 are presented. The survey involved all
women aged 15-49 residing in 10,308 households in both urban and rural
areas. The data for Muslim and Buddhist women are analyzed separately.
The results indicate that knowledge of contraception is almost
universal; that approval of contraception is higher among Buddhist
women (91.3%) than among Muslim women (70.6%); and that contraceptive
practice also differs significantly by religion (77.2% of Buddhist
women said they had ever practiced contraception compared to 36.9% of
Muslim women). Consideration is also given to differences in
contraceptive methods chosen.
Correspondence: National
Statistical Office, Statistical Data Bank and Information Dissemination
Division, Larn Luang Road, Bangkok 10100, Thailand. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40299 Thompson, M. S.
Contraceptive implants: long acting and provider dependent
contraception raises concerns about freedom of choice. British
Medical Journal, Vol. 313, No. 7069, Nov 30, 1996. 1,393-5 pp. London,
England. In Eng.
In response to a recent editorial in the British
Medical Journal, the author discusses some issues concerning
contraceptive implants. "Implanted contraceptives may increase the
choice of contraceptive methods, but they put control of fertility
increasingly into the hands of the medical profession. Herein lies
their greatest problem: their potential to increase providers' control
over clients' choice. There is the danger that certain groups of women
may be targeted for their use: in the United States the coercive use of
Norplant for mothers receiving welfare benefit has been suggested. Long
acting contraceptives are a contraceptive of choice only when they are
available without pressure, as part of a wider menu; when instant
removal on request is guaranteed; and when there is an open and free
flow of information and opinions between users, health professionals,
and special interest groups."
Correspondence: M. S.
Thompson, Apartado Postal 38, 29200 San Cristobal de las Casas,
Chiapas, Mexico. Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
62:40300 Toan, N. V.; Hoa, H. T.; Trong, P.
V.; Höjer, B.; Persson, L. Å.; Sundström, K.
Utilisation of reproductive health services in rural Vietnam; are
there equal opportunities to plan and protect pregnancies? Journal
of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 50, No. 4, Aug 1996. 451-5
pp. London, England. In Eng.
The authors "describe the
utilisation of reproductive health services (family planning, antenatal
care, and delivery services) and the socioeconomic determinants for
utilisation of health services [in Tien Hai district, Viet Nam]....In
spite of a relatively high educational level in the population and
services which are generally available, there was an under utilisation
of antenatal and delivery care and there was no equal opportunity for
different groups of mothers to use these services. Family planning
services were, however, frequently used and were used to the same
extent by different groups of mothers. Except for abortion,
alternatives to the intrauterine device method were rarely available.
If pregnancies are to be protected in an efficient way in rural
Vietnam, reproductive health care must be strengthened and efforts
should be made to reach the women who are not using these services at
present."
Correspondence: N. V. Toan, c/o B.
Höjer, Karolinska Institute, Department of Public Health Services,
Division of International Health Care Research, 171 77 Stockholm,
Sweden. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40301 United Nations. Department for
Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis. Population
Division (New York, New York). Family planning, health and
family well-being. No. ST/ESA/SER.R/131, Pub. Order No.
E.96.XIII.12. ISBN 92-1-151308-1. 1996. xiv, 458 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
These are the proceedings of a UN expert group
meeting held in Bangalore, India, October 26-30, 1992, one of six such
meetings convened as part of the preparations for the 1994
International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo,
Egypt. It contains a report of the meeting and its recommendations, as
well as a selection of the papers prepared for the meeting. These
papers are grouped under eight topics: general overview, society and
family planning, lessons learned from existing family planning
programs, issues in the implementation of family planning programs,
family planning and health, family planning and family well-being,
people's involvement in the future development of family planning
programs, and discussion notes.
Correspondence: United
Nations Secretariat, Population Division, Room DC2-1950, New York, NY
10017. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).
62:40302 Varea, C.; Crognier, E.; Bley, D.;
Boetsch, G.; Baudot, P.; Baali, A.; Hilali, M. K.
Determinants of contraceptive use in Morocco: stopping behaviour in
traditional populations. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 28,
No. 1, Jan 1996. 1-13 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"The
determinants of modern contraceptive use in traditional populations are
analysed in married women aged 30-44 living in the province of
Marrakech (Morocco)....The probability of contraceptive use increases
with female age at marriage and decreases with the woman's age,
indicating a generational change in reproductive behaviour. The
socioeconomic variables education, employment and residence, have no
significant independent predictive character on contraceptive use,
although the interaction between education and residence does. The
paper evaluates the hypothesis that traditional populations in the
initial phase of their demographic transition resort to modern
contraception in order to stop childbearing, when they have reached a
desired number of children, rather than to space births or reduce their
fertility."
Correspondence: C. Varea, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología, 28049
Madrid, Spain. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Selected studies on the medical aspects of fertility control methods, including studies on side effects and use-effectiveness.
62:40303 Kambic, R. T.; Lamprecht, V.
Calendar rhythm efficacy: a review. Advances in Contraception,
Vol. 12, No. 2, Jun 1996. 123-8 pp. Hingham, Massachusetts/Dordrecht,
Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
The authors review the
literature concerning the unplanned pregnancy rate associated with the
calendar rhythm method of natural family planning. Specifically, they
analyze eight studies published between 1940 and 1989. They show that
the pregnancy rates of from 15 to 18.5 indicated by the best of these
studies are in the same range of effectiveness as those associated with
more modern natural family planning and barrier methods. The need is
stressed for more clinical trials of the calendar method to establish
its true effectiveness.
Correspondence: R. T. Kambic, Johns
Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of
Population Dynamics, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40304 Kazi, Afroze; Kennedy, Kathy I.;
Visness, Cynthia M.; Khan, Talat. Effectiveness of the
lactational amenorrhea method in Pakistan. Fertility and
Sterility, Vol. 64, No. 4, Oct 1995. 717-23 pp. Birmingham, Alabama. In
Eng.
"The purpose of the present study was to determine the
contraceptive effectiveness of lactational amenorrhea method in a
cohort of women who ordinarily breastfeed their infants. This
prospective trial was conducted among rural and urban women in Pakistan
who received no special ongoing support for breastfeeding, but who
chose to use the lactational amenorrhea method as their
contraceptive." Results indicate that "the lactational
amenorrhea method was found to be highly effective for 6 months. A high
degree of contraceptive protection endures for a full year during
lactational amenorrhea, but not after the return of menses during
breastfeeding."
Correspondence: K. I. Kennedy, Family
Health International, P.O. Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40305 Ramos, Rebecca; Kennedy, Kathy I.;
Visness, Cynthia M. Effectiveness of lactational
amenorrhoea in prevention of pregnancy in Manila, the Philippines:
non-comparative prospective trial. British Medical Journal, Vol.
313, No. 7062, Oct 12, 1996. 909-12 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The contraceptive effectiveness of lactational amenorrhoea is
examined using data on 485 low-income women from urban Manila, the
Philippines. The results indicate that this method "was 99%
effective when used correctly (that is, during lactational amenorrhoea
and full or nearly full breast feeding for up to six months). At 12
months the effectiveness during amenorrhoea dropped to
97%."
Correspondence: K. I. Kennedy, 2201 South
Fillmore Street, Denver, CO 80210. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
62:40306 Soroodi-Moghaddam,
Sheitaneh. Quinacrine pellet method of nonsurgical female
sterilization in Iran: preliminary report on a clinical trial.
International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 22, No. 3, Sep 1996.
122-3, 127 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Spa.
"For a study of the safety, efficacy and acceptability of
female sterilization with quinacrine pellets in a private setting, data
on 160 women who obtained the procedure in Tehran between September
1990 and April 1994 were evaluated. Three-fourths of the women were
monitored for at least one year, and more than half were monitored for
more than two years. By the end of the study period, two women had
become pregnant, for a gross pregnancy rate of 1.2%; neither pregnancy
was ectopic. Within the first two months after the procedure, about
half of the women reported complications or side effects, which were
minor and easily treatable; after the first two months, the only side
effect reported was delayed menses. The cost of sterilization with
quinacrine pellets is one-10th that of surgical sterilization. However,
knowledge about the method is not widespread within the medical
community in Iran."
Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40307 Van Look, P. F. A.;
Pérez-Palacios, G. Contraceptive research and
development, 1984 to 1994: the road from Mexico City to Cairo and
beyond. ISBN 0-19-563630-9. 1994. xvi, 546 pp. Oxford University
Press: Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This book records the
proceedings of a symposium organized by the Government of Mexico and
the UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research,
Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Renowned
international experts review the progress made in the field of
fertility regulation research since 1984, when Mexico City hosted the
International Conference on Population. The book not only covers the
biomedical aspects of contraceptive research, it also includes chapters
on knowledge gained through social science research and on the
perspectives of women's health advocates."
Correspondence:
Oxford University Press, YMCA Library Building, Jai Singh Road,
Delhi 110 001, India. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40308 World Health Organization. Family and
Reproductive Health (Geneva, Switzerland). Improving
access to quality care in family planning. Medical eligibility criteria
for initiating and continuing use of contraceptive methods. No.
WHO/FRH/FPP/96.9, 1996. 143 pp. Geneva, Switzerland. In Eng.
This
document is designed to improve access to quality care in family
planning programs. It reviews the medical eligibility criteria for
selecting methods of contraception, and summarizes the recommendations
of two WHO scientific working groups convened in Geneva in 1994 and
1995. "The document provides recommendations for appropriate
medical eligibility criteria based on the latest clinical and
epidemiological data and is intended to be used by policy-makers,
family planning programme managers and the scientific community. It
aims to provide guidance to national family planning/reproductive
health programmes in the preparation of guidelines for service delivery
of contraceptives. It should not be seen or used as the actual
guidelines but as a reference."
Correspondence: World
Health Organization, Family Planning and Population, Family and
Reproductive Health, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies evaluating either the demographic impact or other criteria of effectiveness of family planning programs.
62:40309 Ahlburg, Dennis A.; Diamond,
Ian. Evaluating the impact of family planning
programmes. In: The impact of population growth on well-being in
developing countries, edited by Dennis A. Ahlburg, Allen C. Kelley, and
Karen O. Mason. 1996. 299-335 pp. Springer-Verlag: New York, New
York/Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"The aims of this chapter are:
(1) to investigate the relationship between fertility decline and
family planning programmes, with a particular emphasis on the use of
contraceptives; (2) to assess the contribution of family planning
programmes to fertility decline; (3) to discuss the components of a
good family planning programme....We discuss the avenues through which
a family planning programme and socioeconomic development can affect
fertility...[and] discuss the numerous approaches that have been
employed to identify the impact of family planning programmes (and
socioeconomic development) on fertility." The geographical focus
is on developing countries.
Correspondence: D. A. Ahlburg,
University of Minnesota, Center for Population Analysis and Policy,
Minneapolis, MN 55455. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40310 Card, Josefina J.; Niego, Starr;
Mallari, Alisa; Farrell, William S. The Program Archive on
Sexuality, Health and Adolescence: promising "prevention programs
in a box". Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 5,
Sep-Oct 1996. 210-20 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"The
Program Archive on Sexuality, Health and Adolescence (PASHA) identifies
programs aimed at preventing pregnancies and sexually transmitted
diseases among [U.S.] teenagers, and makes materials from interventions
with demonstrated effectiveness available to practitioners around the
country. With the assistance of a panel of experts, PASHA has
identified an initial group of 15 pregnancy prevention and 15 sexually
transmitted disease prevention programs for inclusion in its
collection; to date, 24 programs have accepted PASHA's invitation to
participate. Once a program agrees to participate, PASHA packages all
materials required to replicate or adapt the intervention, along with a
user's guide, two evaluation instruments and a directory guiding users
to sources of assistance. As additional effective programs are
identified and agree to submit their materials for archiving and
distribution, they will be added to the
collection."
Correspondence: J. J. Card, Program
Archive on Sexuality, Health, and Adolescence, Sociometrics
Corporation, 170 State Street, Suite 260, Los Altos, CA 94022.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40311 Forrest, Jacqueline D.; Samara,
Renee. Impact of publicly funded contraceptive services on
unintended pregnancies and implications for Medicaid expenditures.
Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 5, Sep-Oct 1996. 188-95 pp.
New York, New York. In Eng.
"In this article, we use updated
national-level data to estimate the annual numbers of unplanned
pregnancies, births and abortions averted by use of publicly funded
family planning services in the United States....We also estimate the
number of unplanned pregnancies averted in each state. Additionally, we
assess the public-sector benefits of averting unplanned pregnancies in
terms of two measures: the number of women who would become eligible
for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) or Medicaid if they
experienced an unplanned pregnancy; and a cost-benefit ratio capturing
savings to Medicaid....This analysis presents several indications that
public funding for family planning services is both socially beneficial
and fiscally prudent. In the late 1980s, roughly one-fourth of women
using reversible contraceptives depended on a publicly funded
provider--most of them on family planning clinics....For 1994, we
estimate that 1.5 million unplanned pregnancies were averted among the
6.5 million women who obtained contraceptive services from family
planning clinics; nearly one million of these women attended Title
X-funded sites."
Correspondence: J. D. Forrest, Alan
Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40312 Fort, Alfredo L. More
evils of CYP. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 27, No. 4, Jul-Aug
1996. 228-31 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Much controversy
has arisen about the usefulness of couple-years of protection (CYP) as
an indicator to measure family planning program
effectiveness....Unfortunately, little discussion has taken place and
few recommendations have been made about how to use CYP wisely in
different contexts, or about its limitations when comparisons are made
between different types of programs....Apart from not addressing the
more sustainable aspects of quality in family planning programs, an
overemphasis on CYP heavily favors clinic-based services, to the
detriment of the community-based modes of service
delivery."
Correspondence: A. L. Fort, CARE-Peru,
Apartado Postal 11-0628, Lima 11, Peru. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40313 Khandker, Shahidur R.; Latif, M.
Abdul. The role of family planning and targeted credit
programs in demographic change in Bangladesh. World Bank
Discussion Paper, No. 337, ISBN 0-8213-3707-6. LC 96-32183. 1996. vii,
32 pp. World Bank: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This paper
pursues the following questions: (i) whether family planning programs
were important in contributing to the recent fertility decline in
Bangladesh, and (ii) whether targeted credit programs for the poor
aiming to alleviate poverty could improve the use of contraceptives and
reduce infant mortality and fertility....Based on the household survey
data from 87 rural villages in Bangladesh, this paper suggests that
government family planning programs as well as other health care
interventions have contributed toward the recent reduction in fertility
by increasing contraceptive use and reducing infant
mortality."
Correspondence: World Bank, 1818 H Street
NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40314 Kiragu, Karungari; Krenn, Susan;
Kusemiju, Bola; Ajiboye, Joseph K. T.; Chidi, Ibiba; Kalu,
Otum. Promoting family planning through mass media in
Nigeria: campaigns using public service announcements and a national
logo. IEC Field Report, No. 5, Jul 1996. xi, 58 pp. Johns Hopkins
School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs: Baltimore,
Maryland. In Eng.
This report analyzes the impact of two nationwide
multimedia campaigns conducted in 1992 in Nigeria and designed to
increase awareness, approval, acceptance, and use of family planning.
The two campaigns involved a series of messages broadcast on radio and
television promoting the benefits of family planning and encouraging
the use of modern contraceptive methods. Also, more than one million
pieces of printed matter featuring the country's new national child
spacing symbol were distributed. "Logistic regression was used to
assess the relationship between campaign exposure and three family
planning outcomes: favorable attitudes toward family planning,
communication between spouses, and current contraceptive use. The
analysis controlled for many potential confounding factors, including
education, age, gender, religion, parity, and ownership of a radio or
television set. Results show that campaign exposure was positively
associated with all three outcomes."
Correspondence:
Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health,
Center for Communication Programs, Population Information Program, 111
Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202-4012. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40315 Kirby, Douglas B.; Brown, Nancy
L. Condom availability programs in U.S. schools.
Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 5, Sep-Oct 1996. 196-202 pp.
New York, New York. In Eng.
"School condom availability
programs have been promoted as a promising approach for increasing
condom use among students, for reducing the risk of infections with the
human immunodeficiency virus and with other sexually transmitted
diseases and for preventing unintended pregnancy. Data from a telephone
survey of key individuals at school condom programs across the United
States suggest that as of January 1995, at least 431 public schools in
50 U.S. school districts made condoms available--2.2% of all public
high schools and 0.3% of high school districts. In about half of the
schools that were surveyed, students obtained more than one condom per
student per year, on average, and in 14% students obtained more than
six. Students in alternative schools, in smaller schools, in schools
that made condoms available in baskets and in schools with health
clinics obtained more condoms per student per year than did students in
other schools."
Correspondence: D. B. Kirby, ETR
Associates, Santa Cruz, CA. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40316 Phillips, James F.; Hossain, Mian B.;
Arends-Kuenning, Mary. The long-term demographic role of
community-based family planning in rural Bangladesh. Studies in
Family Planning, Vol. 27, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1996. 204-19 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"Experimental studies demonstrating the
effectiveness of nonclinical distribution of contraceptives are
typically conducted in settings where contraceptive use is low and
unmet need is extensive. Determining the long-term role of active
outreach programs after initial demand is met represents an
increasingly important policy issue in Asia, where contraceptive
prevalence is high and fixed service points are conveniently available.
This article examines the long-term rationale for household family
planning in Bangladesh--where growing use of contraceptives, rapid
fertility decline, and normative change in reproductive preferences are
in progress, bringing into question the rationale for large-scale
deployment of paid outreach workers. Longitudinal data are analyzed
that record outreach encounters and contraceptive-use dynamics in a
large rural population. Findings demonstrate that outreach has a
continuing impact on program effectiveness, even after a decade of
household visitation."
Correspondence: J. F. Phillips,
Population Council, Research Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New
York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40317 Thomas, Duncan; Maluccio,
John. Fertility, contraceptive choice, and public policy
in Zimbabwe. World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan 1996.
189-222 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Zimbabwe has invested
massively in public infrastructure since independence in 1980. The
impact of these investments on demographic outcomes is examined using
household survey data matched with two community level surveys. A
woman's education is a powerful predictor of both fertility and
contraceptive use. These relationships are far from linear and have
changed shape in recent years. After controlling for household
resources, both the availability and quality of health and family
planning services have an important impact on the adoption of modern
contraceptives. In particular, outreach programs such as mobile family
planning clinics and community-based distributors (CBDs) have been
especially successful. However, not all women are equally served by
this infrastructure. For example, CBDs have a bigger impact on younger,
better educated women, while mobile family planning clinics appear to
have more success with older, less educated
women."
Correspondence: RAND, Labor and Population
Program, 1700 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138. Location:
Princeton University Library (UN).
62:40318 Yoder, P. Stanley; Hornik, Robert;
Chirwa, Ben C. Evaluating the program effects of a radio
drama about AIDS in Zambia. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 27,
No. 4, Jul-Aug 1996. 188-203 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This study describes an approach to the analysis of data that
is designed to isolate program effects for evaluations and applies that
approach to a program in Zambia designed to disseminate AIDS
information. Evidence is considered that a radio drama broadcast for
nine months had an impact on knowledge and behavior related to AIDS
among Bemba speakers in northern Zambia. Using results from large
sample surveys (1,600 men and women), conducted before and after the
drama was broadcast, the analyses compare changes in knowledge and
behavior in those most likely and least likely to have listened to the
broadcast. While the population as a whole had improved its knowledge
substantially, and some people reported having reduced risky behavior,
attributing these changes to the program itself was not
possible."
Correspondence: P. S. Yoder, University of
Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communications, 3620 Walnut Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6220. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
Studies concerned with the interrelations between fertility control and attitudinal variables, including studies on wanted and unwanted pregnancy and children, motivation for parenthood, sex preference, and voluntary childlessness. Studies on knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) of family planning and attitudes toward family size are classified under this heading.
62:40319 Briggs, L. A. Secondary
school teachers opinion about contraceptive practice and pregnancy
among school girls in Port Harcourt, Nigeria: implications for family
planning programmes. Malaysian Journal of Reproductive Health,
Vol. 12, No. 1, Jun 1994. 1-9 pp. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In Eng.
"This study examines the viewpoint of secondary school
teachers on reproductive health--specifically their attitude towards
contraceptive practice among sexually active schoolgirls and their
general opinion on teenage pregnancy. A sample survey of teachers was
conducted in all the registered girls' and mixed post primary schools
in Port Harcourt [Nigeria]. A substantial proportion of teachers were
of the opinion that sexually active schoolgirls should not be
encouraged to use contraceptives because it damages the reproductive
organs. A greater proportion (33.8%) of teachers were also of the
opinion that schoolgirls should restrain from sex until they are
married. This was closely followed by the suggestion that sexually
active girls should use contraceptives (20.8%). [A] majority (48.3%) of
teachers however advocated...sex education programmes in schools in
order to prevent unwanted pregnancies."
Correspondence:
L. A. Briggs, College of Education, PMB 5047, Port Harcourt,
Nigeria. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40320 Grady, William R.; Tanfer, Koray;
Billy, John O. G.; Lincoln-Hanson, Jennifer. Men's
perceptions of their roles and responsibilities regarding sex,
contraception and childrearing. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol.
28, No. 5, Sep-Oct 1996. 221-6 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Data from the 1991 [U.S.] National Survey of Men examine
men's perceptions about their roles in relation to those of women in a
couple's decision-making about sex, contraception and the rearing of
children. A majority of men (61%) perceive that there is gender
equality in sexual decision-making, and more than three-quarters (78%)
believe that men and women share equal responsibility for decisions
about contraception. However, men are three times as likely to say that
women play a greater role in a couple's decisions about sex as they are
to believe that men have the greater voice (30% compared with 9%). In
contrast, men are more than twice as likely to perceive that men have a
greater responsibility in contraceptive decisions as they are to say
that women do (15% compared with 7%). Finally, 88% of men strongly
agree that a man has the same responsibilities as a woman for the
children they have together."
Correspondence: W. R.
Grady, Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers, 400 NE 41st Street,
Seattle, WA 98105. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40321 Haughton, Dominique; Haughton,
Jonathan. Using a mixture model to detect son preference
in Vietnam. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jul
1996. 355-65 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"Son preference
is strong in Vietnam, according to attitudinal surveys and studies of
contraceptive prevalence and birth hazards. These techniques assume a
single model is valid for all families, but it is more plausible that
son preference is found for some, but not all, families....This paper
specifies and estimates a two-Weibull regression model, applied to the
interval between the second and third births. The data come from the
Vietnam Living Standards Survey of 1992-93. Applying information
criteria, graphs, and martingale-based residuals, the two-Weibull model
is found to fit better than a one-Weibull model. Roughly half of
parents have son preference and, curiously, a propensity for fewer
children. The other group has more children, no son preference, and is
colourless in the sense that the birth interval is difficult to predict
on the basis of the regressors used."
Correspondence:
D. Haughton, Bentley College, Department of Mathematical Sciences,
175 Forest Street, Waltham, MA 02154. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40322 Holzer, Werner; Münz,
Rainer. Desire to have children in Austria.
[Kinderwunsch in Österreich.] Zeitschrift für
Bevölkerungswissenschaft, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1996. 69-102 pp. Munich,
Germany. In Ger. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
"Of Austrians of both
genders 20-39 years of age, more than half (1993: 56%) desire to have
at least one child, or at least one more child. Only a small minority
(8%) plans to remain childless for life....As a rule, there is a
discrepancy between desired and actual family size....Overall,
Austrians have somewhat fewer children than they actually desire to
have....Of the 20-39-year-olds who do not wish to have children, the
majority (72%) indicated that they already had the number of children
they desired under the existing circumstances....In the event that
certain family policy measures were actually instituted, two-thirds
(64%) of those 20-39 years of age who desire to have (another) child
expect such measures to provide substantial support for the realization
of that desire."
Correspondence: W. Holzer,
Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt, Abteilung 1
(Bevölkerung), Hintere Zollamtsstraße 2b, Postfach 1000,
1033 Vienna, Austria. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40323 Lu, Rongkan; Wang, Minyang.
An evaluation of the social benefits of population education in
China's ordinary middle schools. Chinese Journal of Population
Science, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1996. 103-17 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Through follow-up investigations and comparative analysis
[of] the later marriage and fertility behaviors of the senior high
school students [in China] from the classes 1982 through 1986 in five
rural educational trial and non-trial high schools, this article
examines the impact of population education on changing students'
viewpoints on population, marriage, and fertility, and on standardizing
their marriage and fertility behaviors, and bringing them to abide by
the family planning policy. Findings suggest that popularizing
population education in middle schools is a prerequisite project for
advancing the country's population
transformation."
Correspondence: R. Lu, Shandong
College, Population Education Research Institute, College of Education,
25 Shanda Road South, Jinan 250100, Shandong Province, China.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40324 Mace, Ruth. When to have
another baby: a dynamic model of reproductive decision-making and
evidence from Gabbra pastoralists. Ethology and Sociobiology, Vol.
17, No. 4, Jul 1996. 263-73 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Maximizing reproductive success involves having as many
children as possible that can themselves reproduce successfully. Thus,
when [parents in Gabbra, Kenya] decide to have another baby, they must
trade off the probability that they will be able to afford to raise the
child and marry it off successfully when it reaches maturity against
the risk that feeding and raising that child would diminish the family
herd, harming the marriage prospects of other children and possibly
even leading to household destitution. Here I use a dynamic,
state-dependent optimality model to analyze this trade-off. The
decision to have another baby depends on household wealth and the
number of children they already have. Parents should not necessarily
reproduce at the maximum rate to maximize reproductive success, and the
costs of marrying off a child have a large impact on the optimal family
size."
Correspondence: R. Mace, University College
London, Department of Anthropology, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
England. Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
62:40325 Obermeyer, Carla M.
Fertility norms and son preference in Morocco and Tunisia: does
women's status matter? Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No.
1, Jan 1996. 57-72 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"This paper
investigates the normative and behavioural dimensions of son preference
in Morocco and Tunisia, using data from the Demographic and Health
Surveys of the two countries. It considers three measures of son
preference: (1) mothers' ideal number of children, and any preference
for having more sons than daughters; (2) the desire for additional
children, given their existing family; (3) reported use of
contraception in relation to the existing number of children of each
sex. The analyses indicate a moderate preference for sons in both
countries, and suggest that this preference is somewhat stronger in
Tunisia. These findings are interpreted within the cultural context of
the two countries, and in particular societal notions of women's
status."
Correspondence: C. M. Obermeyer, Harvard
University, School of Public Health, 9 Bow Street, Cambridge, MA 02138.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40326 Razzaque, Abdur.
Reproductive preferences in Matlab, Bangladesh: levels, motivation
and differentials. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 11, No.
1, Mar 1996. 25-44 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"This
article examines whether reproductive preferences and the motivation
behind the preferences are similar in two areas of Bangladesh; it also
attempts to determine whether reproductive preferences vary by
sociodemographic subgroups. In both areas, mean desired family size was
found to be slightly over three children and women said that they
preferred to have two sons. Also, it [was] found that the economic cost
of children and knowledge of family planning were mainly responsible
for the small family-size desire. The article draws out a number of
implications for policy and programme
purposes."
Correspondence: A. Razzaque, International
Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, G.P.O. Box 128,
Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40327 Rindfuss, Ronald R.; Brewster, Karin
L.; Kavee, Andrew L. Women, work, and children: behavioral
and attitudinal change in the United States. Population and
Development Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, Sep 1996. 457-82, 603, 606 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"The United
States at mid-century had a strong norm that mothers of young children
should be full-time homemakers. Since then, there has been a strong
trend toward higher levels of labor force participation of mothers of
preschool-age children. Since the early 1970s, this trend in labor
force participation has been accompanied by stable fertility rates. In
this article, using attitudinal data, the authors show that there has
been a substantial weakening of the norm that mothers of preschool
children should stay home with their children. This change in measured
attitudes is pervasive and appears to have been led by well-diffused
behavioral change. The authors conclude by arguing that this change in
attitudes has played an important role in the stabilizing of U.S.
fertility levels."
Correspondence: R. R. Rindfuss,
University of North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, University
Square, CB 8120, 124 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on induced abortion, including those on attitudes, with the exception of studies primarily concerned with government regulation of abortion, which are coded under M.2. Measures Affecting Fertility . Studies of spontaneous abortion appear under F.3. Sterility and Other Pathology .
62:40328 Costa, Marie. Abortion:
a reference handbook. Contemporary World Issues, 2nd ed. ISBN
0-87436-827-8. LC 96-12251. 1996. xviii, 339 pp. ABC-Clio: Santa
Barbara, California. In Eng.
"The purpose of this book is to
provide access to the available information, as well as the full
spectrum of thought, on abortion. It does not attempt to promulgate any
view, except the view that all voices should be heard and listened to.
As objectively as possible, it presents historical and factual
background information, along with resources for further exploration
into the social, psychological, legal, medical, political, and moral
aspects of abortion." It includes sections on abortion laws and
policies worldwide and in the United States. It also contains
information about number of abortions, characteristics of women having
abortions, abortion-related deaths, abortion techniques, abortion
complications, and sources of data.
Correspondence:
ABC-Clio, 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911, Santa Barbara, CA
93116-1911. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40329 Fonseca, Walter; Misago, Chizuru;
Correia, Luciano L.; Parente, João A. M.; Oliveira, Francisco
C. Determinants of induced abortion among poor women
admitted to hospitals in the northeast region of Brazil.
[Determinantes do aborto provocado entre mulheres admitidas em
hospitais em localidade da região Nordeste do Brasil.] Revista
de Saúde Pública, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1996. 13-8 pp.
Fortaleza, Brazil. In Por. with sum. in Eng.
"In Brazil,
abortion is legally allowed only when it is necessary to save a woman's
life or when pregnancy has occurred following rape. Despite this law,
induced abortion is widely carried out. This study presents the
findings as to the determinants of 2,084 abortions admitted to two
major obstetric hospitals in Fortaleza, Brazil, between October 1992
and September 1993....The study findings indicate that
self-administration of medicines plays an important role in terminating
pregnancy. Among the 2,074 women who admitted to terminating the
pregnancy 66% reported using misoprostol to induce abortion....Among
women who were hospitalized for complications from abortion about 59.7%
were 20 to 29 years old and 22.6% were aged less than 20....Most of the
women (59.2%) reported less than 2 live births and 11.8% had
experienced a previous abortion; 61.1% of the women were not using a
contraceptive method at the time of
conception."
Correspondence: W. Fonseca,
Fundação Instituto de Estudos e Projetos sobre a
Saúde da Mulher, Criança e Adolescente, Rua Silva Jatahy,
15 Sala 801, Fortaleza 60170-020 Ceará, Brazil. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40330 Githens, Marianne; Stetson, Dorothy
M. Abortion politics: public policy in cross-cultural
perspective. ISBN 0-415-91224-5. 1996. xiii, 234 pp. Routledge:
New York, New York/London, England. In Eng.
This is a collection of
papers by various authors comparing abortion politics and policies in
various developed countries. "The role of political institutions
and groups in defining policy [is] examined along with their impact on
implementation. Emphasis is given to the importance of both the
domestic political environment and regional organizations, such as the
European Union." The 10 papers are organized into four parts,
titled Rhetoric and reform: struggles over the law; The reality factor:
availability and access to abortion services; Rhetoric, reality, and
rights: the implications of the policy environment; and Beyond
abortion: new reproductive technologies.
Correspondence:
Routledge, 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40331 Hadley, Janet. Abortion:
between freedom and necessity. ISBN 1-85381-858-5. 1996. xiii, 238
pp. Virago: London, England. In Eng.
In this book, the author
"considers abortion politics with an international perspective and
explores some of the new issues affecting the abortion controversy,
such as the abortion pill and prenatal testing for birth defects. She
challenges many of the arguments offered by the pro-life and pro-choice
advocates, arguing for a renewed feminist commitment to abortion as a
fundamental element of sexual freedom."
Correspondence:
Virago, Brettenham House, Lancaster Place, London WC2E 7EN,
England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40332 Henshaw, Stanley K.; Kost,
Kathryn. Abortion patients in 1994-1995: characteristics
and contraceptive use. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No.
4, Jul-Aug 1996. 140-7, 158 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Results of a 1994-1995 [U.S.] survey of 9,985 abortion
patients reveal that women who live with a partner outside marriage or
have no religious identification are 3.5-4.0 times as likely as women
in the general population to have an abortion. Nonwhites, women aged
18-24, Hispanics, separated and never-married women, and those who have
an annual income of less than $15,000 or who are enrolled in Medicaid
are 1.6-2.2 times as likely to do so....When age is controlled, women
who have had a live birth are more likely to have an abortion than are
those who have never had children. Catholics are as likely as women in
the general population to have an abortion, while Protestants are only
69% as likely and Evangelical or born-again Christians are only 39% as
likely. Since 1987, the proportion of abortions obtained by Hispanic
women and the abortion rate among Hispanics relative to that for other
ethnic groups have increased. The proportion of abortion patients who
had been using a contraceptive during the month they became pregnant
rose from 51% in 1987 to 58%."
Correspondence: S. K.
Henshaw, Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY
10005. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40333 Israel. Central Bureau of Statistics
(Jerusalem, Israel). Demographic characteristics of women
applying for interruption of pregnancy in Israel, 1992. Monthly
Bulletin of Statistics, Vol. 45, No. 11, Suppl., Nov 1994. 25-54 pp.
Jerusalem, Israel. In Eng; Heb.
Data are presented on the
characteristics of the women who applied for legal induced abortion in
Israel in 1992. Of 18,477 applications, 17,873 were
approved.
Correspondence: Central Bureau of Statistics,
P.O. Box 13015, Hakirya, Romema, Jerusalem 91130, Israel. Location:
Princeton University Library (FST).
62:40334 Israel. Central Bureau of Statistics
(Jerusalem, Israel). Socio-demographic characteristics of
women applying for interruption of pregnancy in Israel, 1993.
Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, Vol. 46, No. 11, Suppl., Nov 1995.
177-212 pp. Jerusalem, Israel. In Eng; Heb.
Information is
presented on the demographic and social characteristics of the 17,165
women who applied for legal abortion in Israel in 1993; of these
applications, 16,670 were approved.
Correspondence: Central
Bureau of Statistics, P.O. Box 13015, Hakirya, Romema, Jerusalem 91130,
Israel. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).
62:40335 Joffe, Carole. Doctors
of conscience: the struggle to provide abortion before and after Roe v.
Wade. ISBN 0-8070-2100-8. LC 95-11851. 1995. xvi, 250 pp. Beacon
Press: Boston, Massachusetts. In Eng.
This is a study of the
providers of induced abortion in the United States, and how the
services they provided were affected by the legalization of abortion
following the Roe v. Wade decision of 1975. It is based on interviews
with 45 individuals, defined by the author as "physicians of
conscience". Consideration is also given to the problems faced by
doctors performing legal abortions in the face of the threat of violent
opposition from anti-abortion activists.
Correspondence:
Beacon Press, 25 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02108-2892.
Location: Princeton University Library (FST).
62:40336 Johansson, Annika; Tuyet, Le Thi
Nham; Lap, Nguyen The; Sundström, Kajsa. Abortion in
context: women's experience in two villages in Thai Binh Province,
Vietnam. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 22, No.
3, Sep 1996. 103-7 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Spa;
Fre.
"The government of Vietnam adopted a two-child policy in
the 1980s to curb population growth; Vietnam now has one of the highest
abortion rates in the world. In rural Thai Binh Province, where some
local authorities strictly enforce the national population policy
through a system of financial incentives and disincentives, 114
abortions occurred for every 100 births in 1991. A survey in two
villages in Thai Binh among 228 women who had abortions that year
revealed that contraceptive choice was limited; the IUD was essentially
the only modern method used, and many women had given it up because of
side effects. On average, the women had had 2.4 live births and 1.5
abortions....The most frequent reasons for choosing an abortion were
wanting to save money and to avoid being fined for exceeding the
two-child limit. Husbands were the most important persons in sharing
the abortion decision; parents and parents-in-law often did not agree
with the decision....The village where the national population policy
guidelines were more stringently enforced had twice the abortion ratio
of the village where enforcement was more
lenient."
Correspondence: A. Johansson, Karolinska
Institute, Department of International Health and Social Medicine, Unit
of International Health Care Research, Stockholm 104 01, Sweden.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40337 Johnston, Heidi B.; Hill, Kenneth
H. Induced abortion in the developing world: indirect
estimates. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 22,
No. 3, Sep 1996. 108-14, 137 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum.
in Spa; Fre.
"An analysis of Demographic and Health Survey
data provides indirect estimates of the prevalence of abortion in 21
developing countries by rearranging Bongaarts's proximate determinants
model to allow calculation of the index of abortion from the other
principal proximate determinants of fertility (marriage, contraceptive
use and postpartum insusceptibility to pregnancy), average total
fecundity and total fertility. On average, abortion appears to have an
influence on fertility similar to that of contraceptive use. This
influence appears to be particularly strong in the four Latin American
countries in the analysis, where abortion reduces fertility by 38-55%.
In contrast, abortion's fertility-reducing effect is only 6-19% in the
Near East and 0-32% in Africa. In five countries for which two sets of
DHS data are available, this reductive effect appears to have increased
over time."
Correspondence: H. B. Johnston, Johns
Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of
Population Dynamics, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40338 Kulczycki, Andrzej; Potts, Malcolm;
Rosenfield, Allan. Abortion and fertility regulation.
Lancet, Vol. 347, No. 9016, Jun 15, 1996. 1,663-8 pp. New York, New
York/London, England. In Eng.
This is a general review of the place
of induced abortion in fertility regulation around the world, in the
light of recommendations adopted at the International Conference on
Population and Development held in Cairo, Egypt, in 1994. "To
achieve their desired fertility, women use a combination of
contraception and abortion, and some societies also place constraints
on marriage and sexual activity. The degree to which these means are
adopted varies considerably, but for the foreseeable future abortion
will remain an important element of fertility regulation. Globally,
complications of unsafe abortion affect hundreds of thousands of women
each year, and account for as many as 100,000 deaths annually (about
two in ten maternal deaths), mainly in poor countries, where abortion
typically remains illegal. Access to safe abortion is both essential
and technically feasible and should be provided in combination with
good quality family planning services."
Correspondence:
M. Potts, International Family Health, Parchment House, 13
Northburgh Street, London EC1V OAH, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (SZ).
62:40339 Meier, Kenneth J.; Haider-Markel,
Donald P.; Stanislawski, Anthony J.; McFarlane, Deborah R.
The impact of state-level restrictions on abortion.
Demography, Vol. 33, No. 3, Aug 1996. 307-12 pp. Silver Spring,
Maryland. In Eng.
"This research examines 23 different laws
passed by [U.S.] state governments in an effort to restrict the number
of abortions. It assesses both laws passed and laws actually enforced
after the Supreme Court permitted states to restrict access to abortion
in 1989. None of the policy actions by state governments has had a
significant impact on the incidence of abortion from 1982 to 1992.
Abortion rates continue to reflect past abortion rates, the number of
abortion providers, whether the state funds abortions for
Medicaid-eligible women, urbanism and racial composition of the
population. Recent restrictive policies have not affected these
trends."
Correspondence: K. J. Meier, University of
Wisconsin, Department of Political Science, Milwaukee, Box 413,
Milwaukee, WI 53201. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40340 Pérez, Amanda B.; Abracinskas,
Lilian; Beramendi, Carmen; Flores Colombino, Andrés;
França, Omar; Grela, Cristina; Guillot, Gervasio; Labandera,
Heraclio; Lamas, Daniel; Montano, Pedro; Sanseviero, Rafael; Sapriza,
Graciela; Vaillant, Víctor; Verdier, Pablo.
Abortion: voices in a debate. [Aborto: voces de una
polémica.] 1994. 259 pp. ARCA: Montevideo, Uruguay. In Spa.
This book contains 13 specially commissioned articles by prominent
people representing various positions in the debate over abortion,
which is illegal in Uruguay. They are grouped under the following
topics: the definition of abortion and concept of life, the legislative
history of abortion in Uruguay, the reality of abortion, the current
debate, and statistics.
Correspondence: ARCA, Andes 1118,
Montevideo, Uruguay. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40341 Popov, Andrej A. Family
planning and induced abortion in post-Soviet Russia of the early 1990s:
unmet needs in information supply. In: Russia's demographic
"crisis", edited by Julie DaVanzo and Gwendolyn Farnsworth.
1996. 84-112 pp. RAND: Santa Monica, California. In Eng.
"The
paper notes that the incidence of abortion in Russia is by far the
highest in the world. The unavailability of efficient contraceptives
and the official legitimization of abortion have led to the formation
of an `abortion culture,' in which abortion has become the main, if not
the only, method of birth control--readily available free of charge in
virtually all clinics and often performed in improper hygienic
conditions and even without anesthesia. The concentration of women's
reproductive activity in early ages is also linked to abortion...:
women try to achieve their desired number of children in young age and
then abort all subsequent unwanted pregnancies without fear of
secondary sterility and other reproductive complications that are often
caused by frequent abortions. Only in recent years, as the availability
of effective contraceptives has increased and the negative effects of
abortion have been openly discussed in the media, have abortion rates
begun a slow decline." Brief comments by discussants are included
(p. 112).
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40342 Porter, Elisabeth.
Culture, community and responsibilities: abortion in Ireland.
Sociology, Vol. 30, No. 2, May 1996. 279-98 pp. Colchester, England. In
Eng.
"The defence of abortion from individualistic
rights-based arguments understates social context and ostracises
communities that draw on the language of collective responsibilities.
In trying to understand restrictive abortion legislation in Ireland, I
argue for a more constructive, less oppositional debate. As the basis
for dialogue, I focus on the common ground of women's experiences,
their changing social roles and general commitment to nurture others.
The defence of abortion from responsibility-based arguments
reconceptualises abortion from an individual woman's private dilemma,
to a social conflict of care that requires culturally sensitive and
morally responsible choices."
Correspondence: E.
Porter, University of Ulster, Department of Social and Community
Sciences, County Londonderry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
62:40343 Sun, Wei. A note on
"An economic approach to abortion demand". American
Economist, Vol. 39, No. 2, Fall 1995. 90-1 pp. New York, New York. In
Eng.
An abortion demand model originally developed by Donna S.
Rothstein is reestimated using a continuous abortion price variable
instead of a dummy variable. Results indicate that in contrast to the
estimations of the previous study, abortion price and Medicaid funding
have insignificant effects on the demand for abortion in the United
States. Policy implications are discussed.
For the study by
Rothstein, published in 1992, see 59:30320.
Correspondence:
W. Sun, University of Notre Dame, Department of Economics, Notre
Dame, IN 46556. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).
62:40344 Udry, J. Richard; Gaughan, Monica;
Schwingl, Pamela J.; van den Berg, Bea J. A medical record
linkage analysis of abortion underreporting. Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 5, Sep-Oct 1996. 228-31 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"Inaccuracy in women's reports of their abortion
histories affects many areas of interest to reproductive health
professionals and researchers. The identification of characteristics
that affect the accuracy of reporting is essential for the improvement
of data collection methods. A comparison of the medical records of 104
American women aged 27-30 in 1990-1991 with their self-reported
abortion histories revealed that 19% of these women failed to report
one or more abortions. Results of logistic regression analysis indicate
that nonwhite women were 3.3 times as likely as whites to underreport.
With each additional year that had elapsed since the first recorded
abortion, women became somewhat more likely to underreport (odds ratio
of 1.3), while each additional year of a woman's education slightly
decreased the likelihood of underreporting (odds ratio of
0.7)."
Correspondence: J. R. Udry, University of North
Carolina, Department of Sociology, CB 3210, Hamilton Hall, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599-7460. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on lactation, nutrition, fecundability, sex behavior, menarche and menopause, and other biological factors or social customs as they affect fertility directly. Factors affecting contraceptive practice and factors affecting fertility indirectly are not included here.
62:40345 Altieri, P.; Monari, P.; Montanari,
A. Biometric aspects of the menstrual cycle. [Aspetti
biometrici del ciclo mestruale.] Statistica, Vol. 55, No. 3, Jul-Sep
1995. 285-302 pp. Bologna, Italy. In Ita. with sum. in Eng.
"In this paper we examine some biometric aspects of women's
fertility cycle and we statistically test a hypothesis concerning the
effects of hormone interactions on cycle temporal dynamics. The data
base has been provided by the Catholic Marriage Advisory Council
Centre...and concerns 31,290 cycles (belonging to 1,781 women),
classified according to their length, the length of pre and post ovular
phases and woman's age. The distributional model of cycle and phase
lengths has been estimated by a kernel procedure and interesting
statistical cause-effect relationships have been highlighted showing a
sort of hormonal balancing action on the physiological
process."
Correspondence: P. Altieri,
Università di Bologna, Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica III,
Bologna, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40346 Cramer, Daniel W.; Xu,
Huijuan. Predicting age at menopause. Maturitas, Vol.
23, No. 3, 1996. 319-26 pp. Limerick, Ireland. In Eng.
"The
average or median age at menopause is around 50 years, but the
probability of menopause at earlier ages is less well appreciated as
are other factors which impact on age at menopause. Recently the
authors completed a study [in the United States] of variables that
might predict age at menopause using a cross-sectional study of 8,000
women aged 45-54 in greater Boston and a more intensive case-control
study of several hundred women with early menopause sampled from the
cross-sectional study. The methods and results of this study have been
described in four articles....In this paper, we will use these data as
well as other published information to illustrate some of the
statistical, epidemiologic, and clinical issues relevant to predicting
when a woman will make her menopausal
transition."
Correspondence: D. W. Cramer, Brigham and
Women's Hospital, OB-GYN Epidemiological Center, Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40347 Hinde, P. R. Andrew; Mturi, Akim
J. Social and economic factors related to breast-feeding
durations in Tanzania. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No.
3, Jul 1996. 347-54 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"Some
social and economic factors related to breast-feeding durations in
Tanzania are analysed using current status data taken from the 1991-92
Tanzanian Demographic and Health Survey. Proportional hazards and
proportional odds models are estimated. The results show that
breast-feeding durations vary according to the region of residence of
the mother and child (and whether they are living in a rural or an
urban area), the age of the mother at the time of the birth, the order
of the birth, and the mother's religion."
Correspondence:
P. R. A. Hinde, University of Southampton, Department of Social
Statistics, Southampton SO9 5NH, England. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40348 Randall, Walter. The
annual temporal pattern of human births in the USA. Biological
Rhythm Research, Vol. 26, No. 5, 1995. 505-20 pp. Lisse, Netherlands.
In Eng.
The impact of temperature on annual changes in the patterns
of human conceptions in the United States is analyzed using official
data for the period 1945-1988. "The data are transformed to remove
linear trends, and to remove over-all mean differences, and to remove
differences in amplitude. The data are then clustered into...regional
groups....The subtle changes with time are described, and a comparison
with a...[Tasmanian] pattern indicates, along with other data, that
temperature is irrelevant in effecting the annual pattern of changes in
conceptions."
Correspondence: W. Randall, University
of Iowa, Department of Psychology, Iowa City, IA 52242. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40349 Setel, Philip. The
effects of HIV and AIDS on fertility in East and Central Africa.
Health Transition Review, Vol. 5, Suppl., 1995. 179-89 pp. Canberra,
Australia. In Eng.
"This article addresses the potential
effects of AIDS on fertility and reproductive decisions in East and
Central Africa. The problem is seen in terms of a tightly knit
continuum of biological, epidemiologic and cultural contexts, and the
prevailing conditions of response to the epidemic....HIV and AIDS may
well diminish the fertility of affected individuals and groups in
Africa, but probably not through conscious action on the part of
infected persons themselves. The damage done by the virus to
reproductive physiology, its effects during pregnancy, its synergistic
relationship with STDs and the conditions of risk for HIV that relate
to STDs and STD-induced infertility, will all contribute to a spectrum
of interconnected effects that could lower fertility among people with
HIV. Under present circumstances, it seems unlikely that a sufficient
number of infected people will know about their disease early enough to
respond in such a way as to affect the total fertility of large groups
or nations."
Correspondence: P. Setel, Australian
National University, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population
Health, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
Studies on nonmarital fertility, including illegitimacy. Studies of common-law marriage and other forms of cohabitation or voluntary single parenthood are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household .
62:40350 Carmichael, Gordon A.
From floating brothels to suburban semirespectability: two
centuries of nonmarital pregnancy in Australia. Journal of Family
History, Vol. 21, No. 3, Jul 1996. 281-315 pp. Thousand Oaks,
California. In Eng.
"The sexual revolution that through the
1950s and 1960s saw nonmarital fertility and marital childbearing
following premarital conception rise rapidly in Australia, especially
among women in their teens and early twenties, received considerable
research attention. Now, in the mid-1990s, childbearing following
nonmarital pregnancy has assumed a very different character. The
pregnant teenaged bride is almost a thing of the past, and nonmarital
births occur mainly at normative reproductive ages within consensual
unions. Similar trends have occurred in other developed countries, but
Australia boasts an unusual precedent for this new phase, in that
during its early years of colonial settlement, convictism also gave
rise to widespread childbearing within consensual unions. This
precedent and the distinctive circumstances that produced it are
explored in the context of tracing the full and varied history of
fertility associated with nonmarital coitus in
Australia."
Correspondence: G. A. Carmichael,
Australian National University, Research School of Social Sciences,
Department of Demography, G.P.O. 4, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40351 Israel. Central Bureau of Statistics
(Jerusalem, Israel). Births from pre-marital pregnancies
among Jews, 1972-1990. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, Vol. 46,
No. 11, Suppl., Nov 1995. 157-76 pp. Jerusalem, Israel. In Eng; Heb.
"This publication presents data on first births of Jewish
married women [in Israel] who became pregnant prior to marriage."
The data are for the period 1972-1990.
Correspondence:
Central Bureau of Statistics, P.O. Box 13015, Hakirya, Romema,
Jerusalem 91130, Israel. Location: Princeton University
Library (FST).
