Studies that treat quantitative fertility data analytically. References to crude data are coded under S. Official Statistical Publications . Methodological studies specifically concerned with fertility are cited in this division and cross-referenced to N. Methods of Research and Analysis Including Models , if necessary.
Analytical studies of quantitative birth data and reproduction rates and studies of fertility and its concomitants. Studies of age at marriage, divorce, and factors influencing family size are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household .
62:40211 Acs, Gregory. The impact
of welfare on young mothers' subsequent childbearing decisions.
Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 31, No. 4, Fall 1996. 898-915 pp.
Madison, Wisconsin. In Eng.
The impact of welfare on fertility in
the United States is explored, focusing on the theory that some women
have many children to increase their incomes and to prolong their stay
on welfare rolls. The author "examines the relationship between
welfare and births to women who already have a child, using data on
young mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). I
find that variations in welfare benefit levels and the incremental
benefit have no statistically significant impacts on the subsequent
childbearing decisions of young mothers in general, nor on the
subsequent childbearing decisions of women who received welfare in
particular. Furthermore, mothers who received welfare to support their
first children are no more likely to have additional children in any
given year through the age of 23."
Correspondence: G.
Acs, Urban Institute, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPIA).
62:40212 Ainsworth, Martha. A
symposium on fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Economic
Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan 1996. 79-222 pp. World Bank: Washington,
D.C. In Eng.
This special section contains four papers on aspects
of fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. The papers attempt to provide some
answers to two basic questions. The first concerns how Sub-Saharan
Africa is different from other developing regions with regard to the
factors influencing the demand for children, and, if it is different,
the extent to which policies and programs associated with fertility
decline in other regions will be effective in Africa. The second
concerns whether high levels of fertility are the result of low levels
of economic development that encourage large families, or a consequence
of the insufficient provision of family planning information and
methods.
Selected items will be cited in this or subsequent issues
of Population Index.
Correspondence: M. Ainsworth, World
Bank, Policy Research Department, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C.
20433. Location: Princeton University Library (UN).
62:40213 Ainsworth, Martha; Beegle, Kathleen;
Nyamete, Andrew. The impact of women's schooling on
fertility and contraceptive use: a study of fourteen Sub-Saharan
countries. World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan 1996.
85-122 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This article examines the
relationship between female schooling and two behaviors--cumulative
fertility and contraceptive use--in fourteen Sub-Saharan African
countries where Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) have been
conducted since the mid-1980s. Average levels of schooling among women
of reproductive age are very low, from less than two years to six.
Controlling for background variables, the last years of female primary
schooling have a negative relation with fertility in about half of the
countries, while secondary schooling is associated with substantially
lower fertility in all countries. Female schooling has a positive
relationship with contraceptive use at all levels. Among ever-married
women, husband's schooling exerts a smaller effect than does female
schooling on contraceptive use and, in almost all cases, on
fertility."
Correspondence: M. Ainsworth, World Bank,
Policy Research Department, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433.
Location: Princeton University Library (UN).
62:40214 Amin, Sajeda. Female
education and fertility in Bangladesh: the influence of marriage and
the family. In: Girls' schooling, women's autonomy and fertility
change in South Asia, edited by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M. Basu. 1996.
184-204 pp. Sage Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This
paper explores the connections between women's status, education and
fertility, drawing upon evidence from a long-term, intensive village
study on family structure and change in two villages in north-west
Bangladesh. While we utilise individual level data from the village
study and from a large nationally representative fertility survey, the
emphasis is on familial and contextual factors affecting women's
lives."
Correspondence: S. Amin, Population Council,
One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40215 Anderies, John M. An
adaptive model for predicting !Kung reproductive performance: a
stochastic dynamic programming approach. Ethology and
Sociobiology, Vol. 17, No. 4, Jul 1996. 221-45 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"A stochastic dynamic programming model is presented
that supports and extends work on the reproductive performance of the
!Kung Bushmen [of Botswana]..., proposing that !Kung women and their
reproductive systems may be maximizing reproductive success. The
stochastic dynamic programming approach allows the construction of a
whole-life model where the physical/environmental constraints along
with the uncertainty about future events !Kung women face when making
reproductive choices can be explicitly built in....By including the
effect of the mother's mortality...the model allows for further
exploration of the application of an adaptive approach to human
reproductive performance. By adding some considerations about the risks
of childbirth for the mother the model not only predicts optimal birth
spacing...but also predicts the optimal time for a woman to begin and
cease having children. These predictions coincide with menarche and
menopause and shed light on their possible adaptive
value."
Correspondence: J. M. Anderies, University of
British Columbia, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada. Location: Princeton University
Library (SZ).
62:40216 Basu, Alaka M. Girls'
schooling, autonomy and fertility change: what do these words mean in
South Asia? In: Girls' schooling, women's autonomy and fertility
change in South Asia, edited by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M. Basu. 1996.
48-71 pp. Sage Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"In
this paper I...try to understand, first...what words such as education,
autonomy and fertility change mean in the South Asian cultural milieu.
Then...I try to understand the ways in which female schooling may lead
to increased female autonomy and...the ways in which increased female
autonomy in turn may lead to lower fertility. In each case, I begin
with the problems--in defining the terms of interest, in interpreting
relationships, and in drawing any lessons for South Asia from the
non-South Asian experience."
Correspondence: A. M.
Basu, Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, 104 Savage
Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-6301. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40217 Benefo, Kofi; Schultz, T.
Paul. Fertility and child mortality in Côte d'Ivoire
and Ghana. World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan 1996.
123-58 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This article examines
individual, household, and community characteristics that may affect
fertility in contemporary Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana and the
relationship between child mortality and fertility. It was not possible
to reject the null hypothesis that child mortality is exogenous.
Treating child mortality as exogenous, fertility responds directly to
child mortality, but by a smaller proportion than estimated in studies
of East Asia and Latin America. Increases in female education and
urbanization are likely to contribute to declines in fertility in both
countries, but economic growth without these structural changes is not
yet strongly related to lower fertility."
Correspondence:
K. Benefo, Brown University, Department of Sociology, Box 1916,
Providence, RI 02912. Location: Princeton University Library
(UN).
62:40218 Bosveld, Willemien. The
ageing of fertility in Europe: a comparative demographic-analytic
study. ISBN 90-5170-382-1. 1996. 285 pp. Thesis Publishers:
Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Dut.
"In the
past, many women had their children when they were young, whereas
nowadays the trend is to have children at an older age. This book
provides insight into the changes in tempo and quantum of post-war
fertility among birth cohorts in a number of European countries. Based
on an advanced demographic-analytic approach, it demonstrates how age
and parity distributions have changed between successive cohorts and
the effects of these changes on period fertility. How cohort life
course patterns have changed varies between countries because of
country-specific characteristics, opportunities and
constraints."
Correspondence: Thesis Publishers, P.O.
Box 14791, 1001 LG Amsterdam, Netherlands. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40219 Caldwell, Bruce. Female
education, autonomy and fertility in Sri Lanka. In: Girls'
schooling, women's autonomy and fertility change in South Asia, edited
by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M. Basu. 1996. 288-321 pp. Sage
Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"In this chapter I
explore the linkages between female schooling, autonomy and fertility
in Sri Lanka. I do not seek to be predictive in the sense of saying
that so many years of schooling will create so much autonomy and
ultimately lead to a specific degree of reduction in fertility. Rather
I seek to investigate a very complex and confusing
interrelationship....Accepting that fertility control of some kind has
been practised in Sri Lanka for much longer than elsewhere in South
Asia, the issue for this paper is whether this was related to female
schooling and autonomy."
Correspondence: B. Caldwell,
Australian International Development Assistance Bureau, Canberra, ACT
2601, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40220 Cleland, John; Jejeebhoy,
Shireen. Maternal schooling and fertility: evidence from
censuses and surveys. In: Girls' schooling, women's autonomy and
fertility change in South Asia, edited by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M.
Basu. 1996. 72-106 pp. Sage Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The purpose of this chapter is to review the evidence
concerning the relationship between schooling and fertility and its
proximate determinants, with special reference to South Asia. The main
focus is on the findings of censuses and large demographic surveys. An
implicit assumption of our approach is that interpretation of findings
from large-scale surveys can go beyond mere numerical description and
yield valuable insights about the possible pathways of
influence."
Correspondence: J. Cleland, London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Population Studies, Keppel
Street, London WC1E 7HT, England. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40221 Fattah, Mohamed N. A.
The relational Gompertz model in detecting the recent changes of
fertility in Egypt. Egyptian Population and Family Planning
Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, Dec 1993. 82-101 pp. Giza, Egypt. In Eng.
"The main objective of this research is to detect the recent
changes in fertility in Egypt using Gompertz's relational model....The
analysis [in] this chapter is based on the data collected in the
maternity history section of the PAP/child (1991) and DHS 1992
individual questionnaire for ever married women aged 15-49 years....It
turns out that fertility is still high in Egypt although there is an
indication that it has declined from the level prevailing in the recent
past."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40222 Ferroukhi, D.; Zemamouche,
S. An econometric analysis of data on duration in
demography. [Analyse économétrique des
données de durée en démographie.] Collections
Statistiques, No. 51, [1993?]. 161 pp. Office National des
Statistiques: Algiers, Algeria. In Fre.
This work concerns the
application of the econometric concept of duration data in demography.
It includes three separate studies that attempt to use this concept for
the study of fertility in Algeria. The first part examines birth
intervals as duration data using data from the 1986 National Algerian
Fertility Survey. The second part looks at intergenerational changes in
fertility, and the third part examines birth
spacing.
Correspondence: Office National des Statistiques,
8-10 Rue des Moussebiline, Algiers, Algeria. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40223 Gallagher, Sally K.; Stokes, Randall
G.; Anderson, Andy B. Economic disarticulation and
fertility in less developed nations. Sociological Quarterly, Vol.
37, No. 2, Spring 1996. 227-44 pp. Berkeley, California. In Eng.
"A large body of research and theory seeking to explain
fertility levels in less developed nations has stressed the effects of
economic development on family-level decision making. While clearly a
major factor, economic development levels fail to explain much of the
variation in fertility rates. Some researchers have attempted to remedy
this shortcoming by taking into account cross-national variation in
income distributions, on the grounds that this approach provides a more
refined indication of the real social consequences of economic
development. The present analysis extends this tradition of research by
arguing that the degree of disarticulation [a distorted mode of
economic growth] provides a theoretically more powerful and empirically
more accurate way to operationalize these hypothesized distributional
effects on fertility levels."
Correspondence: S. K.
Gallagher, Oregon State University, Department of Sociology, Fairbanks
307, Corvallis, OR 97331. Location: Princeton University
Library (PR).
62:40224 Goodkind, Daniel.
Chinese lunar birth timing in Singapore: new concerns for child
quality amidst multicultural modernity. Journal of Marriage and
the Family, Vol. 58, No. 3, Aug 1996. 784-95 pp. Minneapolis,
Minnesota. In Eng.
"In line with traditional folk beliefs,
many Chinese societies throughout the world (with the exception of
China itself) began in the 1970s and 1980s to exhibit birth
fluctuations during significant lunar zodiac years--baby booms during
the auspicious Year of the Dragon and baby busts during the
inauspicious (for daughters) Year of the Tiger....The article details
how lunar birth fluctuations have been influenced by and have
influenced official policies instituted by Singapore's shrinking
Chinese majority. None of the assimilative social forces discussed here
can be expected to weaken lunar birth timing in the future, although
government intervention may inhibit its
reoccurrence."
Correspondence: D. Goodkind, University
of Michigan, Department of Sociology, Population Studies Center, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109-1070. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40225 Gould, W. T. S.; Brown, M.
S. A fertility transition in Sub-Saharan Africa?
International Journal of Population Geography, Vol. 2, No. 1, Mar 1996.
1-22 pp. Chichester, England. In Eng.
"There is now
substantial evidence for fertility decline in the majority of countries
of sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews that evidence, identifying
the large variation in the extent of change, particularly between
Southern Africa and West Africa, and sets it in the context of the
demographic transition model, concluding that it is not yet clear
whether or to what extent the recent African experience and likely
future trends are consistent with the experience of demographic change
in other continental areas. The discussion examines issues for theory
(how unique is Africa?), for method (what are the limitations of
dependence on large-scale, standardised demographic surveys for
fertility data?) and for policy (how have the survey data been used and
interpreted to formulate population policy?) raised by the recent
African experience."
Correspondence: W. T. S. Gould,
University of Liverpool, Department of Geography, Liverpool L69 3BX,
England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40226 Jeffery, Roger; Basu, Alaka
M. Girls' schooling, women's autonomy and fertility change
in South Asia. ISBN 0-8039-9276-9. LC 95-35991. 1996. 339 pp. Sage
Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This...volume
challenges the popular notions that there is a universal and causal
relationship between rising levels of schooling and declining levels of
fertility, and that schooling enhances female autonomy. Presenting
primary evidence from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh and
utilising existing census and survey data, the eleven original papers
in this book explore the interrelated issues of women's autonomy,
girl's schooling, and fertility reduction in South Asia. The volume
concludes that schooling is indeed important for women and should
definitely be supported and encouraged, but not because of the possible
impact it may have on fertility decline. Further, that while resources
should continue to be devoted to the spread of education, this should
not be at the expense of providing women-friendly contraceptive and
maternal/child health services, which give couples the ability to
successfully plan the size of the family they want."
Selected
items will be cited in this or subsequent issues of Population
Index.
Correspondence: Sage Publications, M-32 Greater
Kailash Market I, New Delhi 110 048, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40227 Jeffery, Roger; Basu, Alaka
M. Schooling as contraception? In: Girls' schooling,
women's autonomy and fertility change in South Asia, edited by Roger
Jeffery and Alaka M. Basu. 1996. 15-47 pp. Sage Publications: New
Delhi, India. In Eng.
"In this introduction our main task is
as follows. To begin with, we need to unpack some of the terms which
enter into the title of this book. What has been meant by female
education, by women's autonomy, and by fertility in the demographic
literature? How do these discussions relate to those in neighbouring
disciplines? What are the implications of these discussions for the
indicators to be used in empirical research? Because education and
female autonomy are thought to have combined and separate effects on
fertility, we will then set out the key elements in how they are
thought to affect the proximate determinants of fertility: in
particular, natural fertility, demand for children, and access to
contraception. In this context we will consider in more detail the
related issue of the extent to which female schooling reduces fertility
via the impact it has on child mortality." The geographical focus
is on South Asia.
Correspondence: R. Jeffery, University of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40228 Kalipeni, Ezekiel. The
fertility transition in Africa. Geographical Review, Vol. 85, No.
3, Jul 1995. 286-300 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Some
African countries may be going through the initial stages of the
fertility transition. In this article multivariate analysis based on
country-level data from 1980 and 1993 assesses spatial variations and
changes in fertility rates. Demographic and socioeconomic factors such
as education, rural or urban residence, status of women, and use of
contraceptives are important factors in determining the onset of the
fertility transition. Over the long term, fertility will decline to
acceptable levels as Africa continues to experience socioeconomic and
cultural changes. Of special importance in the transition is the status
of women in society."
Correspondence: E. Kalipeni,
University of Illinois, Department of Geography, Urbana, IL 61801.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
62:40229 Kraus, Jaroslav; Tomek, Ivan;
Velebil, Petr. Results of reproduction and health
research, the Czech Republic 1993: Part 1. [Výsledky
pruzkumu reprodukce a zdraví, CR 1993: 1. cást.]
Demografie, Vol. 38, No. 2, 1996. 105-20 pp. Prague, Czech Republic. In
Cze. with sum. in Eng.
This article "deals with two basic
spheres: natality (abortion rate) and family planning. Natality was
evaluated by current indicators such as specific female birth rate, by
age, aggregate fertility, and/or median age at birth of the first
child." Women were also asked about contraceptive use, knowledge
of contraceptive methods, and reasons for use or
nonuse.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40230 Kravdal, Øystein.
How the local supply of day-care centers influences fertility in
Norway: a parity-specific approach. Population Research and Policy
Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, Jun 1996. 201-18 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In
Eng.
"In order to assess how expansion of day care facilities
affects fertility, the Norwegian Family and Occupation Survey of 1988
was linked with individual register-based migration histories and
time-series data on day-care coverage rates in all Norwegian
municipalities. Many factors affect both the allocation of resources to
day-care centers and a woman's probability of giving birth. The local
coverage rate is positively associated with the probability of
advancing from parity two...[and] contributed to a moderate rise in
third-birth rates after the mid 1970s. However, if the aggregate
employment rate for women is also regarded as a confounder, the effect
of day care may actually be insignificant. Moreover, the effect fades
at higher coverage levels. Finally, there are indications that second-
and first-birth probabilities decline with increasing provision of day
care. These results suggest that further efforts to improve the supply
of private and public day care...will have little stimulating effect on
fertility."
Correspondence: Ø. Kravdal,
University of Oslo, Department of Economics, P.O. Box 1095, Blindern,
0317 Oslo, Norway. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40231 Lam, David A.; Miron, Jeffrey
A. The effects of temperature on human fertility.
Demography, Vol. 33, No. 3, Aug 1996. 291-305 pp. Silver Spring,
Maryland. In Eng.
"Monthly birth and temperature data for a
variety of states and countries are used to estimate the effect of
short-run temperature fluctuations on fertility. Regressions of monthly
births on a flexible specification of lagged monthly temperature show
that temperature has quantitatively important effects on both seasonal
and nonseasonal variation in births. Summer temperature extremes reduce
conceptions in the southern United States, explaining a substantial
part of the observed seasonal birth pattern. Extreme cold shows no
evidence of affecting conceptions. The results also show significant
seasonality in births even after accounting for temperature. Controls
for monthly temperature do not explain the persistent spring peak in
births in northern Europe. This finding suggests that other factors
play an important role."
This is a revised version of a paper
originally presented at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the Population
Association of America.
Correspondence: D. A. Lam,
University of Michigan, Department of Economics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40232 Letamo, Gobopamang.
Contributions of the proximate determinants to fertility change in
Botswana. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jul 1996.
325-38 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"This study uses
Bongaarts's model to examine the relative contributions of three
proximate determinants (non-marriage, contraceptive use and postpartum
infecundability) to fertility change using data from the 1984 and 1988
Botswana Family and Health Surveys. Breast-feeding is shown to be the
most important proximate determinant of fertility, followed by
contraceptive use, and finally non-marriage, both in 1984 and 1988.
However, contraceptive use increased between 1984 and 1988 leading to
fertility decline over this period. Marriage is the least important
proximate determinant of fertility, probably due to the high prevalence
of premarital childbearing. Other factors such as induced abortion
could have played a major role in the fertility decline but their
effect could not be estimated due to lack of accurate
data."
Correspondence: G. Letamo, University of
Botswana, Department of Demography, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone,
Botswana. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40233 Mahadevan, Kuttan.
Demographic transition and development strategies in India.
ISBN 81-7018-855-5. 1996. viii, 143 pp. B. R. Publishing: Delhi, India.
Distributed by D. K. Publishers Distributors, 1 Ansari Road, Darya
Ganj, New Delhi 110 002, India. In Eng.
This study of the
demographic transition in India is based on a review of the literature
published from 1974 to 1992. "The first part of the report focuses
on historical changes and regional variations [in] fertility, general
mortality and infant mortality rate (IMR). Following these vital
events, subsequent discussion focuses on demographic transition at the
all India level and also briefly highlights...the fascinating
Demographic Transition completed in Kerala state. The second part of
the report covers major studies on determinants of fertility behavior.
The third part highlights...[the] family planning programme and
research. The fourth part relates to studies on determinants of
mortality and at the end, a comprehensive list of references [to]
studies, published in the form of papers, reports, books, theses and
the like [has] been presented."
Correspondence: B. R.
Publishing Corporation, A-6 Nimri Commercial Centre, Near Bharat Nagar,
Ashok Vihar, Delhi 110 052, India. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40234 Matthiessen, Poul C.
Regional aspects of reproduction and family formation in
Denmark. [Regionale aspekter af reproduktion og familiedannelse i
Danmark.] Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift, No. 1996/Suppl., 1996.
115-20 pp. Copenhagen, Denmark. In Dan. with sum. in Eng.
"Similar to the trends in other industrialized countries,
Denmark has since the mid-1960s experienced substantial changes in the
demographic components which are determining the reproduction rate and
formation of families. At present the development is characterized by a
widespread formation of couples at an early age, which in most cases is
commenced without a marriage certificate. Further the fertility level
has decreased and there has been an increase in the average age of
females at first child birth. These changes have also taken place in
the three selected geographic areas; however, most of the deviations
from the national average that were prevailing before the changes are
still present."
Correspondence: P. C. Matthiessen,
Carlsbergfondet, H. C. Andersens Boulevard 35, 1553 Copenhagen,
Denmark. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40235 Montgomery, Mark R.; Lloyd, Cynthia
B. Fertility and maternal and child health. In: The
impact of population growth on well-being in developing countries,
edited by Dennis A. Ahlburg, Allen C. Kelley, and Karen O. Mason. 1996.
37-65 pp. Springer-Verlag: New York, New York/Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"This chapter explores the relationship between levels of
fertility, on the one hand, and levels of mortality and morbidity among
women and children, on the other....Our task in this chapter is first
to weigh the evidence that has been accumulated, and then to consider
its implications for government investments in family planning
programs. That is, we shall ask whether family planning programs can be
justified in terms of their health benefits for women and children,
these benefits being derived from changes in the level, timing and
spacing of fertility." The geographical focus is on developing
countries.
Correspondence: M. R. Montgomery, Population
Council, Research Division, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY
10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40236 Norden, R. H. On the
distribution of completed parities when fertility is heritable.
Mathematical Population Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1996. 95-128, 171 pp.
Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"Over the
last one hundred years, there has been, in many developed countries, a
demographic convergence towards the two child family. The possible
implications for population growth of such a tendency are considered in
this paper in terms of both family limitation and also the
intergenerational transmission of fertility. These two effects interact
so that as the proportion of two-child families increases, the possible
influence of mother-daughter fertility associations on population
growth decreases, though even now it could override otherwise
significant changes in either or both of the birth and death
intensities. In particular, it is shown that according...to how
fertility is transmitted through generations, it is still possible to
have zero growth rates consistently with a widely dispersed stable
distribution of family size as well as a typical mortality
regime."
Correspondence: R. H. Norden, St. Wulstans,
Abbey Road, Chilcompton, Bath BA3 4HY, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40237 Otani, Kenji. The Cigno
model and cumulative fertility in Canada and Japan: the effects of
wife's education and work experience. Review of Economics and
Business, Vol. 24, No. 1-2, Mar 1996. 1-26 pp. Osaka, Japan. In Eng.
"This paper examined the effects of wife's education and work
experience on fertility comparing Canada and Japan on the basis of the
modified Cigno model....We used the micro data of the [1984] Canadian
Fertility Survey and the Ninth Japanese National Fertility Survey
[undertaken in 1987]....Finally we discussed the implication of these
findings [for] future fertility trends with a reference to the result
of decomposing recent changes in total fertility rate in Canada and
Japan."
Correspondence: K. Otani, Kansai University,
Faculty of Economics, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564, Japan.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40238 Patel, Tulsi. Fertility
behaviour: population and society in a Rajasthan village. ISBN
0-19-563539-6. 1994. xvi, 287 pp. Oxford University Press: Delhi,
India. In Eng.
"The present research attempts a holistic
perspective on fertility behaviour through a monographic study of a
village community. A holistic perspective here means an integrated view
of the village community and its functioning, especially in relation to
people's fertility. The aim is to understand fertility behaviour as an
integral part of village society." The village concerned is Mogra,
located in the Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, and the data were
collected during the course of in-depth interviews of 713 women and
their husbands conducted in 1984-1985. In addition to examining the
cultural and social factors affecting fertility, the author considers
the effects of child mortality on fertility, and the impact of both
indigenous and modern methods of fertility
control.
Correspondence: Oxford University Press, YMCA
Library Building, Jai Singh Road, Delhi 110 001, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40239 Pennec, Sophie; Blanchet, Didier;
Kojima, Hiroshi. Women's labour force participation and
family size: the case of France and Japan. Institute of Population
Problems Reprint Series, No. 26, May 1996. 76-106 pp. Institute of
Population Problems: Tokyo, Japan. In Eng. with sum. in Jpn.
The
authors investigate the impact of women's labor force participation on
fertility, with a focus on the examples of France and Japan. A model is
developed that postulates "that both activity and fertility
behaviours change in response to changes in a set of three latent
explanatory variables: the value attributed to work, the value
attributed to raising a large family, and the degree of incompatibility
between work and family care. Identification of the changes in these
three explanatory factors allows [discrimination] between the two
different potential scenarios for the explanation of the joint increase
in labour force participation rates and decrease in fertility: the
scenario where both variables would change in reaction to an increasing
inclination to work, and the scenario where the same change would
result from a change in attitudes toward large
families."
Correspondence: Institute of Population
Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-45, Japan. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40240 Pick, William M.; Obermeyer, Carla
M. Urbanisation, household composition and the
reproductive health of women in a South African city. Social
Science and Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 10, Nov 1996. 1,431-41 pp.
Tarrytown, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This paper
focuses on urbanisation, household structures and women's reproductive
histories. It examines the relationships between household composition,
migration, other socio-demographic variables, and fertility and
infertility in a group of women in a rapidly growing South African
city." The data are from a survey, carried out in 1989-1990, of
659 households in a suburb of Capetown.
Correspondence: W.
M. Pick, University of the Witwatersrand, Medical School, Department of
Community Health, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
62:40241 Raftery, Adrian E.; Lewis, Steven M.;
Aghajanian, Akbar; Kahn, Michael J. Event history modeling
of World Fertility Survey data. Mathematical Population Studies,
Vol. 6, No. 2, 1996. 129-53, 171 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
with sum. in Fre.
"Event history analysis seems ideally suited
for the analysis of World Fertility Survey [WFS] data, which consists
of full birth histories and related information, but it has not been
much used for this purpose. This may be because event history analysis
has practical drawbacks for WFS data, namely partial dates,
computational burden, the need to take account of five clocks at once
and the difficulty of interpreting coefficients. We propose a modeling
strategy for the event history analysis of WFS data which overcomes
these problems, and we apply it to the previously unanalyzed WFS data
from Iran. This yields estimates of the time of onset of fertility
decline and the extent to which it was due to compositional changes in
the population. It also enables us to determine whether it was a period
effect, a cohort effect, or both....In addition, the usefulness of ACE
[an Alternating Conditional Expectation algorithm] as an exploratory
tool for determining the best coding of independent variables is
illustrated."
Correspondence: A. E. Raftery,
University of Washington, Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology,
Box 353340, Seattle, WA 98195-3340. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40242 Rindfuss, Ronald R.; Morgan, S.
Philip; Offutt, Kate. Education and the changing age
pattern of American fertility: 1963-1989. Demography, Vol. 33, No.
3, Aug 1996. 277-90 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"Using pooled data from the 1980, 1985, and 1990 [U.S.]
Current Population Surveys, we describe fertility trends by age and
education for the period 1963-1989. Interest focuses on whether the
effects of education have changed across this period. We show that
women with college degrees experienced dramatic shifts toward later
ages of childbearing. This shift is consistent with arguments we
develop about the increased opportunity for women to pursue careers and
about changes in the availability of child
care."
Correspondence: R. R. Rindfuss, University of
North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, University Square, CB#
8120, 124 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40243 Rychtaríková,
Jitka. Current changes in the characteristics of
reproduction in the Czech Republic and the international
situation. [Soucasné zmeny charakteru reprodukce v
Ceské republice a mezinárodní situace.]
Demografie, Vol. 38, No. 2, 1996. 77-89 pp. Prague, Czech Republic. In
Cze. with sum. in Eng.
The author analyzes reproduction trends in
the Czech Republic and compares them with patterns in some other
European countries since World War II. "Population in the East has
a stronger feeling of insecurity and of a certain personal distress and
this fact contributes apparently towards creating...different family
strategies compared to the past."
Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40244 Sathar, Zeba A. Women's
schooling and autonomy as factors in fertility change in Pakistan: some
empirical evidence. In: Girls' schooling, women's autonomy and
fertility change in South Asia, edited by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M.
Basu. 1996. 133-49 pp. Sage Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"Since schooling, despite its low level of pervasiveness,
[has] an impact on fertility in Pakistan, it remains worthwhile to
investigate why this is so. To what extent is female schooling a
measure of the relative status of women? How important is the position
of women in influencing fertility? These are the questions which are
explored in this paper."
Correspondence: Z. A. Sathar,
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, P.O. Box 1091, Islamabad
44000, Pakistan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40245 Scotese, Carol A.; Wang,
Ping. Can government enforcement permanently alter
fertility? The case of China. Economic Inquiry, Vol. 33, No. 4,
Oct 1995. 552-70 pp. Huntington Beach, California. In Eng.
The
authors "quantitatively assess the main sources of fertility
fluctuations in China and find that only preference shifts, involving
education, health care and the employment and social status of women,
can generate a statistically significant long-run decline in fertility
growth. However, the government's enforcement power can explain some
short-run movements in fertility. To examine the effect of key
variables, we modify a growth model with endogenous fertility to
represent the average rural household's fertility decisions under
government imposed constraints. The model provides the structure
necessary to econometrically identify shocks to government enforcement
ability, agricultural output and preferences toward
fertility."
Correspondence: C. A. Scotese, Indiana
University, Bloomington, IN 47405. Location: Princeton
University Library (FST).
62:40246 Srinivasan, K. Recent
fertility trends and prospects in India. Current Science, Vol. 69,
No. 7, Oct 10, 1995. 577-86 pp. Bangalore, India. In Eng.
"There is an increasing pace of fertility decline in large
parts of...[India] in...recent years. Among the proximate determinants,
the variables that have played a dominant role in fertility changes
directly...are natural fertility and contraceptive use and indirectly,
female literacy and infant mortality. For [the] future, we can expect
the TFR to be in the range of 2.9 to 3.0 by the year 2001 and 2.00 to
2.13 by the year 2011. The spurt in the female literacy rate will have
a major impact on...future fertility
levels."
Correspondence: K. Srinivasan, Population
Foundation of India, B-28 Qutab Institutional Area, Tara Crescent, New
Delhi 110 016, India. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40247 Street, Alan. Projecting
complete cohort fertility in Singapore. Asia-Pacific Population
Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, Mar 1996. 59-86 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"The aim of this paper has been to describe one way in which
complete cohort fertility rates [for Singapore] may be projected into
the future, with the underlying purpose, essentially, of addressing the
issue of population replacement. It is certainly not claimed that this
is the only way or indeed necessarily the best way to make such
projections but, based as it is on the secure foundation of partial
cohort fertility, it possesses the advantage of being grounded in
objectively determined past fertility performance....The paper seeks to
justify the use of cohort fertility measures in the approach to
answering questions concerning population replacement and ends with a
very brief review...of some practical issues and of a method that could
be used where the available data are not as comprehensive as they are
in Singapore."
Correspondence: A. Street, Skandia
International Insurance Corporation, 13-10 Ocean Building, 10 Collyer
Quay, Singapore 049315. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40248 Thang, Nguyen Minh; Swenson,
Ingrid. Variations in Vietnamese marriages, births and
infant deaths by months of the Julian calendar and years of the
Vietnamese and Chinese astrological calendars. Journal of
Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jul 1996. 367-77 pp. Cambridge,
England. In Eng.
"The timing of births and marriages in
Vietnam appears to have some statistically significant relationships
with the signs of the Chinese and Vietnamese astrological calendars.
Years considered to be good years have significantly more births and
marriages than years that are not considered as desirable. Births and
marriages also have some significant variations with seasons of the
year. Infant deaths do not appear to have any significant relationships
with the astrological signs although infant mortality has some
significant relationships with seasons of the year. The findings
indicate that there is some purposeful planning for marriages and
births to coincide with optimal times defined in the astrological
calendars."
Correspondence: I. Swenson, University of
North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, University Square, CB8120,
143 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40249 Tolnay, Stewart E.
Structural change and fertility change in the South, 1910 to
1940. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 3, Sep 1996. 559-76
pp. Austin, Texas. In Eng.
"This paper provides new
information about the decline in [U.S.] southern fertility that
occurred between 1910 and 1940....This analysis focuses specifically on
fertility change, rather than static cross-sectional differences across
geographic areas. Fertility change and structural change are measured
for state economic areas (SEAs) within the South....The findings show
that southern fertility fell mainly because of a reduced pace of
childbearing by married couples, rather than less exposure to marital
fertility. Further, marital fertility decline was sharper in areas that
experienced larger reductions in the number of farms per capita, and
greater increases in education and manufacturing activity. Marriage
became less common in SEAs that saw growth in manufacturing
opportunities."
This paper was originally presented at the 1995
Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.
Correspondence: S. E. Tolnay, State University of New
York, Department of Sociology, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY
12222. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
62:40250 Torrado, Susana.
Reproduction in Argentina: facts and ideas.
[Procreación en la Argentina: hechos e ideas.] ISBN
950-515-372-4. 1993. 397 pp. Ediciones de la Flor: Buenos Aires,
Argentina; Centro de Estudios de la Mujer: Buenos Aires, Argentina. In
Spa.
Changes in fertility in Argentina are analyzed over time. The
study begins with a chapter on methods of fertility analysis. The
author then analyzes fertility trends from 1870 to 1980 in the context
of the country's socioeconomic progress. Focusing on fertility
differentials by social class and geographic region, she presents a
more detailed analysis of fertility in 1980. Finally, attempts to
influence fertility through policy measures are described. The author
notes that the process of change from high to low fertility took place
prior to the general availability of modern contraceptive methods. It
also occurred despite opposition from political, religious, and
military authorities to lowering fertility through family planning. She
notes that the poorer members of society, who now want to achieve a low
level of fertility, still have difficulty in obtaining access to modern
contraception.
Correspondence: Ediciones de la Flor,
Anchoris 27, 1280 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40251 Udjo, Eric O. Is
fertility falling in Zimbabwe? Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol.
28, No. 1, Jan 1996. 25-35 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"With an unequalled contraceptive prevalence rate in
sub-Saharan Africa, of 43% among currently married women in Zimbabwe,
the Central Statistical Office (1989) observed that fertility has
declined sharply in recent years. Using data from several surveys on
Zimbabwe, especially the birth histories of the Zimbabwe Demographic
and Health Survey, this study examines fertility trends in Zimbabwe.
The results show that the fertility decline in Zimbabwe is modest and
that the decline is concentrated among high order births. Multivariate
analysis did not show a statistically significant effect of
contraception on fertility, partly because a high proportion of
Zimbabwean women in the reproductive age group never use contraception
due to prevailing pronatalist attitudes in the
country."
Correspondence: E. O. Udjo, University of
Botswana, Department of Demography, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone,
Botswana. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40252 Vlassoff, Carol. Against
the odds: the changing impact of schooling on female autonomy and
fertility in an Indian village. In: Girls' schooling, women's
autonomy and fertility change in South Asia, edited by Roger Jeffery
and Alaka M. Basu. 1996. 218-34 pp. Sage Publications: New Delhi,
India. In Eng.
"This paper investigates the relationships
between female schooling, autonomy and fertility in a village in
Maharashtra [India] from the perspectives of unmarried adolescent girls
and young married women, and the changes in these relationships over a
12-year period. It argues that the above associations are not as
straightforward as is often suggested, and that educational advancement
and fertility decline may be simultaneous, but relatively independent,
processes, while female autonomy plays a marginal, and somewhat
equivocal, role."
Correspondence: C. Vlassoff, World
Health Organization, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40253 Wadhera, Surinder; Millar, Wayne
J. Pregnancy outcomes. [Issue des grossesses.] Health
Reports/Rapports sur la Santé, Vol. 8, No. 1, Summer 1996. 7-15
pp. Ottawa, Canada. In Eng; Fre.
This article examines trends in
the outcomes of pregnancies in Canada over the period 1974-1992,
including live births, abortions, and miscarriages or stillbirths.
"An estimated 525,100 pregnancies ended in Canada during 1992.
While this was a substantial increase from 438,300 in 1974, the
pregnancy rate in 1992--77 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15-44--was
actually lower than in 1974, when it had been 85 per 1,000. As the
pregnancy rate declined, there was a shift in outcomes. The share of
pregnancies that ended in live births fell from 79% to 76%, and the
proportion ending in miscarriages/stillbirths went from 9% to 5%. A
growing proportion of pregnancies ended in abortions: 19% in 1992,
compared with 12% in 1974."
Correspondence: S.
Wadhera, Statistics Canada, Health Statistics Division, Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 0T6, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40254 Wang, Yan. The impact of
boy preference on fertility in China. Chinese Journal of
Population Science, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1996. 69-75 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"[Son] preference is prevalent in China and has long
become a focus of concern by both the academic circles and the
government. However, the question about the extent of the impact of the
sex of existing children on fertility has never received a direct and
quantitative answer. Using data from a sample survey and analysis
techniques from a life table and the Arnold-Index method, this article
quantitatively calculates the specific amount of influence the sex of
children already born to women may have on the women's later fertility
behavior."
Correspondence: Y. Wang, Beijing Medical
University, Research Office of the Public Health College, Xue Yuan Lu,
Northern Suburb, Beijing 100083, China. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40255 Welti Chanes, Carlos.
Fertility in Mexico. [La fecundidad en México.] ISBN
970-13-0176-5. 1994. [viii], 251, [14] pp. Instituto Nacional de
Estadística, Geografía e Informática [INEGI]:
Aguascalientes, Mexico. In Spa.
This is one in a series of
monographs presenting analyses of data from the 1990 census of Mexico.
This study concerns fertility and contains chapters on the marital
status of the female population, fertility levels and trends, and
fertility rates. The focus is on changes in period fertility from 1980
to 1990 rather than on changes in cohort fertility. This is examined at
both the state and national levels. Some attention is also given to
fertility differentials by socioeconomic status.
Correspondence:
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e
Informática, Edificio Sede, Avenida Héroe de Nacozari
Número 2301 Sur, Fracc. Jardines del Parque, C.P. 20270,
Aguascalientes, AG, Mexico. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40256 Yadava, K. N. S. Status
and fertility of women in rural India. ISBN 81-85445-83-4. 1995.
x, 142 pp. Manak Publications: Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The main
objective of this book is to define women's status in rural eastern
Uttar Pradesh [India] and to examine its impact on fertility." The
data concern 864 women from 590 households living in rural areas.
Following chapters on survey methodology, there are chapters on women's
status in the region; the relationship between women's status and
fertility, fecundability, and knowledge, attitude, and practice of
family planning; and women's status and
fertility.
Correspondence: Manak Publications, G-19, Vijaya
Chowk, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi 110 092, India. Location: Columbia
University Library, New York, NY.
62:40257 Yusuf, Farhat; Siedlecky,
Stefania. Family formation patterns among migrant women in
Sydney. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan 1996.
89-99 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"A demographic survey
among a probability sample of 980 married migrant women was carried out
in Sydney in 1988. The sample included 507 Lebanese, 250 Turkish and
223 Vietnamese women. The study revealed differences in family
formation patterns within and between the three groups and between them
and the general population. Family size had declined among all three
groups compared with their family of origin, and it was clear that the
younger women would not achieve the same family size as the older
women. Migrant women tended to marry earlier than the general
population and to start their families earlier. While they showed a
strong preference for their children to marry within their own ethnic
and religious group, nearly one-third said it was up to the choice of
the individual. Overall, the future family size of younger migrant
women is expected to converge towards the Australian
norm."
Correspondence: F. Yusuf, Macquarie University,
School of Economic and Financial Studies, Demographic Research Group,
Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40258 Zakharov, Sergei V.; Ivanova, Elena
I. Fertility decline and recent changes in Russia: on the
threshold of the second demographic transition. In: Russia's
demographic "crisis", edited by Julie DaVanzo and Gwendolyn
Farnsworth. 1996. 36-83 pp. RAND: Santa Monica, California. In Eng.
"This paper surveys fertility trends in Russia since the
beginning of the 1900s, focusing on the 1980s and 1990s, with
comparisons to selected countries....[It] examines fluctuations in
post-war fertility, completed fertility of post-war generations, and
the timing of fertility. Distinguishing features of the fertility
decline in Russia appeared over the recent transitional period and in
the post-war trends, as well. An extremely large contribution by
younger mothers to the total number of births and short intervals
between successive births have been characteristic of Russian fertility
patterns in the last two decades. The paper introduces period and
cohort analyses of Russian fertility trends in 1979-1993. Though the
tempo of cohort fertility reflects shifts in the timing of births, the
results of cohort analysis show that the female post-war cohorts have
stabilized towards the two-child family. The findings of the present
research help to identify the historical point that Russia's fertility
transition has reached." Some comments by discussants are included
(p. 83).
Correspondence: S. V. Zakharov, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Institute for Economic Forecasting, Center for Demography and
Human Ecology, Leninsky Pr. 14, 117901 Moscow, Russia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40259 Zhang, Erli; Su, Ronggui.
Trend analysis of fertility in China in the 1990s. Chinese
Journal of Population Science, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1996. 51-8 pp. New York,
New York. In Eng.
"Fertility...in China in the early
1990s...dropped below replacement level, due to 20 years of continued
socioeconomic development since the adoption of the reform policies and
the persistent enforcement of birth control practices. Because many
women postponed marriage and childbearing in the early 1990s, fertility
is expected to surge in the mid and late 1990s. However, as long as
efforts are made to carry on family planning and improve services,
fertility will remain below the replacement level. At present, the
basis for the low-fertility rate is still precarious. In addition,
there is always the danger of `heaping' after a period of `dormancy' in
marriage and fertility."
Correspondence: E. Zhang,
State Family Planning Committee, Planning and Statistics Bureau,
Beijing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on differences in fertility patterns and levels in subgroups of a population. Also included are studies on age-specific fertility, such as teenage pregnancy.
62:40260 Chaudhury, Rafiqul H.
Factors affecting variations in fertility by states of India: a
preliminary investigation. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol.
11, No. 2, Jun 1996. 59-68 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"The
purpose of this paper has been to study the inter-state variation in
fertility [in India] in relation to certain aspects of female status
(education and employment) and the survival status of children
(infant/child mortality). Of these three status variables, survival
status of children, particularly the child mortality rate, emerges as
the single most important factor explaining inter-state variations in
fertility. The chances of survival of a child are strongly related to
fertility: the lower the chances of survival of a child (in other
words, the higher the child mortality rate), the higher is the
fertility rate....Female labour force participation, particularly a
woman's participation in activities outside the home for someone else,
turns out to be the second most important variable affecting
fertility....Female education, at less than the primary level, is the
third most important variable explaining inter-state variations in
fertility."
Correspondence: R. H. Chaudhury, UNDP,
P.O. Box 107, Kathmandu, Nepal. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40261 East, Patricia L. Do
adolescent pregnancy and childbearing affect younger siblings?
Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1996. 148-53 pp.
New York, New York. In Eng.
"To understand the consequences of
adolescent pregnancy and childbearing on siblings, a [U.S.] study
compares 309 younger brothers and sisters of pregnant, parenting and
never-pregnant teenagers. Compared with the younger siblings of
never-pregnant teenagers, the younger sisters of pregnant teenagers see
school and career as less important, are more accepting of adolescent
childbearing, perceive younger ages as appropriate for first
intercourse, marriage and childbearing and engage in more problem
behavior. The younger sisters of parenting teenagers are more accepting
of teenage childbearing than are younger sisters of never-pregnant
teenagers and have more definite intentions of having a child at a
young age. Compared with boys who have a never-pregnant older sister,
younger brothers of pregnant and parenting teenagers are more accepting
of nonmarital childbearing, ascribe more importance to childbearing,
perceive fewer problems related to early childbearing, have lower
self-esteem and report engaging in more drug use and partying
behavior."
Correspondence: P. L. East, University of
California, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40262 Luker, Kristin. Dubious
conceptions: the politics of teenage pregnancy. ISBN
0-674-21702-0. LC 95-52833. 1996. 283 pp. Harvard University Press:
Cambridge, Massachusetts/London, England. In Eng.
"In this
book we will look at what American society can and should be doing for
teenage parents and their children, as well as ways in which teenagers
might be persuaded to postpone childbearing. The discussion will be
shaped by what is sometimes called the social-construction model of
analysis. This model assumes that whatever the `facts' about pregnancy
and parenthood among teenagers, the public is nonetheless concerned
because teenagers and their pregnancies have come to represent a host
of other worrisome changes that are deeply rooted in American
society--changes involving race, age, gender, and poverty....How can
society's concern about teenagers and their babies be mobilized to good
effect? How can such anxiety be made less confused and inchoate--be
made to reflect real problems? Most centrally, how can society ensure
that this anxiety--which relates to sexuality, race, poverty, gender,
and a changing world economy--not simply exacerbate the existing
problems of young women and their babies?"
Correspondence:
Harvard University Press, 79 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40263 Narring, Françoise; Michaud,
Pierre-André; Sharma, Vinit. Demographic and
behavioral factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in
Switzerland. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 5, Sep-Oct
1996. 232-6 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"In this research
note, we seek to describe the general characteristics of 15-20-year-old
women [in Switzerland] who have ever been pregnant in a sample
representative of high school and vocational students....We then
analyze the relationships between social, demographic and lifestyle
variables, sexual behavior characteristics and pregnancy history."
Results indicate that "5% of 1,726 sexually active adolescents in
[this] group of 3,993...women...had ever been pregnant; most of these
women (80%) had terminated their pregnancy....Multiple logistic
regression analysis identified seven factors associated with pregnancy:
having had four or more sexual partners; not having used contraceptives
at first intercourse; ever use of less-effective contraceptive methods;
having used illicit drugs during the last 30 days; living apart from
one's parents; recently experiencing stress; and perceiving a lack of
future prospects."
Correspondence: F. Narring,
Institut Universitaire de Médecine Sociale et Préventive,
Bugnon 17, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40264 Oris, Michel. Fertility
and migration in the heart of the industrial revolution. History
of the Family, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1996. 169-82 pp. Greenwich,
Connecticut/London, England. In Eng.
"Using research into the
formation of industrial populations in the nineteenth century, this
article examines the relationships between immigration and natality in
Tilleur, an exemplary locality for studying the industrial revolution
in Belgium. The main purpose is to test the general hypothesis positing
a distinction between a foundation phase and a maturation phase in the
process through which an industrial population is formed. The results
are a contribution to the debate about the beginning of the fertility
transition in industrial cities, and its relations to differential
nuptiality and fertility in light of spatial
origins."
Correspondence: M. Oris, University of
Liège, Laboratory of Demography, 32 place du XX-Août, 4000
Liège, Belgium. Location: Princeton University Library
(PR).
Studies on infertility, as well as studies of spontaneous abortion, prematurity, and other relevant pathologies of pregnancy.
62:40265 Heinrichs, Jürgen.
Environment and fertility: introduction to aspects of sexual
ecology (contribution to world population trends). [Umwelt und
Fertilität: Einführung in Aspekte der Sexualökologie
(Beitrag zur Weltbevölkerungsentwicklung).] Politikwissenschaft,
Vol. 25, ISBN 3-8258-2040-8. 1994. 120 pp. Lit: Münster, Germany.
In Ger.
This book focuses on the interplay between fertility and
the environment, with a special emphasis on environmentally caused
infertility. There are chapters on occupational medicine and fertility,
population growth and environmental damage, environmental causes of
lowered fertility, experiences on the various continents, and human
rights in these matters, as well as a chapter on information sources
and an appendix containing news documents.
Correspondence:
Lit Verlag, Dieckstraße 73, 48145 Münster, Germany.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies concerning activities, including family planning programs, that are primarily designed to influence fertility.
General aspects of fertility control, primarily those concerned with family planning and family planning programs.
62:40266 Accampo, Elinor A. The
rhetoric of reproduction and the reconfiguration of womanhood in the
French birth control movement, 1890-1920. Journal of Family
History, Vol. 21, No. 3, Jul 1996. 351-71 pp. Thousand Oaks,
California. In Eng.
"Birth control movements that emerged in
Europe and the United States during the last third of the nineteenth
century lost their emancipatory and feminist potential in the twentieth
century as they succumbed to control by the medical profession,
eugenicists, and institutionalized goals of planned parenthood. The
neo-Malthusian movement in France, however, retained a radical
character and became a focal point for the convergence of libertarian,
feminist, and anarchist concerns. By emancipating women from their
`biological destiny' and separating sexuality and reproduction,
neo-Malthusian rhetoric reconfigured womanhood and established the
basis for women's development as full individuals and
citizens."
Correspondence: E. A. Accampo, University
of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40267 Ahituv, Avner; Hotz, V. Joseph;
Philipson, Tomas. The responsiveness of the demand for
condoms to the local prevalence of AIDS. Journal of Human
Resources, Vol. 31, No. 4, Fall 1996. 869-97 pp. Madison, Wisconsin. In
Eng.
"This paper investigates the degree to which the local
prevalence of AIDS increases the demand for disease-preventing methods
of contraception among young adults [in the United States]. Using data
from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY-1979), we find
substantial evidence that the use of condoms was quite responsive to
the prevalence of AIDS in one's state of residence, and this
responsiveness has been increasing over time. We present both
cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence estimating that a 1 percent
increase in the prevalence of AIDS increases the propensity to use a
condom significantly and up to 50 percent for the most
prevalence-responsive groups. Our findings lend support to the
existence of a self-limiting incentive effect of epidemics--an effect
that tends to be ignored in epidemiological theories of the spread of
infectious diseases."
Correspondence: V. J. Hotz,
University of Chicago, Harris School of Public Policy Studies, 1155
East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPIA).
62:40268 Alan Guttmacher Institute (New York,
New York). Readings on emergency contraception. ISBN
0-939253-42-9. 1996. 63 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
This report
contains a selection of articles published in either Family Planning
Perspectives or International Family Planning Perspectives between 1992
and 1996 on emergency contraception. The geographical focus is
worldwide. The topics covered include the effectiveness of different
regimens and the impact of emergency contraception on unintended
pregnancy.
Correspondence: Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120
Wall Street, New York, NY 10005. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40269 Association Internationale des
Démographes de Langue Française [AIDELF] (Paris,
France). Methods of regulating human reproduction: impacts
on fertility and health. [Les modes de régulation de la
reproduction humaine: incidences sur la fécondité et la
santé.] No. 6, ISBN 2-7332-7013-3. 1994. xi, 777 pp. Presses
Universitaires de France: Paris, France. In Fre.
These are the
proceedings of an international conference held in Delphi, Greece,
October 6-10, 1992, on aspects of fertility control. The 66 papers are
divided into six sessions. The first session looks at the social
pressures that affect fertility in various countries around the world.
The second session examines policies affecting fertility, and includes
both pro- and antinatalist policies. The next two sessions are
concerned with methods to increase and decrease fertility. There are
also sessions on problems of data collection and analysis, and on the
health impact of fertility control methods. The geographical focus is
worldwide, with particular emphasis on the French-speaking countries of
Africa and Europe.
Correspondence: Presses Universitaires
de France, 108 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006 Paris, France.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40270 Bertrand, Jane T.; Makani,
Bakutuvwidi; Edwards, Michael P.; Baughman, Nancy C.; Niwembo,
Kinavwidi L.; Djunghu, Balowa. The male versus female
perspective on family planning: Kinshasa, Zaire. Journal of
Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan 1996. 37-55 pp. Cambridge,
England. In Eng.
"Males have often been neglected in both
family planning programmes and in surveys used to design and evaluate
such programmes. A 1988 study on fertility, family planning and AIDS in
Kinshasa, Zaire, provides comparable data on 3,140 men and 3,485 women
of reproductive age which served as the basis for analyzing male/female
differences. The study indicated a fair degree of similarity in the
attitudes, beliefs, knowledge levels and practices of men and women
regarding fertility and family planning. Where they differed (e.g. on
expected or ideal number of children, the desire for more children at
parity 7 or above), men tended to be more pronatalist than women. The
implications of the findings for future family planning programmes are
discussed."
Correspondence: J. T. Bertrand, Tulane
University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans,
LA 70118. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40271 Caldwell, John C. The
International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 1994. Is
its Plan of Action important, desirable and feasible? Health
Transition Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, Apr 1996. 71-123 pp. Canberra,
Australia. In Eng.
This is an introduction to a forum on the 1994
International Conference on Population and Development and on its
resulting Plan of Action. Consisting of 12 papers by various authors,
it examines aspects of establishing family planning programs in
developing countries.
Correspondence: J. C. Caldwell,
Australian National University, National Centre for Epidemiology and
Population Health, Health Transition Centre, Canberra, ACT 0200,
Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40272 Cleland, John; Kamal, Nashid;
Sloggett, Andrew. Links between fertility regulation and
the schooling and autonomy of women in Bangladesh. In: Girls'
schooling, women's autonomy and fertility change in South Asia, edited
by Roger Jeffery and Alaka M. Basu. 1996. 205-17 pp. Sage Publications:
New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The objectives of this analysis are
two fold. First, we wish to establish whether or not the exposure of
[Bangladeshi] women to formal schooling enhances their autonomy or
position....Secondly and more importantly, we seek to assess the
effects of schooling and autonomy on contraceptive practice. Special
interest lies in the answers to two closely related questions: To what
extent is it possible to account for the link that usually exists
between schooling and fertility behaviour in terms of any empowering
effect of schooling? And does high autonomy have a major impact on
contraceptive use, after controlling for potentially confounding
factors such as socio-economic status and urban-rural
residence?"
Correspondence: J. Cleland, London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Population Studies, Keppel
Street, London WC1E 7HT, England. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40273 Crosier, Adam. Women's
knowledge and awareness of emergency contraception. British
Journal of Family Planning, Vol. 22, No. 2, Jul 1996. 87-91 pp. London,
England. In Eng.
The aim of this study was "to assess women's
knowledge, awareness and use of emergency contraception, and to
investigate women's views of how access to information about emergency
contraception might be improved....A sample of 1,354 women [in the
United Kingdom] aged 16 to 49 was identified from a national omnibus
survey of 125,000 individuals. Seven hundred and ninety eight
interviews were conducted by telephone with women aged 16 to 49 over a
one week period in November 1994....There was found to be very little
`spontaneous' awareness of the term, `emergency contraception'. When a
list of various contraceptive methods was read aloud, however, 97 per
cent of the sample had heard of the misleadingly named `morning after
pill'. Less than a quarter of these were able to say accurately how
long emergency contraceptive pills could be used following unprotected
sex or contraceptive failure."
Correspondence: A.
Crosier, Health Education Authority, Hamilton House, Mabledon Place,
London WC1H 9TX, England. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40274 Devi, D. Radha; Rastogi, S. R.;
Retherford, Robert D. Unmet need for family planning in
Uttar Pradesh. National Family Health Survey Subject Report, No.
1, May 1996. 25 pp. International Institute for Population Sciences
[IIPS]: Mumbai, India; East-West Center, Program on Population [POP]:
Honolulu, Hawaii. In Eng.
The unmet need for family planning in the
Indian state of Uttar Pradesh is examined. Using data from the
1992-1993 National Family Health Survey, the authors show that 30
percent of currently married women of reproductive age have an unmet
need for family planning, roughly the same percent as are currently
practicing family planning. They also note that the need for
contraception to space births is particularly acute. "Considerable
need for spacing exists, but 89 percent of that need is unmet. It is
therefore not surprising that 55 percent of all unmet need for
contraception in the state is due to unmet need for spacing. These
findings support the widespread perception that demand for temporary
methods exceeds supply, and that a greatly increased effort is needed
to meet the demand for temporary methods....Substantial proportions of
women with unmet need...say that they do not intend to use family
planning at any time in the future. " The variations in unmet need
by women's socioeconomic characteristics are
explored.
Correspondence: International Institute for
Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088,
India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40275 El-Zanaty, Fatma; Hussein, Enas M.;
Shawky, Gihan A.; Way, Ann A.; Kishor, Sunita. Egypt
Demographic and Health Survey, 1995. Sep 1996. xxiv, 348 pp.
National Population Council: Cairo, Egypt; Macro International,
Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Calverton, Maryland. In Eng.
This is the main report from the 1995 DHS survey, the third DHS
survey to be carried out in Egypt. It involved a nationally
representative sample of 14,779 ever-married women aged 15-49.
Following introductory chapters on survey methodology, there are
chapters on fertility; knowledge, attitudes, and ever use of family
planning; current use of family planning; nonuse and intention to use
family planning; fertility preferences; the proximate determinants of
fertility; infant and child mortality; maternal health care; child
health; infant feeding and maternal and child nutrition; female
circumcision; and women's status.
Correspondence: National
Population Council, P.O. Box 1036, Cairo, Egypt. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40276 El-Zanaty, Fatma H.
Women segmentation based on contraceptive use. Egyptian
Population and Family Planning Review, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jun 1994. 19-54
pp. Giza, Egypt. In Eng.
"This paper represents the main
results obtained from the in-depth analysis of the 1992 Egypt
Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data for women. Three main groups
were of interest, current [contraceptive] users, discontinuers and
non-users. The main characteristics of each group were studied, then
cluster analysis was applied [to] each group, which helps to identify
homogenous subgroups. Accordingly, special attention can be given to
each segment based on their characteristics. The results of the cluster
analysis indicated that, the key variables from which natural groups
emerge are area of residence, level of education, age, parity, desire
for more children, intention to practice family planning and husband's
approval. The clusters were mapped according to age and level of
intention to use family planning."
Correspondence: F.
H. El-Zanaty, Cairo University, Faculty of Economics and Political
Science, P.O. Box 12611, Giza, Egypt. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40277 Fathonah, Siti.
Contraceptive use dynamics in Indonesia. DHS Working Paper,
No. 20, Jul 1996. 31 pp. Macro International, Demographic and Health
Surveys [DHS]: Calverton, Maryland. In Eng.
"This report is
based on the DHS Model Further Analysis Plan on Contraceptive Use
Dynamics....The analyses use data from the 1994 Indonesia DHS survey.
The main aim of this report is to provide a comprehensive, descriptive
analysis of contraceptive discontinuation, switching, and failure in
Indonesia that is of interest to policymakers and researchers. The
structure of this report is as follows: Background, Data and
Methodology, Contraceptive Discontinuation Rates, Discontinuation Rates
by Reason for Discontinuation, Contraceptive Switching Behavior, and
Contraceptive Failure Rates. The report concludes with a discussion of
the main findings and their policy
significance."
Correspondence: Macro International,
Demographic and Health Surveys, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD
20705-3119. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40278 Feyisetan, Bamikale J.; Ainsworth,
Martha. Contraceptive use and the quality, price, and
availability of family planning in Nigeria. World Bank Economic
Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan 1996. 159-87 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Nigeria has experienced high fertility and rapid population
growth for at least the past thirty years. Only recently have public
authorities launched efforts to promote contraceptive use. In this
article, individual women are linked to the characteristics of the
nearest health facility, pharmacy, and source of family planning to
assess the relative importance of women's socioeconomic background and
the characteristics of nearby services on contraceptive use. The
results suggest that the limited levels of female schooling...are
constraining contraceptive use, especially in rural areas. Another
major constraint to increased contraceptive use is the low availability
of family planning services in Nigeria....Outpatient or consultation
fees at nearby health facilities do not appear to be constraining
demand for modern contraceptive methods."
Correspondence:
B. J. Feyisetan, Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of
Demography and Social Statistics, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Location:
Princeton University Library (UN).
62:40279 Graham, Anna; Green, Lora; Glasier,
Anna F. Teenagers' knowledge of emergency contraception:
questionnaire survey in south east Scotland. British Medical
Journal, Vol. 312, No. 7046, Jun 22, 1996. 1,567-9 pp. London, England.
In Eng.
The level of knowledge about emergency contraception among
young people in Scotland is explored. The data concern 1,206 pupils
aged 14 and 15 years in secondary schools in Lothian and were collected
in 1995. The results show that "one third of sexually active girls
aged under 16 in Lothian have used emergency contraception. This may
help explain the fairly constant teenage pregnancy rates despite
increasing sexual activity. Scottish teenagers are well informed about
the existence of emergency contraception. However, many do not know
when and how to access it properly."
Correspondence:
A. F. Glasier, Family Planning and Well Woman Services, 18 Dean
Terrace, Edinburgh EH4 1NL, Scotland. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
62:40280 Hoa, H. T.; Toan, N. V.; Johansson,
A.; Hoa, V. T.; Höjer, B.; Persson, L. Å. Child
spacing and two child policy in practice in rural Vietnam: cross
sectional survey. British Medical Journal, Vol. 313, No. 7065, Nov
2, 1996. 1,113-6 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The reproductive
history of women in rural Viet Nam is explored using data on 1,132
women who had at least one child under five years of age in 1992 in the
Red River Delta area. The results suggest that most families do not
adhere to the official family planning policy, which stipulates that
couples should have a maximum of two children with three to five years
spacing between births. "The mean age at first birth was 22.2
years. The average spacing between the first and the second child was
2.6 years. Mothers with a lower educational level, farmers, and women
belonging to the Catholic religion had shorter spacing between the
first and second child and also a higher probability of having a third
child. In addition, women who had no sons or who had lost a previous
child were more likely to have a third
child."
Correspondence: H. T. Hoa, c/o B. Höjer,
Karolinska Institute, Division of International Health Care Research,
Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
62:40281 Hynie, Michaela; Lydon, John
E. Sexual attitudes and contraceptive behavior revisited:
can there be too much of a good thing? Journal of Sex Research,
Vol. 33, No. 2, 1996. 127-34 pp. Mount Vernon, Iowa. In Eng.
"A longitudinal study was performed to explore a possible
curvilinear relationship between sexual attitudes and contraceptive
behavior. A community sample of 62 [Canadian] women recorded their
sexual and contraceptive behavior for five consecutive weeks using
daily diary reports. During an initial testing session, participants
were asked to report their contraceptive behavior in the last month and
to predict their contraceptive behavior for the coming month. Women
reported using less effective contraceptive methods during the five
weeks than they had for the month prior to the study and than they had
predicted for the month concurrent with the study. Both the consistency
and effectiveness of women's contraceptive behavior over the five weeks
were found to have a quadratic (inverted-U) relationship with their
sexual attitude....The results are discussed with respect to biases
inherent in subjective retrospective data and the possible link between
an extremely positive emotional orientation toward sexuality and
willingness to engage in high-risk sexual
behavior."
Correspondence: M. Hynie, McGill
University, Department of Psychology, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue,
Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
62:40282 Jaccard, James; Dittus, Patricia J.;
Gordon, Vivian V. Maternal correlates of adolescent sexual
and contraceptive behavior. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28,
No. 4, Jul-Aug 1996. 159-65, 185 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Maternal disapproval of premarital sex, maternal discussions
about birth control and the quality of the parent-child relationship
may have an important influence on adolescents' sexual activity and the
consistency of their contraceptive use. Findings from a survey of 751
black [U.S.] youths showed that adolescent perceptions of maternal
disapproval of premarital sex and satisfaction with the mother-child
relationship were significantly related to abstinence from adolescent
sexual activity and to less-frequent sexual intercourse and more
consistent use of contraceptives among sexually active youths.
Teenagers who reported a low level of satisfaction with their mother
were more than twice as likely as those highly satisfied with their
relationship to be having sexual intercourse. Discussions about birth
control were associated with an increased likelihood that adolescents
were sexually active. Such discussions were not significantly related
to consistent contraceptive use for female adolescents, but were
associated with increased contraceptive use for male
teenagers."
Correspondence: J. Jaccard, State
University of New York, Department of Psychology, Albany, NY 12222.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40283 Johnson, J. Timothy; Macke, Beth
A. Estimating contraceptive needs from trends in method
mix in developing countries. International Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 22, No. 3, Sep 1996. 92-6 pp. New York, New York. In
Eng. with sum. in Spa; Fre.
"Data from 106 national surveys
conducted in 35 countries between 1974 and 1992 permit calculation of
changes in total and method-specific prevalence and of annual rates of
change, upon which contraceptive forecasts can be based. In all, 44% of
women in the most recent surveys were practicing contraception; 36%
were using a modern method. Between the first and most recent surveys,
total contraceptive prevalence rose at an annual rate of 5%, and modern
method use increased by 6% annually. The increases were most rapid in
Sub-Saharan Africa (9-10% annually) and slowest in Latin America and
the Caribbean (3-4%). Whereas reliance on sterilization grew by 8%
yearly, increases in prevalence of the pill, IUD and condom were 2% or
less annually. In most regions, reliance on sterilization has changed
at a much quicker pace than use of other methods; the exception is
North Africa and the Middle East, where the annual increase for
sterilization has been modest, but IUD use has climbed quite
rapidly."
Correspondence: J. T. Johnson, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health,
Program Services and Evaluation Section, Atlanta, GA 30333.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40284 Kamal, Nashid. Influence
of family head's reproductive behaviour on the use of modern
contraceptive methods by other members of the family in rural
Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jul
1996. 297-303 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"A study in
Bangladesh showed that the probability of use of modern contraception
by eligible family members of a household increases significantly if
the household head himself is a user. Multinomial logistic regression
showed that contraceptive use was also significantly related with
maternal age, parity, education, socioeconomic status and experience of
child mortality. Inclusion of ever use of modern contraceptives by the
family head or his wife, showed family head's religiosity to be a
significant predictor of use, apart from his age and parity, and after
controlling for socioeconomic correlates."
Correspondence:
N. Kamal, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre
for Population Studies, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40285 Kanojia, J. K.; Nirbhavane, N. C.;
Toddywala, V. S.; Betrabet, S. S.; Patel, S. B.; Datte, S.; Gaur, L.;
Saxena, B. N. Dynamics of contraceptive practice amongst
urban Indian women. National Medical Journal of India, Vol. 9, No.
3, 1996. 109-12 pp. New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"In this study,
a mixed urban population was surveyed....Two thousand parous women from
different social and educational backgrounds residing in the metropolis
of Mumbai (Bombay), Maharashtra were included in the study....Fifty per
cent of illiterates, semi-literates and high-school educated, and 80%
of college-educated couples said that they had no gender preferences
for their children, but actual practice belied this. Regardless of the
level of education, 25%, 75% and 95% of all couples were sexually
active by 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after childbirth. Awareness
regarding the availability of various contraceptives increased with
education; 20% of all graduate couples used condoms or the rhythm
method immediately after marriage. After the birth of their first
child, 80% of educated couples used spacing methods whereas even after
the birth of their third child more than 50% of the uneducated did
not....Spacing methods were popular among the educated, and terminal
ones among the uneducated. Steroidal contraceptive pills were not
popular with any group, regardless of the level of
education."
Correspondence: V. S. Toddywala, Institute
of Research and Reproduction, Metabolic Department, Jehangir Merwanji
Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, Maharashtra, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40286 Khan, Mehrab A. Factors
affecting use of contraception in Matlab, Bangladesh. Journal of
Biosocial Science, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jul 1996. 265-79 pp. Cambridge,
England. In Eng.
"This study examines the relationship between
family planning, perceived availability of contraceptives, and
sociodemographic factors in rural Bangladesh. Data are from the 1990
KAP survey in the Matlab treatment and comparison areas, using a sample
of about 8,500 married women of reproductive age. The contraceptive
prevalence rate was 57% in the treatment area but substantially lower
in the comparison area where mainly traditional methods of family
planning were used by women who did not know of a source of supply of
contraceptives. Education has no effect on contraceptive use in the
treatment area but in the comparison area, modest but consistent
differentials in use by level of education were found. Number of living
children is the best predictor for contraceptive use, followed by
number of living sons, and the attitude of respondents and their
husbands towards family planning."
Correspondence: M.
A. Khan, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,
Bangladesh, G.P.O. Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40287 Knodel, John; Pramualratana,
Anthony. Prospects for increased condom use within
marriage in Thailand. International Family Planning Perspectives,
Vol. 22, No. 3, Sep 1996. 97-102 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with
sum. in Spa; Fre.
"The transmission of the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from infected husbands to their wives is
now an important component of the AIDS epidemic in Thailand. Although
the value of condoms in reducing the spread of HIV is well-known among
Thai men and women, the rate of condom use for contraception among
married couples has never exceeded 2%. Focus groups and individual
interviews with both urban and provincial Thai men and women reveal a
number of formidable barriers to increasing the rate of marital condom
use: condoms are widely perceived as interfering with male sexual
pleasure, and they are primarily considered to be a prophylactic for
use with prostitutes. The potential for increasing the use of condoms
as a method of marital contraception appears limited, as highly
effective alternatives are widely available....Findings suggest that
general promotion of condoms for use during extramarital sex, together
with advocacy of voluntary HIV testing for individuals at high risk of
infection and counseling for those testing positive, are practical
recommendations."
Correspondence: J. Knodel,
University of Michigan, Department of Sociology, Population Studies
Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1070. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40288 Landry, David J.; Forrest, Jacqueline
D. Private physicians' provision of contraceptive
services. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 5, Sep-Oct
1996. 203-9 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Private
physicians provide family planning services to the majority of American
women. According to data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care
Survey, office-based physicians received on average 13.5 million visits
annually for contraceptive services during 1990-1992. Private insurance
was the expected form of payment for 38% of visits, while managed care
covered 22% of visits, and Medicaid or another source of public
assistance subsidized 12%; 22% were self-paid and 6% covered by other
sources. The majority of patients who received contraceptive services
gave a reason other than general family planning or care regarding a
specific contraceptive as the primary purpose for their visit, although
women covered by a managed care plan or through public funding were the
most likely to give general family planning needs as the main reason.
Women whose visit was listed as publicly funded were less likely to
have a contraceptive prescribed or provided or to obtain a Pap test
than were those expected to pay with private
insurance."
Correspondence: D. J. Landry, Alan
Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40289 Maynard-Tucker,
Gisèle. Haiti: unions, fertility and the quest for
survival. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 9, Nov 1996.
1,379-87 pp. Tarrytown, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This essay examines Haitian cultural and programmatic
barriers to modern contraception and reports on types of unions as they
relate to pregnancy and the prevalence of contraception." The data
are from three mini-surveys and represent 2,383 rural and urban women.
The results show that contraceptive usage is higher among urban (23%)
than rural (13%) women, and that the choice of contraceptive method is
influenced by the medical staff involved and by the availability of
specific methods. Recommendations are made about ways to increase
contraceptive usage, including improvements in the family planning
services provided, increased support for first-time users, and improved
education for women to encourage their greater economic
independence.
Correspondence: G. Maynard-Tucker,
International Health and Development Associates, 18133 Coastline Drive,
Suite 4, Malibu, CA 90265. Location: Princeton University
Library (PR).
62:40290 Measham, Anthony R.; Heaver, Richard
A. Supplement to India's Family Welfare Program: moving to
a reproductive and child health approach. Directions in
Development, ISBN 0-8213-3500-6. Mar 1996. vii, 113 pp. World Bank:
Washington, D.C. In Eng.
This is a companion volume to a report on
the policy issues that India faces concerning its family welfare
program. This supplement contains edited versions of the background
papers on which the main volume was based. There are papers on the
government's action plan to revamp the program, family welfare policy
issues, estimates of unwanted and wanted fertility, gender and poverty
concerns in a reproductive health program, reproductive and child
health services, the management of reproductive tract and sexually
transmitted infections, HIV/AIDS, IEC efforts and social marketing,
management and evaluation of a reproductive and child health program,
enhancing the role of private voluntary organizations, and financing
India's reproductive and child health program.
For the full report,
also published in 1996, see 62:30287.
Correspondence:
World Bank, Publications Department, 1818 H Street NW, Washington,
D.C. 20433. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40291 Oliver, Raylynn.
Contraceptive use in Ghana: the role of service availability,
quality, and price. Living Standards Measurement Study Working
Paper, No. 111, ISBN 0-8213-3020-9. LC 94-31691. Feb 1995. xi, 46 pp.
World Bank: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"In this paper,
individual women are linked to the characteristics of the nearest
pharmacy, health facility and source of family planning to assess the
relative importance of socioeconomic background and the availability,
price and quality of family planning services on contraceptive use and
fertility. The source of data is the 1988-89 Ghana Living Standards
Survey (GLSS). The results suggest that raising levels of female
schooling will also raise contraceptive use and lower fertility,
particularly in rural areas."
Correspondence: World
Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40292 Parazzini, Fabio; Negri, Eva; Ricci,
Elena; Franceschi, Silvia; La Vecchia, Carlo. Correlates
of oral contraceptive use in Italian women, 1991-93.
Contraception, Vol. 54, No. 2, Aug 1996. 101-6 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"In order to understand the determinants of oral
contraceptive (OC) use in Italy, we analyzed data on 1,577 women aged
under age 60 (median age 50 years) admitted as controls in a
case-control study of breast cancer....In this Italian population, OCs
were more likely to have been used by more educated and parous women,
and by women reporting a history of induced abortions. Furthermore, OC
use was less frequently reported by overweight women, but the finding
was of borderline statistical
significance."
Correspondence: F. Parazzini, Istituto
di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan,
Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40293 Potter, Linda; Oakley, Deborah; de
Leon-Wong, Emelita; Cañamar, Ruth. Measuring
compliance among oral contraceptive users. Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1996. 154-8 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"Irregular use of the pill compromises the
effectiveness of this highly reliable method. The consistency of
pill-taking has traditionally been estimated through women's own
reports of their patterns of pill use. In this study, self-reported
data on pill-taking were compared with data from an electronic device
measuring compliance among 103 [U.S.] women attending university health
services and publicly funded family planning clinics. In three months
of pill use, the electronic and self-reported data agreed on the number
of days when pills were missed only 45% of the time; the level of
agreement dropped from 55% in the first month to 38% in the third
month. In each month, the proportion of women reporting no missed pills
was much higher than the proportion recorded electronically (53-59%
compared with 19-33%), and the proportion missing at least three pills
according to the electronic data was triple that derived from the
women's reports (30-51% vs. 10-14%). In addition, the electronic data
recorded substantially more episodes in which women missed pills on two
or more consecutive days (88 vs. 30)."
Correspondence:
L. Potter, Family Health International, One Triangle Drive,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:40294 Rahman, M. Mujibur; Islam, M. Nurul;
Islam, M. Mazharul. Users of traditional methods of
contraception in Bangladesh: 1981-91. Journal of Biosocial
Science, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jul 1996. 257-64 pp. Cambridge, England. In
Eng.
"This paper examines the changing patterns of knowledge,
attitude and use of traditional methods of contraception, compared to
modern methods, over the last five contraceptive prevalence surveys in
Bangladesh (1981-91). The results show that knowledge of at least one
method of family planning is universal in Bangladesh and usage is
higher at all ages for women who are using modern methods than for
those who are using traditional methods. Educated women and those in
employment are more likely to use modern contraceptive
methods."
Correspondence: M. M. Rahman, University of
Chittagong, Department of Statistics, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40295 Schuler, Sidney R.; Hashemi, Syed
M. Family planning outreach and credit programs in rural
Bangladesh. Human Organization, Vol. 54, No. 4, Winter 1995.
455-61 pp. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In Eng.
"Results of this
recent study in rural Bangladesh suggest that programs that draw women
out of their homes and reduce their dependence on men are contributing
to greater use of contraception. One such program, Grameen Bank, now
has female members in nearly half of all Bangladesh villages.
Participation in the program was found to be associated with high
levels of contraceptive use even among women who have not been exposed
to family planning outreach. For nonparticipants in communities where
the program works, the combination of home visits by female family
planning workers and the presence of Grameen Bank in the village
appears to have a dramatic effect on contraceptive
use."
Correspondence: S. R. Schuler, JSI Research and
Training Institute, Empowerment of Women Research Program, 1616 North
Fort Myer Drive, Arlington, VA 22209. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
62:40296 Sollom, Terry; Gold, Rachel B.; Saul,
Rebekah. Public funding for contraceptive, sterilization
and abortion services, 1994. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol.
28, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1996. 166-73 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"In this article, we present the results of our [fiscal year]
1994 survey on [U.S.] public funding for contraceptive, sterilization
and abortion services. These data are then analyzed with the results of
previous survey data collected between 1980 and 1992. The purpose of
this research is to examine current spending for family planning
services in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and other federal
jurisdictions from various funding sources and to identify trends in
public funding for family planning services." Results indicate
that "in 1994, federal and state funding for contraceptive
services and supplies reached $715 million. Funding totaled $148
million for contraceptive sterilization and $90 million for abortion
services....The largest source of public funds for family planning
services continues to be the joint federal-state Medicaid
program....State funds continue to be the second largest source,
providing almost one-quarter of reported public expenditures in
1994."
Correspondence: T. Sollom, Alan Guttmacher
Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40297 Soonthorndhada, Amara.
Sexual attitudes and behaviours and contraceptive use of late
female adolescents in Bangkok: a comparative study of students and
factory workers. IPSR Publication, No. 202, ISBN 974-588-356-5.
1996. ix, 95 pp. Mahidol University, Institute for Population and
Social Research [IPSR]: Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. In Eng.
This study
examines attitudes toward premarital sex and contraceptive usage among
adolescent women in Thailand. The data concern 500 unmarried female
adolescents in Bangkok, of whom 250 attended secondary schools and 250
worked in factories. The results indicate that despite their general
awareness of contraceptive methods, many young women did not know of a
place where they could obtain contraceptive services. Among the few
women who were sexually active, 5 out of 15 did not use birth control;
this was due to a reported lack of knowledge about
contraception.
Correspondence: Mahidol University,
Institute for Population and Social Research, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom
73170, Thailand. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40298 Thailand. National Statistical Office
(Bangkok, Thailand). Report of the survey of knowledge,
attitude and family planning practice in the southern region of
Thailand, 1994. ISBN 974-236-184-3. [1996?]. [xii], 49, 111 pp.
Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng; Tha.
Results of a KAP survey carried out
in southern Thailand in 1994 are presented. The survey involved all
women aged 15-49 residing in 10,308 households in both urban and rural
areas. The data for Muslim and Buddhist women are analyzed separately.
The results indicate that knowledge of contraception is almost
universal; that approval of contraception is higher among Buddhist
women (91.3%) than among Muslim women (70.6%); and that contraceptive
practice also differs significantly by religion (77.2% of Buddhist
women said they had ever practiced contraception compared to 36.9% of
Muslim women). Consideration is also given to differences in
contraceptive methods chosen.
Correspondence: National
Statistical Office, Statistical Data Bank and Information Dissemination
Division, Larn Luang Road, Bangkok 10100, Thailand. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40299 Thompson, M. S.
Contraceptive implants: long acting and provider dependent
contraception raises concerns about freedom of choice. British
Medical Journal, Vol. 313, No. 7069, Nov 30, 1996. 1,393-5 pp. London,
England. In Eng.
In response to a recent editorial in the British
Medical Journal, the author discusses some issues concerning
contraceptive implants. "Implanted contraceptives may increase the
choice of contraceptive methods, but they put control of fertility
increasingly into the hands of the medical profession. Herein lies
their greatest problem: their potential to increase providers' control
over clients' choice. There is the danger that certain groups of women
may be targeted for their use: in the United States the coercive use of
Norplant for mothers receiving welfare benefit has been suggested. Long
acting contraceptives are a contraceptive of choice only when they are
available without pressure, as part of a wider menu; when instant
removal on request is guaranteed; and when there is an open and free
flow of information and opinions between users, health professionals,
and special interest groups."
Correspondence: M. S.
Thompson, Apartado Postal 38, 29200 San Cristobal de las Casas,
Chiapas, Mexico. Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
62:40300 Toan, N. V.; Hoa, H. T.; Trong, P.
V.; Höjer, B.; Persson, L. Å.; Sundström, K.
Utilisation of reproductive health services in rural Vietnam; are
there equal opportunities to plan and protect pregnancies? Journal
of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 50, No. 4, Aug 1996. 451-5
pp. London, England. In Eng.
The authors "describe the
utilisation of reproductive health services (family planning, antenatal
care, and delivery services) and the socioeconomic determinants for
utilisation of health services [in Tien Hai district, Viet Nam]....In
spite of a relatively high educational level in the population and
services which are generally available, there was an under utilisation
of antenatal and delivery care and there was no equal opportunity for
different groups of mothers to use these services. Family planning
services were, however, frequently used and were used to the same
extent by different groups of mothers. Except for abortion,
alternatives to the intrauterine device method were rarely available.
If pregnancies are to be protected in an efficient way in rural
Vietnam, reproductive health care must be strengthened and efforts
should be made to reach the women who are not using these services at
present."
Correspondence: N. V. Toan, c/o B.
Höjer, Karolinska Institute, Department of Public Health Services,
Division of International Health Care Research, 171 77 Stockholm,
Sweden. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40301 United Nations. Department for
Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis. Population
Division (New York, New York). Family planning, health and
family well-being. No. ST/ESA/SER.R/131, Pub. Order No.
E.96.XIII.12. ISBN 92-1-151308-1. 1996. xiv, 458 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
These are the proceedings of a UN expert group
meeting held in Bangalore, India, October 26-30, 1992, one of six such
meetings convened as part of the preparations for the 1994
International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo,
Egypt. It contains a report of the meeting and its recommendations, as
well as a selection of the papers prepared for the meeting. These
papers are grouped under eight topics: general overview, society and
family planning, lessons learned from existing family planning
programs, issues in the implementation of family planning programs,
family planning and health, family planning and family well-being,
people's involvement in the future development of family planning
programs, and discussion notes.
Correspondence: United
Nations Secretariat, Population Division, Room DC2-1950, New York, NY
10017. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).
62:40302 Varea, C.; Crognier, E.; Bley, D.;
Boetsch, G.; Baudot, P.; Baali, A.; Hilali, M. K.
Determinants of contraceptive use in Morocco: stopping behaviour in
traditional populations. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 28,
No. 1, Jan 1996. 1-13 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"The
determinants of modern contraceptive use in traditional populations are
analysed in married women aged 30-44 living in the province of
Marrakech (Morocco)....The probability of contraceptive use increases
with female age at marriage and decreases with the woman's age,
indicating a generational change in reproductive behaviour. The
socioeconomic variables education, employment and residence, have no
significant independent predictive character on contraceptive use,
although the interaction between education and residence does. The
paper evaluates the hypothesis that traditional populations in the
initial phase of their demographic transition resort to modern
contraception in order to stop childbearing, when they have reached a
desired number of children, rather than to space births or reduce their
fertility."
Correspondence: C. Varea, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología, 28049
Madrid, Spain. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Selected studies on the medical aspects of fertility control methods, including studies on side effects and use-effectiveness.
62:40303 Kambic, R. T.; Lamprecht, V.
Calendar rhythm efficacy: a review. Advances in Contraception,
Vol. 12, No. 2, Jun 1996. 123-8 pp. Hingham, Massachusetts/Dordrecht,
Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
The authors review the
literature concerning the unplanned pregnancy rate associated with the
calendar rhythm method of natural family planning. Specifically, they
analyze eight studies published between 1940 and 1989. They show that
the pregnancy rates of from 15 to 18.5 indicated by the best of these
studies are in the same range of effectiveness as those associated with
more modern natural family planning and barrier methods. The need is
stressed for more clinical trials of the calendar method to establish
its true effectiveness.
Correspondence: R. T. Kambic, Johns
Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of
Population Dynamics, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40304 Kazi, Afroze; Kennedy, Kathy I.;
Visness, Cynthia M.; Khan, Talat. Effectiveness of the
lactational amenorrhea method in Pakistan. Fertility and
Sterility, Vol. 64, No. 4, Oct 1995. 717-23 pp. Birmingham, Alabama. In
Eng.
"The purpose of the present study was to determine the
contraceptive effectiveness of lactational amenorrhea method in a
cohort of women who ordinarily breastfeed their infants. This
prospective trial was conducted among rural and urban women in Pakistan
who received no special ongoing support for breastfeeding, but who
chose to use the lactational amenorrhea method as their
contraceptive." Results indicate that "the lactational
amenorrhea method was found to be highly effective for 6 months. A high
degree of contraceptive protection endures for a full year during
lactational amenorrhea, but not after the return of menses during
breastfeeding."
Correspondence: K. I. Kennedy, Family
Health International, P.O. Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:40305 Ramos, Rebecca; Kennedy, Kathy I.;
Visness, Cynthia M. Effectiveness of lactational
amenorrhoea in prevention of pregnancy in Manila, the Philippines:
non-comparative prospective trial. British Medical Journal, Vol.
313, No. 7062, Oct 12, 1996. 909-12 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The contraceptive effectiveness of lactational amenorrhoea is
examined using data on 485 low-income women from urban Manila, the
Philippines. The results indicate that this method "was 99%
effective when used correctly (that is, during lactational amenorrhoea
and full or nearly full breast feeding for up to six months). At 12
months the effectiveness during amenorrhoea dropped to
97%."
Correspondence: K. I. Kennedy, 2201 South
Fillmore Street, Denver, CO 80210. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
62:40306 Soroodi-Moghaddam,
Sheitaneh. Quinacrine pellet method of nonsurgical female
sterilization in Iran: preliminary report on a clinical trial.
International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 22, No. 3, Sep 1996.
122-3, 127 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Spa.
"For a study of the safety, efficacy and acceptability of
female sterilization with quinacrine pellets in a private setting, data
on 160 women who obtained the procedure in Tehran between September
1990 and April 1994 were evaluated. Three-fourths of the women were
monitored for at least one year, and more than half were monitored for
more than two years. By the end of the study period, two women had
become pregnant, for a gross pregnancy rate of 1.2%; neither pregnancy
was ectopic. Within the first two months after the procedure, about
half of the women reported complications or side effects, which were
minor and easily treatable; after the first two months, the only side
effect reported was delayed menses. The cost of sterilization with
quinacrine pellets is one-10th that of surgical sterilization. However,
knowledge about the method is not widespread within the medical
community in Iran."
Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:40307 Van Look, P. F. A.;
Pérez-Palacios, G. Contraceptive research and
development, 1984 to 1994: the road from Mexico City to Cairo and
beyond. ISBN 0-19-563630-9. 1994. xvi, 546 pp. Oxford University
Press: Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This book records the
proceedings of a symposium organized by the Government of Mexico and
the UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research,
Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Renowned
international experts review the progress made in the field of
fertility regulation research since 1984, when Mexico City hosted the
International Conference on Population. The book not only covers the
biomedical aspects of contraceptive research, it also includes chapters
on knowledge gained through social science research and on the
perspectives of women's health advocates."
Correspondence:
Oxford University Press, YMCA Library Building, Jai Singh Road,
Delhi 110 001, India. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:40308 World Health Organization. Family and
Reproductive Health (Geneva, Switzerland). Improving
access to quality care in family planning. Medical eligibility criteria
for initiating and continuing use of contraceptive methods. No.
WHO/FRH/FPP/96.9, 1996. 143 pp. Geneva, Switzerland. In Eng.
This
document is designed to improve access to quality care in family
planning programs. It reviews the medical eligibility criteria for
selecting methods of contraception, and summarizes the recommendations
of two WHO scientific working groups convened in Geneva in 1994 and
1995. "The document provides recommendations for appropriate
medical eligibility criteria based on the latest clinical and
epidemiological data and is intended to be used by policy-makers,
family planning programme managers and the scientific community. It
aims to provide guidance to national family planning/reproductive
health programmes in the preparation of guidelines for service delivery
of contraceptives. It should not be seen or used as the actual
guidelines but as a reference."
Correspondence: World
Health Organization, Family Planning and Population, Family and
Reproductive Health, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies evaluating either the demographic impact or other criteria of effectiveness of family planning programs.
62:40309 Ahlburg, Dennis A.; Diamond,
Ian. Evaluating the impact of family planning
programmes. In: The impact of population growth on well-being in
developing countries, edited by Dennis A. Ahlburg, Allen C. Kelley, and
Karen O. Mason. 1996. 299-335 pp. Springer-Verlag: New York, New
York/Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"The aims of this chapter are:
(1) to investigate the relationship between fertility decline and
family planning programmes, with a particular emphasis on the use of
contraceptives; (2) to assess the contribution of family planning
programmes to fertility decline; (3) to discuss the components of a
good family planning programme....We discuss the avenues through which
a family planning programme and socioeconomic development can affect
fertility...[and] discuss the numerous approaches that have been
employed to identify the impact of family planning programmes (and
socioeconomic development) on fertility." The geographical focus
is on developing countries.
Correspondence: D. A. Ahlburg,
University of Minnes