Studies that treat quantitative fertility data analytically. References to crude data are coded under S. Official Statistical Publications . Methodological studies specifically concerned with fertility are cited in this division and cross-referenced to N. Methods of Research and Analysis Including Models , if necessary.
Analytical studies of quantitative birth data and reproduction rates and studies of fertility and its concomitants. Studies of age at marriage, divorce, and factors influencing family size are coded under G.1. Marriage and Divorce or G.2. Family and Household .
62:20206 Aguinaga Roustan, Josune.
Bongaarts: a model of fertility and its application to Spain.
[Bongaarts: un modelo de fecunididad y su aplicación en
España.] Boletín de la Asociación de
Demografía Histórica, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1995. 79-94 pp.
Madrid, Spain. In Spa. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
The author describes
the Bongaarts model and applies it to data from a 1985 national
fertility survey undertaken in Spain. The focus is on evaluating the
model's explanatory power and validity.
Correspondence: J.
Aguinaga Roustan, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia,
Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20207 Ahn, Namkee. Measuring
the value of children by sex and age using a dynamic programming
model. Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 62, No. 3, Jul 1995.
361-79 pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"One of the important
determinants of fertility is the value of children as perceived by
parents. This paper estimates gender- and age-specific values of
children using a dynamic programming model. The underlying hypothesis
is that observed fertility outcome for any couple is the solution to
their life-cycle optimization problem. Findings from the [South] Korean
data indicate that children impose net costs when young and net
benefits when old. Both the early costs and the later benefits are
larger for male children than female children, and for better-educated
women than lower-educated women. Simulation studies which use estimated
values of children suggest that a decrease in the costs of abortion and
pre-natal gender-screening tests may raise the male-birth ratio through
gender-selective abortions."
Correspondence: N. Ahn,
Universidad del País Vasco, Apartado 1397, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
Location: Princeton University Library (PF).
62:20208 Avdeev, Alexandre; Monnier,
Alain. A survey of modern Russian fertility.
Population: An English Selection, Vol. 7, 1995. 1-38 pp. Paris, France.
In Eng.
"In the present study, we shall attempt to throw light
on the recent fertility decline in Russia, by analysing the situation
during the latter decades, after a historical review of developments
since the turn of the century....During the 1970s, the politicians
became aware of the need for a population policy, that is, for...a
pronatalist policy....The fertility decline observed in Russia since
1987 is, to a large extent, an effect of the family policy measures
adopted in 1981. As is often the case, these measures produced changes
in fertility timing rather than any substantial change in family size.
They encouraged couples to have children they would no doubt have had
anyway, but later. This move forward ended in 1987, and the fall
observed since is in part a pendular swing following the preceding
rise: women are now having fewer children because those they wanted are
already born. These trends confirm a common observation: the impact of
pronatalist measures is strongest when they have just been
introduced."
For the original French version of this article,
see 61:20203.
Correspondence: A. Avdeev, University of
Moscow, Moscow, Russia. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:20209 Barbieri, Magali; Blum, Alain;
Dolkigh, Elena; Ergashev, Amon. Nuptiality, fertility, use
of contraception, and family policies in Uzbekistan. Population
Studies, Vol. 50, No. 1, Mar 1996. 69-88 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"Using data from a retrospective survey conducted [in
Uzbekistan] in 1992 among women of reproductive age, the paper examines
fertility trends and determinants during the twentieth century. The
analysis shows that the absence of a government-supported birth control
programme and the strong pro-natalist policies of the Soviet
authorities during most of the century did not affect either the onset,
nor the progress of the fertility transition. The results indicate,
however, that the social development programmes undertaken by the
Soviet government did play a very active part in the transition as
shown by the impact of education on reproductive behaviour, as well as
on the very specific contraceptive mix adopted by the population after
the mid-1970s."
Correspondence: M. Barbieri, Institut
National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675
Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:20210 Behar, Cem. The
fertility transition in Turkey: reforms, policies, and family
structure. In: Family, gender, and population in the Middle East:
policies in context, edited by Carla M. Obermeyer. 1995. 37-56 pp.
American University in Cairo Press: Cairo, Egypt. In Eng.
"This paper seeks to assess the relative weight of the factors
that explain the uniqueness of the Turkish demographic
transition." Aspects considered include the historical background
of Turkey's fertility transition; the national family planning policy;
republican reforms and the legal empowerment of women; and men,
fertility decisions, and household structure.
Correspondence:
C. Behar, Bogaziçi University, Department of Economics,
80815 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:20211 Belácek,
Jaromír. Optimization of demographic models with
Poissonian response. Acta Universitatis Carolinae: Geographica,
Vol. 28, No. 1, 1993. 87-95 pp. Prague, Czech Republic. In Eng. with
sum. in Cze.
"The general solution of related estimation and
inference problems we can specify as application of Fisher scoring
algorithm for maximum likelihood estimators with constraints (in
Section 2)....Application to regional fertility patterns (in Section 3)
yields the simultaneous solutions of tasks about structural fertility
differentiations which have not been presented with correct stochastic
evaluation....The functions used for approximations of age-specific
fertility schedules coincide with the most usual types of curves
described in demographic literature...."
Correspondence:
J. Belácek, Research Institute for Building and
Architecture, Prague, Czech Republic. Location: Princeton
University Library (FST).
62:20212 Bhattacharya, Bishwanath; Singh,
Kaushlendra K.; Singh, Uttam. Proximate determinants of
fertility in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Human Biology, Vol. 67, No. 6,
Dec 1995. 867-86 pp. Detroit, Michigan. In Eng.
"Our main
objective here is to examine and discuss the effects of some
sociocultural and economic factors on the proximate determinants of
fertility in rural areas of eastern Uttar Pradesh [India] (population
more than 40 million persons)....The determinants considered are age at
marriage of female, postpartum amenorrhea..., fecundability and
sterility, and menopause. The sociocultural and economic factors
studied are caste, education, breast-feeding status, and social status
of the currently married females in the reproductive age
group."
Correspondence: B. Bhattacharya, Indian
Statistical Institute, Population Studies Unit, 203 Barrackpore Trunk
Road, Calcutta 700 035, India. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:20213 Bodrova, V. Features of
the reproductive behavior in Russia in the transition period.
[Osobennosti reproduktivnogo povedeniya naseleniya Rossii v perekhodnyi
period.] Voprosy Statistiki, No. 2, 1996. 73-8 pp. Moscow, Russia. In
Rus. with sum. in Eng.
"The article is dedicated to the
analysis of [the] reproduction behaviour of Russia's population in the
transition period (1991-1995) based on the data of the monitoring
conducted by the All-Russian Centre for Public Opinion Studies using a
representative sample survey covering the country's territory.
According to the returns of this monitoring some stabilisation [became]
apparent by 1995 referring to reproduction processes in
Russia."
Correspondence: V. Bodrova, All-Russian
Centre for Public Opinion Studies, Nicolskaya 17, Moscow 103012,
Russia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20214 Castro Martín, Teresa;
Juárez, Fátima. The impact of women's
education on fertility in Latin America: searching for
explanations. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 21,
No. 2, Jun 1995. 52-7, 80 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in
Spa; Fre.
"According to data from Demographic and Health
Surveys for nine Latin American countries, women with no education have
large families of 6-7 children, whereas better educated women have
family sizes of 2-3 children, analogous to those of women in the
developed world. Despite these wide differentials in actual fertility,
desired family size is surprisingly homogeneous throughout the
educational spectrum. While the least educated and the best educated
women share the small family norm, the gap in contraceptive prevalence
between the two groups ranges from 20-50 percentage points. Better
educated women have broader knowledge, higher socioeconomic status and
less fatalistic attitudes toward reproduction than do less educated
women. Results of a regression analysis indicate that these cognitive,
economic and attitudinal assets mediate the influence of schooling on
reproductive behavior and partly explain the wide fertility gap between
educational strata."
Correspondence: T. Castro
Martín, United Nations Population Division, 220 East 42nd
Street, New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:20215 Caudill, Steven B.; Mixon, Franklin
G. Modeling household fertility decisions: estimation and
testing of censored regression models for count data. Empirical
Economics, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1995. 183-96 pp. Heidelberg, Germany. In
Eng.
"This paper adds to the recent body of research on
fertility by estimating and testing censored Poisson regression models
and censored negative binomial regression models of household fertility
decisions. A novel feature of this study is that in each case the
censoring threshold varies from individual to individual. Also, a
Lagrange multiplier or score test is used to investigate
overdispersion. In these regression models the dependent variable is
the number of children. In this situation, censored Poisson regression
models and censored negative binomial regression models have
statistical advantages over OLS, uncensored Poisson regression models,
and uncensored negative binomial regression models. The censored models
employed in this study are estimated using panel data collected from
the Consumer Expenditure Survey compiled by the [U.S.] Bureau of Labor
Statistics."
Correspondence: S. B. Caudill, Auburn
University, Department of Economics, 415 W. Magnolia, Room 203, Auburn,
AL 36849-5242. Location: Princeton University Library (PF).
62:20216 Corijn, Martine; Liefbroer, Aart C.;
de Jong Gierveld, Jenny. It takes two to tango, doesn't
it? The influence of couple characteristics on the timing of the birth
of the first child. Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 58,
No. 1, Feb 1996. 117-26 pp. Minneapolis, Minnesota. In Eng.
"Empirical research on factors influencing fertility behavior
usually focuses on characteristics of women only. In this study, the
timing of the first childbirth is studied using information about
characteristics of both partners. The context specificity of the
determinants of childbearing is examined by comparing couples with and
without cohabitation experience. The sociocultural specificity is
studied using data from the Netherlands and Flanders. Results from
hazard models based on a representative sample of young couples
(N=1,438) show, in general, that in Flanders a sphere-of-interest rule
of decision making and in the Netherlands an egalitarian rule are at
play in the decision on the timing of the first birth among couples.
Contextual differences show that more specific theories on factors
influencing the family formation process are
needed."
Correspondence: M. Corijn, Centre for
Population and Family Studies, Markiesstraat 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20217 Courbage, Youssef.
Fertility transition in the Mashriq and the Maghrib: education,
emigration, and the diffusion of ideas. In: Family, gender, and
population in the Middle East: policies in context, edited by Carla M.
Obermeyer. 1995. 80-104 pp. American University in Cairo Press: Cairo,
Egypt. In Eng.
The author compares fertility trends in Egypt and
Morocco. Aspects considered include population policies; proximate
determinants of fertility; indirect determinants of fertility;
educational achievement; female employment and state revenues; and
international migration and the demographic
transition.
Correspondence: Y. Courbage, Institut National
d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex
14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20218 Curtis, Siân L.; Diamond,
Ian. When fertility seems too high for contraceptive
prevalence: an analysis of Northeast Brazil. International Family
Planning Perspectives, Vol. 21, No. 2, Jun 1995. 58-63 pp. New York,
New York. In Eng. with sum. in Spa; Fre.
"Standard regression
equations relating the total fertility rate to contraceptive prevalence
indicate that the fertility rate of 5.5 lifetime births per woman
observed for Northeast Brazil in the 1986 Brazil Demographic and Health
Survey is about 1.6 births per woman higher than would be expected on
the basis of contraceptive prevalence at that time. An exploratory
approach for evaluating the reasons for higher-than-expected levels of
fertility attributes 0.6 of the apparent excess births in Northeast
Brazil to the lag effects of recent increases in contraceptive use and
0.6 to the relatively small fertility-inhibiting effect of
breastfeeding. Marriage patterns play a smaller role, but appear to be
responsible for 0.3 births of the remaining difference between observed
and expected fertility."
Correspondence: S. L. Curtis,
Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys, 11785 Beltsville
Drive, Calverton, MD 20705-3119. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:20219 Day, Lincoln H. Recent
fertility trends in industrialized countries: toward a fluctuating or a
stable pattern? European Journal of Population/Revue
Européenne de Démographie, Vol. 11, No. 3, Sep 1995.
275-88 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"By the mid-1980s, fertility in most of the world's
`developed' countries had declined to unprecedentedly low levels. Since
then, it has declined still further in some, increased slightly in
others, and fluctuated in still others. Irrespective of cause, these
changes could not have occurred in the absence of substantial control
over childbearing. While future increases and decreases are both
possible, it is argued that, contrary to the usual demographic
expectations for populations exercising substantial control over
fertility, fertility in most of these countries will increase to
approximate replacement levels and then undergo only minor fluctuations
around these levels thereafter."
Correspondence: L. H.
Day, Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, P.O. Box
11650, 2502 AR The Hague, Netherlands. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:20220 De Simoni, Alessandro.
Concise measures of period fertility by birth order. An application
to Italian data. [Misure di sintesi della fecondità del
momento per ordine di nascita. Applicazione al caso italiano.] Genus,
Vol. 51, No. 1-2, Jan-Jun 1995. 105-31 pp. Rome, Italy. In Ita. with
sum. in Eng; Fre.
"In recent studies several authors have
shown how fertility tables and concise measures by birth order,
strictly and exclusively related to the period fertility conditions,
can be derived on the basis of parity progression rates....The many
indicators derivable from the fertility tables compiled as stated above
are described systematically and completely in relation to their
different features. On the basis of a `complementary' model [I show] a
further category of concise measures referring to fertility tables
which are formally identical to the classical life tables with regard
to each order of birth. The study includes applications to concrete
data concerning North Central and Southern divisions of Italy
(1980-1982 and 1988-1990)."
Correspondence: A. De
Simoni, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerche sulla
Popolazione, Viale Beethoven 56, 00144 Rome, Italy. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20221 Duraisamy, Malathy.
Women's choice of work and fertility in urban Tamil Nadu,
India. Research in Population Economics, Vol. 8, 1996. 3-24 pp.
Greenwich, Connecticut/London, England. In Eng.
"This paper
examines the joint determinants of women's choice of work and fertility
within the Nash-bargaining framework using household survey data from
urban Tamil Nadu, India. The labor force participation decision is
formulated in a dichotomous and trichotomous choice framework.
Alternative estimation methods are used to estimate the parameters of
the wage and the choice of work equations. The empirical results show
that women do not regard the decision to participate in wage work as
identical to self-employment. The trichotomous model emerges as the
preferred formulation of women's work decisions. The results suggest
that an increase in women's wages would draw more women into wage work
and self-employment and concomitantly reduce
fertility."
Correspondence: M. Duraisamy, Indian
Institute of Technology, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,
Madras, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20222 Falaris, Evangelos M.; Peters, H.
Elizabeth. Responses of female labor supply and fertility
to the demographic cycle. Research in Population Economics, Vol.
8, 1996. 63-89 pp. Greenwich, Connecticut/London, England. In Eng.
"We propose a model in which women alter the timing of
childbearing and duration of time not working following childbearing in
order to mitigate any adverse effects of the demographic cycle on their
lifetime wages....We explore the reduced-form empirical implications of
our model and estimate the importance of these two responses utilizing
data from three cohorts of the [U.S.] National Longitudinal Surveys of
Labor Market Experience which include women born from 1918-1964. The
hazard rate estimates of the timing of the first birth and the return
to work following that birth indicate that women who were born during
the upswing of the demographic cycle begin childbearing earlier and
return to work more quickly (holding schooling constant) than do women
who were born during the downswing of the demographic cycle. These
results imply that when responding to the demographic cycle, the cohort
choice effect is more important than the opportunity cost
effect."
Correspondence: E. M. Falaris, University of
Delaware, Department of Economics, Newark, DE 19716. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20223 Fargues, Philippe.
Changing hierarchies of gender and generation in the Arab
world. In: Family, gender, and population in the Middle East:
policies in context, edited by Carla M. Obermeyer. 1995. 179-98 pp.
American University in Cairo Press: Cairo, Egypt. In Eng.
"This paper explores the relationship between the changing
order of the family and the demographic transition in the Arab world.
It develops the following three points: 1. The specificity of an Arab
model of the demographic transition, if any, is attributable to the
existence, until recently, of a strong patriarchal order of the family
and a strong neopatriarchal order of the society and the political
system. 2. The way in which the demographic transition developed in the
Arab world (in particular the increasing levels of education) has key
implications for the traditional order of societies....3. The
resistance of the old patriarchal order to these transformations is
likely to create a context of social crisis, which can be manifested by
political violence."
Correspondence: P. Fargues,
Centre d'Etudes Démographiques, Economiques, et Juridiques,
Cairo, Egypt. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20224 Forsberg, Anna J. L.; Tullberg,
Birgitta S. The relationship between cumulative number of
cohabiting partners and number of children for men and women in modern
Sweden. Ethology and Sociobiology, Vol. 16, No. 3, May 1995.
221-32 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This study
investigates the relationship between the number of cohabiting partners
and the number of children in a modern society where serial monogamy is
common in both sexes. Data from an investigation on cohabitation and
reproduction were provided by the Swedish Statistics Bureau....About
78% males and 79% females had one partner, and about 15% of both sexes
had more than one partner during their reproductive lifespan in the
oldest cohort. Thus, monogamy was predominant, and serial monogamy was
equally common among men and women. Serial monogamy was somewhat more
frequent in the next-to-oldest cohort. Remating increased the number of
offspring for males, but not for females, in both
cohorts."
Correspondence: B. S. Tullberg, Stockholm
University, Department of Zoology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
62:20225 Gabriel, R.; Shantharajan,
A. A retrospective assessment of current reproductive
practices. Malaysian Journal of Reproductive Health, Vol. 12, No.
1, Jun 1994. 10-3 pp. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In Eng.
"The aim
of the study is to assess retrospectively...current reproductive
practices [in Johore, Malaysia] with regard to the number, spacing and
timing of pregnancies. Two hundred and ninety seven women were
interviewed regarding their age, number of children and their
respective ages. From this the age of the mother at each pregnancy, the
number of children and the spacing were deduced. 93% had their children
between the ages of 18-35 years, 86% had families with 4 or less
children and 70% had children more than 2 years apart. The current
reproductive practice is of benefit to the family but some scope exists
for improvement which can be achieved through public health education
and family planning."
Correspondence: R. Gabriel,
Klinik Ruby and Rajan, 71 Jalan Sri Skudai, Taman Sri Skudai, 81300
Skudai, Johore, Malaysia. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:20226 Gauvreau, Danielle.
Uncertain fertility. [La fécondité incertaine.]
Sociologie et Sociétés, Vol. 26, No. 2, Autumn 1994.
111-26 pp. Montreal, Canada. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
"This examination of recent trends in Quebec fertility puts
the accent on the concrete conditions which give rise to the desire for
children. First, a look back in time illustrates the scope of changes
that have come about and makes it possible to identify a number of
possible avenues to account for them. Three elements are then examined
in turn and in their interrelationships: fertility, the couple and
work. The discussion of the political aspects related to these
questions has been voluntarily relegated to the end, to better anchor
the debate in the most realistic perspective
possible."
Correspondence: D. Gauvreau, Concordia
University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 1455 Boulevard de
Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada. Location:
Princeton University Library (FST).
62:20227 Indonesia. Central Bureau of
Statistics (Jakarta, Indonesia); Indonesia. National Family Planning
Coordinating Board (Jakarta, Indonesia); Indonesia. Ministry of Health
(Jakarta, Indonesia); Macro International. Demographic and Health
Surveys [DHS] (Calverton, Maryland). Indonesia Demographic
and Health Survey, 1994. Oct 1995. xxviii, 366 pp. Jakarta,
Indonesia. In Eng.
This report gives results from the 1994
Demographic and Health Survey carried out in Indonesia. The survey was
the third in a series of surveys on demography and health, and the
second in the DHS series for the country. It involved a nationally
representative sample of 28,000 ever-married women aged 15-49.
Following chapters on survey methodology, there are chapters on
fertility, knowledge and ever-use of family planning, current use of
family planning, fertility preferences, nonuse and intention to use
family planning, other proximate determinants of fertility, infant and
child mortality, maternal and child health, immunization of children,
childhood diseases, infant feeding, maternal mortality, knowledge of
AIDS, and availability of family planning and health services.
"Results from the 1994 IDHS confirm that Indonesia has continued
to make considerable progress in providing more couples with effective,
high quality family planning services. As of 1994, 55 percent of all
currently married women were using a method of contraception. The
contraceptive prevalence rate has contributed to the decline in
fertility in Indonesia. The fertility level in Indonesia has undergone
a notable decline in the past 25 years, from 5.6 births per woman in
the 1960s to 2.9 births in the early
1990s."
Correspondence: Central Bureau of Statistics,
Jl. Dr. Sutomo 8, Jakarta 10710, Indonesia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20228 Italy. Istituto Nazionale di
Statistica [ISTAT] (Rome, Italy). Births: demographic and
social characteristics, 1992. [Nascite: caratteristiche
demografiche e sociali, anno 1992.] ISTAT Annuario, No. 1, 1995. 102
pp. Rome, Italy. In Ita.
This report includes the main indicators
of fertility in Italy for the period 1988-1992, together with an
analysis of the demographic and social characteristics of births at the
national and provincial levels for 1992.
Correspondence:
Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, Via Cesare Balbo 11a, 00184
Rome, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20229 Jain, Rita; Biswas,
Suddhendu. On a renewal theory approach for estimating the
parity specific fertility rates under intrinsic variation of fecundity
level. Demography India, Vol. 23, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 1994. 97-102
pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
The authors present a model that is
"pertinent for estimating parity specific fertility for a compound
population exhibiting different levels of intrinsic fecundity level.
Therefore, one possible application of this study lies in constructing
fertility tables based on the renewal theoretic model which we have
developed. The premises of the model lies in systematic reduction of
parity specific fertility (hazard) rates subject to inherent variation
in the fecundity level." Data from a survey in Delhi, India, are
used to test the model.
Correspondence: R. Jain, University
of Delhi, Department of Statistics, Delhi 110 007, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20230 Kane, Penny. Victorian
families in fact and fiction. ISBN 0-333-61825-4. 1995. xiii, 172
pp. Macmillan Press: Basingstoke, England. In Eng.
The author uses
information from biographies, letters, and novels to examine the
reasons why families in England started to have fewer children toward
the end of the nineteenth century. Concepts explored include attitudes
toward children, literacy and learning, the single girl, love and
marriage, births and babies, and fertility
limitation.
Correspondence: Macmillan Press, Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS, England. Location: Princeton
University Library (FST).
62:20231 Knudsen, Lisbeth B.
Fertility trends in Denmark in the 1980s: a register based
socio-demographic analysis of fertility trends. No. 44, ISBN
87-501-0874-3. Aug 1993. 166 pp. Danmarks Statistik: Copenhagen,
Denmark. In Eng.
This is an analysis of fertility trends in Denmark
in the 1980s using data from the Fertility Database developed by
Danmarks Statistik from 1990 to 1992. The database contains statistics
on all men and women of reproductive age residing in Denmark, the
number of children they have, and their social and demographic
characteristics. Topics covered in this volume include spacing and
parity progression, family characteristics, women's occupational and
educational status, and men's fertility levels.
Correspondence:
Danmarks Statistik, Sejrøgade 11, 2100 Copenhagen Ø,
Denmark. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20232 Kojima, Katsuhisa; Yamamoto,
Chizuko. Fertility in Japan: 1993. Jinko Mondai
Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, Vol. 51, No. 2, Jul 1995. 34-40
pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
Fertility trends in Japan for 1993 are
analyzed. Data are included on births by nationality from 1955 to 1993,
changes in fertility rates from 1970 to 1993, and births and birth
rates by age and sex for 1992 and 1993.
Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:20233 Kulkarni, P. M.; Rani, S.
Recent fertility declines in China and India: a comparative
view. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4, Dec 1995.
53-74 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"In this paper, it is
proposed to provide a comparative view of fertility decline in [China
and India]. This comparison is made against the background of
socio-economic changes and programme effort. The evidence on fertility
decline is examined first, followed by a brief description of
socio-economic changes and population policies and programmes. The
fertility decline is then discussed in the context of these two sets of
factors."
Correspondence: P. M. Kulkarni, Bharathiar
University, Department of Population Studies, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
641 046, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20234 Lefebvre, Pierre; Brouillette,
Liliane; Felteau, Claude. Fertility behavior in Quebec,
family allowances, and taxes: results and simulations with a discrete
choice model for the years 1975-1987. [Comportements de
fécondité des Québécoises, allocations
familiales et impôts: résultats et simulations d'un
modèle de choix discrets portant sur les années
1975-1987.] Actualité Economique, Vol. 70, No. 4, Dec 1994.
399-451 pp. Montreal, Canada. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"We
suppose that women (couples), who are less than 40 years old, are faced
with three types of sequential decisions: the fertility decision, the
decision relative to the number of children to have and the decision
concerning labour force participation....We use a nested polychotomous
discrete choice model to estimate the responsiveness of the behaviour
of `married' women in Québec to variations in the expected flow
of revenue resulting from changes in the parameters of the personal
income tax and in the level of public monetary transfers conditional on
the number of children. The model is estimated with micro-data from 9
repeated cross-sections for the years 1975 to 1987 with a full
information maximum likelihood method....This empirical setting is used
to simulate the effects of changes made to the fiscal and transfer
policies in favor of families with dependent children on fertility,
[women's] labor force participation and the importance of spending
costs for the two levels of government."
Correspondence:
Université du Québec, Département de Sciences
Economiques, CERFE, C.P. 8888 Succursale, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8,
Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).
62:20235 Lehrer, Evelyn L.;
Grossbard-Shechtman, Shoshana; Leasure, J. William.
Comment on "a theory of the value of children".
Demography, Vol. 33, No. 1, Feb 1996. 133-9 pp. Silver Spring,
Maryland. In Eng.
The authors comment on a recent article by D.
Friedman, M. Hechter, and S. Kanazawa concerning the value of children.
They consider the basic question that the article raises: why people
continue to have children in developed societies, where children's net
instrumental value is negative. "To address this question, they
develop a theory based on the assumption that `the value of children
derives from their capacity to reduce uncertainty for individuals and
to enhance marital solidarity for couples'....[The] results suggest
that couples who perceive that their marriages are at risk of
dissolution respond by restricting their fertility. There is also
evidence that women who face high probabilities of divorce orient their
investments to labor market experience and on-the-job
training...." A response by Friedman et al. is included (pp.
137-9).
For the 1994 article by Friedman et al., see 61:10234.
Correspondence: E. L. Lehrer, University of Illinois,
Department of Economics, 601 South Morgan Street, Chicago, IL
60607-7121. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20236 Lévy, Michel L.
The 50 years of the baby boom. [Les cinquante ans du
baby-boom.] Population et Sociétés, No. 311, Mar 1996. 4
pp. Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques [INED]: Paris,
France. In Fre.
This article presents a retrospective review of the
post-war baby boom that occurred in France. The author notes that its
impact has been more lasting than originally anticipated, and that its
impact on the social security system will be felt from the year 2006
onward.
Correspondence: Institut National d'Etudes
Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14,
France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20237 Liu, Gordon G.; Yamada, Tetsuji;
Yamada, Tadashi. An economic analysis of Chinese fertility
behavior. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 42, No. 7, Apr 1996.
1,027-37 pp. Tarrytown, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This paper...[presents] a Chinese general fertility model
that simultaneously controls for the endogeneity of infant mortality
and per capita income determination at county level." The data are
from the 1982 census. The authors first "treat both the per capita
income and infant mortality rates as endogenous...[and] our testing
results strongly reject the null hypothesis of the exogeneity of both
infant mortality and income determination....Secondly...strong evidence
is obtained in support of the variable income elasticity model,
predicting a U-shaped income effect on Chinese general fertility. This
suggests that a more equitable income distribution leads to a reduction
in the Chinese fertility rates. Thirdly, employing the two stage least
squares procedure, we find a much stronger positive replacement effect
of infant mortality when the endogeneity of infant mortality and income
are both controlled for simultaneously. Our results indicate that
Chinese general fertility may well be shaped by optimizing
behavior."
Correspondence: G. G. Liu, University of
Southern California, Department of Pharmaceutical Economics, 1540
Alcazar Street, Room 140-G, Los Angeles, CA 90033. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
62:20238 Liu, Paul K. C. A
comparative study on fertility transitions in China and Taiwan in
historical perspective. Academia Economic Papers, Vol. 23, No. 2,
Aug 1995. 97-133 pp. Taipei, Taiwan. In Chi. with sum. in Eng.
"Mainland China and Taiwan have both successfully undergone
remarkable transitions from high to low fertility in recent decades.
Comparing the transitions of the two Chinese populations brings out
striking similarities in the changes in age patterns of fertility, but
distinctive contrasts between the trends and speed of declines....An
overview of the history of population dynamics in the past 500 years
reaffirms the assertion that fertility and mortality rates in ancient
China were primarily reflections of biological responses to population
pressure on resources. The results of the regression analysis of this
study demonstrates that this density-dependent relationship has
gradually vanished as the deliberate control of fertility prevails in
contemporary China and Taiwan. The prevalence of fertility control is
in large part attributable in Taiwan to the rational response of the
population to changes in economic and social conditions that favor
fewer children while the size of families in China is largely
prescribed by the government there."
Correspondence:
P. K. C. Liu, Academia Sinica, Institute of Economics, Nankang,
Taipei, Taiwan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20239 Morgan, S. Philip; Niraula, Bhanu
B. Gender inequality and fertility in two Nepali
villages. Population and Development Review, Vol. 21, No. 3, Sep
1995. 541-61, 705-6, 708 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in
Fre; Spa.
"Two villages in Nepal chosen for study were
expected to produce a sharp contrast in gender inequality, especially
in women's autonomy. Autonomy was measured through questions to wives
about their freedom of movement and about their role in household
decisionmaking. The two settings provide a sharp contrast in women's
autonomy by these measures. The authors argue that this contrast in
autonomy influences fertility: greater autonomy reduces the desire for
additional children, increases contraceptive use, and lowers levels of
unmet need for contraception. The empirical analysis supports these
arguments."
Correspondence: S. P. Morgan, University
of Pennsylvania, Department of Sociology, 3718 Locust Walk,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6299. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:20240 Mosher, William D.; Bachrach,
Christine A. Understanding U.S. fertility: continuity and
change in the National Survey of Family Growth, 1988-1995. Family
Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1996. 4-12 pp. New York,
New York. In Eng.
"In this article, we summarize and interpret
some of the most important findings of the 1988 NSFG [National Survey
of Family Growth] and the 1990 reinterview by reviewing some 50 studies
based on NSFG data. Most of the discussion uses as its conceptual
framework the proximate determinants of fertility....We also look at
NSFG data on teenage pregnancy, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
and AIDS, and women's use of health services. This review then
describes how the 1995 NSFG was redesigned to improve the quality of
the data and to answer a new generation of questions about fertility
and women's health." Results indicate that "black women have
almost twice as many pregnancies as do white women (5.1 vs. 2.8), with
nearly all of the difference being unintended pregnancies. Unwanted
births increased between 1982 and 1988, particularly among
less-educated, poor and minority women....Concern with the AIDS
epidemic led to increases in condom use between 1982 and 1990,
especially among the partners of teenagers and college-educated women.
Rates of teenage pregnancy were fairly stable during the period
1980-1988....Rates of infertility did not change significantly in the
1980s...."
Correspondence: W. D. Mosher, U.S. National
Center for Health Statistics, Family Growth Survey Branch, 6525
Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:20241 Nath, Dilip C.; Land, Kenneth C.;
Singh, Kaushlendra K. A waiting time distribution for the
first conception and its application to a non-contracepting traditional
society. Genus, Vol. 51, No. 1-2, Jan-Jun 1995. 95-103 pp. Rome,
Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ita.
"In this paper, a
stochastic model is developed for the waiting time to the first birth
conception leading to a live birth of a cohort of married females. The
model distinguishes two groups of females: (i) those who are not
biologically mature at the time of marriage but are exposed to the risk
of ovulation and (ii) those who are biologically mature at the time of
marriage and are exposed to the risk of conception for a finite marital
duration. This facilitates the simultaneous estimation of the risk of
ovulation, risk of conception, and the proportion of adolescent sterile
females at the time of marriage. The three parameters of the model are
estimated by the minimum chi-square method. It is shown that the model
provides a close fit to data on the waiting time to first conception in
a sample from a rural area of India."
Correspondence:
D. C. Nath, Duke University, Department of Sociology, Durham, NC
27708-0088. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20242 Nebenführ, Eva.
Factors determining the birth of a second child.
[Determinanten für die Geburt eines zweiten Kindes.] Zeitschrift
für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1995. 207-14
pp. Wiesbaden, Germany. In Ger. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
"In
Austria, the ideal family consists of the parents and two children. In
our survey, the decision to have a second child mostly depends on the
woman's age and on her marital status. What is striking is that
criteria like education, income, the size of the community and
religious beliefs do not seem to be really important....Looking at the
age factor and its influence and finding that the older the woman the
less are the chances for a second child, [we note that] the
consideration of interactions between age and marital status shows a
more complex structure of interdependency. [It is shown here] that
marital status affects the decision for or against a second child via
the age factor. Unmarried mothers have a greater tendency to delay the
birth of a second child whereas married mothers aged 35 to under 40
years give birth to a second child less
often."
Correspondence: E. Nebenführ, Institut
für Demographie, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Hintere Zollamtstrasse 2b, 1033 Vienna, Austria. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20243 Nguyen, Van Phai; Knodel, John; Mai,
Van Cam; Hoang, Xuyen. Fertility and family planning in
Vietnam: evidence from the 1994 Inter-censal Demographic Survey.
Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1996. 1-17 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng.
"Results from the 1994 Vietnam
Inter-censal Demographic Survey reveal substantial change over recent
years in reproductive behavior and attitudes. Fertility has continued
to decline to a level not far above a total fertility rate of three
children per woman. Compared with the late 1980s, contraceptive
knowledge has broadened and contraceptive prevalence has increased,
reaching a level of 65 percent of currently married women of
reproductive age. The dominance of the IUD among modern methods has
been reduced somewhat. Stated family-size preferences have shifted
noticeably downward. Recently married women indicate that they want
only 2.3 children, on average, suggesting that fertility will continue
to fall in coming years. These findings suggest that Vietnam is in the
midst of a transition that will lead to low levels of fertility in the
near future."
Correspondence: V. P. Nguyen, General
Statistical Office, Division of Population and Labor Statistics, Hanoi,
Viet Nam. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20244 Palivos, Theodore.
Endogenous fertility, multiple growth paths, and economic
convergence. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 19,
No. 8, Nov 1995. 1,489-510 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This paper extends the Cass-Koopmans optimal growth model to
allow for endogenous fertility choice. It is shown that if agents
choose their fertility rate, then the net rate of return on capital
(marginal product of capital minus the population growth rate) may not
be monotonically decreasing in capital. In this case, multiple steady
states and growth paths may emerge, which can explain the persistent
differentials in income between poor and rich countries, as well as the
existence of development miracles and disasters. The paper provides
also empirical evidence which supports the existence of multiple
convergence groups and is consistent with the theoretical
model."
Correspondence: T. Palivos, Tilburg
University, CentER, 5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. Location:
Princeton University Library (PF).
62:20245 Pandey, Arvind; Suchindran, C.
M. Some analytical models to estimate maternal age at
birth using age-specific fertility rates. Sankhya: Indian Journal
of Statistics, Series B, Vol. 57, No. 1, 1995. 142-50 pp. Calcutta,
India. In Eng.
"A class of analytical models to study the
distribution of maternal age at different births from the data on
age-specific fertility rates has been presented. Deriving the
distributions and means of maternal age at birth of any specific order,
final parity and at next-to-last birth, we have extended the approach
to estimate parity progression ratios and the ultimate parity
distribution of women in the population....We illustrate computations
of various components of the model expressions with the current
fertility experiences of the United States for
1970."
Correspondence: A. Pandey, University of North
Carolina, University Square 300A/CB No. 8120, Chapel Hill, NC
27516-3997. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20246 Rajaram, S.; Rao, Saumya R.; Pandey,
Arvind. Birth interval dynamics in Goa: a parity specific
analysis. Demography India, Vol. 23, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 1994. 67-81
pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The present paper...analyses the
birth intervals of women from three parity cohorts [in India] after
including socio-economic controls. It is envisaged that separate
analysis of the parity cohorts will highlight the differences between
women who are at different stages of the family building
process....Data analysed for the present study are from a survey
conducted in 1984 in the state of Goa by International Institute for
Population Sciences....The four background variables taken are the
place of residence, religion, educational level of women and
socio-economic status of the household. Age at the beginning of the
respective intervals, use of contraception during the interval and
survival status of the previous child are the three intermediate
variables used for the present study which can be directly observed
from the data. The dependent variable is the waiting time to give birth
of a particular order."
Correspondence: S. Rajaram,
International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road,
Deonar, Bombay 400 088, India. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:20247 Ren, Xinhua Steve. Birth
spacing dynamics in China: the cases of Hebei and Shaanxi
provinces. Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 14, No. 4,
Dec 1995. 411-25 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"Even as
fertility has declined in China in the last several decades, the first
and second birth intervals have become shorter over time and the
probability of having a second child has increased since the late
1970s. This increase in the probability of conception seems to be
contradictory to the Chinese government's birth planning strategy which
explicitly stresses timing and parity. Using retrospective survey
reports from 1985 in Hebei and Shaanxi provinces, the study explored
this paradox. The study revealed several findings: (1) government
intervention, especially the `one-child' policy of the late 1970s, had
a strong, unexpected influence on early conception in China; (2) the
timing and probability of having a first birth were associated with
macrosocial forces and familial relationships; and (3) the timing and
probability of having a second birth were associated with biosocial,
familial as well as macro-social characteristics."
This paper
was originally presented at the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Population
Association of America.
Correspondence: X. S. Ren, New
England Medical Center, Health Institute, 750 Washington Street, Box
345, Boston, MA 02111. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:20248 Retherford, Robert D.; Ogawa,
Naohiro; Sakamoto, Satomi. Values and fertility change in
Japan. Population Studies, Vol. 50, No. 1, Mar 1996. 5-25 pp.
London, England. In Eng.
"This paper analyses how value change
and economic and social change have jointly affected fertility in Japan
since 1950, and especially since 1973 when fertility resumed declining
after some 15 years at near-replacement level. The resumption of
fertility decline since 1973 has been driven primarily by underlying
economic and social changes. Value change has tended to lag behind
fertility change, and this lag has tended to be larger in Japan than in
other advanced nations, primarily because underlying economic and
social conditions have evolved more rapidly in Japan, and because it
takes time for values to adjust to changes in underlying conditions.
Because of Japan's high degree of cultural homogeneity, values tend to
be widely and quickly shared, so that under certain conditions value
change tends to occur in spurts. In Japan, many of the more important
value changes affecting fertility in recent decades are bound up with
major educational and job gains by women, which have led to greater
economic independence and more emphasis on values of individualism and
equality between the sexes."
Correspondence: R. D.
Retherford, East-West Center, Program on Population, 1777 East-West
Road, Honolulu, HI 96848. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:20249 Sánchez Barricarte,
Jesús J. The critical analysis of the Princeton
indices (Ig, Im, If, Ih). A new proposal of measurements of the birth
rate. [Análisis crítico de los índices de
Princeton (Ig, Im, If, Ih). Una nueva propuesta de medición de
la natalidad.] Boletín de la Asociación de
Demografía Histórica, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1995. 61-78 pp.
Madrid, Spain. In Spa. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
"The article
highlights the problems of using the marital indices (Ig and I'g)
developed for the European Fertility Project. The article points out
that the information given by these indices is basically the same as
the Total Marital Fertility Rate (all of them are calculated without
considering the mean age at marriage). The author develops new indices
that analyze marital fertility in combination with mean age at marriage
[in Navarre, Spain]."
Correspondence: J. J.
Sánchez Barricarte, University of California, Department of
Demography, 2232 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20250 Seiver, Daniel A.; Lage, Maureen
J. An empirical test of the Becker-Barro model of
fertility. Research in Population Economics, Vol. 8, 1996. 173-202
pp. Greenwich, Connecticut/London, England. In Eng.
"The
Becker-Barro (1988) dynastic model has several testable implications:
real interest rates and the infant mortality rate should have a
positive effect on fertility, while the scale of the social security
program and the growth rate of real consumption per capita should have
negative effects on fertility. We subject all four implications to
empirical testing, using U.S. quarterly time-series data. With the
exception of the growth rate of real consumption per capita, we find
support for the Becker-Barro model; in particular, both the short- and
long-term real interest rates have statistically and substantively
significant positive effects on fertility."
Correspondence:
D. A. Seiver, Miami University, Department of Economics, Oxford,
OH 45056. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20251 Shapiro, David.
Fertility decline in Kinshasa. Population Studies, Vol. 50,
No. 1, Mar 1996. 89-103 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"This
paper examines key socio-economic changes over the past 40 years in the
lives of women in Kinshasa, Zaire, and how those changes relate to
observed fertility behaviour. Data from surveys carried out in 1955,
1975, and 1990 are used to highlight the remarkable shift that has
taken place in the educational attainment of women: in the 1950s the
vast majority of adult women had no formal education, while by 1990 the
median woman had been to secondary school. This dramatic shift was
accompanied by several related changes, including delays in age at
marriage and increased participation in the labour market. Total
fertility, which was estimated at 7.5 in the 1950s and had not changed
much by 1975, appears to have fallen more recently, by about 1.5
children or more. This decline in fertility appears to be closely
linked to the improvements in secondary schooling for women in
Kinshasa."
Correspondence: D. Shapiro, Pennsylvania
State University, Population Research Institute, 22 Burrowes Building,
University Park, PA 16802-6202. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:20252 Syamala, T. S.; Roy, T. K.
Relationship between child mortality and fertility: a few empirical
evidences from Goa, India. Demography India, Vol. 23, No. 1-2,
Jan-Dec 1994. 117-26 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
In this study, the
authors use "information from a sample survey conducted in Goa,
India. The effect of the traumatic experience of child loss to a woman
on her subsequent fertility aspirations/behaviour as against a
comparable group of women with no such experience has been addressed in
this study as one of the key issues, the other related issues being the
degree of manifestation of such differential according to the sex of
the dead child as well as the time (parity) at which this traumatic
event had occurred. The study is further extended to the domain of
societal level effect through the examination of the impact of a
woman's perceptions concerning societal level mortality on her
fertility options. Finally, a few aspects of family size control have
been considered in relation to mortality perceptions and child loss
experience."
Correspondence: T. S. Syamala,
International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road,
Deonar, Bombay 400 088, India. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:20253 Szreter, Simon.
Fertility, class and gender in Britain, 1860-1940. Cambridge
Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time, No. 27, ISBN
0-521-34343-7. LC 94-42262. 1996. xix, 704 pp. Cambridge University
Press: New York, New York/Cambridge, England. In Eng.
The author
"offers an original interpretation of the history of falling
fertilities [in England and Wales]. It integrates the approaches of the
social sciences and of demographic, gender and labour history with
intellectual, social and political history. [He] excavates the history
and exposes the statistical inadequacy of the long-standing orthodoxy
of a national, unitary class-differential fertility decline. A new
analysis of the famous 1911 fertility census presents evidence for over
200 occupational categories, showing many diverse fertility
régimes, differentiated by distinctively gendered labour markets
and changing family roles. Surprising and important findings emerge:
births were spaced from early in marriage; sexual abstinence by married
couples was far more significant than previously imagined. A new
general approach to the study of fertility change is proposed; also a
new conception of the relationship between class, community and
fertility change; and a new evaluation of the positive role of
feminism."
Correspondence: Cambridge University Press,
Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20254 Tasiran, A. C. Fertility
dynamics: spacing and timing of births in Sweden and the United
States. Contributions to Economic Analysis, No. 229, ISBN
0-444-82132-5. 1995. xx, 329 pp. Elsevier Science Publishers:
Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This volume examines the
determinants of fertility and focuses on the relationship between
women's wage rates and men's income and births, using data from the
1981 Swedish Fertility Survey (SFS) and the 1984 and 1988 waves of the
Swedish Household Market and Non-market Activities (HUS) Panel in
Sweden, and from the 1985 and 1988 waves of the Panel Study of Income
Dynamics (PSID) data in the United States. The dynamic relationship is
represented in a Continuous Time Birth Process framework, using
event-history analysis. Our results from Swedish and American fertility
studies show that the widespread expectations of a negative wage-rate
effect and a positive income effect on fertility are not generally
borne out."
Correspondence: Elsevier Science, Sara
Burgerhartstraat 25, P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20255 Thailand. National Statistical Office
(Bangkok, Thailand). 1990 population and housing census.
Subject Report No. 3: female employment and fertility. ISBN
974-236-166-5. [1996?]. [xiii], 40, 82 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng;
Tha.
This is the third in a series of reports in which sample data
from the 1990 census of Thailand are analyzed. This report is about
female labor force participation and fertility. "It investigates
the trends and impacts of female employment on fertility level among
currently married women according to female labor force participation
and various demographic, economic and social characteristics. In this
study, employment of women is divided into 2 categories; the work
status and principal occupation of women. Comparison of differentials
in fertility for currently married women are analyzed, by the Southern
and Other regions, because...the majority of population in the Southern
region are Moslems."
Correspondence: National
Statistical Office, Statistical Data Bank and Information Dissemination
Division, Larn Luang Road, Bangkok 10100, Thailand. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20256 Thomas, Neil; Mercer,
Charles. An examination of the fertility/contraceptive
prevalence anomaly in Zimbabwe. Genus, Vol. 51, No. 3-4, Jul-Dec
1995. 179-203 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Ita; Fre.
"According to data from the 1988/89 Demographic and Health
Survey of Zimbabwe, the total fertility rate is around 5.7 and the
contraceptive prevalence rate 43%. Application of the Bongaarts model
to data on intermediate fertility variables yields an estimated TFR of
3.35: well below 5.7. Data on the individual intermediate variables are
analysed, in order to explain this anomaly....It is concluded that
inadequacies in the contraceptive use and effectiveness data account
for 48% of the anomaly....The contraceptive data are examined further,
focusing on the unusually high proportion of contraceptive use
attributable to the pill; the extended use of the progestogen-only
pill, with high potential for misuse; and on evidence of high levels of
discontinuation and over-reporting of use."
Correspondence:
N. Thomas, University of Wales, College of Cardiff, Department of
City and Regional Planning, P.O. Box 906, Cardiff CF1 3YG, Wales.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20257 Toulemon, Laurent. Few
couples remain voluntarily childless. [Tres peu de couples restent
volontairement sans enfant.] Population, Vol. 50, No. 4-5, Jul-Oct
1995. 1,079-109 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
"Childlessness remains uncommon in France, compared to other
European countries. In France, the proportion of women remaining
childless has declined from 25% to 10% for the cohorts born between
1900 and 1940. For women born in 1940-50, only 4% of the couples never
tried to have a child. Half of childless couples are involuntarily
childless, because of sterility problems. The proportion of childless
women is increasing for recent cohorts....But at the same time, more
and more couples will have to face physiological
problems...."
Correspondence: L. Toulemon, Institut
National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675
Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:20258 United Nations. Department for
Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis. Population
Division (New York, New York). Women's education and
fertility behaviour: recent evidence from the Demographic and Health
Surveys. No. ST/ESA/SER.R/137, Pub. Order No. E.95.XIII.23. ISBN
92-1-151295-6. 1995. viii, 113 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
This
study is a product of an ongoing research program on the linkage
between women's status and fertility. In a previous study, the UN
Population Division used data from the World Fertility Survey to
provide an overview of the impact of socioeconomic factors on
reproductive behavior in developing countries, and particularly on the
relationship between female education and fertility. In this study,
data from the Demographic and Health Surveys are used to examine the
education-fertility relationship within a comparative framework. The
report confirms that advanced female education is universally linked to
lower fertility, although fertility differentials by education are not
uniform under all conditions of development.
For a related study,
published in 1987, see 53:30307.
Correspondence: UN
Population Division, Room DC2-1950, 2 United Nations Plaza, New York,
NY 10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20259 Valkovics, Emil; Wunsch,
Guillaume. Some possibilities of modeling the cumulated
values of general age-specific fertility rates. Institut de
Démographie Working Paper, No. 178, ISBN 2-87209-413-X. Mar
1995. 29 pp. Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de
Démographie: Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. In Eng.
"A very
good model of cumulated values of general age-specific fertility rates
may be obtained by fitting to these values the Gompertz function using
the method of partial sums. The paper examines two other approaches for
creating such models: attempts based on different transformations of
the `saturation function' and attempts based on different
transformations of relative magnitudes of cumulated values of general
age-specific fertility rates....[The] conclusions are based on our
experiments in modelling the Hungarian general age-specific fertility
rates of 1983."
Correspondence: Université
Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Démographie, 1 place
Montesquieu, B.P. 17, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20260 van de Kaa, Dirk J.
Anchored narratives: the story and findings of half a century of
research into the determinants of fertility. PDOD Paper, No. 35,
Dec 1995. 48 pp. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Postdoctorale
Onderzoekersopleiding Demografie [PDOD]: Amsterdam, Netherlands. In
Eng.
"This paper is an attempt to review the current state of
affairs regarding the determinants of fertility behaviour and change in
the world. It is presented against the backdrop of the anchored
sub-narratives published and defended by various authors in the course
of the last half-century. In turn, this backdrop is preceded by a broad
sketch of the research efforts and orientations in the
field."
Correspondence: Universiteit van Amsterdam,
Planologisch en Demografisch Instituut, Postdoctorale
Onderzoekersopleiding Demografie, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ
Amsterdam, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:20261 Walker, James R.
Parental benefits, employment, and fertility dynamics.
Research in Population Economics, Vol. 8, 1996. 125-72 pp. Greenwich,
Connecticut/London, England. In Eng.
"This paper investigates
the effect of parental benefits on the timing and spacing of births and
on employment dynamics of Swedish women. Using microdata on wages and
incomes, I estimate a reduced-form multistate duration model of the
bivariate life-cycle fertility and employment process. The paper
provides an example of the application of empirical procedures to
develop and evaluate multistate hazard models. Estimation results are
mixed, with estimated wage effects generally consistent with
theoretical predications while estimated effects of the benefits are
not. The evaluation procedures offer valuable diagnostic information
and suggest several avenues for future
research."
Correspondence: J. R. Walker, University of
Wisconsin, Department of Economics, Madison, WI 53706. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20262 Yadava, Surendar S.; Chadney, James
G. Female education, modernity and fertility in
India. Journal of Asian and African Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1-2,
Jan-Apr 1994. 110-9 pp. Leiden, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This
paper investigates the effect of female education and modernity on
general fertility [in India]. Evidence from available data indicates
that education of females has a significant effect on fertility after
controlling for the effect of modernity and some other factors. On the
other hand, modernity is not found to have an independent effect on the
number of live births after controlling for education, infant
mortality, and age at marriage. A significant relationship is seen
between infant mortality and fertility. Thus, policies aimed at
increasing...female education and reducing...infant mortality hold the
key to reducing...fertility."
Correspondence: S. S.
Yadava, University of Northern Iowa, Department of Sociology and
Anthropology, Cedar Falls, IA 50614-0513. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
62:20263 Zeng, Yi. Is fertility
in China in 1991-92 far below replacement level? Population
Studies, Vol. 50, No. 1, Mar 1996. 27-34 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"In this article it is shown that the extremely low fertility
rates reported in China--well below replacement level--derived from the
Chinese Survey in 1992 are false. Serious under-reporting of most
recent births in China was caused by various factors, among them high
pressure on officials to achieve the birth control targets set, the
design of the questionnaire, and the employment of family planning
workers as enumerators. The most likely value of total fertility in
1991-92 was at or slightly below replacement level, i.e. between 2.1
and 2.2 children per woman. Even after adjustment for serious
under-reporting, marital fertility fell substantially between 1990 and
1992, mainly as a consequence of tighter implementation of the strict
family planning programme. Rapid economic development also contributed
to the fall, as many young people in the country left farming to engage
in non-agricultural activities locally, or migrated to urban areas,
particularly in the southern part of the country, where economic boom
conditions may also have contributed to reduced or delayed
fertility."
Correspondence: Y. Zeng, Peking
University, Institute of Population Research, Beijing 100871, China.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on differences in fertility patterns and levels in subgroups of a population. Also included are studies on age-specific fertility, such as teenage pregnancy.
62:20264 Alvi, S. A.; Srivastava, T.
N. A simultaneous equation model of fertility: the case of
Muslims of Indian sub-continent. Demography India, Vol. 23, No.
1-2, Jan-Dec 1994. 51-65 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The
present study focuses its attention on the pattern and trends in Muslim
fertility in the Indian sub-continent. It explains, and measures, the
impact of certain socio-economic and cultural factors on reproductive
behaviour. It uses a model based on...time series data for the period
1971-1990....The causal effects of selected variables on fertility are
measured and analyzed. Chosen for this study, some of the predictors
are: accessibility to, and attitudes towards, family planning
programmes, education, labour market opportunities (particularly for
women), family income and religious values and norms as expressed
indirectly in terms of women's status, gender preference and female
literacy."
Correspondence: S. A. Alvi, Concordia
University, Department of Economics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20265 Bosveld, Willy; Kuijsten,
Anton. Delayed childbearing: generational change in life
course patterns of fertility. PDOD Paper, No. 34, Oct 1995. 24 pp.
Universiteit van Amsterdam, Postdoctorale Onderzoekersopleiding
Demografie [PDOD]: Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
"This paper
presents and discusses a selection of data from the research project
`Fertility at higher ages: A comparative demographic analytic study in
Europe'. This research project aims at studying how the age at which
women have their children has changed over time, differentiated by
birth order of the child....Another aspect of interest was, how these
changes in fertility differ between a number of countries in
Europe."
Correspondence: Universiteit van Amsterdam,
Planologisch en Demografisch Instituut, Postdoctorale
Onderzoekersopleiding Demografie, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ
Amsterdam, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:20266 Butzelaar, E. Fertility
behavior of foreign women. [Vruchtbaarheidsgedrag van
allochtonen.] Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking, Vol. 44, No. 1, Jan
1996. 10-3 pp. Voorburg, Netherlands. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
"The total fertility rate of Turkish and Moroccan women in the
Netherlands is developing in the direction of the level of the Dutch
women. The total fertility rate of women born in Surinam and at the
Dutch Antilles and Aruba has already been close to the level of the
Dutch women since the end of the eighties. Even though the total
fertility rate of foreign women has been moving in the direction of the
Dutch level, differences in fertility behaviour still exist. Most
significant is the difference of the age of the mother at the birth of
her children. On average Dutch women have their first child around age
29, whereas Turkish women become mothers around age
22."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20267 Castro Martín, Teresa;
Juárez, Fátima. The influence of women's
education on fertility in Latin America: in search of
explanations. [La influencia de la educación de la mujer
sobre la fecundidad en América Latina: en busca de
explicaciones.] Perspectivas Internacionales en Planificación
Familiar, 1995. 4-10 pp. New York, New York. In Spa.
The authors
examine educational levels among Latin American women and present
empirical evidence of the relation between education and fertility in
Latin America. They analyze how educational experience changes women's
lives and link these changes to reproductive behavior. Aspects
considered include contraceptive knowledge and use, socioeconomic
status, and fatalistic attitudes toward
reproduction.
Correspondence: T. Castro Martín, UN
Population Division, United Nations, New York, NY 10017. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20268 Kouamé, Aka; Rwenge,
Mburano. The structure of production and reproductive
behavior in the Ivory Coast. [Structure de production et
comportement procréateur en Côte d'Ivoire.] Les Dossiers
du CEPED, No. 36, ISBN 2-87762-083-2. Mar 1996. 31 pp. Centre
Français sur la Population et le Développement [CEPED]:
Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"The main objective
of this article is to analyse the differences in fertility behaviour of
women according to their partners' [occupation]. It is based on the
hypothesis of economic value of children as a motive for high
fertility. Because living and production conditions that affect
fertility vary according to sectors of activity, we anticipate that
each sector may correspond to a distinct fertility regime. Based on
data from the Ivorian fertility survey (EIF) of 1980-1981, results
indicate a significant difference in fertility levels between the
sectors. An examination of the effect of socio-cultural and
socio-economic factors on fertility equally shows some variation
according to sectors."
Correspondence: Centre
Français sur la Population et le Développement, 15 rue de
l'Ecole de Médecine, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20269 Krishnan, Parameswara.
Estimates of Christian fertility and mortality in nineteenth
century rural India. Demography India, Vol. 23, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec
1994. 143-7 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"We attempt to present
here estimates of fertility and mortality of the Christian population
of India from ecclesiastical returns and compare them with what [is]
known from the censuses....The estimates generated for the rural
population of Madras and Bengal, though based on missionary statistics,
show that fertility was indeed high among the converts to
Christianity....The rates for Goa are comparatively low, even though
the Goans are Catholic. We...hypothesize several reasons for this huge
differential in fertility between the Goan and the non-Goan
Christians....We...also hypothesize that the Hindu value system had
shaped the values and norms of the new converts and that they had not
yet acquired [the] value system that the missionaries had brought with
them."
Correspondence: P. Krishnan, University of
Alberta, Department of Sociology, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H4, Canada.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20270 Lodewijckx, E.; Page, H.;
Schoenmaeckers, R. C. Changes in family formation among
Turkish and Moroccan women in Belgium. Genus, Vol. 51, No. 3-4,
Jul-Dec 1995. 205-27 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Ita; Fre.
"This paper addresses the extent to which the behaviour of
migrants...diverges from the pattern observed in the country of origin
and converges on that of the country of destination....In the first
part of the analysis we compare the family formation patterns of Turks
and Moroccans living in Flanders and Brussels with the patterns of
Belgians living in the same regions on the one hand and with the
populations of Turkey and Morocco on the other hand. In the second part
we look in more detail at the behaviour of Turks and Moroccans in
Belgium, distinguishing between the first and the second generation. To
what extent, if any, do the immigrant communities diverge from the
countries of origin on various aspects of family formation behaviour,
and to what extent is there convergence with the patterns observed for
Belgians?"
Correspondence: E. Lodewijckx, Centre for
Population and Family Studies, Flemish Community, Markiesstraat 1, 1000
Brussels, Belgium. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:20271 Lundberg, Shelly; Plotnick, Robert
D. Adolescent premarital childbearing: do economic
incentives matter? Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 13, No. 2, Apr
1995. 177-200 pp. Chicago, Illinois. In Eng.
"We develop an
empirical model of adolescent premarital childbearing [in the United
States] in which a woman's decisions affect a sequence of outcomes:
premarital pregnancy, pregnancy resolution, and the occurrence of
marriage before the birth. State welfare, abortion, and family planning
policies alter the costs and benefits of these outcomes. For white
adolescents, welfare, abortion, and family planning policy variables
have significant effects on these outcomes consistent with theoretical
expectations. Black adolescents' behavior shows no association with the
policy variables. The different racial results may reflect differences
in sample size or important unmeasured racial differences in factors
that influence fertility and marital behavior."
This is a
revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1990 Annual
Meeting of the Population Association of
America.
Correspondence: S. Lundberg, University of
Washington, Department of Economics, Seattle, WA 98195. Location:
Princeton University Library (IR).
62:20272 Osirike, Animam B. The
implication of spatial variations in marital fertility for development
planning: a case study from Nigeria. Geographical Perspectives,
No. 64, Spring 1993. 49-55 pp. Cedar Falls, Iowa. In Eng.
"This paper focuses on...the spatial variation in marital
fertility in one of Nigeria's rapidly urbanizing areas and shows how
education and family planning services can be more effectively pursued
by concentrating on areas with high fertility rates rather than by
providing these services uniformly over space. The paper has two main
objectives. First, to demonstrate that significant variations in
marital fertility rates exist in Warri-Effurun conurbation; and second,
to describe an effective operational approach to population education
and family planning services based on identifying varying fertility
rates. The paper assumes that national development requires slower
population growth and a citizenry better informed about population
matters."
Correspondence: A. B. Osirike, University of
Benin, Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Benin City,
Bendal State, Nigeria. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:20273 Sharma, A. K. Muslim
fertility in urban U.P. : a qualitative study. Demography India,
Vol. 23, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 1994. 41-9 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The present study was conducted in Kanpur [Uttar Pradesh,
India] to explore various dimensions of Muslim fertility in the urban
setting....[Results indicate that] fertility among urban Muslims is
largely a socio-economic problem....Islam forbids Malthusianism but
Islam says that God has given wisdom to man and man should make use of
it for advancing his secular and religious welfare. The real impact of
Islamic teachings regarding birth prevention is confined only to
segregated poor people; in mixed areas and in abject poverty Muslims
hardly bother about religion. In urban areas pressure of economic
forces is so great that once they start thinking about economics of
reproduction the family size norm will reduce to 1-2 children in all
socio-economic classes."
Correspondence: A. K. Sharma,
HSS Department, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 016, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20274 Spitz, Alison M.; Velebil, Petr;
Koonin, Lisa M.; Strauss, Lilo T.; Goodman, Karyn A.; Wingo, Phyllis;
Wilson, Jacqueline B.; Morris, Leo; Marks, James S.
Pregnancy, abortion, and birth rates among U.S. adolescents--1980,
1985, and 1990. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association,
Vol. 275, No. 13, Apr 3, 1996. 989-94 pp. Chicago, Illinois. In Eng.
This is an analysis of pregnancy, abortion, and fertility trends
among U.S. adolescent girls using data from official sources. The
authors conclude that "although pregnancy rates among all teenaged
girls 15 to 19 years old remained fairly stable from 1980 to 1985, they
increased by 9% during the last half of the decade, totalling 95.9
pregnancies per 1,000 teenaged girls 15 to 19 years old by 1990.
Because rates of sexual experience increased even faster, pregnancy
rates among sexually experienced teens aged 15 to 19 actually declined
between 1980 and 1990 by approximately 8%. Abortion rates among these
teens remained stable during the 1980s....Despite efforts to reduce
adolescent pregnancy in the United States, pregnancy and birth rates
for that group continue to be the highest among developed countries.
Considering that 95% of adolescent pregnancies are unintended,
increased efforts to prevent these pregnancies are
warranted."
Correspondence: A. M. Spitz, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention
and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health, Atlanta, GA
30333. Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
62:20275 Yana, Simon D. In search
of cultural models of fertility in Cameroon. [A la recherche des
modèles culturels de la fécondité au Cameroun.]
Institut de Démographie, Serie Démographie, Monographie,
No. 6, ISBN 2-87209-380-X. 1995. ii, 329 pp. Academia-Erasme:
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; L'Harmattan: Paris, France;
Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de
Démographie: Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. In Fre.
This is an
analysis of fertility differentials in Cameroon, focusing on
differences by ethnic group and rural or urban residence. The study,
which was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the Université
Catholique de Louvain, focuses on fertility differences between two
ethnic groups, the Bamiléké and the Bëti. Data are
from the 1978 World Fertility Survey, a 1991 survey on innovation and
social change, and from fieldwork carried out in 1991 and 1992. The
results indicate that the cultural factors favorable to high levels of
fertility remain unaltered, even though favorable attitudes toward
fertility control are gaining ground, particularly in urban areas.
However, urban conditions have not yet resulted in radical changes in
behavior affecting the family or reproduction.
Correspondence:
Academia-Erasme, 25 Grand Rue, Boite 115, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve,
Belgium. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
Studies on infertility, as well as studies of spontaneous abortion, prematurity, and other relevant pathologies of pregnancy.
62:20276 Bolumar, F.; Olsen, Jørn;
Boldsen, J. Smoking reduces fecundity: a European
multicenter study on infertility and subfecundity. American
Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 143, No. 6, Mar 15, 1996. 578-87 pp.
Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
"The present study was designed
to examine male and female smoking at the start of a couple's waiting
time to a planned pregnancy. Two types of samples were used:
population-based samples of women aged 25-44 years who were randomly
selected in different [European] countries from census registers and
electoral rolls....More than 4,000 couples were included in each
sample, and 10 different regions in Europe took part in data
collection. The data were collected between August 1991 and February
1993....The results based on the population sample showed a remarkably
coherent association between female smoking and subfecundity in each
individual country and in all countries together....Results based on
the pregnancy sample were similar...."
Correspondence:
J. Olsen, Steno Institute of Public Health, Department of
Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Building 2C, Nørrebrogade 44,
8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Location: Princeton University Library
(SZ).
62:20277 Larsen, Ulla.
Childlessness, subfertility, and infertility in Tanzania.
Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1996. 18-28 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng.
"This study examines the trends and
variations in childlessness, subfertility, and infertility in Tanzania
according to data from the 1973 National Demographic Survey and the
1991-92 Demographic and Health Survey. Between the surveys, the
proportion of women older than 30 who were childless was found to have
declined more than 60 percent, and the proportion with an open birth
interval extending for longer than five years was reduced by 40 to 50
percent in each standard five-year age group from 20 to 39. Within
Tanzania, both childlessness and infertility are higher among urban
than among rural residents, and a substantial range prevails across
eight rural zones. Finally, evidence suggests that the decline in
impaired fertility has been followed by an increase in the total
fertility rate. The difficulties of implementing population policies
that aim simultaneously to control population growth and to improve
women's health are discussed."
Correspondence: U.
Larsen, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Population and
International Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20278 Larsen, Ulla. Trends in
infertility in Cameroon and Nigeria. International Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 21, No. 4, Dec 1995. 138-42, 166 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"After providing a brief
description of the cultural background of Cameroon and Nigeria, this
article presents an analysis of recent trends in infertility in both
countries, including an examination of the association between women's
age at first intercourse and infertility. It offers a discussion of the
effects that further reductions in infertility may have on fertility
and population growth, and considers fertility preferences and their
implications for contraceptive use." Results indicate that
"infertility has declined among all age-groups younger than 40 in
the decade between the World Fertility Surveys and the Demographic and
Health Surveys. The expected number of infertile years between ages 20
and 39 declined from 7.3 to 6.0 in Cameroon and from 5.6 to 4.2 in
Nigeria. In addition, the proportion of childless women declined from
12% to 6% in Cameroon and from 6% to 4% in Nigeria. Still, a
substantial proportion of women suffer from infertility in both
countries--39% of women aged 20-44 in Cameroon and 33% in Nigeria. The
age pattern of infertility is similar in both countries, and the
prevalence of infertility is associated with a woman's age at first
sexual exposure....Marked regional variations in infertility also exist
in both countries."
Correspondence: U. Larsen, Harvard
School of Public Health, Department of Population and International
Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20279 Olsen, Jørn. Is
human fecundity declining--and does occupational exposure play a role
in such a decline if it exists? Scandinavian Journal of Work,
Environment and Health, Vol. 20, No. Special Issue, 1994. 72-7 pp.
Helsinki, Finland. In Eng.
"Recent publications seem to
indicate a decline in semen quality over time, but still no good data
corroborate or refute this hypothesis. The very sparse data do not
indicate any substantial changes in fecundity over the last 10-30 years
in the United States, but none of the studies have a comparability
which permit any firm conclusion. Several chemical and physical
exposures interfere with human fecundity. Some are found at the
worksite, sometimes in an intensity which does harm. The marked effect
of dibromochloropropane on semen quality and fecundity was a clear
warning to occupational health workers. Several other occupational
exposures have shown an effect on gonads in men or women, and it is
time to give more research priority to the topic. The rapidly rising
cost of infertility treatment could be the stimulus to trigger the
development of this research field."
Correspondence:
J. Olsen, University of Aarhus, Department of Epidemiology and
Social Medicine, Steno Institute of Public Health, Høegh
Guldbergs Gade 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Location: Rutgers
University Library, New Brunswick, NJ.
62:20280 Toulemon, Laurent.
Solutions to infertility problems and their impact on the risk of
remaining childless. [Les solutions apportées aux problemes
de stérilité et leur impact sur le risque de rester sans
enfant.] Population, Vol. 50, No. 4-5, Jul-Oct 1995. 1,212-8 pp. Paris,
France. In Fre.
The author examines the various methods that are
used to provide couples wishing to have children with solutions to
problems of infertility in France. The article attempts to estimate the
demographic impact of such efforts.
Correspondence: L.
Toulemon, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 27 rue du
Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
Studies concerning activities, including family planning programs, that are primarily designed to influence fertility.
General aspects of fertility control, primarily those concerned with family planning and family planning programs.
62:20281 Ali, Mohamed; Cleland, John.
Contraceptive discontinuation in six developing countries: a
cause-specific analysis. International Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 21, No. 3, Sep 1995. 92-7 pp. New York, New York. In
Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"A descriptive analysis of
contraceptive discontinuation, based on Demographic and Health Survey
data from six countries with high levels of contraceptive use, shows
that about one-third of couples stop use of their method within 12
months and about half do so within 24 months. IUD users are the least
likely to stop using their method, with 82-98% of users persisting
after one year and 65-80% continuing at the end of two years. Levels of
discontinuation of other modern methods are similar to those of
traditional methods, but the reasons for discontinuation vary. For
hormonal contraceptives and the IUD, health concerns (including side
effects) are the most common reason. For withdrawal and periodic
abstinence, accidental pregnancy is the dominant reason. Women using
the pill or the IUD are more likely to continue use if they have
attained their desired family size. However, analysis of pill data
indicates that education and residence have little or no influence on
levels of discontinuation." The countries analyzed are Morocco,
Tunisia, Egypt, Ecuador, Indonesia, and
Thailand.
Correspondence: M. Ali, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Population Studies, Keppel Street,
London WC1E 7HT, England. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
62:20282 Anderson, John E.; Brackbill, Robert;
Mosher, William D. Condom use for disease prevention among
unmarried U.S. women. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No.
1, Jan-Feb 1996. 25-8, 39 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Among a nationally representative sample of 932 sexually
experienced unmarried [U.S.] women aged 17-44, 41% reported using
condoms for protection against sexually transmitted diseases, and 30%
said they used condoms for this reason every time or most times they
had intercourse. While 67% of unmarried condom users cited disease
prevention as their primary motivation for choosing this method, only
4% said contraception was their sole reason for using condoms; the
remaining 29% gave both reasons....Results of logistic regression
analysis showed that black women and those who believed condoms and
spermicides are effective in protecting against disease were about
twice as likely as their counterparts to use condoms for disease
prevention every time or most times they had sex; women who had
intercourse two or more times a week, who used the pill or who had been
pregnant were about half as likely as others to do
so."
Correspondence: J. E. Anderson, U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Division of STD/HIV Prevention,
Mailstop E-44, Atlanta, GA 30333. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:20283 Arends-Kuenning, Mary; Mensch,
Barbara; Garate, María R. Comparing the Peru
service availability module and Situation Analysis. Studies in
Family Planning, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1996. 44-51 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
"This report reviews the experience of the World
Fertility Surveys and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in
collecting community-level data on family planning. It assesses the
validity of the community data for Peru that were collected via a
service availability module, much like that which is used for the DHS,
through a comparison with data from the Situation Analysis. The
analysis indicates that the knowledgeable informant, the main source of
information about family planning in each community for the service
availability module, may not be an accurate source of data. Information
about the availability of family planning services is more reliable
when it is obtained by means of visits to service sites. However, given
cost consideration, sampling problems, and analysis issues, routine
linkage of Situation Analyses to household surveys such as the DHS is
not recommended at this time."
Correspondence: M.
Arends-Kuenning, University of Michigan, Population Studies Center, 122
S. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20284 Bairagi, Radheshyam; Rahman,
Mizanur. Contraceptive failure in Matlab, Bangladesh.
International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 22, No. 1, Mar 1996.
21-5 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Contraceptive failure rates and the determinants of failure
can be most accurately estimated using prospective data from an area
served by a well-established maternal and child health and family
planning program. In Matlab, Bangladesh, the cumulative probability of
contraceptive failure within one year of method acceptance was 1% for
the injectable, 3% for the IUD and 15% for the pill and other temporary
methods among 2,856 married women aged 15-49 during the period
1984-1989. Among women using no method, the 12-month cumulative
probability of conception was 38%. For the pill, the likelihood of
failure was consistently high during the first 12-18 months of use,
after which it declined substantially; by contrast, the probability of
an IUD failure increased, peaking at 24 months of use. The injectable
maintained a low likelihood of failure regardless of duration of use,
and no pattern was evident for other temporary methods. The quality of
community health workers' performance was associated with the risk of
failure of all temporary methods except the injectable; women's
background characteristics associated with failure varied by method.
Calculations from failure rates suggest that 25% of births in
Bangladesh may reflect contraceptive
failure."
Correspondence: R. Bairagi, International
Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Population Studies
Centre, G.P.O. Box 128, Dhaka 2, Bangladesh. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20285 Baydar, Nazli.
Consequences for children of their birth planning status.
Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 27, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1995. 228-34, 245
pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Of 1,327 children younger
than two in 1986 whose mothers were participants in the [U.S.] National
Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 61% were wanted, 34% were mistimed and 5%
were unwanted. Planning status is associated with the level of
developmental resources the child receives at home: At ages one and
older, mistimed and unwanted children score significantly lower on a
scale measuring opportunity for skill development and on a scale
measuring nonauthoritarian parenting style than their wanted peers; by
preschool age, they also have significantly less-positive relationships
with their mothers. Measures of the direct effects of planning status
on development also indicate that mistimed and unwanted children are at
a disadvantage: Those younger than two have higher mean scores for
fearfulness than wanted infants and lower scores for positive affect;
unintended preschoolers score lower on a measure of receptive
vocabulary."
Correspondence: N. Baydar, Battelle
Centers for Public Health Research and Evaluation, 4000 NE 41st Street,
Seattle, WA 98105. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:20286 Bertrand, Jane T.; Hardee, Karen;
Magnani, Robert J.; Angle, Marcia A. Access, quality of
care and medical barriers in family planning programs.
International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 21, No. 2, Jun 1995.
64-9, 74 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Spa; Fre.
"Access to family planning, quality of care and medical
barriers to services are key factors in the adoption of contraceptive
use. Access helps determine whether the individual makes contact with
the family planning provider, while quality of care greatly affects the
client's decision to accept a method and the motivation to continue
using it. Medical barriers are scientifically unjustifiable policies or
practices, based at least in part on a medical rationale, that
inappropriately prevent clients from receiving the contraceptive method
of their choice or impose unnecessary process barriers to access to
family planning services. In the past, international family planning
efforts have been criticized as placing too much emphasis on issues of
access and the quantity of contraceptives distributed. The climate now
exists for pursuing improvements in quality and access simultaneously
and for exploring through research the linkages between access, quality
and medical barriers."
Correspondence: J. T. Bertrand,
Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New
Orleans, LA 70118. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
62:20287 Bhatnagar, S.; Jain, Nutan P.; Gupta,
Jaishree. A community study on contraceptive gap in
periurban women of South Delhi. Health and Population:
Perspectives and Issues, Vol. 17, No. 3-4, Jul-Dec 1994. 165-77 pp. New
Delhi, India. In Eng. with sum. in Hin.
"To estimate the
proportion of women who were using some kind of contraceptive as
against the proportion who [were at] risk of conception [a] community
study was undertaken on 764 women from periurban areas of South Delhi
[India] who had given birth to a child in [the] 24 months prior to the
date of survey. It was observed that contraceptive use lagged far
behind the growing risk of conception and that this contraceptive gap
widened as more time elapsed from
the...birth."
Correspondence: S. Bhatnagar, National
Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Planning and
Evaluation, New Mehrauli Road, Munirka, New Delhi 110 067, India.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20288 Cates, Willard.
Contraception, unintended pregnancies, and sexually transmitted
diseases: why isn't a simple solution possible? American Journal
of Epidemiology, Vol. 143, No. 4, Feb 15, 1996. 311-8 pp. Baltimore,
Maryland. In Eng.
The complex relationships among contraception,
unintended pregnancy, and sexually transmitted diseases are examined
from an epidemiological perspective. Specifically, the author shows how
a population-level approach to preventing the adverse consequences of
human sexuality requires a myriad of imperfect, cumulatively effective
contraceptive methods.
Correspondence: W. Cates, Family
Health International, P.O. Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
62:20289 Chao, Dennis N. W.; Gupta, Y. P.;
Stover, John; Talwar, Prem P. Using age-specific
appropriate method-mix strategy to achieve replacement level fertility
in India: a model for policy analysis. Demography India, Vol. 23,
No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 1994. 157-66 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
The authors
develop a model "to analyse the effect of changes in
the...variables which affect fertility and population growth and design
alternate strategies for the family planning programme [in
India]....The...analysis shows that use of appropriate method mix based
on parity will be crucial in achievement of replacement level fertility
by India during 2011-2016."
Correspondence: D. N. W.
Chao, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20290 Chimere-Dan, Orieji.
Contraceptive prevalence in rural South Africa. International
Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 22, No. 1, Mar 1996. 4-9 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"The aim of
this article is to identify the dominant features of contraceptive
behavior in the predominantly rural South African subregion of
Transkei." Results from a "study of 2,290 women aged
15-49...[reveal] an exceptionally high prevalence of contraceptive use
and unexpected patterns of use for a poor Sub-Saharan African society.
Overall, 60% of women have ever used a contraceptive method, and 42%
are currently using one. Moreover, highly effective contraceptives,
particularly injectables and the pill, represent 58% and 29% of use,
respectively. Among women who have never used a method but intend to at
some time, 90% plan to use injectables or the pill. About half of women
have heard of the condom, but use of this method is negligible. Another
striking feature of contraceptive use is that the proportions of
never-married women who have ever used a method (64%) and who are
current users (53%) exceed those among currently married
women."
Correspondence: O. Chimere-Dan, University of
the Witwatersrand, Department of Sociology, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue,
Johannesburg 2050, South Africa. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:20291 Ciszewski, Robert L.; Harvey, Philip
D. Contraceptive price changes: the impact on sales in
Bangladesh. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 21,
No. 4, Dec 1995. 150-4 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in
Fre; Spa.
"In April 1990, the Bangladesh social marketing
project increased the prices of the contraceptives it sold by an
average of about 60%. In the year following these increases, condom
sales dropped by 29%, and pill sales fell by 12%, despite a
well-established trend of annual increases. When sales had not returned
to their previous levels after about two years, the project lowered
prices; sales returned to earlier levels within a few months and have
increased since. These events occurred in a large and mature program,
where major variables affecting project performance are well
understood. Therefore, the results appear to constitute strong evidence
that, at least in social marketing structures, contraceptive prices,
and changes in those prices, have a substantial impact on
demand."
Correspondence: R. L. Ciszewski, Population
Services International, 1120 19th Street NW, Suite 600, Washington,
D.C. 20036. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20292 Curtis, Siân L.; Neitzel,
Katherine. Contraceptive knowledge, use, and sources.
DHS Comparative Studies, No. 19, Mar 1996. viii, 92 pp. Macro
International, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Calverton,
Maryland. In Eng.
"This report presents an update on
knowledge, use, and sources of contraceptive methods among the 22
populations surveyed in the DHS-II project....This report describes the
DHS-II data on contraceptive knowledge and use and defines the terms
and indicators used in the report....The first analyses examine
patterns in knowledge of contraceptive methods and sources of methods.
The next section analyzes patterns of ever-use of contraception. This
is followed by a detailed descriptive analysis of current contraceptive
use and a summary of recent trends in use for countries with data for
more than one point in time. The final analysis looks at the current
source of contraception among users of modern methods. It focuses on
the relative importance of government versus private suppliers of
contraceptives, but it also uses some of the new information collected
in DHS-II surveys on time to source of supply. The report concludes
with a discussion of the main findings and how they fit in with
existing knowledge of contraceptive practice in the less developed
world."
Correspondence: Macro International,
Demographic and Health Surveys, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD
20705-3119. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20293 Curtis, Siân L.
The impact of postpartum redundant use of contraception on
contraceptive failure rates. Demography, Vol. 33, No. 1, Feb 1996.
24-34 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"Redundant use of
contraception occurs when periods of contraceptive use overlap with
periods of reduced fecundity, and will downwardly bias estimates of
contraceptive failure rates. This paper investigates this bias using
calendar data from the Demographic and Health Surveys [conducted in
developing countries during 1990-1992]. The paper presents unadjusted
and adjusted 12-month failure rates for each of nine countries. The
impact of redundant use on failure rates is generally modest. It tends
to be greater in Indonesia, however, where both the incidence and the
duration of overlap are relatively large."
Correspondence:
Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys, 11785
Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD 20705-3119. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20294 Dharmalingam, A. The
social context of family planning in a South Indian village.
International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 21, No. 3, Sep 1995.
98-103 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"A quasi-anthropological study, relying on structured and
unstructured interviews and observation of participants, reveals
several factors that have a strong bearing on birth control in a South
Indian village, where the level of contraceptive use is lower than the
statewide level. These factors are the lack of follow-up services,
gender inequality and the unsuitability of sterilization to all working
situations and living conditions. To improve program performance and
quality of life, the government family planning program needs to
address the side effects associated with the adoption of sterilization
and facilitate individual choice, taking into account the village's
social and economic context."
Correspondence: A.
Dharmalingam, University of Waikato, Population Studies Centre, Private
Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:20295 do Lago, Tania Di G.; Barbosa, Regina
M.; Kalckmann, Suzana; Villela, Wilza V.; Gohiman, Samuel.
Acceptability of the diaphragm among low-income women in São
Paulo, Brazil. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol.
21, No. 3, Sep 1995. 114-8 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in
Fre; Spa.
"A study of the acceptability of the diaphragm among
low-income women in São Paulo, Brazil, found that about 11% of
1,723 women who sought a method in one of five public health clinics
opted for the diaphragm following a contraceptive educational session
on all methods. The main reason they gave for doing so was because it
was physically harmless. Women who chose the diaphragm were older and
better educated than those who chose the pill, and were more likely
than IUD users to want to space births rather than limit them. However,
46% of the women who selected the method were no longer using it three
months later, compared with 29% of women who chose the condom and 16%
who chose the pill. Although low-income women appear willing to use the
diaphragm, providers may need further training to assist women in
resolving difficulties that appear in the first few months of diaphragm
use."
Correspondence: T. Di G. do Lago, São
Paulo Institute of Health, Division of Maternal and Child Health, Sao
Paulo, Brazil. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20296 Entwisle, Barbara; Rindfuss, Ronald
R.; Guilkey, David K.; Chamratrithirong, Aphichat; Curran, Sara R.;
Sawangdee, Yothin. Community and contraceptive choice in
rural Thailand: a case study of Nang Rong. Demography, Vol. 33,
No. 1, Feb 1996. 1-11 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
"This paper blends quantitative with qualitative data in an
investigation of community and contraceptive choice in Nang Rong,
Thailand." The data were collected from a census which was
conducted in April 1984 and involved 51 villages. "Specifically,
it develops an explanation of (1) method dominance within villages,
coupled with (2) marked differences between villages in the popularity
of particular methods. The quantitative analysis demonstrates the
importance of village location and placement of family planning
services for patterns of contraceptive choice. The qualitative data
provide a complementary perspective, emphasizing the importance of
social as well as physical space and giving particular attention to the
structure of conversational networks."
Correspondence:
B. Entwisle, University of North Carolina, Department of
Sociology, CB 3210, Hamilton Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3210.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20297 Frank, Margaret L.; Poindexter,
Alfred N.; Cox, C. Adriana; Bateman, Louise. A
cross-sectional survey of condom use in conjunction with other
contraceptive methods. Women and Health, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1995.
31-46 pp. Binghamton, New York. In Eng.
"A cross-sectional
survey of 3,136 women attending family planning clinics in Texas was
conducted to examine past use of and future plans for use of condoms by
partners during sexual intercourse for disease prevention in
conjunction with other contraceptive methods. Following the receipt of
clinical services, including counseling about family planning and
disease prevention, both contraceptive and planned condom use reporting
increased for the majority of subjects. However, 22% of the sample
indicated that they intended to reduce condom use in the future and
instead use a contraceptive which protects from pregnancy but not from
disease....[The results indicate] that without changes in risk
behavior, these women will be at increased risk of HIV or another
sexually transmitted disease."
Correspondence: A. N.
Poindexter, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20298 Hassan, Ezzeldin O.; Fathalla,
Mahmoud F. Broadening contraceptive choice: lessons from
Egypt. In: Family, gender, and population in the Middle East:
policies in context, edited by Carla M. Obermeyer. 1995. 216-31 pp.
American University in Cairo Press: Cairo, Egypt. In Eng.
"This paper draws on the Egyptian experience to derive lessons
concerning successes and problems in the introduction of new methods to
broaden contraceptive choice." Aspects considered include
diversity in the prevalence of specific contraceptive methods; the
introduction of contraceptive methods in Egypt--the pill and the
problem of noncompliance; the success of the IUD; the efficacy of
barrier methods; injectables; voluntary surgical contraception and
abortion; and the advantages and disadvantages of
Norplant.
Correspondence: E. O. Hassan, Mansoura
University, P.O. Box 35516, Mansoura, Egypt. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20299 Janaud, A. The condom:
an unknown method in 1995. [Le préservatif: un produit mal
connu en 1995.] Contraception--Fertilité--Sexualité, Vol.
24, No. 2, Feb 1996. 117-22 pp. Paris, France. In Fre.
This article
reviews condom use in the world in general and in France in particular
in 1995. In view of the condom's contraceptive effectiveness and its
role in reducing the spread of HIV infections, the author suggests that
the scientific community should pay more attention to the development
and use of condoms in the future.
Correspondence: A.
Janaud, 174 rue de la Pompe, 75116 Paris, France. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20300 Janowitz, Barbara; Bratt, John
H. What do we really know about the impact of price
changes on contraceptive use? International Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 22, No. 1, Mar 1996. 38-40 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"Growing demand for family planning services in the
developing world continues to drive up the total cost of providing
services....Most current funding for family planning programs comes
from three principal sources: government revenues, donor contributions,
and fees collected from clients....Before establishing or increasing
fees for family planning services, program managers need to know the
likely impact of price changes on demand." The authors review
several recent studies that "have either used econometric models
to analyze cross-sectional data or attempted to carry out experimental
or quasi-experimental studies in which demand responses to price
changes are observed over time....In summary, each of the studies
reviewed here has methodological problems that undermine the validity
of its conclusions."
Correspondence: B. Janowitz,
Family Health International, Service Delivery Research Division,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
62:20301 Jensen, An-Magritt.
Prospect of a decline in fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review
of the recent debate. Acta Sociologica, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1995.
263-73 pp. Oslo, Norway. In Eng.
"This essay focuses on two
main approaches to understanding `the population problem' in developing
countries: the demand and the supply approach to family planning. While
fertility is declining in most regions of the world, having a large
number of children is still common in many African countries. An
essential question in the population debate is whether the high
fertility is demanded, or is rather a result of low availability of
family planning services. In this article, the issue is illustrated by
the case of Kenya, one of the few African countries where fertility has
started to decline. What role has family planning played in this
development, and what are the future
prospects?"
Correspondence: A.-M. Jensen, Norwegian
Institute for Urban and Regional Research, P.O. Box 44, Blindern, 0313
Oslo, Norway. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
62:20302 Kiragu, Karungari; Zabin, Laurie
S. Contraceptive use among high school students in
Kenya. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 21, No. 3,
Sep 1995. 108-13 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Data from a 1989 survey of 2,059 secondary students in Nakuru
District of Kenya show that 69% of the males and 27% of the females
were sexually experienced. Among the sexually experienced students, 49%
of the males and 42% of the females had ever used a contraceptive. Only
25% of the males and 28% of the females had used a method the first
time they had sex, and similar percentages had done so the last time
they had sex (31% and 29%, respectively). The condom was the method
most frequently used at last intercourse (55% males, 43% females),
followed by the `safe period' (29% males, 43% females) and the pill (6%
males, 10% females). To obtain contraceptives, 33% of males and 46% of
females visited clinics, and 36% of males and 25% of females relied on
friends. Logistic regression analysis shows that for females, high
socioeconomic status, high academic achievement and a favorable
attitude toward contraception were the most important factors
predicting use of a contraceptive method at first sex and use at last
sex. None of these factors predicted male contraceptive use. Males who
said their partner approved of contraception were twice as likely to
have used a method at last sex."
Correspondence: K.
Kiragu, Johns Hopkins University, Center for Communication Programs,
Population Information Program, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore,
MD 21202-4012. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
62:20303 Klitsch, Michael. Still
waiting for the contraceptive revolution. Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 27, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1995. 246-53 pp. New York, New
York. In Eng.
The author discusses reasons for the lack of advances
in contraceptive technology in the United States, and speculates on
possible future developments. "Overall, rather than being
revolutionary, any new methods that reach the U.S. market before the
end of the century will probably represent the kind of steady
evolutionary change that has characterized contraceptive development
over the past decade or more. If methods that would transform
contraceptive practice (as the pill and IUD did in the early 1960s) are
to appear in the longer run, increased public support, a mobilization
of ever-scarcer resources and closer cooperation between public-sector
and private-sec