F. Fertility

F.1. General Fertility

59:20200 Ananta, Aris; Lim, Tjen-Sien; Molyneaux, John W.; Kantner, Andrew. Fertility determinants in Indonesia: a sequential analysis of the proximate determinants. Majalah Demografi Indonesia/Indonesian Journal of Demography, No. 37, Jun 1992. 1-26 pp. Jakarta, Indonesia. In Eng. with sum. in Ind.
The authors examine proximate determinants of fertility in Indonesia in light of the fertility decline of the past 25 years. "The sample is...limited to continuously married women who had at least one birth during the period 1982 to 1987. The socioeconomic variables included are husband's education, wife's education, husband's occupation, religion, urban/rural status, and region of residence."
Correspondence: A. Ananta, University of Indonesia, Demographic Institute, Faculty of Economics, Salemba Rya 4, Jakarta, Indonesia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20201 Anichkin, A. B.; Vishnevskii, A. G. Three types of birthrates in the USSR: stages of demographic transition. Matekon, Vol. 28, No. 4, Summer 1992. 61-74 pp. Armonk, New York. In Eng.
"Regional differences in birthrate indicators, which are primarily associated with different stages of the demographic transition, are examined in three typical USSR republics: post-transitional (Estonia), transitional (Azerbaijan), and pre-transitional (Tajikistan). Demographic transition theory in the explanation and forecasting of birthrate trends is discussed. It is concluded that the experience of the USSR supports the universal nature of this theory."
This is a translation of the Russian article in Ekonomika i Matematicheskie Metody (Moscow, USSR), Vol. 27, No. 4, 1991, pp. 621-31.
Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.

59:20202 Bahr, Jurgen; Gans, Paul. The geographical approach to fertility. Kieler Geographische Schriften, No. 78, ISBN 3-923887-20-5. 1991. xi, 444 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
"The present volume contains the [34] papers presented at the symposium on 'The Geographical Approach to Fertility' that was held at Kiel [Germany] from 5-9 September 1989 and that was organized in co-operation with the Commission on Population Geography of the International Geographical Union." The papers are by various authors and concern the methodology of the geographical approach to fertility studies as well as various aspects of regional differentials in selected countries worldwide.
Selected items will be cited in this or subsequent issues of Population Index.
Correspondence: Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut, Olshausenstrasse 40, 2300 Kiel, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20203 Basu, Alaka M. Cultural influences on the timing of first births in India: large differences that add up to little difference. Population Studies, Vol. 47, No. 1, Mar 1993. 85-95 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"In this paper I examine the Indian evidence relating to cultural influences on the length of the first birth interval, and conclude that differences in exposure to intercourse within the first years of marriage can lead to significant regional differences in this variable....The primary data used here come from an urban study in a multi-cultural slum in Delhi. Two groups of first-generation migrants were selected....Two methods are used: first, standard socio-economic explanations for regional differences in the first birth interval are systematically shown to be insufficient as explanations. Then, we attempt to link them to more cultural factors. The stress is on one cultural factor centered around the status of women--regional differences in marriage and kinship systems."
Correspondence: A. M. Basu, University Enclave, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi 110 007, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20204 Bidou, Jean E. Fertility and demographic pressure in Burundi. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 339-54 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
Socioeconomic determinants of fertility in Burundi are examined using data for the period from the 1950s to 1987, with some earlier data used for comparative purposes. Consideration is given to population density, the rise in fertility since 1914, regional differentials, and the impacts of poverty, land scarcity, and malnutrition on birth spacing. The effects of dowry costs and low rates of land ownership on marriage age are also described.
Correspondence: J. E. Bidou, Mission Francaise de Cooperation, BP 1190 Bujumbura, Burundi. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20205 Blackburn, McKinley L.; Bloom, David E.; Neumark, David. Fertility timing, wages, and human capital. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1993. 1-30 pp. New York, New York/Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"Women who have first births relatively late in life earn higher wages. This paper offers an explanation of this fact based on a simple life-cycle model of human capital investment and timing of first birth. The model yields conditions (that are plausibly satisfied) under which late childbearers will tend to invest more heavily in human capital than early childbearers. The empirical analysis finds results consistent with the higher wages of late childbearers arising primarily through greater measurable human capital investment." The geographical focus is on the United States.
This paper was originally presented at the 1989 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.
Correspondence: M. L. Blackburn, University of South Carolina, Department of Economics, Columbia, SC 29208. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20206 Bongaarts, John. The relative contributions of biological and behavioural factors in determining natural fertility: a demographer's perspective. In: Biomedical and demographic determinants of reproduction, edited by Ronald Gray, Henri Leridon, and Alfred Spira. 1993. 9-18 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This paper will examine [the role of behavior] by discussing the relative contributions of biological and behavioural factors affecting natural fertility. More specifically, it will apply a simple reproductive model to quantify the relative effects of biological and behavioural determinants of levels and differentials in natural fertility." Data from developing countries are used to illustrate the model.
Correspondence: J. Bongaarts, Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20207 Brunborg, Helge. A brief comparison of recent estimates of the total fertility rate for Botswana. Botswana Notes and Records, Vol. 22, 1990. 91-8 pp. Gaborone, Botswana. In Eng.
"The purpose of this short paper is to look critically at the available estimates of...fertility, and to see if we can draw any conclusions about the development of fertility in Botswana....This paper shows that there is a lot of uncertainty about the available estimates of fertility, and that slight changes in the method that is applied can yield fairly different estimates. The results indicate that the official estimates for 1971 and 1981 are not fully comparable." Data are from the 1971 and 1981 censuses and the Family Health Survey of 1984.
Correspondence: H. Brunborg, Central Bureau of Statistics, P.B. 8131 DEP, Oslo 1, Norway. Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

59:20208 Brunetta, Giovanna; Rotondi, Graziano. Urban and rural fertility in Italy: regional and temporal changes. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 203-17 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
"This research aims at comparative analysis of behavior towards procreation on the part of the urban and rural populations in Italy, in the light not only of the great transformations which occurred in its urban and rural areas after the Second World War but also of the territorial differences which still characterize it...." An association between low fertility and urbanization is confirmed.
Correspondence: G. Brunetta, Dipartimento di Geografia, via Del Santo 26, 35123 Padua, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20209 Carlson, Elwood. Inverted Easterlin fertility cycles and Kornai's "soft" budget constraint. Population and Development Review, Vol. 18, No. 4, Dec 1992. 669-88, 787, 789 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Richard Easterlin's baseline model of self-reinforcing fertility cycles applies to systems with open, competitive labor markets and an insignificant volume of international migration. This analysis examines what happens in circumstances where such a labor market is replaced by a centrally planned economy and state guarantees of full employment. The conclusion, foreshadowed by the theoretical writings of Janos Kornai, appears to be that fertility varies directly with parents' cohort size, and relationship just the inverse of the more familiar pattern observed in some Western societies." Data for several Eastern European countries are used to illustrate the analysis.
Correspondence: E. Carlson, University of South Carolina, Department of Sociology, Columbia, SC 29208. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20210 Chojnacka, Helena. Economic factors of high fertility in traditional households. Working Papers on Women in International Development, No. 220, Apr 1991. 18 pp. Michigan State University, Women and International Development Program: East Lansing, Michigan. In Eng.
This study uses data for Nigeria collected in a survey in 1978.
Correspondence: Michigan State University, Women and International Development Program, 202 International Center, East Lansing, MI 48824-1035. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20211 Clay, Daniel C.; Vander Haar, Jane E. Patterns of intergenerational support and childbearing in the third world. Population Studies, Vol. 47, No. 1, Mar 1993. 67-83 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"Three prominent themes in fertility research--the old-age security hypothesis, the social-mobility hypothesis, and wealth-flows theory are based on the notion that parents in Third-World settings often maintain a high level of childbearing in order to improve their own social and economic well-being. Using data from 1,019 farm households in Rwanda, we provide an empirical test of this 'anthropological assumption' as it pertains to the contributions that departed children make to their parental households. Analysis confirms that children are, in fact, of considerable economic value for their parents, but also shows that such intergenerational support is conditioned by other variables, such as the number of children still living within the household, the distance between households, and individual characteristics of parents and their children."
Correspondence: D. C. Clay, Michigan State University, Department of Sociology, East Lansing, MI 48824. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20212 Compton, Paul A. Is fertility in Western industrial countries amenable to geographical study? In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 73-93 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
The author critically analyzes whether "a geographical perspective adds significantly to our understanding of contemporary fertility processes in western industrial societies....The main focus of the paper...is on the various ways in which geographers have approached the study of fertility, i.e. describing and explaining patterns as an end in itself, drawing behavioral inferences from ecological analysis, and analyzing the fertility component of spatial population change. The discussion is illustrated with material drawn from Northern Ireland, England and Wales and Hungary. The conclusions are generally negative...."
Correspondence: P. A. Compton, Queen's University, Department of Geography, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20213 Creton, Dominique. Changes in fertility in the Republic of Ireland: diffusion of illegitimacy. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 95-107 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
"The purpose of this paper is to assess the state of fertility in the Republic of Ireland in the 1980s and to review the recent trends through various fertility and nuptiality indicators. Particular attention will be paid to illegitimacy and to some specific behavioral patterns such as teenage pregnancies and cohabitation in order to highlight directions for further research. Data from official publications (Census and Vital Statistics Reports) were completed by the findings of a survey of 89% of the women who gave birth to an illegitimate child in 1983...."
Correspondence: D. Creton, Universite des Sciences et Techniques de Lille-Flandres-Artois, U.F.R. de Geographie et d'Amenagement, Laboratoire de Geographie Humaine, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20214 Dahl-Jorgensen, Carla. Fertility behavior in a peasant society of northern Shawa, Ethiopia. Working Papers on Ethiopian Development, No. 6, ISBN 82-90817-05-3. Aug 1991. 64 pp. University of Trondheim, Ethiopia Research Programme: Dragvoll, Norway. In Eng.
"This...study focuses on the peasants' fertility behavior in the light of the problems they face with sporadic food scarcity." Data are from a survey conducted in 1989 among 1,700 adults.
Correspondence: University of Trondheim, College of Arts and Science, Ethiopia Research Programme, N-7055 Dragvoll, Norway. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20215 Dalko, Viktoria. Endogenous fertility and human capital investment. Pub. Order No. DA9235128. 1992. 186 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This study involves modeling the relationships among fertility, infant mortality, and parental investment in health care and education in developing countries. It was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Pennsylvania.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(7).

59:20216 Danziger, Leif; Neuman, Shoshana. Equality and fertility in the kibbutz. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1993. 57-66 pp. New York, New York/Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
The authors examine the impact of the social organization of the kibbutz on fertility. "In this paper we present a theoretical model that focuses on the differences in fertility between the city and the kibbutz, and use cross-sectional regressions to test the above hypotheses empirically. The individual data are from the latest (1983) Census of Population and Housing in Israel." They find that "a parent's predicted wage....has a smaller positive effect on fertility in the city than in the kibbutz, and that a parent's education has a negative effect on fertility in the city and either a smaller negative effect or no effect in the kibbutz."
Correspondence: L. Danziger, York University, Department of Economics, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20217 Deang, Lionel P. Living arrangements of mothers following childbirth: do they affect subsequent fertility? Pub. Order No. DA9234953. 1992. 215 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This study concerns the Philippines and was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(7).

59:20218 Desai, Jaikishan. Birth interval analysis: results from a parametric proportional hazard model. Carolina Population Center Paper, No. 89-7, Oct 1989. 32, [7] pp. University of North Carolina, Carolina Population Center: Chapel Hill, North Carolina. In Eng.
This paper is concerned with the determinants of birth intervals in Mexico and how those determinants have changed over time. Data are from the 1982 National Demographic Survey.
Correspondence: University of North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, University Square, 143 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20219 Dorbritz, Jurgen. Nuptiality, fertility, and family life in social transformation--a new demographic regime in East Germany? [Nuptialitat, Fertilitat und familiale Lebensformen in der sozialen Transformation--Ubergang zu einer neuen Bevolkerungsweise in Ostdeutschland?] Zeitschrift fur Bevolkerungswissenschaft, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1992. 167-96 pp. Wiesbaden, Germany. In Ger. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
The social and political factors affecting fertility and other population dynamics in the former East Germany over the past 40 years are examined. Consideration is given to nuptiality, fertility, divorce, marriage age, age-specific fertility, and remarriage. Special attention is paid to the impact of socialism on these trends.
Correspondence: J. Dorbritz, Bundesinstitut fur Bevolkerungsforschung, Gustav-Stresemann-Ring 6, Postfach 55 28, 6200 Wiesbaden, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20220 El-Khorazaty, M. Nabil. Estimation of fertility-inhibiting indices using vital registration data. Genus, Vol. 48, No. 1-2, Jan-Jun 1992. 69-88 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ita.
"The present paper...discusses the correspondence between Bongaarts-type indices of marriage, contraception, and infecundability, and the childbearing indices for ages at first and last birth and reproductive life span....This correspondence allows the estimation of fertility-inhibiting indices as functions of the childbearing indices, and thus can be used to obtain approximations to fertility-inhibiting indices during inter-survey years, or whenever only macro-level data are available from vital registration systems, thereby allowing continuous monitoring of determinants of fertility on an annual basis." Data for Cuba, Kuwait, and Romania are used to illustrate the methodology.
Correspondence: M. N. El-Khorazaty, Council of Ministers, Central Statistical Organization, Bahrain. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20221 El-Shalakani, M. H.; Suchindran, C. M. Estimation of fecundity and secondary sterility from survey data on birth intervals in Egypt. Human Biology, Vol. 65, No. 1, Feb 1993. 59-70 pp. Detroit, Michigan. In Eng.
"Data on the last closed and open birth intervals have been used to ascertain the current potential of childbearing for women in terms of estimating fecundity and secondary sterility by age, residence, and educational subgroup. Under the assumption that after a specific period from the last birth a certain proportion of women become secondarily sterile, we propose and apply an inflated model of open birth interval to obtain the proportion of women who are secondarily sterile. The data used for the analysis are extracted from the Egyptian Fertility Survey conducted in 1980."
Correspondence: M. H. El-Shalakani, University of North Carolina, Department of Biostatistics, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20222 Friedlander, Dov; Pollak, Moshe; Schellekens, Jona. A method of estimating the time of marital fertility decline and associated parameters. Mathematical Population Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1993. 37-49 pp. Reading, England. In Eng.
"This paper presents a new method for estimating the time of the onset of marital fertility decline. The proposed method produces a maximum likelihood least squares estimate for the point of change in a sequence of marital fertility indexes. It is suggested that the proposed method has certain advantages over previous attempts to estimate the time of the onset of marital fertility decline." The geographical focus is on Europe.
Correspondence: D. Friedlander, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Social Sciences, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20223 Frost, Jennifer J. Kinship and fertility in Kerala. Pub. Order No. DA9301952. 1992. 472 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This study concerns the Indian state of Kerala and was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of California at Los Angeles. Data are from the 1980 Kerala Fertility Survey.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(8).

59:20224 Gaisie, Kwesi; Cross, Anne R.; Nsemukila, Geoffrey. Zambia Demographic and Health Survey, 1992. Mar 1993. xviii, 201 pp. University of Zambia: Lusaka, Zambia; Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Eng.
Results from the 1992 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey, which included over 6,000 households and 7,000 women of reproductive age, are presented. The report includes chapters on fertility, fertility regulation, other proximate determinants of fertility, fertility preferences, infant and child nutrition, and knowledge about AIDS. The results indicate that fertility is declining but remains high, contraceptive knowledge is nearly universal but use is low, desired family size is below actual family size, and child mortality is apparently increasing.
Correspondence: University of Zambia, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Social Development Studies, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20225 Golden, Meredith L.; Millman, Sara R. Models of fecundability. In: Biomedical and demographic determinants of reproduction, edited by Ronald Gray, Henri Leridon, and Alfred Spira. 1993. 183-208 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
The authors "provide a summary of fecundability models based on waiting times to conception or the timing and frequency of intercourse during the cycle. [They find that] modelling has become more complex mathematically, but future progress is largely dependent on a better estimation of the biological variables and their distribution in populations."
Correspondence: M. L. Golden, University of North Carolina, Department of Geography, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20226 Goodkind, Daniel M. Creating new traditions in modern Chinese societies: aiming for birth in the Year of the Dragon. Pub. Order No. DA9235143. 1992. 270 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This study concerns efforts in Chinese communities in Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and other parts of Asia to use the lunar zodiacal calendar to time births so that they occur in auspicious months. It was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Pennsylvania.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(7).

59:20227 Goodkind, Daniel M. New zodiacal influences on Chinese family formation: Taiwan, 1976. Demography, Vol. 30, No. 2, May 1993. 127-42 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Although Chinese folklore holds that the Dragon Year is an auspicious time to have a birth, notable increases in Chinese fertility in Dragon Years did not occur before 1976. Demographic explanations for the belated occurrence of this phenomenon rely on the notion of natural fertility: that is, couples' lack of modern contraception had kept such decisions outside the realm of choice. The decomposition performed in this article, however, shows that the bulk of the 1976 Dragon Year baby boom on Taiwan was due to strategies that had always been available: marriage timing, abortion, and coital behavior. The natural fertility paradigm thus is insufficient in explaining the motivation for this behavior and should be complemented by institutional approaches."
This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1992 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.
Correspondence: D. M. Goodkind, National Center for Social Sciences, Institute of Sociology, 24 Tran Xuan Soan, Hanoi, Viet Nam. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20228 Gray, Ronald; Leridon, Henri; Spira, Alfred. Biomedical and demographic determinants of reproduction. International Studies in Demography, ISBN 0-19-828371-7. LC 92-11491. 1993. xxii, 482 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
This volume contains papers presented at the "Seminar on the Demographic and Biomedical Determinants of Human Reproduction, held in January 1988 at the Johns Hopkins University, [Baltimore, Maryland]....The objective of the seminar was an interdisciplinary exchange: contributors both examined the complementarity between population-based demographic and epidemiological studies and provided information on biological mechanisms derived from clinical or endocrinological investigations." Sections concern demographic, behavioral, and biomedical determinants of reproduction; fecundability; infertility and assisted conception; causes and frequency of fetal loss; and postpartum infecundability and the role of lactation. The geographical scope is worldwide.
Selected items will be cited in this or subsequent issues of Population Index.
Correspondence: Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20229 Gribble, James N. Birth intervals, gestational age, and low birth weight: are the relationships confounded? Population Studies, Vol. 47, No. 1, Mar 1993. 133-46 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"Using data from 2,234 post partum women in two hospitals belonging to the Mexican Social Security Institute, this study examines the relationship between birth intervals and low birth weight. The analysis controls for a number of potentially confounding factors, including mother's age and physical characteristics, outcome of previous pregnancy, and gestational age. The results indicate that although gestational age is a significant predictor, it has very little effect on the relationship between birth intervals and low birth weight."
Correspondence: J. N. Gribble, National Research Council, Committee on Population, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20418. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20230 Guinnane, Timothy W.; Okun, Barbara S.; Trussell, James. What do we know about the timing of fertility transitions in Europe? OPR Working Paper, No. 92-11, Dec 1992. 26, [3] pp. Princeton University, Office of Population Research [OPR]: Princeton, New Jersey. In Eng.
"We demonstrate that the demographic methods used to date the fertility transition in Europe may fail to detect the initial stages of a fertility transition and therefore should not be used as the basis for strong statements about the timing of transitions."
Correspondence: Princeton University, Office of Population Research, 21 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ 08544-2091. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20231 Hern, Warren M. Family planning, Amazon style. Natural History, Vol. 101, No. 12, Dec 1992. 30-7 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
The author examines the impact of high fertility among the Shipibo Indians of Amazonian Peru. He finds that "the Shipibo's own high fertility, uncontrolled by any effective means, is compounding the problem of the population pressure created by an influx of outsiders, who are moving into Shipibo territory and destroying the natural resources." The loss of traditional contraceptive knowledge and the shift away from polygynous unions brought about by modernization are examined. "In villages where polygyny was more common, the average intervals between births were longer and community fertility rates were lower." The need for modern contraceptive and health services as cultural change continues is stressed.
Correspondence: W. M. Hern, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20232 Higueras-Arnal, Antonio. Fertility and social change in Spain (1975-1987). In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 121-8 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
The author examines Spain's fertility decline over the period 1975-1987. Consideration is given to the effect of migration on social change, and of that change on fertility. "To summarize, it must be emphasized that the fall in natality and fertility in Spain between 1977 and 1987 is a result of the change in the attitudes of the younger generations towards child-bearing, and that this change has been indirectly encouraged by the state in the context of its overall process of modernizing the country."
Correspondence: A. Higueras-Arnal, Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras, Departamento de Geografia y Ordenacion del Territorio, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20233 Hoem, Britta. The compatibility of employment and childbearing in contemporary Sweden. Stockholm Research Reports in Demography, No. 59E, ISBN 91-7820-060-1. Sep 1992. 37 pp. Stockholm University, Demography Unit: Stockholm, Sweden. In Eng.
The author explores the effects of maternal employment and educational status on fertility using data from a 1981 fertility survey. Special focus is given to the decision to have a third birth.
Correspondence: Stockholm University, Demography Unit, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20234 Horn af Rantzien, Mia. Endogenous fertility and old-age security. Economic Research Institute Report, ISBN 91-7258-322-3. Dec 1990. 39 pp. Stockholm School of Economics, Economic Research Institute: Stockholm, Sweden. In Eng.
The author studies "consequences of the old-age security motive for having children in a rural economy." Data are for selected developed and developing countries.
Correspondence: Stockholm School of Economics, Economic Research Institute, Box 6501, S-11383 Stockholm, Sweden. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20235 Huggins, George R. Fertility following contraceptive use. In: Biomedical and demographic determinants of reproduction, edited by Ronald Gray, Henri Leridon, and Alfred Spira. 1993. 157-69 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
"The effect of contraceptive use on subsequent fertility and pregnancy outcome is reviewed....Extensive studies suggest only slight delays in the return of fertility following oral contraceptive use, a slight risk of infection and impaired fertility following first trimester therapeutic abortion, and an increased risk of tubal infertility among IUD users, primarily in women with multiple sexual partners."
Correspondence: G. R. Huggins, Francis Scott Key Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4940 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21224. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20236 Hyatt, D. E.; Milne, W. J. Determinants of fertility in urban and rural Kenya: estimates and a simulation of the impact of education policy. Environment and Planning A, Vol. 25, No. 3, Mar 1993. 371-82 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"In this paper, the determinants of fertility in urban and rural areas of Kenya are examined through estimation of a probit model which includes variables in three categories: economic, biological, and social or cultural. Also simulated is the effect of increasing the levels of female education on the total fertility rate and the total number of births. Results show that improvements in female education can result in a substantial decrease in the number of births in Kenya, thereby suggesting that formulation of government policy in this area is desirable."
Correspondence: D. E. Hyatt, University of Wisconsin, Department of Economics, Milwaukee, WI 53201. Location: Princeton University Library (UES).

59:20237 Jenkins, Carol. Fertility and infertility in Papua New Guinea. American Journal of Human Biology, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1993. 75-83 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Fertility levels in selected populations of coastal and highland Madang Province of Papua New Guinea are analyzed from reproductive history data. Changing levels of fertility between 1964 and 1984 are examined using reconstructed censuses. Age-specific infertility rates are calculated and evaluated with available data on rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and contraceptive usage. These suggest that STD-associated infertility may be a major factor underlying levels of fertility lower than expected."
Correspondence: C. Jenkins, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Box 60, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20238 Kayastha, S. L. Some aspects of fertility in India. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 369-77 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
Fertility trends and determinants in India are examined at the national and regional levels. Consideration is given to marriage age, induced abortion, postpartum infecundity, socioeconomic factors, and family planning programs. Data cover the period 1901-1986.
Correspondence: S. L. Kayastha, Banaras Hindu University, Nandnagar Colony, Akhnoor Hut, Varanasi 221 005, India. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20239 Korcelli, Piotr. Interregional population change in Poland: fertility patterns. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 257-66 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
"It is generally assumed that interregional, as well as rural-urban differences in fertility level, tend to decrease gradually during the late stages of the demographic transition. The present paper aims to test the above rule using a set of data for Poland, extending over the period of 1960-1987. The measures applied include the crude total as well as age-specific fertility rates, and the gross reproduction rate....An analysis of interregional fertility patterns will be preceded by a discussion on the evolution of the respective patterns as observed at the national level."
Correspondence: P. Korcelli, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Krakowskie Przedmiescie 30, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20240 Kouaouci, Ali. The role of some social and cultural factors in the decline of fertility in Algeria. Population Studies Center Research Report, No. 92-262, Sep 1992. 56 pp. University of Michigan, Population Studies Center: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This study uses data from a 1970 national demographic survey (ESNP) and a 1986 survey (ENAF) to analyze factors affecting the decline in fertility that occurred during that period.
Correspondence: University of Michigan, Population Studies Center, 1225 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20241 Lam, David; Sedlacek, Guilherme; Duryea, Suzanne. Increases in women's education and fertility decline in Brazil. Population Studies Center Research Report, No. 92-255, Sep 1992. 26 pp. University of Michigan, Population Studies Center: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"This paper analyzes the role of increased schooling, especially for women, in the onset and subsequent pace of Brazil's rapid fertility decline...using the retrospective fertility histories in Brazil's 1984 PNAD...."
Correspondence: University of Michigan, Population Studies Center, 1225 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20242 Lu, Cheng. Temporal changes and regional differences of fertility in China. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 415-21 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
Fertility trends and regional differentials in China over the past 40 years are examined and compared. Tabular data are presented on birth and death rates and natural increase. The primary focus is on the 1980s.
Correspondence: C. Lu, East China Normal University, Department of Geography, 3663 North Zhonshan Road, Shanghai, China. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20243 Madrigal, L. Lack of birth seasonality in a nineteenth-century agricultural population: Escazu, Costa Rica. Human Biology, Vol. 65, No. 2, Apr 1993. 255-71 pp. Detroit, Michigan. In Eng.
The author reports "the results of a historical demographic study that investigates whether Escazu, a nineteenth-century population from Costa Rica, experienced birth seasonality. The data set consists of certificates of baptisms from 1851 to 1901 collected at the Parish of San Miguel de Escazu, Costa Rica....The autocorrelation analysis of the baptism data fails to demonstrate any cyclical pattern of births in Escazu. Moreover, there is no indication that temperature or rainfall influences the frequency of births. This lack of seasonality is unexpected in an agrarian population such as Escazu. The results of this analysis indicate that human fertility cycles might not be as prevalent as previously thought."
Correspondence: L. Madrigal, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, Tampa, FL 33620. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20244 Mammey, Ulrich. The decline of fertility in selected European countries. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 61-71 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
The author reviews recent demographic trends in Europe, beginning with the speeding up of the process of fertility decline in the 1970s. "A review of the most important features of the historical trend of fertility [decline], of the recent situation, and of the results of the U.N. projections for some selected European countries [is] presented."
Correspondence: U. Mammey, Federal Institute for Population Research, P.O.B. 5528, W-6200 Wiesbaden 1, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20245 Martinelle, Sten. Fertility in a life perspective. [Fruktsamhet ur livsperspektiv.] Demografiska Rapporter 1992, No. 1, ISBN 91-618-0515-7. LC 92-166999. 1992. 73 pp. Statistiska Centralbyran: Stockholm, Sweden. In Swe. with sum. in Eng.
This is an analysis of cohort fertility based on official data from Sweden on women born between 1930 and 1969. "The presentation contains a number of measures of fertility by age and parity for each single-year cohort studied." Changes in factors affecting fertility are analyzed, including female educational status and labor force participation.
Correspondence: Statistiska Centralbyran, Karlavagen 100, 115 81 Stockholm, Sweden. Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

59:20246 Meir, Avinoam; Ben-David, Yosef. A methodology of analyzing fertility transition among sedentarizing pastoral nomads. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 17-27 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
The authors use the example of the Negev Bedouin in Israel to outline a methodology for the study of fertility transition among sedentarizing pastoral nomads. "The central idea is that, given lack of historical data, it is possible to substitute development phases along the nomadism-sedentarism continuum (that is, space) for time, and [draw] fertility transition conclusions from comparison of phases."
Correspondence: A. Meir, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Geography, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20247 Mishra, Udaya S. On some analytical models for the study of open birth interval and open status of women. 1990. v, 157 pp. International Institute for Population Sciences: Bombay, India. In Eng.
Some applications are made to data for India. This study was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the International Institute for Population Sciences, Bombay, India.
Correspondence: International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Bombay 400 088, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20248 Mobius, Dina. Recent developments of fertility in selected larger cities of the GDR. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 249-55 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
Fertility trends in the former German Democratic Republic for the period 1970-1986 are reviewed. A comparison of fertility patterns among the larger cities is made.
Correspondence: D. Mobius, Humboldt-Universitat, Sektion Geographie, Universitatsstrasse 3b, O-1080 Berlin, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20249 Morgan, S. Philip; Chen, Renbao. Predicting childlessness for recent cohorts of American women. International Journal of Forecasting, Special Issue, Vol. 8, No. 3, Nov 1992. 477-93 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
Fertility predictions for cohorts of childless U.S. women are made. "We examine three projection strategies: one using women's stated fertility expectations, a second relying on the patterns of previous cohorts, and a third which posits that current rates will persist into the future. The predictive validity of these different projection strategies are tested with data for the 1980-87 period. We show that the projection based on current period rates performs well. Further, we argue that it better captures the first birth process than other models. We forecast levels of 20% childless for cohorts of white women born in the early 1960s...; levels of 4% are forecast for nonwhite women."
Correspondence: S. P. Morgan, University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Center, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6298. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20250 Mueller, Ulrich. Birth control as a social dilemma. In: Economic evolution and demographic change: formal models in social sciences, edited by G. Haag, U. Mueller, and K. G. Troitzsch. 1992. 257-82 pp. Springer-Verlag: New York, New York/Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
The author examines the relationship between fecundity and long-term reproductive success over generations using data from two samples of U.S. military men born between 1913 and 1937. The analysis shows that "there is a positive correlation between number of children, and number of grand-children, but with a decreasing increment....[and a] strong positive relation between family size in the first generation and longterm reproductive success, measured in relative numbers of descendants as well as probability of lineage survival. Coming from a higher social class, and an above average education both have a strong positive effect on fitness, because of lower levels of childlessness as well as of fecundity fluctuations in general....[The findings also] imply that...maximal fecundity also ensures maximal longterm reproductive success, even if marginal value of offspring is decreasing."
Correspondence: U. Mueller, Zentrum fur Umfragen, Methoden, und Analysen, B21, W-6800 Mannheim, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20251 Mukherjee, S.; Singh, K. K.; Suchindran, C. M.; Bhattacharya, B. N. A probability distribution for last closed birth interval. Demography India, Vol. 20, No. 2, Jul-Dec 1991. 259-72 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"We develop a model to analyse the last closed birth interval with the goal of estimating biological parameters of human fertility....The model is not parity dependent. This feature makes it simple to apply and avoid the problems of errors in parity data. The model is also applicable in situations where abstinence following childbirth and taboos relating to coital frequency during the early part of [the] interval are widespread. The model is illustrated with the data collected from two Indian fertility surveys."
Correspondence: S. Mukherjee, Indian Statistical Institute, Population Studies Unit, 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Calcutta 700 035, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20252 Ni Bhrolchain, Maire. Period paramount? A critique of the cohort approach to fertility. Population and Development Review, Vol. 18, No. 4, Dec 1992. 599-629, 786-9 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"The author examines the case for the cohort approach to fertility....The article looks to the historical roots of conventional thinking on the subject and identifies the elements of the demographic case for the cohort approach. These are examined individually and found either not to be valid arguments or not to require a cohort perspective. Some of the problems associated with the period fertility approach arise from mistaken measurement of period phenomena and the misconceived evaluation of period parameters relative to their cohort counterparts. An alternative approach to measuring period fertility phenomena is considered....[She concludes that] on demographic and statistical grounds the period perspective is considered superior for the description and analysis of fertility."
Correspondence: M. Ni Bhrolchain, University of Southampton, Department of Population Studies, Southampton S09 5NH, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20253 Noin, Daniel. The fertility transition and its diffusion in the world. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 41-59 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
The author explores the history of the demographic transition and concludes that it began in France toward the middle of the nineteenth century, then spread throughout Europe and other developed countries, and since the 1960s has affected many other parts of the world. Attention is drawn to fertility decline as a cultural phenomenon and to the geographical pattern of change in several countries.
Correspondence: D. Noin, Universite de Paris I, 191 rue Saint Jacques, 75005 Paris, France. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20254 Oheneba-Sakyi, Yaw; Heaton, Tim B. Effects of socio-demographic variables on birth intervals in Ghana. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1, Spring 1993. 113-35 pp. Calgary, Canada. In Eng.
"The purpose of the present study is to examine birth interval behavior in Ghana to find out whether marital fertility is being controlled by lengthening intervals between births. The variables [examined]...are birth cohort, age at first marriage, infant mortality, formal education, occupation, religion, ethnicity, marriage type, level of urbanization, and place of residence....The data for this study are from the Ghana Fertility Survey (GFS) of 1979-80...[and] includes 4,943 cases of ever-married women only."
Correspondence: Y. Oheneba-Sakyi, State University of New York, Potsdam College, Department of Sociology, Potsdam, NY 13676-2294. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

59:20255 Okun, Barbara S. How much can indirect estimation techniques tell us about marital fertility control? Pub. Order No. DA9302057. 1992. 217 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This critique of two indirect techniques for estimating fertility, the Coale-Trussell (M and m) method and Cohort Parity Analysis (CPA), was developed as a doctoral dissertation at Princeton University.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(9).

59:20256 Ordonez Sotomayor, Jose; Olmedo Toledo, Caton. The fertility transition in Ecuador. [Transicion de la fecundidad en el Ecuador.] Aug 1991. 97 pp. Centro de Estudios de Poblacion y Paternidad Responsable [CEPAR]: Quito, Ecuador. In Spa.
This is an analysis of the recent fertility decline in Ecuador. The first chapter looks at population trends in general. Next, fertility levels and differentials are analyzed, with consideration given to age factors, educational status, and regional differences. A final chapter examines family planning and the extent of contraceptive practice in the country. Data are primarily taken from official sources.
Correspondence: Centro de Estudios de Poblacion y Paternidad Responsable, Montes 423 y Daniel Hidalgo, Quito, Ecuador. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20257 Otani, Kenji. Cohort fertility and the Cigno model. Kansai Daigaku Keizai Ronshu, Vol. 42, No. 6, 1993. 165-201 pp. Osaka, Japan. In Jpn.
The author examines determinants of completed fertility, intended fertility, and child-accumulation tempo in Japan by applying the Cigno model. Independent variables such as wife's family size are used to investigate the validity of the inclusive fitness hypothesis and the only-child reaction hypothesis concerning the relation between fertility and family size. Consideration is given to the impact of parental educational status, wives' employment, coresidence with the couple's parents, and desired family size. Data concern the 1960s. An English abstract is available from the author on request.
Correspondence: K. Otani, Kansai University, Department of Economics, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564, Japan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20258 Rahim, A.; Ram, B. Emerging patterns of child-spacing in Canada. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 25, No. 2, Apr 1993. 155-67 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"This study used data from the 1984 Family History Survey conducted by Statistics Canada to examine recent trends and patterns of child-spacing among currently married women. Life table and proportional hazards estimates show that Canadian women, particularly those in younger age groups with higher education and longer work experience, start having children late, but have subsequent children rather quickly. This suggests that such women tend to complete childbearing within a compressed time period."
Correspondence: A. Rahim, Statistics Canada, Demography Division, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0T6, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20259 Rallu, Jean-Louis; Toulemon, Laurent. Period fertility indices. Part 1. The construction of different indices. [Les mesures de la fecondite transversale. I. Construction des differents indices.] Population, Vol. 48, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1993. 7-26 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
The authors review and assess types of indexes for measuring period fertility. Consideration is given to the number of variables utilized in such calculations and the variables used most often, including parity, maternal age, and age of the last-born child. The geographical scope is worldwide.
Correspondence: J.-L. Rallu, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20260 Rallu, Jean-Louis. Recent trends in the birth rate in Mauritius. [Tendances recentes de la fecondite a l'ile Maurice.] Population, Vol. 48, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1993. 184-90 pp. Paris, France. In Fre.
Fertility trends since 1980 on the island of Mauritius are briefly discussed.
Correspondence: J.-L. Rallu, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20261 Ram, Malathi. The importance of surviving sons in India: an analysis of the risk-fertility relationship. Pub. Order No. DA9236029. 1992. 205 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This study was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at Cornell University.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(7).

59:20262 Raut, Lakshmi; Srinivasan, T. N. Endogenous fertility, technical change and growth in a model of overlapping generations. Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper, No. 628, Feb 1991. 33 pp. Yale University, Economic Growth Center: New Haven, Connecticut. In Eng.
The authors develop a model of the relationship between individual reproduction and capital accumulation on the one hand and long-term economic development on the other in which fertility and savings are endogenous.
Correspondence: Yale University, Economic Growth Center, Box 1987, Yale Station, New Haven, CT 06520. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20263 Rele, Jawahar R. Fertility levels and trends in south Asia: an assessment and prospects. Genus, Vol. 48, No. 1-2, Jan-Jun 1992. 133-54 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ita.
"This paper presents a fertility analysis for...Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka....[It is found that] the fertility decline has been greatest in Sri Lanka, moderate in India, marginal in Bangladesh and Nepal, and negligible or uncertain in Pakistan. The analysis also assesses differentials in total fertility and total marital fertility in relation to three prominent socioeconomic variables: place of current residence (urban versus rural), wife's education, and wife's work status....All five countries showed dramatic improvements in their rates of contraceptive acceptance during the early 1980s, which may assist their future course of fertility decline."
Correspondence: J. R. Rele, East-West Population Institute, 1777 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96848. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20264 Robey, Bryant; Rutstein, Shea O.; Morris, Leo; Blackburn, Richard. The reproductive revolution: new survey findings. Population Reports, Series M: Special Topics, No. 11, Dec 1992. 43 pp. Johns Hopkins University, Center for Communication Programs, Population Information Program [PIP]: Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
Data from the Demographic and Health Surveys and the Family Planning Surveys are used to review fertility trends in developing countries since the 1960s. Consideration is given to fertility patterns and preference; contraceptive use, knowledge, and availability; estimates of unmet needs for family planning services; trends in marriage age; infant and child mortality; and antenatal and child health care. Future fertility patterns are also projected. An appendix provides information on the status of the surveys in each participating country as of December 1992.
Correspondence: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Communication Programs, Population Information Program, 527 St. Paul Place, Baltimore, MD 21202. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20265 Rosero-Bixby, Luis; Casterline, John B. Modelling diffusion effects in fertility transition. Population Studies, Vol. 47, No. 1, Mar 1993. 147-67 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"In this article we use a simple mathematical model to study the implications for fertility transition of the diffusion of birth-control practices through social interaction....A direct implication of the model, clearly illustrated by...simulations, is that reduction in birth-control costs can stimulate greater demand for birth control. The simulations also illustrate the effects of geographical and social distances on fertility differentials, the pace of fertility transition, and the timing of the onset of transition. The strength of social-interaction diffusion is heavily conditioned by two sets of factors, which thus assume great significance as determinants of the course of fertility transition: the development of communication and transport networks, and the patterns of customary social interaction permitted by the social structure." Data for selected Latin American countries are used to illustrate the model.
Correspondence: L. Rosero-Bixby, Universidad de Costa Rica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, San Jose, Costa Rica. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20266 Rouyer, Alwyn R. The effects of political structure on fertility in poor countries. Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives, Vol. 8, No. 3, Sep 1989. 19-36 pp. Stockholm, Sweden. In Eng.
"In this article I examine the effects of state autonomy, regime type, and the capacity of governments on the formulation and implementation of social development and family planning policies which in turn affect patterns of fertility behavior in poor third world countries." The author concludes that the state has to become actively involved if the rate of population growth is to be brought under control.
Correspondence: A. R. Rouyer, University of Idaho, Department of Political Science, Moscow, ID 83843. Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.

59:20267 Rutenberg, Naomi; Diamond, Ian. Fertility in Botswana: the recent decline and future prospects. Demography, Vol. 30, No. 2, May 1993. 143-57 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Recent estimates of fertility in Botswana suggest a rapid decline of more than two births per woman between 1981 and 1988. This paper proposes that the baseline fertility was overestimated but that nonetheless fertility declined by about one birth per woman during the 1980s. The decline in fertility was linked to a deterioration in social and economic conditions caused by a major drought in the early 1980s and to the increased availability of family planning services in the same period. Fertility apparently began to rebound in the late 1980s in response to improved conditions, which came about as a result of a successful drought relief program. Future declines in fertility depend on the continued success of the family planning program, particularly in rural areas." Data are from the 1981 census and from demographic surveys conducted in 1984 and 1988.
Correspondence: N. Rutenberg, Futures Group, 1050 17th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, D.C. 20036. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20268 Saleheen, Mesbah-us; Sharif, A. H. M.; Huq, S. M. Monzurul. Fertility patterns and socio-economic development in Bangladesh. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 403-13 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
The effect of socioeconomic development on fertility levels in Bangladesh for the period 1911-1987 is discussed. Topics covered include crude birth rates, marital status, marriage age by sex, per capita income, availability of health facilities, and regional fertility differentials.
Correspondence: M.-u. Saleheen, Jahangirnagar University, Department of Geography, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20269 Schellekens, Jona. Wages, secondary workers, and fertility: a working-class perspective of the fertility transition in England and Wales. Journal of Family History, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1993. 1-17 pp. Greenwich, Connecticut/London, England. In Eng.
"The focus of the analysis in this study is on the economic benefits parents derive from their children and the impact of these on fertility transitions. Particular attention is given to the working class in Victorian England and Wales. The life-cycle drop-off in adult productivity among this class created a need for additional income at later stages of the family life-cycle. This income was mostly generated by children and adolescents. Hence, it is suggested, that not until the substantial rise in real wages during the last quarter of the nineteenth century could fertility among the working class in England and Wales have started its decline. This hypothesis is shown to be consistent with data on occupation-specific fertility levels taken from the 1911 Fertility Census."
Correspondence: J. Schellekens, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Demography, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20270 Schultz, T. Paul. The relationship between local family planning expenditures and fertility in Thailand, 1976-1981. Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper, No. 662, Apr 1992. 42 pp. Yale University, Economic Growth Center: New Haven, Connecticut. In Eng.
"This paper assesses the effectiveness of government subsidies to public and private family planning delivery systems...before 1980."
This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1989 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.
Correspondence: Yale University, Economic Growth Center, Box 1987, Yale Station, 27 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20271 Shapiro, David; Tambashe, Oleko. Fertility and the status of women in Kinshasa. Population Research Institute Working Paper, No. 1992-24, Dec 1992. 32, [11] pp. Pennsylvania State University, Population Research Institute: University Park, Pennsylvania. In Eng.
The focus of this paper "is on differentials in fertility...by educational attainment and employment status, and how these differentials are related to women's status. The principal data source...is a household survey of reproductive-age women that was carried out in 1990."
Correspondence: Pennsylvania State University, Population Research Institute, 22 Burrowes Building, University Park, PA 16802-6202. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20272 Shapiro, David. Women's employment, education, fertility, and family planning in Vietnam: an economic perspective. Population Research Institute Working Paper, No. 1992-17, Sep 1992. 19 pp. Pennsylvania State University, Population Research Institute: University Park, Pennsylvania. In Eng.
Data for this study are from the 1988 Viet Nam Demographic and Health Survey, the 1989 census, and other published sources.
Correspondence: Pennsylvania State University, Population Research Institute, 22 Burrowes Building, University Park, PA 16802-6202. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20273 Singh, K. K.; Suchindran, C. M.; Singh, Vipin; Ramakumar, R. Analysis of birth intervals in India's Uttar Pradesh and Kerala states. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 25, No. 2, Apr 1993. 143-53 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"Life tables of birth intervals and median birth intervals in two Indian states, Uttar Pradesh and Kerala, were computed for several subgroups of the study population. Multivariate hazards modelling technique was used to examine the net effect of each of the variables studied. The results show a substantial effect of socioeconomic variables in child-spacing after controlling for the major intermediate variables."
Correspondence: K. K. Singh, University of North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, University Square 300A, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20274 Skretowicz, Biruta. Models of procreative behavior based on the concept of the life cycle. [Model zachowan prokreacyjnych oparty na koncepcji cyklu zycia.] Wiadomosci Statystyczne, Vol. 37, No. 1, 1993. 8-13 pp. Warsaw, Poland. In Pol. with sum. in Eng.
This is the first in a planned series of papers applying path analysis methods to the study of reproductive behavior in rural areas in Poland. Factors considered include total number of births, birth intervals, birth control and abortion, and future fertility intentions. The objective is to examine how the fertility of rural women is affected by various social and economic factors.
Correspondence: B. Skretowicz, Instytut Medycyny Wsi im. Witolda Chodzki, ul. Jaczewskiego 2, 20-950 Lublin, Poland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20275 Takahashi, Shinichi. Fertility transition in Asia: the case of ASEAN. Jinkogaku Kenkyu/Journal of Population Studies, No. 14, May 1991. 74-8 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
The author reviews the fertility transition in Asia, with a focus on member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Correspondence: S. Takahashi, Institute of Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan. Location: Princeton University Library (Gest).

59:20276 Thieme, Gunter. Fertility and population policy in a newly industrializing country. The example of Singapore. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 355-68 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
The effects of economic development and population policy on fertility trends and the age structure in Singapore are discussed. Data are from official and other published sources and cover the period 1820-1987 for ethnic groups and total population.
Correspondence: G. Thieme, Universitat Bonn, Geographisches Institut, Meckenheimer Allee 166, W-5300 Bonn 1, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20277 Tomobe, Ken'ichi. Estimates of natural fertility in rural Tokugawa Japan. Jinkogaku Kenkyu/Journal of Population Studies, No. 14, May 1991. 35-47 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn. with sum. in Eng.
"This paper estimates the value of [natural fertility] and [the degree of parity-specific fertility control] in rural Tokugawa Japan mainly using [the Coale-Trussell model]. What we gained through this analysis is 1) the level of natural fertility in rural Tokugawa Japan was very low compared to the pre-transition level of England, [and] 2) in spite of this low level fertility, parity-specific fertility control was not practiced....We can say that rural Tokugawa Japan since the second half of [the] seventeenth-century was in a 'natural fertility regime'...."
Correspondence: K. Tomobe, Tokuyama University, Faculty of Economics, Tokuyama, Japan. Location: Princeton University Library (Gest).

59:20278 Tsuya, Noriko O. Trends and correlates of fertility decline in the NIES. Jinkogaku Kenkyu/Journal of Population Studies, No. 14, May 1991. 49-66 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn. with sum. in Eng.
"Trends and correlates of dramatic fertility declines in the NIES [newly industrialized economies of Asia] from the 1960s to the 1980s are examined in this paper. Specifically, we first look at changes in the fertility effects of such demographic factors as age structure of fertility, age pattern of marriage, and marital fertility. Next, as major proximate determinants of fertility, we examine changes in contraception and induced abortion. We then examine the fertility effects of changes in infant mortality and family planning programs. Finally, by examining changes in such socioeconomic factors as educational attainment and female labor force participation as well as attitudinal changes toward marriage and the family, we seek to infer their effects on fertility declines in the NIES." The data primarily concern Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.
Correspondence: N. O. Tsuya, Nihon University, Population Research Institute, 3-2 Misaki-cho, 1-chome Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan. Location: Princeton University Library (Gest).

59:20279 Tyagi, V. K. Urbanization and changing pattern of fertility in Delhi. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 389-402 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
"This paper is an attempt to further investigate the close relationship between urbanization and the levels of fertility at [the] micro level. The Union Territory of Delhi [India] has been selected for the analysis....Section one provides a brief generalization of historical [trends and geographical changes] and population growth....Section two examines the change in fertility patterns during 1975-85 for the entire Union Territory of Delhi. The final section discusses urban-rural fertility differentials in association with different variables for the year 1985."
Correspondence: V. K. Tyagi, University of Delhi, Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, Department of Geography, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110 019, India. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20280 van de Walle, Etienne; Meekers, Dominique. The socio-cultural context of family and fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. Population Research Institute Working Paper, No. 1992-18, Sep 1992. [vi], 56 pp. Pennsylvania State University, Population Research Institute: University Park, Pennsylvania. In Eng.
"The aim of this paper is to summarize the state of knowledge of family and fertility in African cultures, and to make recommendations for future population policy and program efforts."
Correspondence: Pennsylvania State University, Population Research Institute, 22 Burrowes Building, University Park, PA 16802-6202. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20281 VanderPost, Cornelis. Fertility in Botswana: a district perspective. Botswana Notes and Records, Vol. 22, 1990. 99-104 pp. Gaborone, Botswana. In Eng.
The author analyzes geographical differences in the rate of the fertility decline in Botswana using data from official sources.
Correspondence: C. VanderPost, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana. Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

59:20282 Wagner, Adolf. Fertility decisions and population trends: contributions to microeconomic fertility theory and study of its relevance under the political conditions in the German Democratic Republic. [Fertilitatsentscheidungen und Bevolkerungsentwicklung: Beitrage zur mikrookonomischen Fertilitatstheorie und Unterschung ihrer Relevanz unter den ordnungspolitischen Gegebenheiten der DDR.] Tubinger Volkswirtschaftliche Schriften, Vol. 1, ISBN 3-7720-1931-5. LC 92-145224. 1991. ix, 176 pp. Francke: Tubingen, Germany. In Ger.
This book, which contains papers by several authors, is concerned with fertility theories and their relevance to the area that was formerly East Germany. The papers are grouped into sections dealing with theoretical explanations of fertility from an East German viewpoint, approaches and problems in theoretical models of fertility, empirical tests of a theoretical model as an explanation for East German fertility trends, and financial policy after German reunification.
Correspondence: Francke Verlag, Dischingerweg 5, Postfach 2560, W-7400 Tubingen 5, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20283 Weber, Egon. Fertility differences in the European socialist countries. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 229-48 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
The author discusses some "theoretical aspects of geographic approaches to fertility and [presents] some empirical findings [for the 1970s and 1980s] of fertility differentials in the socialist world with special reference to the USSR and the GDR [German Democratic Republic]....[It is found that] the European socialist countries, like many other countries of the developed world, have experienced a more or less distinctive downward trend of fertility over the last decades, as they have entered into the final stage of demographic transition."
Correspondence: E. Weber, J.-Stelling-Strasse 8, O-2200 Greifswald, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20284 Wu, Cangping; Jia, Shan. Chinese culture and fertility decline. Chinese Journal of Population Science, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1992. 95-103 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
The authors analyze the impact of culture on China's fertility decline. Consideration is given to a comparison of fertility rates in China with rates in other Asian countries; fertility levels among regions in China, with a focus on differences between Han and ethnic minorities; and aspects of Chinese culture that may hinder fertility decline.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20285 Yan, Xiaopei. The spatial dimension of fertility, Sichuan, China. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 423-34 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
Regional fertility patterns in Szechwan Province, China, are analyzed and compared for the period 1964-1982. Topics covered include age-specific fertility rates, parity, fertility among ethnic groups, and total fertility rates. Socioeconomic indicators within regions are also discussed.
Correspondence: X. Yan, Southwest China Teachers University, Department of Geography, Chongqing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20286 Yang, Shuzhang; Gu, Baochang; Xiao, Zili; Wang, Yanzu. Analysis of the direction of fertility change for Chinese women. Chinese Journal of Population Science, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1992. 105-18 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Using the 1988 two per thousand sampling survey of fertility and birth control as the primary source, this paper attempts to analyze the course of the change of the crude birth rate (CBR), total fertility rate (TFR) and total progressive rate (TPPR) of the population in China in the 1980s with a view to clarifying the determinants of the current fertility level in China (mainly for the 70s), [the] current state of affairs and the direction of development."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20287 Yeung, Wei-Jun Jean. Female employment and fertility in Canada: a sequential life-cycle analysis. Pub. Order No. DANN69941. ISBN 0-315-69941-8. 1991. 140 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This study was undertaken as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Alberta, Canada.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(8).

F.2. Differential Fertility

59:20288 Bahr, Jurgen; Gans, Paul. Regional fertility differentials in developing countries. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 313-37 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
The importance of taking regional differences into account in the analysis of fertility patterns and determinants in developing countries is illustrated using case studies for India, Mexico, and Sri Lanka.
Correspondence: J. Bahr, Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut, Olshausenstrasse 40, W-2300 Kiel 1, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20289 Becker, Stan. The determinants of adolescent fertility with special reference to biological variables. In: Biomedical and demographic determinants of reproduction, edited by Ronald Gray, Henri Leridon, and Alfred Spira. 1993. 21-49 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
The author examines determinants of adolescent fertility, with an emphasis on biological variables. "After a brief overview of levels and trends of adolescent fertility, this paper examines the evidence on the age of menarche and its secular trend, fecundability after menarche, as well as observed spontaneous loss rates in the early reproductive years. Age at entry into sexual union and use of contraception and abortion within sexual unions are also considered, but in a perfunctory manner. To structure the discussion on fertility after menarche, the framework of the intermediate fertility variables is utilized." The geographical scope is worldwide.
Correspondence: S. Becker, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20290 Bouraoui, Abdelhamid. Regional variations in fertility in Tunisia: a cartographic representation. [Variation regionales de la fecondite en Tunisie: representation cartographique.] Revue Tunisienne de Sciences Sociales, Vol. 28, No. 104-105, 1991. 11-8 pp. Tunis, Tunisia. In Fre.
Fertility differentials in Tunisia are illustrated with two maps, which are based on data from the censuses of 1975 and 1984.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20291 Caldas, Stephen J. The private and societal economic costs of teenage childbearing: the state of the research. Population and Environment, Vol. 14, No. 4, Mar 1993. 389-99 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
The author assesses the economic costs of teenage childbearing in the United States for both the individual parent and for society. He finds that "the most significant individual costs of teenage childbearing are associated with truncated educations and lost human capital investment. Among the most significant direct public costs are the expenditures of just three government programs: AFDC, Food Stamps, and Medicaid. An important public cost of teenage childbearing overlooked by many researchers is the cost to U.S. productivity of large numbers of undereducated and impoverished mothers in the work force, and the intergenerational transfer of this impoverishment to their children. Any restrictions on abortion will likely increase unwanted teenage fertility, and its associated costs, particularly among the disadvantaged."
Correspondence: S. J. Caldas, Louisiana State Department of Education, Office of Research and Development, P.O. Box 94064, Baton Rouge, LA 70804. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20292 Davis, William L.; Olson, Kent W.; Warner, Larkin. An economic analysis of teenage fertility: some evidence from Oklahoma. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 52, No. 1, Jan 1993. 85-99 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"The relationship between the probability of a teenage birth and various independent variables representing fecundity, attitudes, resources, and the economic opportunities for a sample of teenage females drawn from the 1980 census is examined. A theoretical framework, based on Becker's model, is employed to describe the birth-decision process and tested using a logit technique. The findings suggest that receipt of public assistance income and perceived economic opportunities are more important in explaining fertility probabilities among older (18-19 years old) teenagers. Among younger teens, accessibility to family planning and abortion services, and religious attitudes toward family planning are more important predictors of fertility."
Correspondence: W. L. Davis, University of Tennessee, Department of Economics, Martin, TN 38238-5015. Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

59:20293 Fagnani, Jeanne. Fertility in France: the influence of urbanization. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 165-73 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
Fertility levels in France are analyzed and compared, with an emphasis on differences between women living in Paris and those in smaller towns. Data are from an additional questionnaire administered to 310,000 women as part of the 1982 census.
Correspondence: J. Fagnani, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U.A. STRATES, 39 rue d'Estienne d'Orves, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20294 Faus-Pujol, Maria C. Differential fertility in Spain. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 129-49 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
Fertility differentials among the provinces of Spain are examined, with a focus on the period 1975-1987. Consideration is given to age factors, urban or rural residence, nonmarital fertility, women's social status and role in the family and society, attitudes toward the family, economic factors, labor force participation, and children's education. The effect of biological and behavioral factors on fertility is also assessed.
Correspondence: M. C. Faus-Pujol, Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras, Departamento de Geografia y Ordenacion del Territorio, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20295 Geronimus, Arline T.; Korenman, Sanders. The socioeconomic costs of teenage childbearing: evidence and interpretation. Demography, Vol. 30, No. 2, May 1993. 281-96 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The authors critically examine an article by Saul A. Hoffman, Michael Foster, and Frank F. Furstenberg concerning the socioeconomic costs of teenage childbearing in the United States. A reply by Hoffman et al. is included (pp. 291-6).
For the article by Hoffman et al., published in 1993, see 59:10270.
Correspondence: A. T. Geronimus, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy and Administration, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20296 Gosal, Gurdev S. Spatial patterns of fertility trends in India 1971-1987. An interpretative study. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 379-88 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
"The main objective of this study is not only to trace the change in fertility from 1971 to 1987 in India as a whole, but also to identify and interpret spatial disparities in this change....In terms of spatial disparities..., the northern and southern cultural regimes...stand in marked contrast to each other. This macro-regional contrast has much more to do with the social status and autonomy of the women as provided in their respective cultures than economic development, industrialization, and urbanization."
Correspondence: G. S. Gosal, Panjab University, Department of Geography, Chandigarh 160 014, India. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20297 Hayward, Mark D.; Grady, William R.; Billy, John O. G. The influence of socioeconomic status on adolescent pregnancy. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 73, No. 4, Dec 1992. 750-72 pp. Austin, Texas. In Eng.
"Modeling pregnancy as a dynamic, age-dependent process, the authors adopt a structural equation modeling strategy to obtain insight into the extent to which socioeconomic characteristics affect the risk of [U.S. adolescent premarital] pregnancy via two key proximate determinants, exposure to sexual intercourse and contraceptive behavior. The analysis is stratified by race to address possible differences in the determinants of pregnancy. The results provide mixed support, showing that among blacks socioeconomic status indirectly affects the risk of pregnancy via both contraceptive behavior and exposure to sexual intercourse. Among nonblacks, however, socioeconomic factors and the proximate determinants have independent effects." Data are from Cycle III of the National Survey of Family Growth.
Correspondence: M. D. Hayward, Pennsylvania State University, Department of Sociology, 211 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA 16802. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

59:20298 Iwanicka-Lyra, Elzbieta; Witkowski, Janusz. Spatial differentiation of female fertility in Poland: 1975-1987. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 267-74 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
"The aim of the present work is the presentation of the spatial picture of female fertility in Poland over the last dozen or so years. The paper is confined mainly to a statistical description and cartographic illustration of fertility rates....The rates were examined on the level of voivodship...with an additional division into urban and rural areas. We do not apply standardized rates on purpose for we are interested in the demonstration of the real spatial differences of fertility regardless of their determinants."
Correspondence: E. Iwanicka-Lyra, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Krakowskie Przedmiescie 30, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20299 Karjalainen, Elli. Regional differences and temporal changes of fertility in Finland. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 109-19 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
"The purpose of this research is to study areal differences and temporal changes in birth rates in Finland in general and in the Kainuu region in particular....Cause and effect phenomena involved in birth rate changes will also be examined in general terms." Problems resulting from the aging of the large postwar cohort are described.
Correspondence: E. Karjalainen, Research Institute of Northern Finland, Kauppakatu 25A, 87100 Kajaani 10, Finland. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20300 Kemper, Franz-Josef. Recent developments in household and family structure and their impact on regional fertility differences. The example of the FRG. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 219-28 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
Regional fertility patterns in the former Federal Republic of Germany for 1986 are analyzed and compared. Some consideration is also given to marriage patterns and trends in family formation during the period 1966-1986, with a focus on the rise in one-parent families and single-person households.
Correspondence: F.-J. Kemper, Universitat Bonn, Geographisches Institut, Meckenheimer Allee 166, W-5300 Bonn 1, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20301 Kupiszewski, Marek. Spatial fertility patterns of observed and stable population in Poland: 1977-1988. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 275-86 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
Regional fertility trends in Poland are analyzed using data for the period 1977-1988. The focus is on the impact of age structure on fertility differentials among regions. The author notes that the effect of migration on regional fertility differentials is apparent but diminishes over time.
Correspondence: M. Kupiszewski, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Krakowskie Przedmiescie 30, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20302 Lee, Bung Song. The influence of rural-urban migration on migrant's fertility behavior in Cameroon. International Migration Review, Vol. 26, No. 4, Winter 1992. 1,416-47 pp. Staten Island, New York. In Eng.
"An autoregressive model has been applied to the 1978 Cameroon World Fertility Survey data to test the fertility adaptation hypothesis of rural-urban migration. The fertility differential between rural-urban migrants and rural stayers is very small in Cameroon when compared with that of Korea and Mexico. However, the lack of fertility differentials between rural-urban migrants and rural stayers which are the result of the unique cultural and biosocial parameters of African fertility does not imply a weak fertility adaptation effect."
Correspondence: B. S. Lee, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NB 68182. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20303 Marksoo, Ann. Geographical peculiarities of fertility in the Estonian settlement system. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 303-12 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
The author discusses demographic and fertility trends in Estonia during the period 1980-1986. The main focus is on regional differentials in fertility. Some data from 1959 to 1980 are included.
Correspondence: A. Marksoo, University of Tartu, Department of Geography, Vanemuise 46, 202400 Tartu, Estonia. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20304 Noin, Daniel; Chauvire, Yvan. The geographical disparities of fertility in France. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 151-64 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
The authors analyze regional variations in fertility in France using data from the 1982 census. A strong disparity between northern and southern areas is observed. "If the north-south disparities which characterize fertility in France [are] the product of several factors, the attitude of the population towards education appears to be a key element...."
Correspondence: D. Noin, Universite de Paris I, 191 rue Saint Jacques, 75005 Paris, France. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20305 Pantelides, Edith A.; Cerrutti, Marcela S. Reproductive behavior and adolescent pregnancy. [Conducta reproductiva y embarazo en la adolescencia.] Cuaderno del CENEP, No. 47, Nov 1992. xiii, 97 pp. Centro de Estudios de Poblacion [CENEP]: Buenos Aires, Argentina. In Spa.
The authors present the results of a survey on adolescent fertility, conducted in Argentina in 1990 and 1991. The data are from 373 adolescents interviewed at public hospitals in Buenos Aires and in Puerto Madryn, in Chubut province. The report examines adolescent sexual behavior, adolescent knowledge about the body and reproduction, knowledge and use of contraception, to whom adolescents talk, and teenage pregnancy.
Correspondence: Centro de Estudios de Poblacion, Casilla 4397, Correo Central, 1000 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20306 Potrykowska, Alina. Spatial differences and temporal changes of fertility in the Warsaw urban region. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 287-302 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
Urban fertility trends and determinants in Warsaw, Poland, during the period 1950-1987 are analyzed. "The results of the multiple regression analysis confirmed that...fertility rates...were largely shaped by the magnitudes of rural to urban migration, economic activity of young females, and age-sex and marital structure...."
Correspondence: A. Potrykowska, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Krakowskie Przedmiescie 30, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20307 Preston, Samuel H.; Campbell, Cameron. Differential fertility and the distribution of traits: the case of IQ. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 98, No. 5, Mar 1993. 997-1,043 pp. Chicago, Illinois. In Eng.
"A recurrent fear during the past century is that the mean IQ level of populations will decline because persons with lower IQ scores have above-average fertility. Most microlevel data demonstrate such fertility differentials, but population IQ levels have risen rather than fallen. In this article, a simple two-sex model shows that negative fertility differentials are consistent with falling, rising, or constant IQ distributions. Under a wide variety of conditions, a constant pattern of fertility differentials will produce an unchanging, equilibrium distribution of IQ scores in the population. What matters for IQ trends is how the IQ distribution in one generation relates to the equilibrium distribution implied by that generation's fertility differentials." Separate commentaries by James S. Coleman (pp. 1,020-32) and David Lam (pp. 1,033-9) are included, as is a reply by the authors (pp. 1,039-43).
Correspondence: S. H. Preston, University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Center, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6298. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20308 Sporton, Deborah. The differential fertility of immigrants within the Paris region, France. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 187-202 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
"This paper examines the motivations and mechanisms behind intergenerational and cross-generational differences in immigrant fertility within the Paris region...to assess the validity of the 'immigrant adjusted fertility hypothesis'. Fertility differences, it is suggested, reflect alternate stages of an adjustment process whereby culturally determined differences in reproductive behavior are reduced over time as a result of demographic assimilation....The results to be presented here have been drawn from...the Enquete des Familles database. One fiftieth of all women born between 1917 and 1963 enumerated in the census were interrogated in the Enquete des Familles giving a sample of approximately 6,000 immigrant women. The Ile-de-France region was selected as the study area...."
Correspondence: D. Sporton, University of Sheffield, Department of Geography, Sheffield S10 2TN, England. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

59:20309 Teo, Peggy. The impact of poverty on fertility in Peninsular Malaysia: a cohort analysis. GeoJournal, Vol. 23, No. 2, Feb 1991. 125-33 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
Data from the 1980 census of Malaysia are used to analyze the impact of the New Economic Policy (NEP), formulated in 1970, on reducing ethnic fertility differentials and inequalities in wealth. The relationship between fertility and income differentials is explored. The author concludes that the NEP has had relatively little impact on either reducing fertility or achieving income equity.
Correspondence: P. Teo, National University of Singapore, Department of Geography, Kent Ridge, Singapore 0511. Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

59:20310 Wilson, Murray G. A. Sources of variation in the fertility of the post-transitional society: the case of birth order and maternal age in New South Wales, Australia. In: The geographical approach to fertility, edited by Jurgen Bahr and Paul Gans. 1991. 3-16 pp. Universitat Kiel, Geographisches Institut: Kiel, Germany. In Eng.
"This paper...addresses two questions, (1) whether, in a [post-transitional] society in which it has already been shown that areal differentials in total and marital fertility are both small and resistant to analysis by conventional methods, decomposition of the dependent variable according to birth order and maternal age may allow further insight into the spatially variable process of family formation in general and (2) whether it is possible to identify distinctive locality or region specific combinations of age- and order-specific marital fertility ratios (regional reproductive syndromes)....Aggregate and areal patterns of order-specific fertility in the metropolitan and non-metropolitan portions of New South Wales [Australia] are described and recent findings relevant to their analysis are reviewed...."
Correspondence: M. G. A. Wilson, University of Wollongong, Department of Geography, P.O.B. 1144, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

F.3. Sterility and Other Pathology

59:20311 Cates, Willard; Rolfs, Robert T.; Aral, Sevgi O. The pathophysiology and epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in relation to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. In: Biomedical and demographic determinants of reproduction, edited by Ronald Gray, Henri Leridon, and Alfred Spira. 1993. 101-25 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
The authors review the etiology and epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility. They find that "data strongly implicate sexually transmitted infections as a primary aetiology of tubal infertility, acting largely through the intermediary of pelvic inflammatory disease." Infertility estimates for the United States are included.
Correspondence: W. Cates, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30333. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20312 Dubey, Shail; Singh, Shri K. Socio-cultural analysis of the cases of reversal of female sterilisation: a retrospective study. Health and Population: Perspectives and Issues, Vol. 15, No. 1-2, Jan-Jun 1992. 26-31 pp. New Delhi, India. In Eng. with sum. in Hin.
Hospital data on operations to reverse female sterilization in Varanasi, India, are examined, with a focus on "the socio-cultural, economic and other characteristics of people who seek reversal of...female sterilisation....Findings revealed that the middle class urban couples were in preponderance....Loss of children due to high infant mortality rate, particularly male ones, were the most important deciding factors behind reversal of...female sterilisation."
Correspondence: S. Dubey, Banaras Hindu University, Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre of Post Partum Programme, Varanasi 221 005, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20313 Evina, Akam. Indicators for the measure of infertility. [Les indicateurs de la mesure de l'infecondite.] Genus, Vol. 48, No. 1-2, Jan-Jun 1992. 107-22 pp. Rome, Italy. In Fre. with sum. in Ita.
Methods to calculate infertility rates and probabilities are demonstrated using data for Hutterite women married between 1921 and 1930; Nzakara women of the Central African Republic, surveyed in 1958-1959; Rwandan women in a union in 1983; and married Belgian women surveyed in 1980-1981.
Correspondence: A. Evina, Institut de Formation et de Recherche Demographiques, B.P. 1556, Yaounde, Cameroon. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20314 Hodgen, Gary D. Hormonal regulation in in vitro fertilization. In: Biomedical and demographic determinants of reproduction, edited by Ronald Gray, Henri Leridon, and Alfred Spira. 1993. 243-70 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
The author reviews both the experience of an in vitro fertilization program in the United States and the insights that the procedure can provide into the biological determinants of fecundability.
Correspondence: G. D. Hodgen, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Norfolk, VA. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20315 Lansac, Jaques. Artificial insemination with frozen donor semen: a model to appreciate human fecundity. In: Biomedical and demographic determinants of reproduction, edited by Ronald Gray, Henri Leridon, and Alfred Spira. 1993. 231-42 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
The results of an artificial insemination by donor (AID) program in France are reviewed, and the implications for biologically measuring fecundability are assessed. It is found that "success rates with artificial insemination are greater with women under 30 years of age, especially if they have previously borne children and if the couple has a shorter history of infertility."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20316 Mosher, W. D.; Pratt, W. F. The demography of infertility in the United States. Annual Progress in Reproductive Medicine, 1993. 37-43 pp. Pearl River, New York/Carnforth, England. In Eng.
"Some popular descriptions of infertility have suggested that there are nine or ten million infertile couples, that one in six couples is infertile, that infertility is increasing rapidly, or that there is an 'epidemic' of infertility in the USA....The purpose of this chapter is to determine whether these perceptions are accurate and if not, to suggest why there is a perception that infertility is epidemic....We report two measures of infertility here. The first is called 'impaired fecundity' and is derived from a series of direct survey questions...on the ability to have children. The second is 'infertility status' among married couples." Data are from the National Survey of Family Growth for 1976, 1982, and 1988. Data for 1965 are from the National Fertility Study.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20317 Oberle, Mark W.; Rosero-Bixby, Luis; Whitaker, Pat. A descriptive epidemiology of infertility in Costa Rica. In: Biomedical and demographic determinants of reproduction, edited by Ronald Gray, Henri Leridon, and Alfred Spira. 1993. 126-31 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
"The prevalence of infecundity in many Latin American countries has been calculated primarily from World Fertility Survey (WFS) data and from clinic-based studies....A national survey in Costa Rica in 1984 obtained information on infecundity, using questions that differed from those included in the WFS. This study allowed us to compile a population-based description of the characteristics of Costa Rican women with a history of infecundity. In addition, serum specimens obtained at the interviews were used to compare the respondents' history of infecundity to serological evidence of infection with three sexually transmitted diseases."
Correspondence: M. W. Oberle, University of Costa Rica, Institute for Health Research, San Jose, Costa Rica. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20318 Spira, Alfred; Ducot, Beatrice; Guihard-Moscato, Marie-Luce; Job-Spira, Nadine; Mayaux, Marie-Jeanine; Menetrier, Jaqueline; Wattiaux, Jeanne. Conception probability and pregnancy outcome in relation to age, cycle regularity, and timing of intercourse. In: Biomedical and demographic determinants of reproduction, edited by Ronald Gray, Henri Leridon, and Alfred Spira. 1993. 271-84 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
The authors review results from studies conducted from 1973 to 1984 in France among couples undergoing assisted conception procedures. "This paper presents the results of four different epidemiological studies and reviews the current state of knowledge about the probability of conception and pregnancy outcome in relation to age (both male and female), cycle regularity, and the timing of intercourse. Spontaneous abortions, congenital malformations, the sex ratio, and twinning are all considered."
Correspondence: B. Ducot, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Kremlin-Bicetre, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

F.4. Actions and Activities Directly Affecting Fertility

F.4.1. General Fertility Control and Contraception

59:20319 Akbaba, Muhsin; Alparslan, Z. Nazan; Balkan, Enis. Family planning practices of migrant farm-workers: a methodological approach. Nufusbilim Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Population Studies, Vol. 14, 1992. 77-86 pp. Ankara, Turkey. In Eng. with sum. in Tur.
"This is a methodological study concerning the family planning practices of the migrant farm-workers in the Dogankent region [of Turkey]. The workers were given health services and education about family planning methods during off-work hours. Out of the 3,022 subjects starting the study, 304 of whom were already benefiting from some kind of (traditional or modern) family planning methods: 1,393 ended up...with using effective methods...."
Correspondence: M. Akbaba, Cukurova University, Medical Faculty, Department of Public Health, Balcali Campusu, Adana, Turkey. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20320 Anker, Richard; Khan, M. E.; Prasad, C. V. S.; Test-Mason, K. Use of community schedule for rapid appraisal of family welfare programme: is the approach accurate and feasible? Demography India, Vol. 20, No. 2, Jul-Dec 1991. 243-57 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The present paper analyses the accuracy of community-level data from a study in India where both community-level and household-level data were collected using community and household questionnaires....These data are especially valuable for a methodological analysis of data quality." The statistics concern family planning practice, attitudes toward fertility and contraception, and quality of life in general in three Indian states.
Correspondence: R. Anker, International Labour Organisation, 4 route des Morillons, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20321 Bailey, Wilma; Wynter, H.; Lee, A. Race, integration and family planning in Trinidad and Tobago. GeoJournal, Vol. 26, No. 1, Jan 1992. 13-20 pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
"The study considered the effect of the integration of the health services on family planning in Trinidad and Tobago. A drop-out study was based on a sample of six clinics, three representing integrated and three clinics that were non-integrated or vertical. Efforts were also made to solicit the views of a sample of drop outs, current acceptors and health-care providers. The study found that there were characteristics of the population from which acceptors were drawn that were more important in explaining utilization than the question of integration or non-integration of the clinics. Many of the problems were organizational and could, with adequate financing, be met by an even higher level of integration."
Correspondence: W. Bailey, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica. Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

59:20322 Bernhart, Michael H. Strategic management of population programs. Policy Research Working Paper: Population, Health, and Nutrition, No. WPS 996, Oct 1992. 26 pp. World Bank: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The author "surveys the literature on strategic management in private/for-profit organizations and applies lessons from that literature to population programs." The geographical scope is worldwide.
Correspondence: World Bank, Population and Human Resources Department, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.

59:20323 Boukhris, Mohamed. The population of Tunisia: the current situation and future prospects. [La population en Tunisie: realities et perspectives.] 1992. 264 pp. Office National de la Famille et de la Population: Tunis, Tunisia. In Fre.
This study describes the development of the national family planning program in Tunisia over the past 25 years. Sources of demographic data for the country are first described briefly. The author then outlines the basic policy measures on which the program was based and describes the evolution of the program since its origin in 1964. The next section looks at the effect the demographic transition has had on health and socioeconomic development. The extent of demographic aging is then examined. Finally, the author looks at population prospects for the period 2001-2026.
Correspondence: Office National de la Famille et de la Population, 42 Avenue de Madrid, Tunis, Tunisia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20324 Bromham, D. R.; Cartmill, R. S. V. Knowledge and use of secondary contraception among patients requesting termination of pregnancy. British Medical Journal, Vol. 306, No. 6877, Feb 27, 1993. 556-7 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The authors interviewed abortion acceptors in England and found that "an increasing proportion of such [unplanned] pregnancies are due to condom failure....The simple structured interview covered patients' knowledge and previous use of contraceptives and knowledge of secondary methods of contraception to be used if failure of a primary method was suspected. The source of advice on family planning was also recorded."
Correspondence: D. R. Bromham, St. James's University Hospital, Fertility Control Unit, Leeds LS9 7TF, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).

59:20325 Bulatao, Rodolfo A.; Levin, Ann; Bos, Eduard R.; Green, Cynthia. Effective family planning programs. ISBN 0-8213-2305-9. LC 92-45644. Feb 1993. vii, 103 pp. World Bank: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Part I of this book assesses the performance of family planning programs in developing countries, looking at their contributions and their costs. Part II then attempts to identify the attributes and approaches critical to effective programs...." The authors note that providing contraceptive services of acceptable quality is the primary task of a family planning program, and that elements associated with achieving this goal are "effective management, to provide sound and strategically appropriate use of program resources...; adequate participation by the private sector, which increases coverage and provides competition on both quality and efficiency...; broad promotion of the program...; and political and financial support from governments and donors...."
Correspondence: World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20326 De Silva, W. Indralal. Do fertility intentions and behaviour influence sterilization in Sri Lanka? Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, Dec 1992. 41-60 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"This article examines determinants of sterilization, including fertility intentions and behaviour, among Sir Lankan women, using longitudinal data for the period 1982-1985. Age and fertility jointly influenced the likelihood of sterilization, as did education and certain ethno-religious affiliation....[The author notes that] if the country is to achieve the replacement fertility target by the year 2001, the prevalence of contraceptive methods must rise from 55 per cent in 1981 to 71 per cent in the year 2001, with female sterilization increasing annually by 30,000 and male sterilization by 7,000 throughout the period."
Correspondence: W. I. De Silva, University of Colombo, Demographic Training and Research Unit, 94 Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20327 Dorman, Shawn. More access to contraception? Russian city surveyed. Population Today, Vol. 21, No. 3, Mar 1993. 5, 10 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The author reviews the status of reproductive health care and contraceptive availability in St. Petersburg, Russia. Data are from a survey she conducted in 1991 and 1992.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20328 Dumani, Bukuri. Fertility and family planning in Albania. Planned Parenthood in Europe, Vol. 22, No. 1, Jan 1993. 17-9 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The situation concerning family planning and illegal induced abortion in Albania is reviewed. The author focuses on the effect of recent political change on the country's pro-natalist policies, which included a ban on contraception.
Correspondence: B. Dumani, University of Tirane, Faculty of Economics, Population Studies Unit, Tirane, Albania. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20329 Fathalla, Mahmoud F. Family planning: future needs. Ambio, Vol. 21, No. 1, Feb 1992. 84-7 pp. Stockholm, Sweden. In Eng.
The success record of family planning programs in developing countries is reviewed as a preface to an examination of future needs. Consideration is given to unmet need, access to family planning, quality of services, contraceptive choice, and resource and research requirements.
Correspondence: M. F. Fathalla, World Health Organization, Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20330 Ferguson, Alan. Family planning adoption, change and discontinuation: a retrospective study from two rural areas of Kenya. Jul 1991. viii, 80 pp. Ministry of Health, Division of Family Health, GTZ Family Planning Support Unit: Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
"The study investigates family planning adoption, discontinuation and method change in a cohort of married women aged 25-34 years in two contrasting rural areas of Kenya, Kisa, in Kakamega District and Ena, in Embu District. The influence of contraceptive use in regulating fertility is compared with the effects of other fertility determinants, particularly separation of husband and wife and lactational amenorrhea. Samples of 377 women in Kisa and 338 in Ena were interviewed between November 1990 and March 1991...."
Correspondence: Ministry of Health, Division of Family Health, GTZ Family Planning Support Unit, P.O. Box 41607, Nairobi, Kenya. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

59:20331 Gorter,