F. Fertility

F.1. General Fertility

58:40236 Adamchak, Donald J.; Ntseane, Peggy G. Gender, education, and fertility: a cross-national analysis of Sub-Saharan African nations. Sociological Spectrum, Vol. 12, No. 2, Apr-Jun 1992. 167-82 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Controlling for socioeconomic development as measured by per capita energy consumption and percentage of labor force in agriculture, this article examines the relationship between education and fertility for men and women in 37 sub-Saharan nations. Results indicate that primary school enrollment in 1960 and 1980 for both males and females had a weak negative and nonsignificant relationship with the total fertility rate 15 to 30 years later. Secondary school enrollment in 1960 for both males and females had weak relationships with the total fertility rate. However, secondary school enrollment for males in 1980 had a significant negative effect on the total fertility rate 10 to 25 years later. Implications are discussed."
Correspondence: D. J. Adamchak, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

58:40237 Aghajanian, Akbar. Status of women and fertility in Iran. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3, Autumn 1992. 361-74 pp. Calgary, Canada. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relations between development, women's relative access to valued resources, and fertility levels across communities in Iran....The empirical analysis is based on aggregate data from 162 districts (Shahrestans) in Iran in 1976....The results suggest fertility decline is associated with improvement in the relative status of women in accessing the valued resources and improvement in the position of women is an important path through which development policies can reduce fertility. It is concluded that development policies that exclude women and benefit men, do not have declining effect on fertility levels and ideals."
Correspondence: A. Aghajanian, Fayetteville State University, Department of Sociology, Fayetteville, NC 28301. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

58:40238 Al-Said, Abdullah. Women's status and fertility in Egypt and Bangladesh. Pub. Order No. DA9216272. 1991. 125 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at Michigan State University.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(1).

58:40239 Asociacion Dominicana Pro-Bienestar de la Familia [PROFAMILIA]. Instituto de Estudios de Poblacion y Desarrollo [IEPD] (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic); Dominican Republic. Oficina Nacional de Planificacion [ONAPLAN] (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic); Institute for Resource Development/Macro International. Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS] (Columbia, Maryland). Dominican Republic. Demographic and Health Survey, 1991. [Republica Dominicana. Encuesta Demografica y de Salud, 1991.] Sep 1992. xxvi, 284 pp. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. In Spa.
Results from the 1991 Demographic and Health Survey of the Dominican Republic are presented. The survey included just over 7,100 households in both rural and urban areas and involved about 7,300 women of reproductive age. Chapters are included on the characteristics of the survey population, fertility, knowledge and use of contraception, other proximate determinants of fertility, fertility preferences, infant and child mortality, maternal and child health, breast-feeding and nutrition, and the availability of maternal and child health and family planning services.
Correspondence: Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys, 8850 Stanford Boulevard, Suite 4000, Columbia, MD 21045. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40240 Basha, Tefik. Characteristics of the fertility decline in Kosovo. [Osnovna obelezja fertilnosti stanovnistva Kosova.] Stanovnistvo, Vol. 28-29, No. 3-4/1-2, Jul-Dec/Jan-Jun 1990-1991. 89-98 pp. Belgrade, Yugoslavia. In Scr. with sum. in Fre.
The author examines causes and consequences of the recent fertility decline in Kosovo autonomous region, Yugoslavia. The effect of improvements in living standards is noted.
Correspondence: T. Basha, Univerziteta u Pristini, Prirodno-matematicki Fakultet, M. Tito 53, 38000 Pristini, Yugoslavia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40241 Becker, Gary S. Fertility and the economy. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 5, No. 3, Aug 1992. 185-201 pp. New York, New York/Berlin, Germany. In Eng.
"This essay will discuss the analysis of fertility mainly in the context of the Malthusian question: what are the links between family choices--in particular, fertility behavior--and long-term economic growth?" The author relates "the demand for children to parental incomes and the cost of rearing children--especially to the value of the time spent on child care and to public policies that change the cost of children. This paper also links the demand for children to investments in their human capital and other dimensions of the so-called quality of children. Fertility is shown to depend...on child and adult mortality, uncertainty about the sex of children..., uncertainty about how long it takes to produce a conception, and other variables."
Correspondence: G. S. Becker, University of Chicago, Departments of Economics and Sociology, 1126 East 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40242 Benhabib, Jess; Nishimura, Kazuo. Endogenous fertility and growth. Working Papers in Economics and Econometrics, No. 201, ISBN 0-86831-201-0. May 1990. 16 pp. Australian National University, Faculty of Economics: Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
The authors study the implications of introducing technological progress and human capital into the Barro-Becker model of endogenous fertility. They show that "the dynamic behavior of physical capital will be monotonic or oscillatory, depending on the elasticity of a certain 'altruism' function which may also be viewed as the elasticity of an inverse demand curve for children. This elasticity, which is equal to unity in the Barro and Becker model, also plays a major role in determining the existence of multiple steady states. From an empirical perspective multiple steady states may be useful to explain persistent differentials between growth rates of some poor and rich countries."
Correspondence: Australian National University, Faculty of Economics, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.

58:40243 Bernhardt, Eva M. Working parents in Sweden: an example for Europe? Stockholm Research Reports in Demography, No. 66, ISBN 91-7153-025-8. Apr 1992. 35 pp. Stockholm University, Section of Demography: Stockholm, Sweden. In Eng.
"This paper describes some of the features of the comparatively high fertility level in Sweden and discusses to what extent it is possible to interpret the demographic situation in Sweden as an effect of public policies that encourage childbearing by lessening the role conflict between work and parenthood, for example through a comprehensive system of subsidized child care. Swedish parenting policies are presented, pointing to particular responses that can be observed in fertility behaviour in recent years. It is argued that the growing involvement of Swedish men both in household chores and child care is of crucial importance for recent developments." Some comparisons are made with the fertility rates and child care policies of other European countries.
Correspondence: Stockholm University, Demography Unit, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40244 Bethune, Ann; Filakti, Haroulla; Harding, Seeromanie; Davies, Isobel M. Fertility and infant mortality in the OPCS Longitudinal Study. Population Trends, No. 68, Summer 1992. 24-9 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"This article describes the information within the OPCS Longitudinal Study on fertility, stillbirths, and infant deaths. It describes data [concerning England and Wales] newly available for analysis, gives baseline information, and includes examples of the types of analyses that can be carried out."
Correspondence: A. Bethune, Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, Health Statistics Division, LS Medical Analysis Section, St. Catherines House, 10 Kingsway, London WC2B 6JP, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40245 Botev, Nikolai. Approaches and methods of fertility estimation in demographic projections. [Podkhodi i metodi za otsenyavane na plodovitostta v demografskite prognozi.] Naselenie, No. 4, 1992. 12-24 pp. Sofia, Bulgaria. In Bul. with sum. in Eng; Rus.
The author describes methods of fertility estimation within demographic projections. He concludes that both period analysis and cohort follow-up are important to a thorough study of the birth rate of a population. "The second part of the article is dedicated to the procedures used for disaggregating the integral [of] full fertility, and extrapolating the incompleted fertility of a given cohort when formulating birthrate hypotheses." The geographical scope is worldwide.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40246 Castro Martin, Teresa. Delayed childbearing in contemporary Spain: trends and differentials. European Journal of Population/Revue Europeenne de Demographie, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1992. 217-46 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"This study focuses on the first stage of family formation: the transition to motherhood....The paper is organized as follows: first, we will document the recent trend towards delayed motherhood in Spain; next, we will identify some of the sociodemographic factors that are associated with the current pattern of postponed childbearing. The role of premarital pregnancies and contraceptive practice on first interval dynamics will be also discussed." Data are from the 1985 Spanish Survey of Fertility.
Correspondence: T. Castro Martin, United Nations, Population Division, DC2-2056, 2 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40247 Chahnazarian, Anouch. The recent rise in birth rates in Haiti: new trends in favor of cohabitation? [Hausse recente de la fecondite en Haiti: un nouvel engouement pour la vie en union?] Population, Vol. 47, No. 3, May-Jun 1992. 583-616 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
Haiti's rising birthrate is examined using data from three retrospective surveys for 1977, 1983, and 1987. The author finds that "the principal reasons for the rising birth rates are the reduction in the age of first entering a sexual union, and the increasing importance of cohabitation. This phenomenon affects less educated women more often no doubt because it is they who need the financial security provided by living as a couple at this particularly difficult time for the Haitian economy." A comment is included by Youssef Courbage (pp. 610-3) together with a response from the author (pp. 613-5).
Correspondence: A. Chahnazarian, Institut Francais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40248 Chen, Ping. Changes in fertility in rural China: a simulated micro-analysis of the interactions between the demand and supply of children, and the family planning policy. Chinese Journal of Population Science, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1990. 207-18 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"On the basis of Easterlin's theory, which is modified according to the situation in rural China and the country's population policy, this essay surveys the changes in fertility in rural China under the joint impact of the demand and supply of children and the fertility policy, through a simulated micro systems analysis."
Correspondence: P. Chen, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Population Studies, 5 Jianguomen Nei Da Jie 5 Hao, Beijing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40249 Chen, Ping. The transition from natural to controlled fertility in rural China: a micro-simulation analysis of the interaction between demand, supply and policy factors. Population Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, Jun 1991. 16-26 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
"Based on sample survey data..., this study attempts to find out the interactions between demand for children, supply of children, and policy factors in rural China. We first define the measures of demand, supply, and policy, and then create different types of simulation models to study the effects of these factors during the childbearing period of married women."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40250 Cheng, Chaoze; Rajulton Fernando. Determinants of fertility decline in China, 1981: analysis of intermediate variables. Social Biology, Vol. 39, No. 1-2, Spring-Summer 1992. 15-26 pp. Port Angeles, Washington. In Eng.
"This study examines the proximate determinants of fertility in China by making use of the data collected by the One-per-Thousand Sample Fertility Survey of 1982. The results indicate that the most important inhibitor of potential fertility is deliberate control....The marital structure of the population is also an important factor....Data [are compared with results] from the In-depth Fertility Survey conducted in Shanghai Municipality, Hebei and Shaanxi Provinces in April 1985....The findings point to successful family planning program and government population policies, which propelled the fertility transition to a substantial degree."
Correspondence: C. Cheng, University of Western Ontario, Department of Sociology, Population Studies Centre, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40251 Cheng, Chaoze; Maxim, Paul. Socioeconomic determinants of China's urban fertility. Population and Environment, Vol. 14, No. 2, Nov 1992. 133-57 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This paper examines socioeconomic forces other than population policies and family planning programs that have affected the fertility transition in urban China. The authors argue that before and since the intensification of population planning activities, the government influenced fertility directly and indirectly through socialization of the economy, the transformation of the Chinese family, and the provision of education, employment, health, medical, welfare, cultural, and related services in urban areas. The various social institutions and subsystems of society have greatly weakened the motivation for large families. The by-products of the slow urbanization process in urban China including housing shortages, unemployment, rising living standards, changes in the cost of raising a child, and urban-rural downward mobility have affected the social and economic costs of childbearing, which in turn have affected the postponement of childbearing."
Correspondence: C. Cheng, 986 Western Road, London, Ontario N6G 1G4, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40252 Craig, John. Recent fertility trends in Europe. Population Trends, No. 68, Summer 1992. 20-3 pp. London, England. In Eng.
Fertility trends in the United Kingdom over the past 20 years are analyzed and compared with those in other European countries. The author notes that the United Kingdom was one of the first countries in which the post-1970 fertility decline ceased; except for Ireland, the United Kingdom and France have the highest total period fertility rates in the European Community. Differences in age-specific fertility are also analyzed.
Correspondence: J. Craig, Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, Population Statistics Division, St. Catherines House, 10 Kingsway, London WC2B 6JP, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40253 Cuba. Comite Estatal de Estadisticas. Instituto de Investigaciones Estadisticas (Havana, Cuba). National Fertility Survey, 1987, Cuba. [Encuesta Nacional de Fecundidad, 1987, Cuba.] Mar 1991. 415 pp. Havana, Cuba. In Spa.
These are results of the first national survey of fertility in Cuba. The 1987 survey involved a nationally representative sample of 3,260 urban and 1,281 rural women of reproductive age. Following chapters on the demographic background and survey methodology, chapters are included on characteristics of respondents, nuptiality and exposure to risk of pregnancy, fertility and reproductive intentions, and family planning. Statistics are presented in tabular format in the appendix.
Correspondence: Comite Estatal de Estadisticas, Instituto de Investigaciones Estadisticas, Almendares No. 156, esquina a Desague, Gaveta Postal 6016, Havana, Cuba. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40254 Curciev, Aleksandar. Fertility, reproduction, and population policy in Macedonia. [Natalitet, reprodukcija stanovnistva i populaciona politika u Republici Makedoniji.] Stanovnistvo, Vol. 28-29, No. 3-4/1-2, Jul-Dec/Jan-Jun 1990-1991. 113-24 pp. Belgrade, Yugoslavia. In Scr. with sum. in Eng.
"This paper treats primarily the changes in the fertility level in...Macedonia [Yugoslavia] from 1950 to 1990 giving special attention to tendencies prevailing in recent years. Second, it presents the differences in...fertility by communes and their urban and rural settlements....Finally, the population policy, as a factor of society's influence on fertility and reproduction, is considered."
Correspondence: A. Curciev, Univerziteta Kiril i Metodije vo Skoplje, Ekonomski Fakultet, POB 576, Bulevar Krste Misirkov b.b., 91000 Skopje, Yugoslavia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40255 De Simoni, Alessandro. Recent fertility trends in Italy and in its two major regional divisions: fertility tables by birth order, 1980-1982 and 1985-1987. [La recente evoluzione della fecondita in Italia e nelle due grandi ripartizioni: tavole di fecondita per ordine di nascita, 1980-82 e 1985-87.] 1990. 133 pp. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerche sulla Popolazione [IRP]: Rome, Italy. In Ita. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
Fertility tables are presented for Italy and its two major geographic divisions, the North-Central and the South, for two three-year periods, 1980-1982 and 1985-1987. The tables are structured according to two variables, the woman's age and her parity, and thus represent the yearly probabilities of giving birth to a child taking these two factors into account.
Correspondence: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerche sulla Popolazione, Viale Beethoven 56, 00144 Rome, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40256 de Vries, Rina F. The importance of education for differences in female labour force participation and fertility behaviour. PDOD Paper, No. 13, Oct 1992. 20 pp. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Postdoctorale Onderzoekersopleiding Demografie [PDOD]: Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng.
"In this article we wish to clarify why and how differences in level of education, in particular within cohorts, [contribute to] differences in [women's] employment and fertility behaviour. Proceeding from a process approach, we will argue that the influence of education on female labour force participation and fertility runs mainly through its contribution to personal development."
Correspondence: Universiteit van Amsterdam, Postdoctorale Onderzoekersopleiding Demografie, Planologisch en Demografisch Instituut, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40257 De Wit, Margaret L.; Rajulton, Fernando. Education and timing of parenthood among Canadian women: a cohort analysis. Social Biology, Vol. 39, No. 1-2, Spring-Summer 1992. 109-22 pp. Port Angeles, Washington. In Eng.
"This research examines factors associated with the timing of first birth in Canada, focusing primarily on the role of women's educational attainment. Proportional hazards modelling techniques are applied to data from the 1984 Canadian Fertility Survey (CFS)....The results suggest that among a number of variables useful for distinguishing different levels of risk, educational attainment proves to be the most important predictor in the model. Education exerts a substantial positive influence on birth timing for women of all age groups....Significant cohort differences are also evident, with the greatest to the smallest impact on the risk from the youngest to the oldest cohorts."
Correspondence: M. L. De Wit, University of Western Ontario, Department of Sociology, Population Studies Centre, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40258 Dumont, Gerard-Francois. The feast of Kronos: what is at stake in current socio-demographic trends in Europe. [Le festin de Kronos: realites et enjeux des evolutions socio-demographiques en Europe.] ISBN 2-215-01776-7. 1991. 203 pp. Fleurus Essais: Paris, France. In Fre.
This study is concerned with the implications of current demographic trends in Europe, particularly with the decline of fertility to below-replacement levels. The first three chapters examine historical demographic trends that led to the present situation. Similarities and differences between Eastern and Western Europe are then reviewed. The author looks at the causes of low fertility and locates them in the desire to satisfy individual short-term needs rather than the longer-term needs of society as a whole. The study concludes by examining the prospects for developing social policy involving intergenerational solidarity that would change current demographic trends and lead to an increase in fertility, which would in turn ensure a future for European society.
Correspondence: Fleurus Essais, 11 rue Duguay-Trouin, 75006 Paris, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40259 Dworak, Nick; Kirmeyer, Sharon. Calculating cohort TFR from truncated distributions by completed parity. Studia Demograficzne, No. 4/106, 1991. 35-43 pp. Warsaw, Poland. In Eng.
"This paper suggests a simple nonparametric formula for calculating TFR [total fertility rate]. The formula is then tested statistically and possible bias is discussed. The approach is finally extended for numerically evaluating second-order measures of heterogeneity like mean number of siblings and Gini coefficient from truncated distributions by parity....The tail estimators are applied to a data base which includes empirical distributions of female cohorts by children ever born at age 45-49 and their respective TFRs...for various countries." Data are from official published sources.
Correspondence: N. Dworak, Futures Group, 1104 14th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40260 Edmonson, Janet C. Fertility decline in a Balinese village. Pub. Order No. DA9221145. 1989. 227 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This study examines the determinants of fertility decline in a Balinese village in Indonesia. It was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at Columbia University.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1364. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(3).

58:40261 El-Khorazaty, M. Nabil. Time series analysis of three centuries of the childbearing and fertility process in Finland. Yearbook of Population Research in Finland, Vol. 30, 1992. 44-67 pp. Helsinki, Finland. In Eng.
A time series data set of childbearing and fertility indexes for Finland since 1722 is presented. "The results depict that Finland passed through various childbearing patterns. These patterns are characterized by increasing ages at first and last birth in the eighteenth century to stabilization in the following century at high levels. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, ages at last birth declined dramatically while ages at first birth first increased, then declined in the 1940s and stayed at that low level later on. Increases in both indices have been witnessed since the mid-1970s."
Correspondence: M. N. El-Khorazaty, Cairo University, Department of Statistics, POB 1055, Khartoum, Sudan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40262 Freitez, Anitza; Romero, Dalia; Casique, Irene; Gonzalez, Lissette; De Andrade, Carmen. Results of the Survey of Fertility. Capital region 1991. [Presentacion de resultados de la Encuesta de Fecundidad. Region capital 1991.] IIES Documento de Trabajo, No. 37, Mar 1992. 106 pp. Universidad Catolica Andres Bello, Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas y Sociales [IIES], Departamento de Estudios Demograficos: Caracas, Venezuela. In Spa.
Results are presented from the 1991 Survey of Fertility conducted in Venezuela's capital district. The report is divided into three parts, the first of which outlines the methodology used. Part 2 contains data on the general characteristics of the population, with a focus on standard of living indicators. Part 3 details specific socioeconomic characteristics of the region's women, with a focus on those aged 25-29 and 45-54.
Correspondence: Universidad Catolica Andres Bello, Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas y Sociales, Departamento de Estudios Demograficos, Urb. Montalban, La Vega, Apartado 29068, Caracas, Venezuela. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40263 Furugori, Tomoko. Work behavior of youth and recent changes in the fertility rate in Japan. Jinkogaku Kenkyu/Journal of Population Studies, No. 15, May 1992. 45-55 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn. with sum. in Eng.
"This paper observes and analyzes labor supply behavior and work attitude of...youth and discusses the impact they may have had on the recent change in [the] fertility rate in Japan." The author observes trends toward later marriage and a leisure-oriented life-style, and concludes that these shifts have helped to lower the fertility rate to 1.53 as of 1991.
Location: Princeton University Library (Gest).

58:40264 Gillis, John R.; Tilly, Louise A.; Levine, David. The European experience of declining fertility, 1850-1970: the quiet revolution. Studies in Social Discontinuity, ISBN 1-55786-122-6. LC 91-37246. 1992. xiii, 385 pp. Blackwell: Cambridge, Massachusetts/Oxford, England. In Eng.
This is a selection of papers by various authors on aspects of the fertility decline that has occurred in modern Europe. "These 15 chapters discuss not only abortion, contraception, sexual practices, marriage, husband-wife relations, and parenthood, but also war, state policy, social class, occupations, and long-distance migration. A reader can find in this study, for example, evidence that advocates of voluntary contraception frequently sought to discourage previously widespread abortion, that whole populations practiced coitus interruptus quite effectively, that total war moved governments toward vigorous promotion of rewards for childbearing." The primary focus linking the various studies is a search for the cultural factors associated with fertility decline.
Correspondence: Blackwell Publishers, Three Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40265 Gomez, Victor M. Reproductive experiences of women under 25 in Costa Rica. [Experiencia reproductiva de las mujeres menores de 25 anos en Costa Rica.] May 1992. iii, 17, [3] pp. Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Programa Salud Reproductiva: San Jose, Costa Rica. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
The author describes the reproductive behavior of women under the age of 25 in Costa Rica. Levels of undesired fertility, determinants of contraceptive use and nonuse, the prevalence of breast-feeding, women's labor force participation before and after motherhood, and family support systems for young mothers are considered. Data are from the 1991 National Survey of Reproductive Health in Young Adults.
Correspondence: Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Programa Salud Reproductiva, Apartado 1434-1011 Y-Griega, San Jose, Costa Rica. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40266 Gu, Baochang; Yang, Shuzhang. Fertility trends of rural China in the 80s: evidence from the 1988 Two Per Thousand Fertility Survey. Population Research, Vol. 8, No. 3, Sep 1991. 23-36, 22 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
Data from China's 1988 Two Per Thousand Fertility Survey are analyzed in order to identify fertility trends in China during the 1980s. Patterns are analyzed and compared by region and year, and some projections are made. The focus is on the rural population.
Correspondence: B. Gu, China Population Information and Research Centre, P.O. Box 2444, Beijing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40267 Guzman, Jose M.; Torrez, Hugo; Schkolnik, Susana. Fertility change in Bolivia. [Cambios de la fecundidad en Bolivia.] Notas de Poblacion, Vol. 19, No. 53, Aug 1991. 47-78 pp. Santiago, Chile. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
"This paper has two main objectives. The first is to determine levels and trends of fertility from 1965 to the present for Bolivia, its regions, and its rural and urban areas....Secondly, it examines the relationship between the level of fertility and its proximate determinants: nuptiality, lactation, postpartum abstinence and contraception. The relative weight of each of these factors will be assessed through the application of the Bongaarts model. This analysis attempts to disentangle the reproductive behaviour of the different social and ethnic groups in three regions of Bolivia, in order to contribute to the design of future population policies."
Correspondence: J. M. Guzman, U.N. Centro Latinoamericano de Demografia, Avenida Dag Hammarskjold, Casilla 91, Santiago, Chile. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40268 Handwerker, W. Penn. West Indian gender relations, family planning programs and fertility decline. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 35, No. 10, Nov 1992. 1,245-57 pp. Tarrytown, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
The author discusses determinants of the fertility declines that began on many Caribbean islands between 1960 and 1970. It is found that "family planning programs have not played an important role in these declines. Neither have other variables that conventional social theory tells us should promote reduced family sizes, like education and rising standards of living. The historical experience of Barbados and Antigua, which reached replacement-level fertility in the 1980s, suggests that West Indian fertility declines reflect structural changes in national economies that created job opportunities for women....Data reported here come primarily from field studies on Barbados in 1985, 1986 and 1990 and Antigua in 1988 and 1989."
Correspondence: W. P. Handwerker, Humboldt State University, Program in Anthropology, Arcata, CA 95521. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

58:40269 Hari, M. Modernization and population change. ISBN 81-7141-157-6. 1991. xiv, 168 pp. Discovery Publishing House: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
This study examines the effect of various aspects of modernization on fertility behavior in India. The main objectives are to determine the dimensions of individual modernity, to study the interrelationships between those dimensions and fertility, and to measure the specific contribution of each toward explaining total fertility variation. Topics considered include value of children, parents' educational aspirations for children, perceptions of infant mortality, women's status, and contraceptive behavior. The data are from a survey of 600 households in the town of Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.
Correspondence: Discovery Publishing House, 4594/9 Darya Ganj, New Delhi 110 002, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40270 Heckman, James J.; Walker, James R. Understanding third births in Sweden. In: Demographic applications of event history analysis, edited by James Trussell, Richard Hankinson, and Judith Tilton. 1992. 157-208 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
The determinants of third births in Sweden are explored using data from the 1981 Swedish Fertility Survey. The authors first "discuss the formulation, estimation, and evaluation of multi-state duration models with time-varying regressors and unobservables that are correlated across spells." They then discuss the data and present results of an analysis. The models contain explicit controls for unobserved heterogeneity.
For a related study by Michael Murphy, see elsewhere in this issue.
Correspondence: J. J. Heckman, University of Chicago, Department of Economics, 1126 East 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40271 Hirosima, Kiyosi; Yamamoto, Chizuko. Fertility in Japan: 1990. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, Vol. 48, No. 1, Apr 1992. 58-65 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
The authors examine fertility patterns in Japan for 1990. Consideration is given to births by nationality, total fertility rate, total first marriage fertility rate, and total ever-married fertility. Most of the data are presented by age and sex.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40272 Hong Kong. Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong). Past and future trends of fertility in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, May 1992. 107-13 pp. Hong Kong. In Eng.
Fertility trends in Hong Kong are summarized for the period 1971-1991, then projections are made to the year 2011. The data are presented in tabular format.
Correspondence: Census and Statistics Department, 19/F Wanchai Tower I, 12 Harbour Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40273 Horne, Amelia D.; El-Khorazaty, M. Nabil. Bongaarts and childbearing indices for Coale-Trussell's model fertility schedules. In: American Statistical Association, 1989 proceedings of the Social Statistics Section. [1989]. 432-7 pp. American Statistical Association: Alexandria, Virginia. In Eng.
The authors first evaluate various fertility and childbearing indexes used to calculate model fertility schedules, with a focus on the methods proposed by John Bongaarts (1978) and by Ansley Coale and James Trussell (1974). They then apply these methods and their modifications to model childbearing and fertility-inhibiting indexes to arrive at a set of model fertility schedules.
Correspondence: M. N. El-Khorazaty, Central Statistics Organization, P.O. Box 5835, Manama, Bahrain. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40274 Huang, Dexing; Xie, Zhenming. An analysis of parity progressive ratio in China from 1985 to 1987. Population Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, Jun 1991. 35-43 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
The authors examine parity progression ratios for women in China to determine the impact of family planning programs on fertility. "Based on data from China's population censuses and sampling surveys, parity progressive ratios during different periods can be calculated. These estimates can show changes and trends of reproductive women's fertility in terms of parity progressive ratio and provide [a] basis for formulation and implementation of population plans."
Correspondence: D. Huang, Anhui Family Planning Committee, Comprehensive Division, Anhui, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40275 Huang, Rongqing. An age-parity-specific fertility model under the effects of control factors. Chinese Journal of Population Science, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1991. 219-30 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
The author first examines three commonly used fertility models, then designs his own age-specific model. "In order to construct a fertility rate model, the author considers that it is first necessary to understand the fertility occurrence process, to extract from it changes in its determining effect on the fertility rate and turn it into a model. The fertility rate model under the effects of control factors referred to in this article is based on an attempt to construct a model along these lines."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40276 Hussain, Fayyaz. Landholding and human fertility in Rwanda. Pub. Order No. DA9216313. 1991. 195 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at Michigan State University.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(1).

58:40277 Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica [INEI] (Lima, Peru); Asociacion Benefica PRISMA (Lima, Peru); Macro International. Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS] (Columbia, Maryland). Peru: Demographic and Family Health Survey, 1991-1992. [Peru: Encuesta Demografica y de Salud Familiar, 1991/1992.] 1992. xxx, 254 pp. Lima, Peru. In Spa.
Results of the second Demographic and Family Health Survey, conducted from June 1991 to August 1992 in Peru, are presented. Data are included on population characteristics for the country as a whole and on regional differences. The focus is on women of reproductive age. Their fertility levels and preferences, contraceptive usage, and marital tendencies are described, as are infant and child mortality levels, maternal and child health, and nutrition. Some comparisons are made with the previous survey, which was conducted in 1986.
Correspondence: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica, Avenida 28 de Julio 1056, Lima 1, Peru. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40278 Jayachandran, John. Determinants of fertility in Canada: a causal modelling. Pub. Order No. DANN60201. ISBN 0-315-60201-5. 1990. 344 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Alberta, Canada.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences (52)11.

58:40279 Jia, Zhongke. A study of the relationship between socioeconomic development at the provincial level, fertility planning, and changes in the fertility rate in China: 1981-1985. Chinese Journal of Population Science, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1991. 231-40 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This article will...test and verify the relationship between socioeconomic development, planned fertility, and the general fertility rate in each province, autonomous region, and municipality directly under the Central Government [of China]. Based on the above variables, this article will deal mainly with the following topics: (1) Socioeconomic development directly affects changes in the fertility rate; (2) Fertility planning directly affects changes in the fertility rate; [and] (3) Socioeconomic development through fertility planning indirectly affects changes in the fertility rate."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40280 Khan, M. Firoz. Human fertility in northern India. ISBN 81-85445-11-7. 1991. [ix], 215 pp. Manak Publications: Delhi, India. In Eng.
This study is concerned with the influence of the city on fertility in neighboring rural areas in northern India. This data concern 2,651 married women surveyed in the tahsil of Koil, Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh, in 1987. Consideration is given to fertility differentials by caste and religion and their determinants.
Correspondence: Manak Publications, Flat Number 211, 3A Veer Savarkar Block, Madhuvan Road, Shakar Pur, Delhi 110 092, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40281 Kravdal, Oystein. The weak impact of female labour force participation on Norwegian third-birth rates. European Journal of Population/Revue Europeenne de Demographie, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1992. 247-63 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"Individual-level retrospective data from the [Norwegian] Family and Occupation Survey of 1988 are used to estimate the effects of various employment variables on the third-birth rates among post-war Norwegian birth cohorts. Women who appear to have a strong work orientation, and may face relatively high opportunity costs of childbearing, do not have particularly low probability of advancing to parity three. This is consistent with previous Swedish and British studies, and lends some support to the view that other factors than stronger employment preferences and increased job opportunities have been largely responsible for the 'second demographic transition' in Europe."
Correspondence: O. Kravdal, Central Bureau of Statistics, Section for Demography and Analysis of Living Conditions, P.O. Box 8131, Dep. 0033, Oslo 1, Norway. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40282 Lakshmanasamy, T. Economic contribution of rural children and the family fertility behavior: a rationale for high fertility in India. Asian Economic Review, Vol. 31, No. 1, Apr 1989. 51-78 pp. Hyderabad, India. In Eng.
"This paper aims at analysing the economic contribution of children and its effect on parental decisions. It is shown that, under conditions of [India's agricultural structure,] the children's contribution towards family resources is highly valued by parents, and this acts as an incentive to raise more...children. Thus, high fertility in rural areas of India can be justified in so far as the positive net economic contribution of children is highly valued by parents."
Correspondence: T. Lakshmanasamy, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune 411 004, India. Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.

58:40283 Lee, R.; Cohen, N. Evaluating externalities to child-bearing in developing countries: the case of India. In: Consequences of rapid population growth in developing countries. 1991. 297-342 pp. Taylor and Francis: New York, New York/London, England. In Eng.
Reasons why people in developing countries often have more children than they say they want are explored using data for India. Particular attention is given to how externalities may arise in which some of the costs or benefits of children are passed to others rather than accruing to the parents. A model is developed to examine whether such externalities arise from "(a) public goods, the per capita cost of which is lower in a larger population; (b) commonly owned resources and public wealth, for which incremental births dilute the per capita value; (c) the effect of population size on technological progress; and (d) the age distribution of public taxes and transfers."
Correspondence: R. Lee, University of California, Graduate Group in Demography, 2232 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40284 Legrand, Jean. Fertility in the departments of metropolitan France during 1989-1990 compared with fertility in the early 1980s (1981-1982). [La fecondite des departements de la France metropolitaine en 1989-1990 comparee a celle du debut de la decennie 80 (1981-1982).] Population, Vol. 47, No. 3, May-Jun 1992. 762-71 pp. Paris, France. In Fre.
Fertility levels and trends in 1989 and 1990 are described, using 1990 census data for France's metropolitan departments. The author then makes comparisons with the 1981-1982 period. Consideration is given to demographic aging and the fertility decline.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40285 Li, Tianlin; Wu, Ming. The impact of child mortality and disability rate on the intention to have more births in China's rural area. Population Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, Mar 1991. 14-7 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
"In this article we studied the impact of child mortality and disability...on the number [of] births and on the intention to have more births in China's rural area, using China's 1987 1% population sampling survey data and data of tabulation of the national sample survey on the handicapped. Also, the impact of the difference between the number of births and number of children people have on family planning work was studied...."
Correspondence: T. Li, Beijing Medical University, Department of Social Medicine, Beijing 100871, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40286 Locoh, Therese. Families in crisis and population policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. [Familles dans la crise et politiques de population en Afrique subsaharienne.] Politique Africaine, No. 44, Dec 1991. 78-90 pp. Paris, France. In Fre.
The author examines the socioeconomic and fertility behavior of the contemporary African family. She suggests that families have little interest in reducing their fertility because of the lack of economic and social progress at national levels. She concludes that the scope for developing family planning programs in the absence of economic and social development is minimal.
Correspondence: T. Locoh, Centre Francais sur la Population et le Developpement, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

58:40287 Maani, Moh'd K. M. Recent changes in family structure and fertility in Jordan. Pub. Order No. BRDX96280. 1990. 350 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Glasgow, Scotland.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1364. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(3).

58:40288 Madulu, N. F. Changing socio-economic conditions and family fertility response: reflections from the HADO areas in Kondoa District. Institute of Resource Assessment Research Paper, No. 21, ISBN 9976-69-010-X. Nov 1989. iii, 37 pp. University of Dar es Salaam, Institute of Resource Assessment: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. In Eng.
"This paper attempts to analyse the impact of changing socio-economic conditions from agro-pastoral to pure crop cultivation on fertility performance at a household level. The data used in the analysis were collected from the HADO Project operation areas in Kondoa District [Tanzania]." The results suggest that a change from agro-pastoralism to pure crop cultivation increases the labor value of children, and that continued high rates of population growth create an increased demand for land that puts pressure on the available supply.
Correspondence: University of Dar es Salaam, Institute of Resource Assessment, POB 35091, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

58:40289 McNicoll, Geoffrey. Changing fertility patterns and policies in the third world. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 18, 1992. 85-108 pp. Palo Alto, California. In Eng.
"Average fertility in the third world has fallen from 6 children per woman in the 1960s to about 4 in the 1980s....Fertility trends in the main third world regions and in selected countries are described. Differences in social and political organization, economic conditions, cultural orientations, and policy directions yield distinctive paths of fertility decline. Explanations of them exhibit the range and variety of theories of social change in general." The author concludes that "much fertility research has been concerned with issues in technical demography such as birth interval dynamics or, in the case of policy, with the operational problems of family planning programs. A redressing of this imbalance is needed, making for a less microanalytic theoretical stance and greater attention to the public choice dimensions of fertility policy."
Correspondence: G. McNicoll, Australian National University, Research School of Social Sciences, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SSRC).

58:40290 Meekers, Dominique. Report on the IUSSP Seminar on the Course of Fertility Transition in Sub Saharan Africa. IUSSP Paper, No. 31, 1992. 50 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Eng.
"This paper reviews the articles presented and discussed at the seminar on the Course of Fertility Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa, held in Harare, Zimbabwe, November 19-22, 1991....The authors and titles of the papers presented at the seminar, as well as the discussants, are listed in [the] Appendix....Each section summarizes the important theoretical arguments and empirical findings from the papers presented, and is followed by the comments from the discussant of the session, and the highlights of the discussion from the floor...."
Correspondence: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, 34 rue des Augustins, 4000 Liege, Belgium. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40291 Mostafavi, Seyed F. Fertility regimes and the determinants of birth intervals. Pub. Order No. DA9135482. 1991. 139 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This study, which uses data from Pakistan and Costa Rica, was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Wisconsin at Madison.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences (52)11.

58:40292 Murphy, Michael. The progression to the third birth in Sweden. In: Demographic applications of event history analysis, edited by James Trussell, Richard Hankinson, and Judith Tilton. 1992. 141-56 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This chapter is concerned with the patterns of progression from second to third birth in Sweden during the period 1960 to 1980 from analysis of data from the 1981...Swedish Fertility Survey. The approach adopted is the widely used one of hazard regression, which attempts to explain (at least in a statistical sense) patterns of differential progression to the third birth. Within this framework, a number of social, demographic, and economic factors that obtained prior to the third conception are included in a formal regression-type model that quantifies their relative and joint importance."
For a related study by James J. Heckman and James R. Walker, see elsewhere in this issue.
Correspondence: M. Murphy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Population Studies, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40293 Njogu, Wamucii; Castro Martin, Teresa. Fertility decline in Kenya: the role of timing and spacing of births. In: Demographic and Health Surveys World Conference, August 5-7, 1991, Washington, D.C.: proceedings. Volume 3. 1991. 1,883-901 pp. Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Eng.
"This paper...[examines] fertility change in Kenya between 1977-1978 and 1989. Two objectives are pursued. The first one is to translate the recent fertility [decline] into birth interval dynamics. We will begin by decomposing the total fertility rate into parity-specific rates in order to disaggregate the reproductive process into its basic components. Next, we will describe how the timing schedule of each birth transition has changed in the period between surveys. Our second objective is to explore differentials in the pace of childbearing among sociodemographic groups. We will focus on the effect of parity as an indicator of a woman's stage in her reproductive career. Also, we will examine the variation in the pace and level of birth transition, according to women's age, education, residence and region....[Data are from] the 1977-1978 Kenya Fertility Survey (KFS) and the 1989 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS)."
Correspondence: W. Njogu, Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys, 8850 Stanford Boulevard, Suite 4000, Columbia, MD 21045. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40294 Onuoha, Nelson. Contributions of the proximate determinants to fertility change in Senegal. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 35, No. 10, Nov 1992. 1,317-20 pp. Tarrytown, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"The 1978 World Fertility Survey (WFS) and the 1986 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)...are used to examine the relative contributions of three proximate determinants (nuptiality or marriage, contraception and post-partum infecundability) to fertility change in Senegal. The aim is to identify the important variables...for policy towards fertility reduction. Analysis shows that there are increases in the absolute measures of all three determinants. The magnitude of change is greatest in contraceptive use, moderate in marriage but least in duration of breast-feeding. However, the index of contraceptive use exerts the least impact on fertility reduction while that of post-partum infecundability makes the strongest impact on fertility."
Correspondence: N. Onuoha, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Population Studies, 99 Gower Street, London WC1E 6AZ, England. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

58:40295 Palma Cabrera, Yolanda; Suarez Morales, Javier. Fertility decline in Mexico. [El descenso de la fecundidad en Mexico.] In: Demographic and Health Surveys World Conference, August 5-7, 1991, Washington, D.C.: proceedings. Volume 3. 1991. 1,833-64 pp. Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Spa.
Results from a 1987 national fertility survey conducted in Mexico are analyzed and compared with data from national surveys for 1976 and 1982. Topics covered include changes in fertility patterns, including a decline in fertility; contraceptive prevalence; survey questions; and characteristics of respondents.
Correspondence: Y. Palma Cabrera, Direccion General de Planificacion Familiar, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40296 Pathak, K. B.; Murthy, P. K. On estimating fertility using first and second order births. Janasamkhya, Vol. 8, No. 1, Jun 1990. 73-9 pp. Kerala, India. In Eng.
"An attempt has been made to present two regression equations for estimating total fertility rate from the birth order data. While one of the equations has been derived from the longitudinal data of Malaysia another has been obtained from cross sectional data on Mother's total fertility rate...and births of orders one and two. These equations are used to estimate the [total fertility rate] for the districts of [Uttar Pradesh, India,] which are quite close to the estimates obtained by using other methods."
Correspondence: K. B. Pathak, International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Bombay 400 088, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40297 Petrovic, Ruza. Parents' education and number of children. [Obrazovanje roditelja i broj dece u porodici.] Stanovnistvo, Vol. 28-29, No. 3-4/1-2, Jul-Dec/Jan-Jun 1990-1991. 137-45 pp. Belgrade, Yugoslavia. In Scr. with sum. in Eng.
"The influence of the parents' education on the number of children is observed, for the year 1981 (census year), in all complete families (marital partners with children) in Yugoslavia." The results indicate that where educational levels are low, educational status affects fertility within specific families without affecting fertility much as a whole. In societies where education is widespread, education has both direct and indirect effects on fertility.
Correspondence: R. Petrovic, Univerziteta u Beogradu, Filozofski Fakultet, Studentski trg 1, 11001 Belgrade 6, Yugoslavia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40298 Pillai, Vijayan K.; Omari, C. K. Fertility and social development in Africa. Population Review, Vol. 36, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 1992. 15-28 pp. La Jolla, California. In Eng.
"In this article, we intend to show that fertility control and management should not be separated from general social development. To achieve this goal, we divide our paper into three sections. The first section deals with some theoretical statements that seek to identify the immediate causes of [the] African high fertility level and the transition to low fertility. The second section deals with the broad societal level research on fertility and examines the contributions at an empirical level, and lastly we look into the policy implications. At times we will be critical of the already existing works on the issue, and...we will bring in some new insights and examples based on our research and experiences in Africa."
Correspondence: V. K. Pillai, University of North Texas, Department of Sociology and Social Work, Denton, TX 76203. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40299 Planck, Ulrich. Female reproductive behavior in rural Turkey. [Das generative Verhalten der Landfrauen in der Turkei.] Orient, Vol. 32, No. 3, 1991. 449-63 pp. Leverkusen, Germany. In Ger. with sum. in Eng.
Fertility trends among women in rural Turkey are analyzed using data from the 1989 census. The results show that the desire to have children is almost universal, with total fertility being 6.5 children per woman and only three percent of married women having no children. The increased practice of birth control in recent years combined with declining infant mortality suggests that fertility rates will decline in the near future.
Location: Princeton University Library (SY).

58:40300 Poedjastoeti, Sri; Hatmadji, Sri H. Fertility decline in Indonesia: an analysis of fertility intentions. In: Demographic and Health Surveys World Conference, August 5-7, 1991, Washington, D.C.: proceedings. Volume 3. 1991. 1,865-81 pp. Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Eng.
"This analysis begins with a discussion of recent fertility trends in Indonesia [including] current levels and regional variations....Particular emphasis is given to women's fertility preferences, and the course of future fertility....Fieldwork for the survey was conducted from September through December 1987, covering 11,884 ever-married women aged 15 to 49." A decline in fertility is noted, and reasons for this decline are described, including government population control programs and increases in women's educational status.
Correspondence: S. Poedjastoeti, Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys, 8850 Stanford Boulevard, Suite 4000, Columbia, MD 21045. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40301 Ren, Xinhua. The familial context of fertility behavior in rural China. 1992. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Washington.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1364. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(3).

58:40302 Robichaux, David L. Determinants of a 20th-century population explosion in the Malinche region of Tlaxcala, Mexico. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 3, Sep 1992. 195-215 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The population dynamics of a rural Mexican community during the twentieth century are examined using data from the 1929 and 1976 censuses and other field and archival data. The results show a decline in the age at marriage coinciding with increased wage labor and leading to an increase in fertility. The author concludes that industrialization, together with improved health care and declining infant mortality, are major causes of Mexico's rapid rate of population growth.
Correspondence: D. L. Robichaux, Universidad Iberoamericana, Departamento de Ciencias Sociales y Politicas, Prolongacion Paseo de la Reforma 880, Col. Lomas de Santa Fe, 01210 Mexico, DF, Mexico. Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

58:40303 Shah, K. S. The distribution of number of births. Janasamkhya, Vol. 8, No. 1, Jun 1990. 81-8 pp. Kerala, India. In Eng.
"In this note a probability model for the number of births during a given marital duration of a woman is derived assuming the risk of conception to follow a gamma distribution." The model is applied to recent data for India.
Correspondence: K. S. Shah, Anand Arts College, Department of Statistics, Anand 388 001, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40304 Shariff, Abusaleh. Fertility transition in rural south India. ISBN 81-212-0268-X. LC 89-904873. 1989. xii, 340 pp. Gian Publishing House: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
This is a study of the causes of fertility decline in rural south India, using a combination of demographic and anthropological approaches including those advocated by John C. Caldwell and others. The fieldwork on which the study was based was undertaken in four villages near Bangalore during the period 1980-1984. Topics covered include differential fertility, the relationship between family type and fertility, family planning decision-making, a comparison of acceptors and nonacceptors, and the value of children and education.
Correspondence: Gian Publishing House, 4348 Madan Mohan Street, 4-C Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India. Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

58:40305 Shi, Anqing. The process of fertility transition in China: fertility differentials in Shanghai, 1950-85. Pub. Order No. DA9222160. 1992. 153 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the Catholic University of America.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1364. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(3).

58:40306 Singh, Kaushalendra K.; Srivastava, Usha. A probability distribution for time of first conception. Genus, Vol. 47, No. 3-4, Jul-Dec 1991. 159-70 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ita.
"This paper is concerned with the derivation of a model for first birth interval with the consideration that females may not be susceptible to conception at the time of marriage for a random interval of time because of certain social and biological constraints....The model has been applied to different sets of observed data [for India]."
Correspondence: K. K. Singh, Banaras Hindu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Statistics, Varanasi 221 005, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40307 Skretowicz, Biruta. The conditions affecting rural women's reproductive behavior. [Uwarunkowania zachowan prokreacyjnych kobiet wiejskich.] Monografie i Opracowania, 1991. 288 pp. Szkola Glowna Handlowa, Instytut Statystyki i Demografii: Warsaw, Poland. In Pol. with sum. in Eng; Rus.
A series of models is developed based on the concepts of the life cycle and proximate determinants to analyze rural fertility trends in Poland since World War II. Path analysis is used to verify the cause-and-effect relationships of the selected variables on fertility. Separate consideration is given to prenuptial conception, age at marriage, intervals between marriage and first birth and between subsequent births, the length of the effective reproductive period, contraception, and induced abortion. A final chapter presents a selection of models examining the relationships among actual, ideal, and desired number of children.
Correspondence: Szkola Glowna Handlowa, Instytut Statystyki i Demografii, Al. Niepodlegosci 162, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40308 Song, Jian; Yu, Jingyuan. Double-edged limit of total fertility rates. Population Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, Mar 1991. 7-13 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
Possible upper and lower bounds of total world fertility rates are calculated, with a focus on totals for China. Consideration is given to current rates of increase and to zero population growth.
Correspondence: J. Song, Beijing Institute of Information and Control, Beijing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40309 Sud, S. L. Marital power structure, fertility and family planning in India. Women in the Third World, ISBN 81-7027-165-9. 1991. xi, 174 pp. Radiant Publishers: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
This study examines the relationship between fertility and the type of marital power structure in the family. It is based on data concerning 291 currently married women of reproductive age attending a primary health center in Manimajra, a satellite town of Chandigarh, India. Attention is given to communication between spouses on family planning and desired family size. The relative impact of socioeconomic, demographic, and psychological factors such as the power structure within marriages on decisions regarding family composition is also examined.
Correspondence: Radiant Publishers, E-155 Kalkaji, New Delhi 110 019, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40310 Sundstrom, Marianne; Stafford, Frank P. Female labour force participation, fertility and public policy in Sweden. European Journal of Population/Revue Europeenne de Demographie, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1992. 199-215 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"This paper analyzes the role of public policy for Sweden's combination of high female labour force participation and high levels of fertility in the late 1980s and early 1990s. We present the central elements in the tax and family policies and use a disaggregated approach to assess their impact on Swedish fertility and female labour force participation. We show that these policies stimulate both fertility and women's paid work by reducing the costs of having children while requiring parents to be employed to collect full benefits."
Correspondence: M. Sundstrom, Stockholm University, Demography Unit, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40311 Todorovic, Gordana. Reproduction and fertility in Serbia. [Reprodukcija i plodnost stanovnistva Srbije.] Stanovnistvo, Vol. 28-29, No. 3-4/1-2, Jul-Dec/Jan-Jun 1990-1991. 57-87 pp. Belgrade, Yugoslavia. In Scr. with sum. in Eng.
Fertility trends in Serbia are analyzed and compared by region. Consideration is given to the impact of recently implemented pronatalist policies.
Correspondence: G. Todorovic, Univerziteta u Beogradu, Centar za Demografska Istrazivanja, Instituta Drustvenih Stanovnistvo, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40312 Vossen, Ad. Scenario based fertility forecasts: conceptualization of a frame of reference. Genus, Vol. 47, No. 3-4, Jul-Dec 1991. 119-31 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ita.
In this paper "it is postulated that [the] predictive power, as well as [the] utility of population projections can be increased by applying a scenario method, based on modelling behavioural concepts. In this paper this...viewpoint has been roughly worked out on the level of conceptualization, for reproductive behaviour only....A theoretical frame of reference for the fertility subscenario is proposed, resulting in sets of hypotheses which explicitly state relations between parameters of the reproduction process and their non demographic determinants."
Correspondence: A. Vossen, Tilburg University, Department of Social Science, Demography Section, P.O. 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40313 Wadhera, Surinder; Strachan, Jill. Births and birth rates, Canada, 1990. [Naissances et taux de natalite, Canada, 1990.] Health Reports/Rapports sur la Sante, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1992. 73-7 pp. Ottawa, Canada. In Eng; Fre.
Trends in birth rates and fertility in Canada for 1990 are reviewed. Tabular data are presented for total and age-specific fertility rates, percentage of births by birth order and maternal age, and crude live birth rates by province. Some consideration of selected demographic characteristics is also provided.
Correspondence: S. Wadhera, Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Health Information, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OT6, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40314 Wadhera, Surinder; Strachan, Jill. Historical publication highlights: selected birth and fertility statistics, Canada, 1921-1990. [Faits saillants de la publication historique: statistiques choisies sur la natalite et la fecondite, Canada, 1921-1990.] Health Reports/Rapports sur la Sante, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1992. 190-4 pp. Ottawa, Canada. In Eng; Fre.
Selected birth and fertility statistics for the period 1921-1990 are presented for Canada. Information is provided on the number of live births and birth rates for Canada, the provinces, and the territories; total and age-specific fertility rates; and median age of females at first, second, and total live births.
Correspondence: S. Wadhera, Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Health Information, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0T6, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40315 Wang, Jichuan. Influence of family planning programs on transition to motherhood among women in Shifang county, Sichuan, China. Population Studies Center Research Report, No. 91-203, Mar 1991. 21 pp. University of Michigan, Population Studies Center: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
The author investigates "how the process of transition to motherhood changed with the development of China's family planning programs....I have conducted dynamic studies at [the] individual level...in a...local population of Shifang County in Sichuan Province, China....I have first tested the determinants of transition to marriage, then shifted to see how explanatory variables influence overall transition to motherhood after age of sexual maturity."
Correspondence: University of Michigan, Population Studies Center, 1225 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1070. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40316 Xie, Yu; Efron, Ellen. Revising the Coale-Trussell method for analyzing age-specific marital fertility schedules. Population Studies Center Research Report, No. 91-207, Apr 1991. 21, [7] pp. University of Michigan, Population Studies Center: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"This paper revises the traditional Coale-Trussell method for analyzing age-specific marital fertility schedules in three ways. First, it uses more recent and more reliable data from the World Fertility Survey. Second, it tests alternative loglinear and log-multiplicative models....Third, it incorporates natural fertility into the analysis of controlled fertility...."
Correspondence: University of Michigan, Population Studies Center, 1225 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1070. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40317 Yamaguchi, Kazuo; Ferguson, Linda R. The occurrence and timing of third child birth and their life-history predictors: an analysis based on accelerated failure-time regression models with a regression model of surviving fraction. Population Research Center Discussion Paper Series, No. OSC (PRC-92-8), Sep 1992. 34, [9] pp. University of Chicago, National Opinion Research Center [NORC], Population Research Center: Chicago, Illinois. In Eng.
"Accelerated failure-time regression models combined with a regression model of surviving fraction are used in this paper to clarify the effects of selected life-history characteristics on the stopping and spacing of third child birth. The effects of covariates on birth stopping are parametrically separated from the effects on birth spacing, through their simultaneous inclusion in a single model. The analysis employs women's data from the 1985 [U.S.] Current Population Survey."
Correspondence: University of Chicago, National Opinion Research Center, Population Research Center, 1155 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40318 Zaky, Hassan; Wong, Rebeca; Sirageldin, Ismail. Testing for the onset of fertility decline: the case of Egypt. Johns Hopkins Population Center Papers on Population, No. WP 91-06, [1991]. 22, [10] pp. Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Population Center: Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
"This paper describes and illustrates how the economic household production model can be taken as a frame of reference to test the stage of the fertility transition for a given society. Egypt during the 1970's and early 1980's is taken as the setting to illustrate the test....The results show that the Egyptian household fertility behavior during this period fits poorly with the model specification corresponding to a post-transition society. We find that fertility by the end of the 1970's was not endogenous to other household decisions. We conclude that a sustained decline in fertility is unlikely without this endogeneity."
Correspondence: Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Population Center, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room 2300, Baltimore, MD 21205-2179. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40319 Zha, Rui-chuan. Level and change of fertility in China. Population Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, Jun 1991. 1-15 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
"This paper attempts to give an analysis and discussion of China's fertility level, its evolution and affecting factors on the basis of data from...China's 1982 census, the [one per thousand] fertility sampling survey and the demographic data of different years and economic indices of different areas, contained in the 'Statistical Yearbook of China (1983)'."
Correspondence: R.-c. Zha, People's University of China, Institute of Population Research, 39 Haidian Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40320 Zhang, Junsen; Sturm, Roland. Estimating heterogeneity of fecundity among Chinese couples. Working Papers in Economics and Econometrics, No. 208, ISBN 0-86831-208-8. Jun 1990. 19 pp. Australian National University, Faculty of Economics: Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"This paper presents estimates of the heterogeneity of fecundity among Chinese couples using parametric and nonparametric discrete duration models. The variable of interest is the time span between a couple's decision to have a child and the achievement of pregnancy. It is found that heterogeneity is lower in more rural and more traditional areas. Positive duration dependence is found to exist in every cohort except the youngest cohort in a modernized area, Shanghai. The interpretation is that social norms regarding premarital relations between spouses have been changing with the development of Chinese society."
Correspondence: Australian National University, Faculty of Economics, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.

58:40321 Zimmermann, Klaus F.; De New, John. Unemployment and fertility. [Arbeitslosigkeit und Fertilitat.] Munchner Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Beitrage Discussion Paper, No. 90-03, Jan 1990. 17 pp. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Volkswirtschaftliche Fakultat: Munich, Germany. In Ger.
An economic model of the family is developed. The model is then used to simulate the impact of unemployment on fertility.
Correspondence: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Volkswirtschaftliche Fakultat, Ludwigstrasse 28, D-8000 Munich 22, Germany. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40322 Zou'bi, Abdallah A. A.; Poedjastoeti, Sri; Ayad, Mohamed. Jordan Population and Family Health Survey, 1990. Aug 1992. xviii, 225 pp. Department of Statistics: Amman, Jordan; Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Eng.
This is the principal report from the 1990 Jordan Population and Family Health Survey, which covered a national sample of about 16,300 households. "This sample was used to collect information on households, including basic demographic characteristics, education, health insurance, and basic information to measure unemployment. Half of the sample (also nationally representative and covering all sample clusters) was used to identify ever-married women of childbearing age for the individual interview. Information collected from these women covered the areas of fertility and fertility preference, family planning, breastfeeding and nutrition, child health, immunization, morbidity and mortality."
Correspondence: Department of Statistics, P.O. Box 2015, Jubhaiha Street, Amman, Jordan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40323 Zuleta, Gustavo. Economic decisions within the family and key demographic variables: a simultaneous equations model for Chile. [Decisiones economicas en la familia y variables demograficas claves: un modelo de ecuaciones simultaneas para Chile.] Cuadernos de Economia, Vol. 28, No. 84, Aug 1991. 307-28 pp. Santiago, Chile. In Spa. with sum. in Eng.
The extent to which a theory of family decisions (in which fertility behavior and family size are based on family's economic interests) can be applied to data for Chile is examined. Data for the period 1960-1985 concerning fertility and infant mortality are used. "The structure is a four equation relation: one for the birth rate, one for infant mortality rate, one for the rate of the participation of women in the labor market, and the last one, used as auxiliary for the per capita income." The results confirm the validity of the theory.
Correspondence: G. Zuleta, Ministerio de Hacienda, Santiago, Chile. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

F.2. Differential Fertility

58:40324 Alan Guttmacher Institute (New York, New York). Readings on teenage pregnancy from Family Planning Perspectives: 1985 through 1989. ISBN 0-939253-16-X. 1990. 352 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
This is a collection of articles on teenage pregnancy that have been published in the journal Family Planning Perspectives from 1985 to 1989. They are grouped under eight subject headings, entitled overview, sexual activity, contraceptive use, sex education, school-based health clinics, teenage mothers, teenage fathers and adolescent males, and programs and evaluation. The primary geographical focus is on the United States.
Correspondence: Alan Guttmacher Institute, 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40325 Bailey, Mohamed; Serow, William J. Fertility differentials in rural Sierra Leone: demographic and socioeconomic effects. Genus, Vol. 47, No. 3-4, Jul-Dec 1991. 171-82 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ita.
"The demographic and socioeconomic influences on fertility in Sierra Leone are examined using data from a sample of 2,000 currently married rural women aged 15-49. The analysis considers background (husband's tribal and religious affiliations, and current place of residence), demographic (wife's age at first marriage, desired family size, and infant-child mortality), and socioeconomic (wife's education and occupation, husband's education and household annual income) variables....The results indicate that the demographic variables, current place of residence, wife's occupation and education affect fertility significantly. The overall structure of the effects of demographic and socioeconomic variables on fertility show clear differentation between larger and smaller rural places."
Correspondence: W. J. Serow, Florida State University, Center for the Study of Population, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4063. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40326 Chamratrithirong, Aphichat; Hirschman, Charles; Guest, Philip. A multi-level analysis of the determinants of fertility in the four regions of Thailand. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1, Mar 1992. 51-64 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
The authors investigate determinants of regional fertility differences in Thailand. They find that "the level and pace of Thailand's fertility decline have varied across regions of the country. Both socio-economic and demographic factors are very significant. For example, the status of women has an important influence on the family formation process in all regions, but in others there are aspects such as the value of children and the impact of the family planning programme. Thus policies need to take into account the particular social and cultural environment in which fertility decisions are made. Decentralization of population programmes should be encouraged."
Correspondence: A. Chamratrithirong, Mahidol University, Institute for Population and Social Research, 2 Prannock Road, Bangkok, Thailand. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40327 Geronimus, Arline T.; Korenman, Sanders. The socioeconomic consequences of teen childbearing reconsidered. OPR Working Paper, No. 92-1, Jan 1992. 21, [36] pp. Princeton University, Office of Population Research [OPR]: Princeton, New Jersey. In Eng.
"Teen childbearing is commonly believed to cause long-term socioeconomic disadvantages for mothers and their children. However, earlier cross-sectional studies may have inadequately accounted for marked differences in family background among women who have first births at different ages. We present new estimates that take into account unmeasured family background heterogeneity by comparing sisters who timed their first births at different ages. In two of the three [U.S.] data sets we examine, sister comparisons suggest that biases from family background heterogeneity are important, and, therefore, that earlier studies may have overstated the consequences of teen childbearing."
Correspondence: Princeton University, Office of Population Research, 21 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ 08544-2091. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40328 Geronimus, Arline T.; Korenman, Sanders. The socioeconomic consequences of teen childbearing reconsidered. Population Studies Center Research Report, No. 90-190, Sep 1990. 15, [8] pp. University of Michigan, Population Studies Center: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"We present new estimates of the consequences of teen childbearing that take into account observed and unobserved family background heterogeneity, comparing sisters who have timed their first births at different ages....The estimation is conducted using data from the [U.S.] National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women...."
Correspondence: University of Michigan, Population Studies Center, 1225 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1070. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40329 Geronimus, Arline T.; Korenman, Sanders. The socioeconomic consequences of teen childbearing reconsidered. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 107, No. 4, Nov 1992. 1,187-214 pp. Cambridge, Massachusetts. In Eng.
The socioeconomic effects of adolescent childbearing in the United States are estimated. "We present new estimates that take into account unmeasured family background heterogeneity by comparing sisters who timed their first births at different ages....[The authors find that] when we control for race, age, and urban/rural status only, we find substantial differences between teen and older mothers in nearly all indicators of socioeconomic status in later life. When, in addition, we control for a standard set of family background characteristics..., the estimated effects of a teen birth decline substantially but remain sizable....Our findings raise concerns about previous estimates of the effects of teen childbearing, suggesting that failure to control adequately for family background differences among women who have births at different ages may lead to overstated estimates of the long-term socioeconomic consequences of teen childbearing." Data are from "the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Young Women's Cohort (NLSYW), the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth (NLSY)..., and the [1989] Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)...."
Correspondence: A. T. Geronimus, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Location: Princeton University Library (SPIA).

58:40330 Govindasamy, Pavalavalli. Ethnic fertility differentials in Peninsular Malaysia: the impact of government policies. Pub. Order No. DA9208780. 1991. 220 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This study examines the impact of economic and population policies on ethnic fertility differentials. It was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at Michigan State University.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences (52)10.

58:40331 Henshaw, Stanley K.; Kenney, Asta M.; Somberg, Debra; Van Vort, Jennifer. Teenage pregnancy in the United States: the scope of the problem and state responses. ISBN 0-939253-12-7. 1989. 72 pp. Alan Guttmacher Institute: New York, New York. In Eng.
This monograph is in two parts. The first part documents the number of births, legal abortions, and miscarriages among teenage women in the United States from 1972 to 1985 by state. The second part reviews the initiatives proposed by states concerning teenage pregnancy between 1982 and 1988, focusing on the content of the proposals and the extent to which they conform to recommendations developed in 1987 by the National Research Council.
Correspondence: Alan Guttmacher Institute, 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40332 Hollos, Marida; Larsen, Ulla. Fertility differentials among the Ijo in Southern Nigeria: does urban residence make a difference? Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 35, No. 9, Nov 1992. 1,199-210 pp. Tarrytown, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"The purpose of this paper is to examine the fertility levels of women--living either in urban centers or in the rural home community--in one ethnic group in Southern Nigeria. Some of the women are educated, others are not. By comparing the fertility levels of the urban residents to those who remained in the rural areas and by taking a closer look at the conditions under which the urban women live, we intended to investigate just how much difference moving to or residing in an urban center makes in this West African context. This framework also enables us to disentangle the effects of education and place of residence on fertility, while holding cultural background constant." The data were collected during the 1980s.
Correspondence: M. Hollos, Brown University, Department of Anthropology, Providence, RI 02915. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

58:40333 Iglicka, Krystyna. Analysis of fertility levels in selected territories of Poland in 1931. [Analiza poziomow plodnosci na wybranym obszarze ziem Polski w 1931 roku.] Studia Demograficzne, No. 4/106, 1991. 65-78 pp. Warsaw, Poland. In Pol. with sum. in Eng.
The author applies the Coale fertility model to data from 1931 on 178 districts of Poland. "The aim of the study was to show the strong spatial differentiation of fertility in Poland during the demographic transition as well as...its determinants. [The] influence of mother's religion on fertility level in specified regions of Poland [is also] described."
Correspondence: K. Iglicka, Szkola Glowna Planowania i Statystyki, Instytut Statystyki i Demografii, Al. Niepodleglosci 162, Warsaw, Poland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40334 Mookherjee, Harsha N. Fertility patterns of migrant and non-migrant populations in Papua New Guinea. Population Review, Vol. 36, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 1992. 40-9 pp. La Jolla, California. In Eng.
"This study intends to ascertain whether the fertility pattern of migrant populations found in earlier studies is also present for urban areas in Papua New Guinea. Data for this study were gathered from a probability sample of 425 married women, between the ages of 15-44 years from one coastal city and one highland city in Papua New Guinea....The results indicated that...even though the partial effects of migration were non-significant when controlling for other variables, such as education and occupation, the joint effects of various components were as large as the partial effects together. Duration of marriage, city of residence, husband's age, and woman's occupation were found to be significant variables in explaining the number of children born to a woman in this sample."
Correspondence: H. N. Mookherjee, Tennessee Technological University, Department of Sociology, Cookeville, TN 38505. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40335 Pandit, Kavita. Regional fertility differentials and the effect of migration: an analysis of U.S. state-level data. Geographical Analysis, Vol. 24, No. 4, Oct 1992. 352-64 pp. Columbus, Ohio. In Eng.
"This paper explores, theoretically and empirically, the influence of interregional migration on regional fertility differentials. Specifically, it tests the hypothesis that regions that are closely linked through migration have, all else held constant, a lower differential in fertility than regions that are relatively isolated from one another. A model linking the fertility differential between two states to migration as well as a number of socioeconomic variables is articulated. The model is tested by means of a randomization procedure using U.S. state-level data for 1980. Results support the hypothesis that an increasing volume of interregional migration tends to lower regional fertility differentials."
Correspondence: K. Pandit, University of Georgia, Department of Geography, Athens, GA 30602. Location: Princeton University Library (UES).

58:40336 Singh, Susheela; Wulf, Deirdre. Today's adolescents, tomorrow's parents: a portrait of the Americas. ISBN 0-939253-19-4. 1990. 96 pp. Alan Guttmacher Institute: New York, New York. In Eng.
This publication summarizes findings from three previous studies concerning adolescent fertility in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru, then extends the analysis to six other countries in the region: the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Trinidad and Tobago. Relevant data from the United States and Canada are also referred to. Chapters are included on education and employment; marriage, consensual union, and sexual activity; contraceptive knowledge and use; childbearing; and the consequences of teenage childbearing.
Correspondence: Alan Guttmacher Institute, 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40337 Thornton, Russell; Sandefur, Gary D.; Snipp, C. Matthew. American Indian fertility patterns: 1910 and 1940 to 1980. American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 3, Summer 1991. 359-67 pp. Berkeley, California. In Eng.
"In this research note, we present data attesting to changes in American Indian fertility during the twentieth century." Data are primarily from U.S. censuses from 1910 to 1980. The results "show a decrease in American Indian fertility during the past four decades of the twentieth century....Our data also show consistent variations in fertility within the American Indian population, defined either by type of marriage, as for 1910, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1980, or by identified race and ethnic ancestry, as for 1980."
Correspondence: R. Thornton, University of California, Department of Sociology, Berkeley, CA 94720. Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

58:40338 United Nations. Department of International Economic and Social Affairs (New York, New York). Adolescent reproductive behaviour: evidence from developing countries. Volume II. Population Studies, No. 109/Add.1, Pub. Order No. E.89.XIII.10. ISBN 92-1-151184-5. 1989. xi, 128 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
This report presents information on aspects of adolescent fertility in developing countries. "Differences in observed levels of adolescent birth rates in developing countries are discussed and explained in terms of proximate determinants of teen-age fertility, such as exposure to sexual intercourse, prevalance of marriage, contraceptive use and abortion. Policy initiatives relating to these factors are discussed in the conclusions."
For Volume 1, which concerned developed countries and was published in 1988, see 55:10327.
Correspondence: U.N. Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat, New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40339 Upchurch, Dawn M.; Astone, Nan M.; McCarthy, James. Influences of family background on adolescent childbearing: from the 1940's to the 1980's. Johns Hopkins Population Center Papers on Population, No. WP 90-06, [1990]. 26, [7] pp. Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Population Center: Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
Using data from three longitudinal studies conducted in the United States, the authors examine determinants of adolescent childbearing for the period 1940-1990. "First we will identify those factors which past research suggests are determinants of an early transition to parenthood for women. Second, we will investigate whether the effects of these factors exhibit temporal variation. Specifically, 1) we use a set of variables which measure the socioeconomic characteristics of a young woman's family of origin; 2) we compare the effects of these variables on whether or not a young woman has an adolescent birth across three cohorts; and 3) we compare the effects of these variables on whether or not a young woman gives birth in early adolescence to whether or not she gives birth in late adolescence, within each of our three cohorts."
This paper was originally presented at the 1990 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.
Correspondence: Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Population Center, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room 2300, Baltimore, MD 21205-2179. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40340 USSR. Gosudarstvennyi Komitet SSSR po Statistike (Moscow, USSR). Territorial-ethnic differentials in fertility and mortality in the USSR. [Territorial'no-etnicheskaya differentsiatsiya rozhdaemosti i smertnosti v SSSR.] Vestnik Statistiki, No. 8, 1991. 67-9 pp. Moscow, USSR. In Rus.
Geographic and ethnic differences in fertility and mortality in the USSR are analyzed. Trends within individual Union republics are explored according to sex, age, cause of death, and ethnic group.
Correspondence: Gosudarstvennyi Komitet SSSR po Statistike, ul. Kirova 39, 103450 Moscow, Russia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

F.3. Sterility and Other Pathology

58:40341 Brewis, Alexandra A. Age and infertility: an ethnodemographic study from Butaritari Atoll, Kiribati. Pub. Order No. DA9223564. 1992. 434 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Arizona.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1364. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 53(3).

F.4. Actions and Activities Directly Affecting Fertility

F.4.1. General Fertility Control and Contraception

58:40342 Aka, Kouame. Toward a new approach in population in Africa: the integration of family planning programs in rural development programs. [Vers une nouvelle approche d'intervention en matiere de population en Afrique: l'integration des programmes de planning familial dans les programmes de developpement rural.] Pop Sahel, No. 17, Jun 1992. 43-8 pp. Bamako, Mali. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
The author examines the benefits of integrating family planning into rural development programs in Africa, and the practicalities of so doing.
Correspondence: K. Aka, Universite de Montreal, Departement de Demographie, CP 6128, Succursale A, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40343 Arruda, Jose M. The impact of the DHS survey on Brazil. [Impacto de la Pesquisa DHS en el Brasil.] In: Demographic and Health Surveys World Conference, August 5-7, 1991, Washington, D.C.: proceedings. Volume 3. 1991. 1,903-31 pp. Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Spa.
The author examines the impact of the national demographic and health survey on family planning services in Brazil by comparing it with other small ongoing surveys.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40344 Axinn, William G. Family organization and fertility limitation in Nepal. Demography, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov 1992. 503-21 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This paper uses the family mode of organization framework to link together hypotheses relating social change to fertility limitation. Experiences in nonfamily activities are predicted to affect fertility behavior, with the outcome depending on the social, economic, and cultural context. To provide individual-level tests of hypotheses, the paper uses data from a Nepalese community which recently began dramatic family and fertility transitions. The findings show that experiences in nonfamily activities before marriage increase the odds of subsequently adopting fertility limitation in this setting. The evidence also demonstrates the importance of including measures of husbands' experiences in models of fertility decisions."
Correspondence: W. G. Axinn, University of Chicago, Department of Sociology, Chicago, IL 60637. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40345 Ayad, Mohamed; Sayed, Hussein A.-A.; Way, Ann A. Policy implications of the DHS findings for Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. In: Demographic and Health Surveys World Conference, August 5-7, 1991, Washington, D.C.: proceedings. Volume 3. 1991. 2,037-51 pp. Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Eng.
"This paper examines key findings on fertility regulation from the DHS [Demographic and Health Surveys] and...two earlier survey programs for Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. Progress made in the last ten years in addressing the population problem in each country is highlighted, and continuing challenges faced by their family planning programs are identified."
Correspondence: M. Ayad, Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys, 8850 Stanford Boulevard, Suite 4000, Columbia, MD 21045. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40346 Bamgboye, E. Afolabi; Ladipo, O. A. Oral contraceptive marketing in Ibadan, Nigeria. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 35, No. 7, Oct 1992. 903-6 pp. Tarrytown, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This paper describes the result of a study of chemist shops in Ibadan, the largest city in Southern Nigeria, on the sale of oral contraceptives. The objectives were to find out the types of contraceptive available, the number of chemist shops stocking them, the volume of sales and the costs of the different contraceptives." It is found that "people are aware of modern oral contraceptives as they purchase them freely at chemist shops. But effective distribution is hampered by existing channels and high costs."
Correspondence: E. A. Bamgboye, Department of Family and Community Medicine (34), P.O. Box 7805, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

58:40347 Bhat, P. N. Mari. ORG surveys of family planning practices in India: a statistical review. Journal of Institute of Economic Research, Vol. 26, No. 1-2, Jan-Jul 1991. 71-88 pp. Dharwad, India. In Eng.
Results obtained by the Operations Research Group (ORG) from its government-sponsored national surveys on family planning practices in India are reviewed. The surveys were conducted in 1970, 1980, and 1988, and the results were published in condensed form in 1971, 1983, and 1990. Data are included on socioeconomic characteristics, age-specific marital fertility rates, child mortality, knowledge and attitudes about contraception, contraceptive prevalence rates, and desired family size.
Correspondence: P. N. M. Bhat, Institute of Economic Research, Population Research Centre, Vidyagiri, Dharwad 580 004, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40348 Bolivia. Ministerio de Planeamiento y Coordinacion. Unidad de Politica de Poblacion (La Paz, Bolivia); United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA] (New York, New York). Family planning in Bolivia: from talk to action. [Planificacion familiar en Bolivia: del debate a la accion.] 1992. 169 pp. La Paz, Bolivia. In Spa.
This document presents a summary of the discussions and conclusions from two seminars held in La Paz, Bolivia, in 1991 on aspects of family planning. Groups represented in the discussion in Part 1 include the church, the state, nongovernmental organizations, unions, and municipal authorities. Part 2 concerns the debate on family planning in Bolivia and concludes with recommendations on what needs to be done by the participating groups.
Correspondence: Ministerio de Planeamiento y Coordinacion, Unidad de Politica de Poblacion, La Paz, Bolivia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40349 Bollinger, Lori. Diffusion, fertility, and female labor force participation. Pub. Order No. DA9211909. 1991. 168 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This study, which uses data from the 1976-1977 Malaysian Family Life Survey to examine the factors affecting contraceptive usage among migrants, was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Pennsylvania.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences (52)11.

58:40350 Brewster, Karin L. Community influences on the transition to sexual activity. Pub. Order No. DA9211547. 1991. 239 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This study uses U.S. data from the National Survey of Family Growth to examine community influences on the risk of nonmarital first intercourse and contraceptive usage among adolescent women. It was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Washington.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences (52)11.

58:40351 Briend, Andre; Fauveau, Vincent; Chakraborty, J. Contraceptive use and breast-feeding duration in rural Bangladesh. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 45, No. 7, Jul 1991. 341-6 pp. Basingstoke, England. In Eng.
"The association between contraceptive use and breast-feeding duration was investigated in 2,380 women in rural Bangladesh where women usually stop breast-feeding once pregnant....[The results suggest that] in communities where prolonged breast-feeding is associated with improved child survival, non-hormonal contraceptive methods, or injectable DMPA [depo medroxyprogesterone acetate], should be preferred for lactating women to oestrogen-containing oral contraceptives."
Correspondence: A. Briend, Institut Francais de Recherche pour le Developpement en Cooperation, 2051 Avenue du Val de Montferrand, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France. Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

58:40352 Chen, Ping; Guo, Hanying. An analysis of the correlation between the fertility rate and the demand for contraceptives. Chinese Journal of Population Science, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1991. 307-14 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"In this paper we attempt to explore the question of how many contraceptive services must be provided for a real population [in China] if [in] the following year the fertility rate is constant, by analyzing the existing models for contraceptive usage. This paper divides contraceptive methods into three categories: the first category is single-type methods...i.e. methods which only require a single operation; the second category is oral contraceptive types...[and] the third category is externally applied medication and devices, such as the condom...."
Correspondence: P. Chen, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Population Institute, 5 Jianguomen Nei Da Jie 5 Hao, Beijing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40353 DaVanzo, Julie; Parnell, Allan M.; Foege, William H. Health consequences of contraceptive use and reproductive patterns: summary of a report from the U.S. National Research Council. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 265, No. 20, May 22-29, 1991. 2,692-6 pp. Chicago, Illinois. In Eng.
This is a summary of a report on the safety of contraceptive methods used in developing countries. The focus of this article is on the major finding of the report, that "while a reduction in infant mortality rates may reduce future birth rates, a reduction in birth rates may also lead to reduced infant mortality. These findings encourage simultaneous maximum effort in the development of both health and family planning programs."
Correspondence: Linda Martin, National Research Council, Committee on Population, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20418. Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

58:40354 Dwiyanto, Agus. The demand for family planning in Indonesia 1976 to 1987: a supply-demand analysis. In: Demographic and Health Surveys World Conference, August 5-7, 1991, Washington, D.C.: proceedings. Volume 3. 1991. 2,135-54 pp. Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Eng.
The author "aims at studying the demand for family planning in Indonesia by using a supply-demand approach. The study estimates the total and the unmet demand for family planning during the last decade. The study selects women aged 35-44, who have been married only once, whose husbands are still living and who have had at least two live births and no births prior to their married life....[Data from the] Indonesia Fertility Survey 1976, Contraceptive Prevalence Survey 1983, and Indonesia National Contraceptive Prevalence Survey 1987, will be employed to study the trends of the demand for family planning."
Correspondence: A. Dwiyanto, Gadjah Mada University, Bulaksumur G-7, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40355 Elder, John P.; Estey, Jacqueline D. Behavior change strategies for family planning. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 35, No. 8, Oct 1992. 1,065-76 pp. Tarrytown, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
This study is concerned with the issue of how to make family planning programs in developing countries more effective. "Behavior modification is presented here [as] an appropriate technology through which current efforts in family planning could be expanded, diversified, and made ultimately more effective in reducing fertility and improving maternal and child health in developing nations." The emphasis is on the use of incentives to increase family planning usage and achieve reduced fertility.
Correspondence: J. P. Elder, San Diego State University, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego, CA 92182. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

58:40356 Esseghairi, Kamel; Hinde, P. R. A.; McDonald, John W.; Meddeb, S. IUD and pill use dynamics in Tunisia and Morocco. In: Demographic and Health Surveys World Conference, August 5-7, 1991, Washington, D.C.: proceedings. Volume 3. 1991. 2,119-34 pp. Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Eng.
"Our aim in this paper is to study the correlates of IUD and pill use discontinuation using the 1987 and 1988 Morocco and Tunisia DHSs. We use a descriptive and exploratory approach [and] mostly deal with the measurement of crude and specific prevalence and discontinuation rates, and their distribution amongst women with different characteristics. For each of the two countries, we: 1) measure crude and specific contraceptive use prevalence rates, 2) determine the sources of supply of the IUD and pill, 3) measure crude and specific discontinuation and failure rates over the first year of use, [and] 4) recommend actions to be taken in order to improve the 'quality' and duration of IUD and pill use."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40357 Family Planning and Protection Association (West Bank) (Jerusalem, Israel). Mothers and the IUDs. 1989. 63 pp. Jerusalem, Israel. In Eng.
This study concerns 214 women who are listed as IUD users in the 1985 Jerusalem family planning center register, but who have not attended any follow-up clinics since insertion. Both acceptor characteristics and reasons for IUD removal are examined, with a focus on the importance of this type of contraception for birth spacing.
Correspondence: Family Planning and Protection Association, P.O.B. 19999, Jerusalem, Israel. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40358 Ferguson, Alan G. Fertility and contraceptive adoption and discontinuation in rural Kenya. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 23, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1992. 257-67 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This report describes adoption of a [contraceptive] method and method switching and discontinuation among a cohort of married women aged 25-34 in two contrasting rural areas [of Kenya]. A retrospective 'fertility diary' completed by each woman provided information on spousal separation, reproductive status, and contraceptive use over a period of 46-48 months. Contraceptive prevalence rose rapidly over the period in both areas, with significant net adoption of injectables in both areas and of IUDs in one....The wide differences between the two rural areas in contraceptive prevalence were not totally reflected in recent fertility levels, and the contribution of other proximate determinants of fertility, particularly postpartum amenorrhea and spousal separation, are discussed."
Correspondence: A. G. Ferguson, Ministry of Health, Division of Family Health, GTZ Family Planning Support Unit, P.O. Box 41607, Nairobi, Kenya. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40359 Frank, Margaret L.; Poindexter, Alfred N.; Johnson, Michael L.; Bateman, Louise. Characteristics and attitudes of early contraceptive implant acceptors in Texas. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 24, No. 5, Sep-Oct 1992. 208-13 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This article describes the first group of women who elected to try the contraceptive implant [Norplant] following its approval and general availability in the United States. It examines their reasons for selecting the implant and their experience with other methods. Because many women may use the implant to replace barrier methods such as the condom, which reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), we also explored users' plans for subsequent condom use." Data are for 678 women who received Norplant from 17 providers in Texas in 1991. "The majority (56%) had tried the implant because they were dissatisfied with their previous contraceptive method. Forty-four percent of the sample indicated that the implant was one of the first contraceptive methods they had used and that they had only recently decided to prevent unplanned pregnancy....The reasons for choosing the implant and concerns about it varied according to the user's age, educational level and race or ethnic group."
Correspondence: M. L. Frank, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Houston, TX. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

58:40360 Freundl, G.; Baur, S.; Bremme, M.; Frank-Herrmann, P.; Godehardt, E.; Kunert, J.; Sottong, U. Has family planning behavior changed in the Federal Republic of Germany since 1985? [Hat sich das Familienplanungsverhalten in der BRD seit 1985 verandert?] Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, Vol. 51, No. 2, Feb 1991. 127-34 pp. Stuttgart, Germany. In Ger. with sum. in Eng.
Results are presented from two family planning surveys carried out in West Germany in 1985 and 1989, involving 1,267 and 950 women aged 15-45, respectively. The results indicate an increase in contraceptive usage over this four-year period. Information is provided on changes in methods used and on the impact of increased AIDS awareness on contraceptive behavior.
Correspondence: G. Freundl, Urdenbacher Allee 38, W-4000 Dusseldorf 13, Germany. Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Be