57:20108 Adams,
Owen. Life expectancy in Canada: an overview.
[Esperance de vie au Canada: un apercu.] Health Reports/Rapports sur
la Sante, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1990. 361-76 pp. Ottawa, Canada. In Eng; Fre.
"This article examines Canadian life expectancy trends and patterns
from the 1920s to the present. Data are presented by region, sex,
marital status and income. Comparisons between Canadian life
expectancy and that of other industrialized countries are also made.
Finally, the prospect for increasing Canadian life expectancy by
lowering mortality rates for major causes of death is
assessed."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20109 Alho, Juha
M. Effect of aggregation on the estimation of trend in
mortality. Mathematical Population Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1991.
53-67 pp. Reading, England. In Eng.
"There are three approaches to
analyzing and forecasting age-specific mortality: (1) analyze
age-specific data directly, (2) analyze each cause-specific mortality
series separately and add the results, (3) analyze cause-specific
mortality series jointly and add the results. We show that if linear
models are used for cause-specific mortality, then the three approaches
often give close results even when cause-specific series are
correlated. This result holds for cross-correlations arising from
random misclassification of deaths by cause, and also for certain
patterns of systematic misclassification....The results are illustrated
with U.S. age-specific mortality: (1) analyse age-specific mortality
data from 1968-1985. In some cases the aggregate forecasts appear to be
the more credible ones."
This is a revised version of a paper
originally presented at the 1990 Annual Meeting of the Population
Association of America (see Population Index, Vol. 56, No. 3, Fall
1990, p. 407).
Correspondence: J. M. Alho, University of
Illinois, Institute for Environmental Studies, 1101 West Peabody Drive,
Urbana, IL 61801. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
57:20110 Anderson,
Barbara A.; Silver, Brian D. Trends in mortality of the
Soviet population. Soviet Economy, Vol. 6, No. 3, Jul-Sep 1990.
191-251 pp. Silver Spring, Maryland. In Eng.
A review of current
mortality trends in the Soviet Union is presented. "Discussed are
variations (by republic and over time) in life expectancy, infant
mortality, and mortality in the working ages. Analyzing trends since
1959, the authors highlight problems relating to the quality and
interpretation of pertinent statistical data of Soviet origin.
Distinguishing real trends from pseudotrends, they evaluate mortality
differences among regions and illustrate a more favorable long-term
trend in mortality than suggested by official
figures...."
Correspondence: B. A. Anderson, University of
Michigan, Population Studies Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48104.
Location: Princeton University Library (PF).
57:20111 Ben-Shlomo,
Yoav; Davey Smith, George. Deprivation in infancy or in
adult life: which is more important for mortality risk? Lancet,
Vol. 337, No. 8740, Mar 2, 1991. 530-4 pp. Baltimore, Maryland/London,
England. In Eng.
The authors attempt to determine the extent to
which the ecological relation between infant and adult mortality rates
reflects an ongoing geographic distribution of poor socioeconomic
conditions, using data on infant mortality in England and Wales for
1895-1908 and on cause-specific mortality for those aged 65 to 74 in
the period 1969-1973. "The strong simple correlations found between
infant mortality...and adult mortality from various causes...were
generally much attenuated or abolished by controlling for indices of
present-day socioeconomic circumstances."
Correspondence:
G. Davey Smith, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,
Department of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Keppel Street,
London WC1E 7HT, England. Location: Princeton University
Library (SZ).
57:20112 Caselli,
Graziella. The influence of cohort effects on
differentials and trends in mortality. In: Measurement and
analysis of mortality: new approaches, edited by Jacques Vallin, Stan
D'Souza, and Alberto Palloni. 1990. 229-49 pp. Oxford University Press:
New York, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
The author presents
three approaches for measuring the influence of cohort effects on
mortality trends and differentials. "In the presentation of these
approaches, we will successively attempt to determine the long-term
effects of the two world wars by using an empirical model based on the
mortality variations from one age group to the next; to analyse the
role of cohort effects in the mortality variations between different
countries and between the sexes by using contour maps of mortality
surfaces; [and] to measure the importance of cohort effects in the
decline of adult mortality by means of a mathematical model separating
age, period, and cohort effects." She uses data for Italy and France on
mortality among males and females aged over 40 for the periods
1950-1952, 1960-1962, 1970-1972, and
1977-1979.
Correspondence: G. Caselli, Universita di Roma,
Dipartimento di Scienze Demografiche, Via Nomentana 41, 0016 Rome,
Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20113 Darby, S.
C.; O'Hagan, J. A.; Kendall, G. M.; Doll, R.; Fell, T. P.; Muirhead, C.
R. Completeness of follow up in a cohort study of
mortality using the United Kingdom National Health Service Central
Registers and records held by the Department of Social Security.
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 45, No. 1, Mar 1991.
65-70 pp. London, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"The aim
was to evaluate and improve the completeness of follow up in a cohort
study of mortality carried out using the U.K. National Health Service
(NHS) Central Registers....This was a follow up study of U.K.
servicemen who served abroad in the 1950s and 1960s, including those
who participated in the U.K. atmospheric nuclear weapon tests and
experimental programmes....The results presented include information
about both deaths and emigrations...."
Correspondence: S.
C. Darby, University of Oxford, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Imperial
Cancer Research Fund, Gibson Building, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX6
6HE, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20114 Fridlizius,
Gunnar. The deformation of cohorts: nineteenth century
mortality decline in a generational perspective. Scandinavian
Economic History Review, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1989. 3-17 pp. Lund, Sweden.
In Eng.
Swedish mortality in the nineteenth century is analyzed by
cohort. The author examines the hypothesis that nineteenth-century
mortality contained a marked cohort element. He contends that the
mortality record of an adult cohort depends to a high degree on the
mortality pattern it experienced in childhood, "the consequence
undoubtedly being that without a mortality decline during childhood,
one cannot expect a decline at later stages of life." The results
confirm the hypothesis, although the situation in Stockholm and other
urban areas is less clear.
Location: Princeton University
Library (FST).
57:20115 Hernandez
Bringas, Hector; Chavez Galindo, Ana M. Mortality in the
state of Tabasco: trends and current levels. [La mortalidad en el
estado de Tabasco: evolucion y niveles actuales.] 1987. 102, [12] pp.
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Centro Regional de
Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias: Mexico City, Mexico. In Spa.
Trends and current levels of mortality in the state of Tabasco,
Mexico, are analyzed in relation to the age structure of the population
as well as to the availability and quality of health services in the
area. Sections are included on the provision of health services and
social security; morbidity; general mortality; mortality by age group,
including infant and maternal deaths; and mortality by size of
locality, geographic region, and causes of death. An extensive
methodological appendix is included.
Correspondence:
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Centro Regional de
Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias, 306 Boulevard Emiliano Zapata,
Col. Tlaltenango, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20116 Hibbard,
Judith H.; Pope, Clyde R. Effect of domestic and
occupational roles on morbidity and mortality. Social Science and
Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 7, 1991. 805-11 pp. Elmsford, New York/Oxford,
England. In Eng.
"This study examines the effect of labor force
participation, occupational status and domestic roles on morbidity and
mortality among women and men [in the United States] over a 15-year
period....The study population was randomly selected from among members
of a large HMO and were part of a household interview conducted in
1970-71....The findings show that for women there is some longevity
advantage in paid employment. Overall, the combination of employment
and domestic roles apparently poses no health threat to women, and may
provide some advantage. Multiple roles are unrelated to mortality and
morbidity outcomes among men."
Correspondence: J. H.
Hibbard, University of Oregon, Department of School and Community
Health, 122 Esslinger Hall, Eugene, OR 97403. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
57:20117 Luxembourg.
Service Central de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques [STATEC]
(Luxembourg). Trends and international comparisons of
Luxembourg death rates by cause of death. [Evolution et
comparaison internationale du taux de mortalite luxembourgeois par
cause de deces.] Bulletin du STATEC, Vol. 36, No. 9, 1990. [30] pp.
Luxembourg. In Fre.
Mortality trends in Luxembourg are analyzed for
the period 1979-1988 by cause of death. Comparisons are made with
other European countries, particularly Belgium, France, and West
Germany.
Correspondence: Service Central de la Statistique
et des Etudes Economiques, BP 304, 19-21 Boulevard Royal, 2013
Luxembourg. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20118 Palloni,
Alberto. Assessing the levels and impact of mortality in
crisis situations. In: Measurement and analysis of mortality: new
approaches, edited by Jacques Vallin, Stan D'Souza, and Alberto
Palloni. 1990. 194-228 pp. Oxford University Press: New York, New
York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"The aim of this paper is to study
the nature of population crises, to describe the techniques for
measuring their intensity, and to assess the potential role that they
play as a check on population growth....I present a model of the
mechanisms leading to population crises....discuss the typical
trajectory of demographic indicators immediately before, during, and
immediately after a crisis....[assess] alternative measures of the
intensity of population crises....[and] deal with the impact of
population crises on prospective population growth and on selected
aspects of the social structure."
Correspondence: A.
Palloni, University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology,
4412 Social Science Building, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI
53706-1393. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20119 Pollard,
John H. Cause of death and expectation of life: some
international comparisons. In: Measurement and analysis of
mortality: new approaches, edited by Jacques Vallin, Stan D'Souza, and
Alberto Palloni. 1990. 269-91 pp. Oxford University Press: New York,
New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"In this chapter, the changes in
expectation of life of selected populations over the 1970s are
analysed. Comparisons between some of these populations are also made.
Among the populations studied, Japan is an interesting example in that
it represents a large population with one of the highest life
expectancies in the world. Hungary is also unusual in that it is one
of the few experiencing deteriorating mortality for most major causes
of death, and, for males, a reduction in expectation of life at birth.
Although the formulae employed in this chapter relate solely to the
expectation of life at birth, the methods and formulae are readily
adapted to expectations of life at other ages and indeed temporary
expectations, which have been proposed as useful mortality
indicators....The technique was applied to males and females over the
1970s in Australia, Belgium, England and Wales, Hungary, Japan, and The
Netherlands."
Correspondence: J. H. Pollard, Macquarie
University, School of Economic and Financial Studies, Sydney, NSW 2109,
Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20120 Potter,
Lloyd B. Proximate and nonproximate causes of racial life
expectancy differentials in the U.S., 1970 and 1980. Pub. Order
No. DA9016958. 1989. 207 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann
Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"In this study, life expectancy
differences between blacks and whites and changes in these differences
are examined for the U.S. and regions....[These] differences are
examined for 25 metropolitan areas as they are influenced by racial
socioeconomic differences through selected underlying causes of death.
To arrive at the point where racial socioeconomic differences may be
considered as they relate to racial life expectancy differences,
several topics are reviewed. These include the concept of race as a
topic of sociological analysis, biological assumptions made when
conducting an aggregate level analysis of mortality, and
epidemiological transition theory as it relates to levels and trends of
cause specific mortality by race and sex."
This work was prepared as
a doctoral dissertation at the University of Texas at
Austin.
Correspondence: University Microfilms
International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities
and Social Sciences 51(2).
57:20121 Rogers,
Andrei; Gard, Kathy. Applications of the Heligman/Pollard
model mortality schedule. Population Bulletin of the United
Nations, No. 30, 1991. 79-105 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"The
United Nations working manual for MORTPAK-Lite, a software package for
demographic measurement, includes among its 16 computer programs a
routine (UNABR) that graduates a set of age-specific probabilities of
dying...for the standard set of five-year age groups into a set of
single-year probabilities of dying. The graduation is effected with an
eight-parameter 'law of mortality' known as the Heligman/Pollard model
mortality schedule. Model mortality schedules...are useful in
mortality analysis and forecasting. Several such applications are
illustrated in this article: a historical time-series analysis, a
forecasting application, studies of causes of death, spatial
differences and sex-specific mortality disaggregated by race." The
geographical focus is on the United States, England, and
Australia.
Correspondence: A. Rogers, University of
Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Population Program, Boulder,
CO 80309-0484. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20122 Rothenberg,
Richard; Lentzner, Harold R.; Parker, Robert A. Population
aging patterns: the expansion of mortality. Journal of
Gerontology: Social Sciences, Vol. 46, No. 2, Mar 1991. S66-70 pp.
Washington, D.C. In Eng.
U.S. mortality data from 1962 to 1984 are
used to examine the validity of the mortality compression hypothesis,
which suggests that although aging societies may be reaching a limit in
average life expectancy, an increasing number of healthy individuals
can expect to reach that age. The results "support the notion of
compression only in its simplest sense. People are living longer and
dying at older ages--a phenomenon that has been well appreciated for
some time. The more specific notion of compression, wherein deaths
cluster around some fixed limit or up against a fixed boundary, is not
supported. What emerges instead is a more complex pattern of improved
survival at every age, with a relative increase in the variability of
age at death at the oldest ages. Though not presented in detail here,
there is a strong suggestion that demographic factors are still in
transition, since these phenomena are occurring at different rates for
different subgroups of the population."
Correspondence: R.
Rothenberg, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA
30333. Location: Princeton University Library (SW).
57:20123 Toto, Jean
P. An attempt to estimate mortality indicators using data
from the 1984 general population census of the Congo: the example of
the town of Brazzaville. [Essai d'estimation des indicateurs de
mortalite a partir des donnes du recensement general de la population
du Congo de 1984: cas de la ville de Brazzaville.] Annales de l'IFORD,
Vol. 13, No. 2, Dec 1989. 75-100 pp. Yaounde, Cameroon. In Fre.
The
author uses vital statistics data for Brazzaville, Congo, to show the
extent of the underestimation of mortality in the 1984 census. It is
shown that although this underestimation affects estimates of
mortality, it does not significantly affect estimates of age-specific
mortality. A method of estimating more accurate indicators of
mortality by sex and age using the available vital statistics data is
proposed. The main problems concern the underreporting of the deaths
of male infants aged zero to five years.
Correspondence: J.
P. Toto, Centre National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques,
B.P. 2031, Brazzaville, Congo. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
57:20124 Traikov,
Dimitar. Analysis of seasonal fluctuations in deaths
according to Wald's method for the period 1975-1985. [Analiz na
sezonnite kolebaniya pri umiraniyata po metoda na Vald za perioda
1975-1985 g.] Naselenie, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1989. 109-19 pp. Sofia,
Bulgaria. In Bul. with sum. in Eng; Rus.
Seasonal variations in
mortality in Bulgaria are analyzed for the period 1975-1985 using
Wald's method. Other possible methods of analysis are also
discussed.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20125 United
Nations. Economic Commission for Africa [ECA] (Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia). Mortality patterns, trends, differentials and
life tables in African countries. No. ECA/POP/TP/90/3.2.2a, Dec
1990. 46 pp. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In Eng.
This document presents
data on morbidity, mortality levels and trends, life tables, and
differential mortality in Africa. Particular attention is given to
data for Botswana, Malawi, Swaziland, Zambia, and
Zimbabwe.
Correspondence: U.N. Economic Commission for
Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
57:20126 Vallin,
Jacques; D'Souza, Stan; Palloni, Alberto. Measurement and
analysis of mortality: new approaches. International Studies in
Demography, ISBN 0-19-828723-2. LC 90-30500. 1990. xi, 415 pp. Oxford
University Press: New York, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
This
volume, originally published in French, contains a selection of 20
papers that were presented at an international seminar on methodologies
for the collection and analysis of mortality data, which was held in
Siena, Italy, in July 1986. The papers are grouped under three topics:
"1. new and conventional approaches for collecting mortality data; 2.
models and methods of analysis applied to mortality; [and] 3. methods
for studying mortality differentials and causes of
mortality."
Correspondence: Oxford University Press, 200
Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
57:20127 Van Reek,
Jan. Mortality prognosis for the Netherlands until 2000:
an application of Barrett's method. Genus, Vol. 46, No. 1-2,
Jan-Jun 1990. 71-8 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ita.
Mortality trends by sex to the year 2000 are projected for the
Netherlands using Barrett's loglinear method. "Male mortality due to
malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system was also calculated by
means of other [prognosis] methods."
Correspondence: J. Van
Reek, University of Limburg, POB 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20128 Lumbiganon,
Pisake; Panamonta, Manat; Laopaiboon, Malinee; Pothinam, Somporn;
Patithat, Noppadol. Why are Thai official perinatal and
infant mortality rates so low? International Journal of
Epidemiology, Vol. 19, No. 4, Dec 1990. 997-1,000 pp. Oxford, England.
In Eng.
"We measured perinatal and infant mortality rates in a
rural district of Thailand and compared them with the official
statistics to assess accuracy. All births and infant deaths in a rural
district of Thailand over a one-year period were surveyed. The
corresponding official statistics were also collected. The mothers or
the relatives of all stillbirths and infant deaths were interviewed
about the registration of the stillbirths or infant deaths. The
surveyed perinatal and infant mortality rates were 22.0 and 23.1
respectively. The under-registration of stillbirths was 100% and for
infant deaths 45%. All the non-registered infant deaths were in
situations in which the infant died before the registration of birth.
These results document the degree and nature of under-reporting of
perinatal and infant mortality in rural
Thailand."
Correspondence: P. Lumbiganon, Khon Kaen
University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, 123 Friendship Highway, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20129 Miller,
Jane E. Covariates and consequences of birth spacing.
Pub. Order No. DA9015137. 1989. 382 pp. University Microfilms
International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"This dissertation
investigates the relationships between birth spacing and perinatal
health in Hungary, Sweden and the United States using data from the
1973 World Health Organization Study of Perinatal Mortality and the
1980 U.S. National Natality and National Fetal Mortality Surveys.
Three hypotheses are proposed to explain the higher than average health
risks associated with infants born shortly after the preceding
birth--confounding by prematurity, maternal depletion, and selection.
The results obtained here suggest that all three forces contribute to
the association between short birth intervals and poor perinatal
health....[and] that elimination of closely spaced conceptions could
effect as much as a 5 to 10% reduction in the prevalence of low birth
weight and neonatal mortality."
This work was prepared as a doctoral
dissertation at the University of
Pennsylvania.
Correspondence: University Microfilms
International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities
and Social Sciences 51(1).
57:20130 Akoto,
Eliwo. Christianity and inequalities in infant mortality
rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. [Chistianisme et inegalites en
matiere de mortalite des enfants en Afrique Noire.] Population, Vol.
45, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1990. 971-92 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in
Eng; Spa.
The relationship between infant mortality and religion in
Sub-Saharan Africa is explored using World Fertility Survey data for
Cameroon, Ghana, and Kenya. "Infant mortality rates were found to be
lower for children of Christian mothers; however, membership [in] a
religious group was also associated with other indicators of health,
social and economic factors (place of delivery, literacy,
socio-occupational group). When these factors are taken into account
together with religion, the correlation becomes weaker or disappears
and the specific impact of religion on infant mortality rates is seen
as negligible."
Correspondence: E. Akoto, Universite
Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Demographie, 1 Place Montesquieu,
Boite 17, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20131 Bamgboye,
Elijah A. Dating estimates of infant and childhood
mortality from child survivorship data with applications. Genus,
Vol. 46, No. 1-2, Jan-Jun 1990. 25-37 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with
sum. in Fre; Ita.
"This paper describes a new general formula
developed for the time location of mortality levels when the original
indirect method is used, in the relation to the childhood survivorship
data. The result of application of the method to data from two
countries yielded plausible estimates and close agreement with variant
methods. The childhood mortality estimates can be translated to their
[equivalent] infant mortality rates...from which infant mortality
trends can be estimated." The geographical focus is on developing
countries.
Correspondence: E. A. Bamgboye, King Saud
University, Department of Community and Family Medicine, POB 2454,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
57:20132 Chaurasia,
Alok. Routes to enhanced child survival in India.
Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 35, No. 4, Jun 1989. 61-74 pp. Bombay,
India. In Eng.
Child survival levels in India are examined, with
special attention given to geographic and socioeconomic differentials
among states. Data for child survival and income by state are presented
based on official statistics for 1985.
Correspondence: A.
Chaurasia, Shri Shyam Sundar Institute of Public Cooperation and
Community Development, Datia, Madhya Pradesh 475 661, India.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
57:20133 Dackam
Ngatchou, Richard. The education of mothers and the
mortality of children in Africa. [L'education de la mere et la
mortalite des enfants en Afrique.] Les Cahiers de l'IFORD, No. 2, ISBN
2-905327-12-X. Mar 1990. 160 pp. Institut de Formation et de Recherche
Demographiques [IFORD]: Yaounde, Cameroon. In Fre.
Some aspects of
the relationship between the level of maternal education and infant and
child mortality are examined. Specifically, the author questions the
validity of some of the main indicators used to measure maternal
education. He goes on to suggest some new definitions of maternal
education, particularly concerning knowledge about health and
nutrition, that might directly result in improved levels of infant and
child mortality. The focus of the study is on developing countries,
particularly in Africa, and use is made of data from a survey
undertaken in Cameroon.
Correspondence: Institut de
Formation et de Recherche Demographiques, B.P. 1556, Yaounde, Cameroon.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20134 Dackam
Ngatchou, Richard. Why does measles kill in Tropical
Africa? [Pourquoi la rougeole tue-t-elle en Afrique Tropicale?]
Annales de l'IFORD, Vol. 13, No. 2, Dec 1989. 101-58 pp. Yaounde,
Cameroon. In Fre.
The author explores reasons why measles remains a
major cause of infant and child deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa, while the
disease is relatively benign in Europe. The study is based on a review
of the published literature. The author concludes that malnutrition is
only one of the reasons for this high rate of
mortality.
Correspondence: R. Dackam Ngatchou, Institut de
Formation et de Recherche Demographiques, B.P. 1556, Yaounde, Cameroon.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20135 Egbagbe,
Sikstus Sh. A. Infant mortality in the countries of
Western Africa. [Detskaya smertnost' v stranakh Zapadnoi Afriki.]
Sovetskoe Zdravookhranenie, No. 7, 1989. 51-5 pp. Moscow, USSR. In Rus.
The high infant mortality rates found in West Africa are analyzed
using published WHO data. The author concludes that these mortality
levels are a consequence of the relative lack of socioeconomic
development in the countries of the region.
Location: U.S.
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
57:20136 Fargues,
Philippe. A promising source of data for measuring
childhood mortality in Africa: maternity or pre-natal consultation
registers: the case of Abidjan, 1980. In: Measurement and
analysis of mortality: new approaches, edited by Jacques Vallin, Stan
D'Souza, and Alberto Palloni. 1990. 157-77 pp. Oxford University Press:
New York, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
The author discusses
the use of maternity registers and prenatal or infant welfare
consultation registers for measuring childhood mortality in Africa,
based on the example of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. He examines "three types
of data likely to be provided by these registers: 1. proportion of
children dead by age of mother, all birth orders combined; 2.
proportion of children dead among first and second preceding births
(that is, last- and next-to-last born); [and] 3. distribution of dead
children by age at death, all birth orders combined. We focus only on
information involving preceding births and, therefore, excluding the
current birth in the case of maternity registers and the last-born
child (necessarily surviving) in the case of infant consultation
registers."
Correspondence: P. Fargues, Institut National
d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14,
France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20137 Florez, C.
Elisa; Hogan, Dennis P. Women's status and infant
mortality in rural Colombia. Social Biology, Vol. 37, No. 3-4,
Fall-Winter 1990. 188-203 pp. Madison, Wisconsin. In Eng.
"This
paper investigates the effects of maternal demographic characteristics
and social and economic statuses on infant mortality in rural Colombia.
Demographic characteristics include the age of the mother, parity and
length of preceding interbirth interval, and sex of infant. Measures of
women's status at the time of birth include education, wage labor and
occupation, economic stratum, place of residence, and whether the
mother is living with a husband. The life history data for the study
(involving 4,928 births) were collected in 1986 from a representative
sample of two cohorts of women resident in rural central Colombia.
Overall differentials in infant mortality by measures of women's status
are small and are in good part associated with the differing
reproductive behaviors of the women and variations in breastfeeding
practices."
Correspondence: C. E. Florez, Los Andes
University, Center of Studies in Economic Development, Bogota,
Colombia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20138 Forbes,
Douglas; Frisbie, W. Parker. Spanish surname and Anglo
infant mortality: timing and cause of death differentials over a
half-century. Texas Population Research Center Paper, No. 12.04,
1990-1991. 42 pp. University of Texas, Texas Population Research
Center: Austin, Texas. In Eng.
"Using a half-century of death
records from San Antonio/Bexar County, Texas, we examine the timing and
cause structure of Spanish surname and Anglo infant mortality. Our
findings indicate that despite the substantial disparities between
ethnic-specific infant mortality rates in the early years of the study,
there have been consistent declines in overall, neonatal, and
postneonatal mortality for both groups, as well as a major convergence
of infant mortality rates between Spanish surname and Anglo infants.
Further, we demonstrate that the convergence is of relatively recent
origin and due primarily to shifts in postneonatal mortality. Finally,
we examine the transition reflected in the cause structure of
ethnic-specific infant mortality and show that the convergence was
largely the result of reductions in deaths from exogenous causes.
Implications for research into the 'epidemiologic paradox' are
discussed."
Correspondence: University of Texas, Texas
Population Research Center, Main 1800, Austin, TX 78712.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20139 Gubhaju,
Bhakta B. Child mortality and survival in South
Asia--Nepalese perspective. ISBN 81-7035-097-2. 1991. xv, 214 pp.
Daya Publishing House: Delhi, India. In Eng.
The author
investigates reasons for the high infant and child mortality rates in
Nepal, using data from the 1976 Nepal Fertility Survey. Chapters are
included on levels and trends of infant and child mortality; regional,
socioeconomic, and demographic differentials in infant and child
mortality in rural Nepal; determinants of infant and child mortality in
rural areas; rural-urban differentials and their determinants; and data
sources and methodology. "Education of the mother is found to be an
important determinant of child survival....The importance of the
combined effect of maternal age and parity is also
demonstrated...."
Correspondence: Daya Publishing House,
1302 Vaid Wara, Nai Sarak, Delhi 110 006, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20140 Harpending,
H. C.; Pennington, R. Age structure and sex-biased
mortality among Herero pastoralists. Human Biology, Vol. 63, No.
3, Jun 1991. 329-53 pp. Detroit, Michigan. In Eng.
"In this article
we describe and analyze infant and childhood mortality among the Herero
and related Mbanderu people of northwestern Botswana....We first
describe the age and sex composition of the population. We show how
traces of history persist in the age structure and how features of the
age structure suggest hypotheses about fertility and mortality that can
be tested with independent data....We next discuss a model of
asymmetric helping between opposite sex siblings. This model suggests
hypotheses about patterns of mortality; we test these predictions and
find weak support for our model. Finally, we use logistic regression
and a likelihood ratio test inductively to identify correlates of male
and female mortality in our data and to test for heterogeneity among
mothers in the survival of their children." The data were collected
during the course of an ethnographic survey and fieldwork carried out
in 1986; some attention is paid to the differences between ethnographic
and demographic data collection and
analysis.
Correspondence: H. C. Harpending, Pennsylvania
State University, Department of Anthropology, University Park, PA
16802. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20141 Haub, Carl;
Yanagishita, Machiko. Infant mortality: who's number
one? Population Today, Vol. 19, No. 3, Mar 1991. 6-8 pp.
Washington, D.C. In Eng.
Alternative ways of ranking countries
concerning infant mortality rates are considered. The authors suggest
that "our analyses of infant mortality should pay less attention to
national rankings and focus more closely on causes of death and higher
risk groups by poverty, ethnicity, and
residence."
Correspondence: C. Haub, Population Reference
Bureau, Information and Education Department, 777 14th Street NW, Suite
800, Washington, D.C. 20005. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
57:20142 Inoussa,
N. The impact of age misreporting on the measurement of
levels of infant and child mortality in a medium-sized town in Cameroon
(Sangmelima). [Incidence de la mauvaise declaration de l'age sur
la mesure des indices de la mortalite infantile et juvenile dans une
ville moyenne du Cameroun (Sangmelima).] Serie Villes Moyennes, Vol. 1,
No. 2, ISBN 2-905327-10-3. Jan 1990. 159 pp. Institut de Formation et
de Recherche Demographiques [IFORD]: Yaounde, Cameroon. In Fre.
Data from the 1985 census of Sangmelima, a town of some 19,600
inhabitants in Cameroon, are used to assess the impact of age
misreporting on the analysis of mortality, particularly on infant and
child mortality. Consideration is given both to the effects of errors
in reporting the child's age and to errors concerning the mother's
age.
Correspondence: Institut de Formation et de Recherche
Demographiques, B.P. 1556, Yaounde, Cameroon. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20143 Kent,
George. The politics of children's survival. ISBN
0-275-93723-2. LC 90-7578. 1991. xi, 204 pp. Praeger: New York, New
York. In Eng.
"A major purpose here is to see how social context
affects children's mortality....What are the social and political roots
of the high levels of children's mortality throughout the world?...The
argument here is that the problem of children's mortality, which is
symptomatic of underdevelopment, arises out of widespread
powerlessness. The remedies therefore should center on strategies of
empowerment." Chapters are included on overall patterns of child
mortality; individual and household factors; the child survival and
development movement; criticisms of child survival programs; child
survival and food, poverty, war, repression, and population dynamics;
alternative social systems; children as a form of human capital;
motivations for the support of child survival work; national
development; localized multiparity planning; and laws and institutions
of aiding child survival.
Correspondence: Praeger
Publishers, One Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20144 Lee, C.
H. Regional inequalities in infant mortality in Britain,
1861-1971: patterns and hypotheses. Population Studies, Vol. 45,
No. 1, Mar 1991. 55-65 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"In this paper
long-run changes in infant mortality for 55 regions of Great Britain
are examined [for the period 1861-1971]. A diverse pattern of change,
substantially different from the familiar aggregate trend of stability
before 1900, followed by general decline, was revealed. In some
regions, those with the lowest infant mortality rates, there was
improvement from the 1860s, while elsewhere rates increased. Hence
several measures of inequality indicated divergence between regional
rates from the late nineteenth century to a peak inequality in 1921/31,
followed by convergence towards equality. Econometric analysis of
these variations in regional inequality suggests that density of
housing occupancy, and industrialisation were important factors.
Housing density was particularly important in the relatively slow
decline in infant mortality in twentieth-century Scotland as compared
to England and Wales."
Correspondence: C. H. Lee,
University of Aberdeen, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences,
Aberdeen AB9 1FX, Scotland. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
57:20145 Nobile,
Annunziata. Recent trends in infant mortality in developed
countries. Genus, Vol. 46, No. 1-2, Jan-Jun 1990. 79-107 pp. Rome,
Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ita.
"This paper examines the
progress of infant mortality in the primary developed countries after
1960. A strong decrease of the phenomenon was measured everywhere
although its intensity was independent of the starting levels. The
most rapid decline occurred in Japan and several countries in southern
and northwestern Europe. The slowest decline occurred in the Soviet
Union. In some countries, such as Romania, Czechoslavakia and the
United States, short term fluctuations interposed themselves on the
declining trend. The differences in mortality between the two sexes
were generally reduced in those populations with low infant mortality,
while the opposite happened in the case of most of the
others."
Correspondence: A. Nobile, Universita degli Studi
di Roma La Sapienza, Departimento di Scienze Demografia, Via Nomentana
41, Rome 00161, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
57:20146 Paul, Bimal
K. Factors affecting infant mortality in rural Bangladesh:
results from a retrospective sample survey. Rural Sociology, Vol.
55, No. 4, Winter 1990. 522-40 pp. Bozeman, Montana. In Eng.
"The
primary objective of this paper is to assess the relative contribution
of different socioeconomic and environmental factors affecting infant
mortality in a rural area of Bangladesh. Data from detailed interviews
with 1,787 women of reproductive ages were collected and
analyzed....Birth interval and contraceptive use emerged as the
strongest correlates of infant mortality. In addition, landholding
size, birth of preferred sex, mother's age, and prior pregnancy loss
had significant effects on infant mortality. The analysis suggests
that...infant mortality could be reduced by altering the spacing of
births and avoiding births at early reproductive ages. A positive
impact on infant mortality could also result from improvements in
economic conditions."
Correspondence: B. K. Paul, Kansas
State University, Department of Geography, Manhattan, KS 66506.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20147 Preston,
Samuel H.; Haines, Michael R. Fatal years: child
mortality in late nineteenth-century America. NBER Series on
Long-Term Factors in Economic Development, ISBN 0-691-04268-3. LC
90-45129. 1991. xxi, 266 pp. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New
Jersey. In Eng.
This is an overview of child mortality in the
United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Data are based on the census of 1900 and estimations derived from that
data. The first chapter concerns the social, medical, and economic
factors influencing child mortality. The second chapter focuses on
estimates of child mortality during the late nineteenth century,
including an analysis of the estimation technics and their reliability.
Next, the authors address differentials in child mortality according
to social, economic, and residential factors and analyze the relative
importance of these distinguishing factors. Finally, U.S. child
mortality at the turn of the century is compared with that of England
and Wales for the same time period, and with contemporary child
mortality levels in developing countries.
Correspondence:
Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, NJ 08540.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20148 Ristrini;
Budiarto, Wasis. Breast-feeding and the survival of
children. [Menyusui dan kelangsungan hidup anak.] Majalah
Demografi Indonesia/Indonesian Journal of Demography, Vol. 17, No. 34,
Dec 1990. 51-65 pp. Jakarta, Indonesia. In Ind. with sum. in Eng.
The impact of breast-feeding on child survival and nutrition in
Indonesia is analyzed. The authors examine the effects on infant
mortality of trends toward alternative methods of infant
feeding.
Correspondence: Ristrini, Departemen Kesehatan
R.I., Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pelayanan Kesehatan, Surabaya,
Indonesia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20149 Sullivan,
Jeremiah M. The collection of mortality data in WFS and
DHS surveys. In: Measurement and analysis of mortality: new
approaches, edited by Jacques Vallin, Stan D'Souza, and Alberto
Palloni. 1990. 48-63 pp. Oxford University Press: New York, New
York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"Prior to 1970, reliable information
on infant and childhood mortality was available for only a few
countries in the developed world. Since 1970, the availability of data
on this area has expanded rapidly [to include developing countries] and
will continue to do so until 1990. This change is due primarily to two
large-scale survey programmes: the World Fertility Survey (WFS) and
the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). This chapter describes the
mortality data collected in both....The objectives of WFS and DHS are
reviewed....the mortality data collected by WFS and DHS are
compared....[and] the analytical potential of those data is
discussed."
Correspondence: J. M. Sullivan, Westinghouse
Institute for Resource Development, Box 866, American City Building No.
400, Columbia, MD 21044. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
57:20150 Tiwari,
Hemant. Estimation of decline in the infant mortality rate
in India due to fertility reduction. Journal of Family Welfare,
Vol. 35, No. 5, Sep 1989. 57-63 pp. Bombay, India. In Eng.
"This
paper attempts to assess the amount of reduction in infant mortality
levels in India, if births of higher order and those occurring to older
and very young mothers are reduced. This would not only help reduce
fertility but would also result in a reduction of infant and child
mortality levels."
Correspondence: H. Tiwari, International
Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, Bombay 400 088, India.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
57:20151 Coale,
Ansley J.; Li, Shaomin. The effect of age misreporting in
China on the calculation of mortality rates at very high ages.
Demography, Vol. 28, No. 2, May 1991. 293-301 pp. Washington, D.C. In
Eng.
"When mortality rates by age are calculated from recorded
deaths and enumerated populations, rates at higher ages are typically
in error because of misstated ages. Mortality rates for China in 1981
have been calculated from the number of deaths in 1981 in each
household recorded in the 1982 census, and from the census population
back-projected one year. Because age was determined from date of birth,
and because persons of the Chinese culture have very precise knowledge
of date of birth, the mortality rates even at high ages should be
unusually accurate. This expectation is fulfilled for most of China,
but severe misreporting of age is found in a province that contains a
large minority of a non-Han nationality, which lacks precise knowledge
of date of birth. Although the province contains only 1.3% of China's
population, male death rates above age 90 for all of China are
distorted seriously by the erroneous data from this
location."
Correspondence: A. J. Coale, Princeton
University, Office of Population Research, 21 Prospect Avenue,
Princeton, NJ 08544-2091. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
57:20152 Condran,
Gretchen A.; Himes, Christine L.; Preston, Samuel H.
Old-age mortality patterns in low-mortality countries: an
evaluation of population and death data at advanced ages, 1950 to the
present. Population Bulletin of the United Nations, No. 30, 1991.
23-60 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Age misreporting has impeded
the development of model patterns of old-age mortality. An intercensal
cohort method was used to evaluate the consistency of population age
distributions and death registration data for 18 low-mortality
countries from 1950 to 1985. The evaluation has focused on a
comparison of the consistency of census and death registration data for
open-ended cohorts for intercensal periods, using census and
registration data classified by single years of age....Data from the
countries examined appear consistent until advanced ages, where most
English-speaking countries show a pattern of inconsistency, suggesting
that similar age misreporting occurred in both the census population
age distributions and the death registration data."
This is a
revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1989 Annual
Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index,
Vol. 55, No. 3, Fall 1989, p. 432).
Correspondence: G. A.
Condran, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20153 Ewbank,
Douglas C. Evaluation of model life tables for East
Africa. In: Measurement and analysis of mortality: new
approaches, edited by Jacques Vallin, Stan D'Souza, and Alberto
Palloni. 1990. 178-93 pp. Oxford University Press: New York, New
York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"In this paper I apply a simple model
of the age pattern of mortality to indirect data on child and adult
mortality to derive new information about the age pattern of mortality
in East Africa....Given that the data used in this paper provide only
indirect evidence of the age pattern of mortality, it is not possible
to use...more sophisticated models. Therefore, I have applied a
modified version of Brass's two-parameter model which is sufficiently
sophisticated to incorporate the maximum amount of information that can
be extracted from the available data....The discussion begins with the
age pattern of adult mortality since both the model and the results for
adult mortality are simpler than the model and the results for child
mortality."
Correspondence: D. C. Ewbank, University of
Pennsylvania, Population Studies Center, 3718 Locust Walk,
Philadelphia, PA 19104. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
57:20154 Ho, Suzanne
C. Health and social predictors of mortality in an elderly
Chinese cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 133, No. 9,
May 1, 1991. 907-21 pp. Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
"A total of
1,054 Hong Kong Chinese subjects aged 70 years or over were recruited
into a cohort study to investigate the relation between social support
and health outcomes. More than 30 social, health, and behavioral
characteristics were recorded as baseline information when the study
began in 1985....The mortality patterns of Hong Kong and of the studied
cohort closely resemble that of Western developed countries with
cancer, heart disease, and cerebrovascular diseases as the leading
causes of death. Besides sex and place of residence (whether living in
the community or in homes for the elderly), the independent predictors
of mortality included five baseline variables: being single or
widowed, limited ability in activities of daily living, smoking habit,
low body mass index, and poor self-evaluated health
status."
Correspondence: S. C. Ho, Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Department of Community and Family Medicine, 4th Floor, Lek
Yuen Health Center, Shatin, Hong Kong. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
57:20155 Manton,
Kenneth G.; Stallard, Eric. Cross-sectional estimates of
active life expectancy for the U.S. elderly and oldest-old
populations. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, Vol. 46,
No. 3, May 1991. S170-82 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Estimates
are made of active life expectancy for the U.S. elderly and oldest-old
populations using data from the 1982 and 1984 National Long Term Care
Surveys. In the calculation of active life expectancy a multivariate
analysis of 27 measures of functioning was used to define scores to
decompose total life expectancy by type and level of disability. These
analyses showed significant differences in active life expectancy for
males and females. Though a higher proportion of male life expectancy
at age 65 was 'active,' females had larger absolute amounts of active
life expectancy. By age 85, in contrast, males had a higher absolute
amount of active life expectancy. In addition, calculations were
performed with the disability associated with cognitive impairment
eliminated in order to illustrate the sensitivity of active life
expectancy to changes in morbidity."
Correspondence: K. G.
Manton, Duke University, Center for Demographic Studies, 2117 Campus
Drive, Durham, NC 27706. Location: Princeton University
Library (SW).
57:20156 Timaeus,
Ian M. Estimation of mortality from orphanhood in
adulthood. Demography, Vol. 28, No. 2, May 1991. 213-27 pp.
Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This paper extends earlier research into
methods for estimating adult mortality from information on the recent
incidence of orphanhood. It presents a series of regression
coefficients for estimating female and male mortality from synthetic
cohort data on the subsequent orphanhood of those who had a living
mother or father at exact age 20. Such information can be obtained
either where questions about parental survival have been asked in two
inquiries or by asking retrospectively about dates of orphanhood in a
single survey. Although the method is somewhat sensitive to errors in
the reporting of ages and dates, it is a promising source of up-to-date
estimates of adult mortality that are free from bias due to the
underreporting of the orphanhood of young children ('the adoption
effect')." The method is applied to data from Peru, Malawi, and
Uganda.
Correspondence: I. M. Timaeus, London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Population Studies, Keppel
Street, London WC1E 7HT, England. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
57:20157 Anson,
Jon. Model mortality patterns: a parametric
evaluation. Population Studies, Vol. 45, No. 1, Mar 1991. 137-53
pp. London, England. In Eng.
"A parsimonious description is sought
of the differences between life tables belonging to different model
families, and the relationship between them. By using a broad range of
empirical tables it is shown that only two, orthogonal, pieces of
information, level and shape, are required to differentiate between
them, and that most recognized model families form statistically
distinguished clusters along the shape dimension. Men's and women's
patterns lie in the same order of shape, but models for women are
consistently more rectangular than their counterparts for men.
Possible reasons are suggested, as well as lines for further inquiry."
The geographical scope is worldwide.
Correspondence: J.
Anson, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Social Work,
POB 653, Beersheba 84105, Israel. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
57:20158 Coale,
Ansley; Guo, Guang. The use of new model life tables at
very low mortality in population projections. Population Bulletin
of the United Nations, No. 30, 1991. 1-22 pp. New York, New York. In
Eng.
"New model life tables have been calculated...modifying the
regional model life tables by Coale, Demeny and Vaughan published in
1983....The purpose of the present article is not to repeat the
description of the construction of the tables but to provide a
systematic procedure for their use in projecting mortality into the
future in low-mortality populations. The new model life tables
incorporate age patterns of mortality that conform quite closely to the
patterns in the lowest mortality populations yet on record and present
extrapolated schedules that include systematic extensions of recent
changes in age-specific mortality rates."
For the work by Coale et
al., published in 1983, see 49:30180.
Correspondence: A.
Coale, Princeton University, Office of Population Research, 21 Prospect
Avenue, Princeton, NJ 08544-2091. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
57:20159 Hsieh, John
J. Construction of expanded continuous life tables--a
generalization of abridged and complete life tables. Mathematical
Biosciences, Vol. 103, No. 2, Mar 1991. 287-302 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
This article extends the abridged life-table method
developed by the author, and scheduled for publication in the near
future. "It generalizes the conventional discrete (abridged and
complete) life tables into a continuous life table that can produce
life-table functions at any age and develops a unified method of
life-table construction that simplifies the disparate laborious
procedures used in the traditional approach of constructing abridged
and complete life tables. A set of precise procedures based on the
complete cubic spline for the main body of the table and a mortality
law for advanced ages is developed for estimating the basic and
nonbasic life-table functions from a given mortality schedule. The
proposed method can also produce more life-table functions than other
existing methods. The method is illustrated with Canadian
data."
Correspondence: J. J. Hsieh, University of Toronto,
Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Toronto, Ontario
M5S 1A8, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SM).
57:20160 Japan.
Institute of Population Problems (Tokyo, Japan). The 43rd
abridged life tables (April 1, 1989-Mar 31, 1990). Institute of
Population Problems Research Series, No. 266, Jan 21, 1991. 27 pp.
Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
Life tables for Japan are presented by sex
for the period 1989-1990 by five-year age groups and single years of
age.
For a previous report in this series, see 56:20150.
Correspondence: Ministry of Health and Welfare, Institute
of Population Problems, 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100,
Japan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20161 Rudnitskii,
E. P. Methodological problems of studying length of life
among the population of the Ukraine. [Metodicheskie problemy
izucheniya prodolzhitel'nosti zhizni naseleniya Ukrainy.]
Demograficheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 14, 1990. 44-50 pp. Kiev, USSR. In
Rus. with sum. in Eng; Ukr.
The author critically analyzes
methodological issues involved in studying length of life among the
population of the Ukrainian SSR. Abbreviated life tables are
constructed for the periods 1896-1897, 1926-1927, 1938-1939, and
1948-1949.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20162 United
States. National Center for Health Statistics [NCHS] (Hyattsville,
Maryland). Vital statistics of the United States, 1988.
Volume II, Section 6. Life tables. Pub. Order No. DHHS (PHS)
91-1104. Mar 1991. 19 pp. Hyattsville, Maryland. In Eng.
These are
the official U.S. life tables for 1988. They include abridged life
tables by race and sex, number of survivors at single years of age by
race and sex, expectation of life at single years of age by race and
sex, and retrospective life tables and retrospective length of life by
race and sex from 1900.
For the 1987 U.S. life tables, see 56:20152.
Correspondence: Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20163 Balarajan,
R. Ethnic differences in mortality from ischaemic heart
disease and cerebrovascular disease in England and Wales. British
Medical Journal, Vol. 302, No. 6776, Mar 9, 1991. 560-4 pp. London,
England. In Eng.
Differences in mortality from ischemic heart
disease and cerebrovascular disease in England and Wales are analyzed
by country of birth. Data are from official sources and concern the
periods 1970-1972 and 1979-1983. The results indicate that there were
significant differences in mortality from these causes by ethnic group
in the 1980s. However, mortality from both causes declined over the
period studied, particularly among ethnic groups with lower mortality
from ischemic heart disease during the
1970s.
Correspondence: R. Balarajan, University of Surrey,
Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Guildford GU2 5XH,
England. Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
57:20164 Caselli,
G.; Duchene, J.; Egidi, V.; Santini, A.; Wunsch, G. A
matter of life and death: methodologies for the life history analysis
of adult mortality. Institut de Demographie Working Paper, No.
151, ISBN 2-87209-116-5. Oct 1990. 39 pp. Universite Catholique de
Louvain, Institut de Demographie: Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. In Eng.
"In this paper, we shall examine an approach to differential
mortality in adulthood based on the assumption that death is the
outcome of one's whole life history, made up of the time spent in
different states which gradually lead the individual to contract a
disease (or to have an accident) and eventually to die....The following
parts of this paper will therefore deal with the basic assumptions
underlying our approach, and the conceptual framework adapted to the
main groups of medical causes dealt with." The geographical focus is
on developed countries.
Correspondence: Universite
Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Demographie, Place Montesquieu 1,
Boite 17, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
57:20165 Fernando,
Dallas F. S. Differential mortality and fertility in Sri
Lanka by ethnic group. Biology and Society, Vol. 7, No. 4, Dec
1990. 215-24 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"Using data from the
publication by the Registrar-General [of Sri Lanka] of deaths by age,
sex and ethnic group for the census year 1981, as well as births by
maternal age and ethnic group for the same year, this study examines
variation in mortality by ethnic group over the post-war period. It
also examines differential fertility by ethnic group over the same
period in the light of new data that have become
available."
Correspondence: D. F. S. Fernando, 40/3 Elie
Lane, Colombo 15, Sri Lanka. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
57:20166 Fix, Alan
G. Changing sex ratio of mortality in the Semai Senoi,
1969-1987. Human Biology, Vol. 63, No. 2, Apr 1991. 211-20 pp.
Detroit, Michigan. In Eng.
"Among the Semai Senoi, a Malaysian
Orang Asli ('aboriginal') population, women experienced higher
mortality than males in the decades before 1969. This differential
occurred in all age classes older than 15 years so that the sex ratio
progressively increased with age. A recent (1987) restudy of the Semai
population found that sex-specific differential mortality is much
reduced. A comparison of the 1969 and 1987 life tables shows a sharp
shift in the sex ratios of mortality for the post-15-year-old age
classes...so that male and female expectations of further life at age
15 are now nearly identical....Analysis of sex-specific causes of death
for the pre-1969 population suggests that maternal mortality is the
major cause of the excess female deaths. The reduced number of
maternal deaths seems largely due to better health care, particularly
the availability of hospital services."
Correspondence: A.
G. Fix, University of California, Department of Anthropology,
Riverside, CA 92521. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
57:20167 Foigt, N.
A. Socioeconomic aspects of regional differences in
mortality among the rural population of working age.
[Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskie aspekty regional'nykh razlichii v smertnosti
sel'skogo naseleniya trudosposobnogo vozrasta.] Demograficheskie
Issledovaniya, Vol. 14, 1990. 108-11 pp. Kiev, USSR. In Rus. with sum.
in Eng; Ukr.
"Regional differences in the life duration of [the]
able-bodied rural population [in the Ukrainian SSR] are briefly
analyzed. [The] mortality rate of this population is considered in
connection with labour conditions in
agriculture."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20168 Kunitz,
Stephen J. Public policy and mortality among indigenous
populations of Northern America and Australasia. Population and
Development Review, Vol. 16, No. 4, Dec 1990. 647-72, 810-13 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"This article argues
that the differences in the mortality experiences of the indigenous
peoples of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States are
accounted for largely by the presence or absence of treaties, and the
ways in which they have been interpreted. Where treaties have been
signed, they have given indigenous people a claim in law to a variety
of benefits, including the provision of health services, a claim that
is difficult to make in the absence of a treaty. The differential
availability of services accounts for differences in the timing of
declines in mortality due to infectious diseases, as well as in death
rates. It does not seem to account for differences in the incidence
and prevalence of manmade and chronic conditions, the causes of which
remain largely unknown. The varying degrees of success of different
kinds of health programs in reducing mortality from infectious disease
raise questions about the most effective ways to provide services in
societies with vast differences in health status, wealth, and
cultures."
Correspondence: S. J. Kunitz, University of
Rochester School of Medicine, Department of Community and Preventive
Medicine, Wilson Boulevard, Rochester, NY 14627. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20169 Ladbrook,
Denis. Sex differentials in premature death among
professionals. Part II. Journal of the Australian Population
Association, Vol. 7, No. 2, Nov 1990. 89-115 pp. Canberra, Australia.
In Eng.
[The author] "explores two hypotheses proposed to explain a
reversal of the sex differential in mortality which appears in the
1968-72 death rates of Wisconsin [United States] professionals. The
first hypothesis proposes that the observed effect is attributable to
differentials in the distribution of behavioural risk factors for
leading cause of death....The second hypothesis posits that the effect
may be due to differentials in occupational variables which have
systematic gender-divergent outcomes. Occupational levels, tasks,
environments and careers all have the potential for such effects. The
overall conclusion of the study is that health is systematically
related to the quality of support and other conditions in the two major
micro-environments for living: work and home."
For Part 1 of this
article, published by the same author in 1990, see 56:40168.
Correspondence: D. Ladbrook, Curtin University of
Technology, School of Social Work, Bently WA 6102, Australia.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20170 Leclerc,
Annette; Lert, France; Fabien, Cecile. Differential
mortality: some comparisons between England and Wales, Finland and
France, based on inequality measures. International Journal of
Epidemiology, Vol. 19, No. 4, Dec 1990. 1,001-10 pp. Oxford, England.
In Eng.
"Inequalities in mortality between social classes or
socioeconomic groups were compared in three European countries, using
similar sources of data from large national cohort studies. People
registered at a census in 1971 (1975 for France) or a sample of them,
were followed until 1980 to 1981. The Gini coefficient, a measure
widely used in economics, allowed the comparison of various situations
involving different numbers and group sizes. It was applied to age
groups 35-44, and 45-54 for men only. According to this measure,
inequalities were of the same order in England and Wales and Finland,
and greater in France. Differences between the three countries
concerning the principal causes of death leading to inequalities were
cardiovascular diseases in England and Wales, accidents and
cardiovascular diseases in Finland, and cancer and cirrhosis in
France."
Correspondence: A. Leclerc, INSERM U.88, 91
Boulevard de l'hopital, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20171 Lopez Rios,
Olga; Wunsch, Guillaume. The health care system and
spatial differences in mortality: a covariance structure model.
Institut de Demographie Working Paper, No. 155, ISBN 2-87209-132-7.
1991. 14 pp. Universite Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Demographie:
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
The extent to
which differential mortality in Mexico can be attributed to regional
differences in the health care system is explored. The authors note
that "causal analysis of demographic phenomena needs to consider
various problems: the level of analysis, the temporal precedence of
causes over effects, the passage from concepts to indicators, [and] the
methods of statistical analysis. In this paper, we examine possible
determinants of spatial mortality differentials in Mexico, on the basis
of a path analytic model with latent variables. The model is fitted
using the LISREL procedure, taking account of the problems mentioned
above."
Correspondence: Universite Catholique de Louvain,
Institut de Demographie, Place Montesquieu 1, Boite 17, 1348
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
57:20172 Mare,
Robert D. Socio-economic careers and differential
mortality among older men in the United States. In: Measurement
and analysis of mortality: new approaches, edited by Jacques Vallin,
Stan D'Souza, and Alberto Palloni. 1990. 362-87 pp. Oxford University
Press: New York, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"The goals of
this chapter are: (a) to describe socio-economic mortality differences
among adult males in the United States; (b) to examine the effects of
socio-economic differentiation early in life on the timing of mortality
in later adulthood; (c) to obtain estimates of socio-economic effects
that are relatively free from biases due to health-related selection
into socio-economic positions; (d) to illustrate a strategy for
estimating the effects of several dimensions of socio-economic statuses
at multiple periods of life; (e) to show the value to mortality
analysis of longitudinal data that are gathered for other purposes; and
(f) to illustrate modern methods of survival analysis in the study of
social differences in the timing of death."
Correspondence:
R. D. Mare, University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology,
4412 Social Science Building, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI
53706-1393. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20173 Nair,
Cyril; Nargundkar, Mukund; Johansen, Helen; Strachan, Jill.
Canadian cardiovascular disease mortality: first generation
immigrants versus Canadian born. [Mortalite attribuable aux
maladies cardiovasculaires au Canada: premiere generation d'immigrants
et personnes nees au Canada.] Health Reports/Rapports sur la Sante,
Vol. 2, No. 3, 1990. 203-28 pp. Ottawa, Canada. In Eng; Fre.
The
authors compare the cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rates of
various migrant groups to Canada with those of native-born Canadians.
Data are from the Canadian census and the Canadian Mortality Data Base
for the period 1951-1988. "Overall, lower CVD mortality rates were
found for first generation Canadians from Latin America, China and
South Asia; higher rates are indicated for those from Scandinavia and
Africa. The rates for North America are similar to those found for
Eastern and Western Europe. Between two five-year time periods
(1969-73 and 1984-88), CVD mortality rates generally were found to
decrease, except for immigrants from Africa (age 35+). The rates were
consistently higher for males than for females."
Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20174 Nam,
Charles B. Mortality differentials from a
multiple-cause-of-death perspective. In: Measurement and analysis
of mortality: new approaches, edited by Jacques Vallin, Stan D'Souza,
and Alberto Palloni. 1990. 328-42 pp. Oxford University Press: New
York, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"The...purpose of this
chapter is...to indicate how results vary when alternative
cause-of-death measures are used to portray demographic differentials
in mortality. The sections of the chapter which follow include a brief
examination of the history of cause-of-death conceptualization and
classification, summary of the literature about multiple-cause-of-death
approaches, review of alternative measures based on a
multiple-cause-of-death framework, illustrations of differential
mortality analysis comparing alternative cause-of-death approaches, and
discussions of a future research agenda and possible strategies for
implementing it." The approaches are illustrated with regard to
differential mortality, using U.S. data on deaths in Florida in
1980.
Correspondence: C. B. Nam, Florida State University,
Center for the Study of Population, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4063.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20175 Potter,
Lloyd B. Socioeconomic determinants of white and black
males' life expectancy differentials, 1980. Demography, Vol. 28,
No. 2, May 1991. 303-21 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Epidemiological transition theory suggests that two populations
existing under disparate socioeconomic conditions would have different
life expectancies as the result of cause-of-death differences. The
effect of racial socioeconomic differentials on the total racial life
expectancy differential are examined as they act through specific
cause-of-death differentials. Results suggest that residential
isolation of blacks has a strong effect on the total life expectancy
differential as it acts through the racial homicide differential. The
racial unemployment difference also has a strong effect on the total
differential as it acts through the racial heart disease differential.
Implications of the findings for reducing life expectancy differentials
are discussed....The mortality data used in this analysis are taken
from the [U.S.] National Center for Health Statistics mortality detail
tapes for 1979 and 1980....Deaths of males ages 0 to 85+ (in five-year
age groups) are aggregated by race (black and white) for 16 underlying
causes of death...."
Correspondence: L. B. Potter, Fordham
University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Bronx, NY 10458.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20176 Rogers,
Richard G.; Powell-Griner, Eve. Life expectancies of
cigarette smokers and nonsmokers in the United States. Social
Science and Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 10, 1991. 1,151-9 pp. Elmsford, New
York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This research employs the National
Health Interview and the National Mortality Followback Surveys to
calculate life expectancies by age and sex for white nonsmokers, former
smokers, and current smokers in the United States in 1986. In general,
life expectancies are higher for never smokers than for former smokers,
and higher for former smokers than for current smokers. Heavy smokers
have lower life expectancies than persons with all other smoking
statuses; indeed, compared to never smokers, heavy smokers at age 25
can expect at least a 25% shorter life. Gender differences in life
expectancies were found to persist even with the elimination of
smoking. Differences in life expectancy by sex thus appear to be due,
in part, to cigarette smoking, but also to occupational, environmental,
and sociodemographic factors."
Correspondence: R. G.
Rogers, University of Colorado, Population Program and Department of
Sociology, Boulder, CO 80309. Location: Princeton University
Library (PR).
57:20177 Sharma, R.
D.; Michalowski, M.; Verma, R. B. P. Mortality
differentials among immigrant populations in Canada. International
Migration/Migrations Internationales/Migraciones Internacionales, Vol.
28, No. 4, Dec 1990. 443-50 pp. Geneva, Switzerland. In Eng. with sum.
in Fre; Spa.
Mortality among different groups of migrants to Canada
is compared with that of native-born Canadians and with trends in the
migrants' countries of origin, using data for the period 1981-1985.
Results show that life expectancy at birth among migrants in Canada is
generally higher than that of the populations at place of origin and
destination.
Correspondence: R. D. Sharma, Ministry of
Treasury and Economics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20178 Shlomowitz,
Ralph. Differential mortality of Asians and Pacific
Islanders in the Pacific labour trade. Journal of the Australian
Population Association, Vol. 7, No. 2, Nov 1990. 116-27 pp. Canberra,
Australia. In Eng.
"Quantitative evidence is presented on the
differential mortality suffered by Indian and Pacific Island labour
migrants on Fiji's plantations between 1883 and 1919, and by Japanese,
Chinese and Pacific Island labour migrants in the phosphate mines on
Ocean Island and Nauru between 1913 and 1940. Pacific Island labour
migrants suffered much higher death rates than Asian labour migrants,
due, it is suggested, to their much greater vulnerability to newly
introduced infectious diseases."
Correspondence: R.
Shlomowitz, Flinders University of South Australia, Department of
Economic History, Bedford Park SA 5042, Australia. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20179 Tabutin,
Dominique. Excess female mortality in Northern Africa from
1965 to the present. [La surmortalite feminine en Afrique du Nord
de 1965 a nos jours.] Institut de Demographie Working Paper, No. 152,
ISBN 2-87209-099-1. 1991. 26 pp. Universite Catholique de Louvain,
Institut de Demographie: Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. In Fre.
Recent
trends in excess female mortality in the countries of Northern Africa
are analyzed, focusing on Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. The
author notes that even though life expectancy in the region has reached
64 years or more, pockets of excess female mortality persist,
particularly at the youngest ages.
Correspondence:
Universite Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Demographie, Place
Montesquieu 1, Boite 17, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20180 Valkonen,
Tapani; Martelin, Tuija; Rimpela, Arja. Socio-economic
mortality differences in Finland, 1971-85.
Tutkimuksia/Undersokningar/Studies, No. 176, Dec 1990. 103 pp.
Tilastokeskus: Helsinki, Finland. In Eng.
"The purpose of this
study, which was conducted jointly by the Central Statistical Office of
Finland and the Department of Sociology at the University of Helsinki,
was to describe socio-economic differences in mortality and related
changes in Finland during the period 1971-85. Two socio-economic
variables were used side by side in the study, namely occupational
class and level of education, together with family structure in the
case of children. Since the breakdown of causes of death and the
method of forming occupational classes vary in different age groups,
the study covers three age groups separately. Chapter 2 deals with
children (aged 5 to 14), Chapter 3 concerns the 'middle-aged
population' (35-64), and Chapter 4 examines the 'elderly population'
(60 and above)....Each chapter presents data on total mortality and
major causes of death."
Correspondence: Tilastokeskus, PL
504, 00101 Helsinki, Finland. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
57:20181 Vartiainen,
Erkki; Dianjun, Du; Marks, James S.; Korhonen, Heikki; Guanyi, Geng;
Ze-Yu, Guo; Koplan, Jeffrey P.; Pietinen, Pirjo; Guang-Lin, We;
Williamson, David; Nissinen, Aulikki. Mortality,
cardiovascular risk factors, and diet in China, Finland, and the United
States. Public Health Reports, Vol. 106, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1991. 41-6
pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Mortality, cardiovascular risk
factors, and diet were compared in Tianjin province, People's Republic
of China; in North Karelia Province, Finland; and in the United States
as a whole." Comparisons are made by sex and
age.
Correspondence: E. Vartiainen, National Public Health
Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, SF-00280 Helsinki, Finland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20182 Bolumar,
Francisco; Vioque, Jesus; Cayuela, Aurelio. Changing
mortality patterns for major cancers in Spain, 1951-1985.
International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 20, No. 1, Mar 1991. 20-5
pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"Mortality trends for main cancer
sites in Spain from 1951-1985 are presented. Age-standardized
mortality rates per 100,000 were computed using the direct method. The
Spanish population of 1970 was used as the standard. Age-standardized
mortality rates for total cancer showed a marked increase among men
throughout the period of study. This can be attributed mainly to the
increase in lung cancer mortality...which was only partially balanced
by a reduction in the stomach cancer mortality....Among women the
increase in total cancer is lower overall. It occurred mainly during
the 1950s and thereafter the trend has remained stable and even
declined in recent years. Lung cancer mortality rates among women have
remained fairly stable and stomach cancer followed the same pattern as
for men. Breast cancer mortality increased constantly during the
period...but it was not until 1978 that it became the leading cause of
cancer mortality among women."
Correspondence: F. Bolumar,
Universidad de Alicante, Division de Medicina Preventiva, Departamento
Salud Communitaria, Apdo. 374, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20183 Brouard,
Nicolas. Classification of developed countries according
to cause-of-death patterns: a test of robustness during the period
1968-1974. In: Measurement and analysis of mortality: new
approaches, edited by Jacques Vallin, Stan D'Souza, and Alberto
Palloni. 1990. 250-68 pp. Oxford University Press: New York, New
York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"In a recent paper...we defined a
typology of countries with low mortality according to causes of
death....In this chapter I will attempt to confirm the validity of the
typology...by testing its robustness on a set of developed countries
during and after 1968. The study uses all available WHO mortality data
for developed countries where the deaths by cause are classified
according to the Eighth and Ninth Revisions of the International
Classification of Disease. The first year is usually 1968 and the last
is 1984 and thus the study covers a period of roughly 15 years. I
shall also try to assess the robustness of the method by analysing
geographical variations within one country."
For the earlier paper
by Brouard and A. Lopez, published in 1985, see 51:30211.
Correspondence: N. Brouard, Institut National d'Etudes
Demographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20184 Chackiel,
Juan. Studies of causes of death in Latin America: the
current situation and future perspectives. In: Measurement and
analysis of mortality: new approaches, edited by Jacques Vallin, Stan
D'Souza, and Alberto Palloni. 1990. 343-61 pp. Oxford University Press:
New York, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
The author investigates
reasons for the lack of studies on causes of death in Latin America.
"In this chapter I analyse several of [these] issues..., evaluate their
current position, and speculate on their future situation in Latin
America. I also propose a number of areas of study which appear to be
in greatest need of development. In particular, I will consider: (a)
the quality of death registers by causes and other general aspects
related to the treatment of basic information, (b) the use of data on
causes of death for determining their contribution to the change of
general mortality, and (c) possible improvements in projections of
mortality that rely on information on causes of
death."
Correspondence: J. Chackiel, U.N. Centro
Latinoamericano de Demografia, Avenida Dag Hammarskjold, Casilla 91,
Santiago, Chile. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20185 Dietz,
Vance J.; Novotny, Thomas E.; Rigau-Perez, Jose G.; Shultz, James
M. Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life
lost, and direct health care costs for Puerto Rico, 1983. Bulletin
of the Pan American Health Organization, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1991. 77-86
pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"The authors report the impact of
smoking upon health in Puerto Rico for the year 1983. Using a
microcomputer spread-sheet program that calculates smoking-attributable
disease impact, they estimated that 2,468 deaths were attributable to
smoking. This represented 11.5% of all deaths on the island in 1983
and resulted in approximately 19,445 years of potential life lost
(YPLL). It appears that cigarette smoking caused U.S.$55.9 million in
direct health care expenditures for Puerto Rico in 1983, an amount
equal to 10% of the island's yearly expenditures on
health."
Correspondence: V. J. Dietz, Centers for Disease
Control, Center for Prevention Services, Division of Immunization, 1600
Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
57:20186 Eysenck, H.
J. Were we really wrong? American Journal of
Epidemiology, Vol. 133, No. 5, Mar 1, 1991. 429-36 pp. Baltimore,
Maryland. In Eng.
Some aspects of the debate concerning the
relation between smoking and mortality from cancer and coronary heart
disease are considered by one of the participants in the original
debate, which occurred primarily in the 1950s and 1960s. Comments are
included by J. P. Vandenbroucke (p. 434) and Sander Greenland (pp.
435-6).
For a related article by Paul D. Stolley, see elsewhere in
this issue.
Correspondence: H. J. Eysenck, University of
London, Institute of Psychiatry, DeCrespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London
SE5 8AF, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).
57:20187 Fingerhut,
Lois A.; Kleinman, Joel C.; Godfrey, Elizabeth; Rosenberg,
Harry. Firearm mortality among children, youth, and young
adults 1-34 years of age, trends and current status: United States,
1979-88. NCHS Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 39, No. 11,
Suppl., Pub. Order No. DHHS (PHS) 91-1120. Mar 14, 1991. 16 pp. U.S.
National Center for Health Statistics [NCHS]: Hyattsville, Maryland. In
Eng.
"The purpose of this report is to update and expand [a]
previous report on firearm mortality [in the United States] focusing on
firearm deaths associated with homicide, suicide, and unintentional
injury...among children, youth, and young adults ages 1-34 years." The
results show that "among young persons 15-24 years of age, firearm
mortality has increased substantially since 1984. In particular, the
homicide rate associated with firearms for black males ages 15-19 years
more than doubled by 1988. Further, for young black males ages 20-24
years, the firearm homicide rate in 1988 was 1.6 times what it was in
1984."
For a previous report, published by Fingerhut et al. in 1989,
see 55:40197.
Correspondence: U.S. National Center for
Health Statistics, 6525 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20188 Franks,
Peter J.; Adamson, Catherine; Bulpitt, Pauline F.; Bulpitt, Christopher
J. Stroke death and unemployment in London. Journal
of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 45, No. 1, Mar 1991. 16-8
pp. London, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"The purpose of
this study was to describe the relationship between social factors and
stroke mortality in the London [England] boroughs in both 1971 and 1981
in men and women aged between 45 and 74, and to compare changes in
social conditions with changes in stroke mortality over this 10 year
period." Particular attention is paid to changes in unemployment over
time.
Correspondence: P. J. Franks, Hammersmith Hospital,
Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Division of Geriatric Medicine,
Epidemiology Research Unit, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20189 Garenne,
Michel; Fontaine, Olivier. Assessing probable causes of
death using a standardized questionnaire: a study in rural
Senegal. In: Measurement and analysis of mortality: new
approaches, edited by Jacques Vallin, Stan D'Souza, and Alberto
Palloni. 1990. 123-42 pp. Oxford University Press: New York, New
York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
The authors evaluate the use of a
standardized questionnaire to measure probable causes of death, using
information based on "a comprehensive record of demographic events in a
population of about 23,000 people in rural Senegal (Niakhar)....The
questionnaires devised for this study benefited from the experience of
other researchers working in similar conditions....Four draft
questionnaires were tested on more than 200 cases among people living
in the rural areas of Sine-Saloum in Senegal prior to the adoption of
the final version of the questionnaire that is discussed [in the
article]."
Correspondence: M. Garenne, Institut Francais de
Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation, BP 1386,
Dakar, Senegal. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20190 Guibert,
Remi. Could the coronary heart disease mortality rates
decline be artefactual? Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue
Canadienne de Sante Publique, Vol. 82, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1991. 43-5 pp.
Ottawa, Canada. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"The recent decline in
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) mortality rates [in Canada] has been
attributed to reduction in risk factors and to improved management. In
this article, we review whether artefacts of classification could have
played a role as well. Knowledge and information on disease, competing
causes of death, death certification accuracy and completeness,
advancing age of the population with multiple conditions as well as
death certificate coding practice could have affected secular trends of
CHD mortality rates. However, the lack of noticeable shifts within
the cardiovascular category or with another category makes it difficult
for the CHD decline to be artefactual."
Correspondence: R.
Guibert, Universite de Montreal, Faculte de Medecine, Groupe de
Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Sante, C.P. 128, Succursale A,
Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
57:20191 India.
Office of the Registrar General. Vital Statistics Division (New Delhi,
India). Survey of causes of death (rural): annual report
1988. Series 3, No. 21, Jul [1990]. 69 pp. New Delhi, India. In
Eng.
This is the twenty-first in an annual series of reports
presenting results from a survey of causes of death in rural areas of
India. The 1988 survey included 1,305 primary health center villages.
The data concern mortality from 10 major causes of death and are
provided by state, age, and sex.
For a previous report for 1987, see
56:10172.
Correspondence: Office of the Registrar General,
Vital Statistics Division, New Delhi 110 066, India. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20192 India.
Office of the Registrar General. Vital Statistics Division (New Delhi,
India). Survey of causes of death (rural): annual report
1989. Series 3, No. 22, Jan 1991. 54 pp. New Delhi, India. In Eng.
This is the twenty-second in a series of annual reports presenting
results from a survey of causes of death in rural India. The 1989
survey included 1,305 primary health centers reporting a total of
21,409 deaths. The data are presented for all India and states and
concern mortality from the 10 major causes by age and sex. Separate
data are included on maternal mortality.
For a previous report for
1988, see elsewhere in this issue.
Correspondence: Office
of the Registrar General, Vital Statistics Division, New Delhi 110 066,
India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20193 Kogevinas,
Manolis. Longitudinal study: socio-demographic
differences in cancer survival. Series LS, No. 5, ISBN
0-11-691289-8. 1990. xiii, 97 pp. Office of Population Censuses and
Surveys [OPCS]: London, England. In Eng.
"This report uses data
from the LS [Longitudinal Study] to describe patterns of survival after
cancer registration, in particular differences in survival between
groups with different social and demographic characteristics. The data
are derived from the 1971 Census, the National Cancer Registration
Scheme, from death registrations and from notifications of embarkations
to the National Health Service Central Register at Southport....This
report describes for the first time at a national level detailed
survival patterns for England and Wales according to cancer site and
variations according to housing tenure, social class, economic
position, marital status and region of
residence."
Correspondence: Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, Publications Centre, PO Box 276, London SW8 5DT, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20194 Larsen,
Ulla. Short-term fluctuations in death by cause,
temperature, and income in the United States, 1930-1985. Social
Biology, Vol. 37, No. 3-4, Fall-Winter 1990. 172-87 pp. Madison,
Wisconsin. In Eng.
"Disclosures that this decade has had the five
hottest years ever recorded globally raise concern that extreme
temperatures might be associated with higher mortality. An analysis of
fluctuations in annual cause-specific deaths, seasonal temperatures,
and annual income per capita in Massachusetts, Michigan, Washington,
Utah, North Carolina, and Mississippi, 1930 to 1985, suggest that, on
the contrary, a temperature increase throughout the year was associated
with fewer deaths from all causes combined, including deaths from
infectious diseases, heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases,
pneumonia, and influenza....The only category of deaths showing no
significant association was death from malignant
neoplasms....Controlling for annual fluctuations in income per capita
did not influence the relationship between temperature and mortality.
There was evidence suggesting that the level of wealth ameliorated the
fatal effects of extreme temperatures."
Correspondence: U.
Larsen, State University of New York, Department of Sociology, Stony
Brook, NY 11790. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
57:20195 Lessa,
Ines. Productive years of life lost in Brazil due to
cardiovascular mortality. [Anos produtivos de vida perdidos no
Brasil, por mortalidade cardiovascular.] Boletin de la Oficina
Sanitaria Panamericana, Vol. 110, No. 2, Feb 1991. 118-25 pp.
Washington, D.C. In Por. with sum. in Eng.
"Based on Brazilian
Government official statistics for 1985, an estimate was made of the
number of productive years of life lost due to cardiovascular premature
mortality (ages 15 to 59). Data were corrected by the proportion of
the population actually engaged in work activities during 1985....The
average years of productive life lost per person were 12.5 for males
and 13.4 for females." Differences by sex and by region are
analyzed.
Correspondence: I. Lessa, Universidade Federal da
Bahia, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Rua Padre Feijo, 29-4o
Andar, 40000 Salvador, Brazil. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
57:20196 Li, Guohua;
Baker, Susan P. A comparison of injury death rates in
China and the United States, 1986. American Journal of Public
Health, Vol. 81, No. 5, May 1991. 605-9 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
Mortality rates from injury in the United States and China are
compared for 1986. "The age-adjusted death rate from all injuries for
China exceeds the rate for the U.S. (69.0 vs 61.3 per 100,000). The
U.S. has higher death rates from motor vehicle crashes, fires, and
homicide; China has greater mortality from drowning, poisoning, falls,
and suicide. Especially noteworthy in China are the high drowning
rates among young children and the elderly and the high suicide rates
in rural areas among young adults and the
elderly."
Correspondence: G. Li, Johns Hopkins School of
Hygiene and Public Health, Injury Prevention Center, 624 North
Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205. Location: Princeton University
Library (SZ).
57:20197 Matos,
Elena L.; Parkin, Donald M.; Loria, Dora I.; Vilensky, Marta.
Geographical patterns of cancer mortality in Argentina.
International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 19, No. 4, Dec 1990. 860-70
pp. Oxford, England. In Eng.
"Mortality rates in 1980, for the
major cancer sites, are presented for Argentina as a whole, and for the
22 provinces, the capital city, and the southern territories. In
comparison with other countries, national mortality rates are high for
oesophageal cancer and cancer of the larynx, and moderately elevated
for cancers of the lung, colon, breast, and bladder in males....There
were marked geographical variations, quite different in the two sexes,
in the mortality from oesophageal cancer. It is suggested that,
although some of these variations within Argentina may be related to
ethnic differences and patterns of migration from neighbouring
countries, for the majority the explanations must lie in different
exposures to environmental or lifestyle factors, such as
diet."
Correspondence: E. L. Matos, Instituto de Oncologia
Angel H Roffo, Avda San Martin 4581, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20198 Menotti,
A.; Keys, A.; Kromhout, D.; Nissinen, A.; Blackburn, H.; Fidanza, F.;
Giampaoli, S.; Karvonen, M. J.; Pekkanen, J.; Punsar, S.; Seccareccia,
F. Twenty-five-year mortality from coronary heart disease
and its prediction in five cohorts of middle-aged men in Finland, the
Netherlands, and Italy. Preventive Medicine, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1990.
270-8 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Five cohorts of men ages
40-59 [from Finland, the Netherlands, and Italy]...were examined and
evaluated for cardiovascular risk factors in 1959-1960 and subsequently
followed-up for mortality over the next 25 years. Age-adjusted death
rates from coronary heart disease were highest in Finland (244 per
1,000), intermediate in The Netherlands (195 per 1,000), and lowest in
Italy (122 per 1,000) with a twofold range between the
extremes."
Correspondence: A. Menotti, Istituto Superiore
di Sanita, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rome, Italy.
Location: University of Pennsylvania, Medical Library,
Philadelphia, PA.
57:20199 Menotti,
Alessandro; Keys, Ancel; Aravanis, Christ; Blackburn, Henry; Dontas,
Anastasios; Fidanza, Flaminio; Karvonen, Martti J.; Kromhout, Daan;
Nedeljkovic, Srecko; Nissinen, Aulikki; Pekkanen, Juha; Punsar, Sven;
Seccareccia, Fulvia; Toshima, Hironori. Seven countries
study. First 20-year mortality data in 12 cohorts of six
countries. Annals of Medicine, Vol. 21, 1989. 175-9 pp. Helsinki,
Finland. In Eng.
This is a preliminary report on total and coronary
mortality in 12 cohorts from 6 countries studied over a 20-year period.
Data are for 8,287 men aged 40 to 59 at entry examination from
Finland, the Netherlands, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Japan. Risk
factors including blood pressure, cholesterol levels, smoking, age, and
nutrition are discussed as they affect heart disease and death from
other causes.
Correspondence: A. Menotti, Istituto
Superiore di Sanita, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome-Nomentano, Italy. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20200
Munoz-Perez, Francisco; Nizard, Alfred. Alcohol,
tobacco, mortality. [Alcool, tabac, mortalite.] Population et
Societes, No. 254, Feb 1991. [4] pp. Institut National d'Etudes
Demographiques [INED]: Paris, France. In Fre.
The authors review
the current situation in France concerning mortality associated with
the use of alcohol and tobacco. They note that mortality associated
with smoking continues to increase, whereas alcohol-linked mortality is
in decline. They also note that in 1985, one death in six was due to
alcohol or tobacco use.
Correspondence: Institut National
d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14,
France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20201 Pugh,
Helena; Power, Christine; Goldblatt, Peter; Arber, Sara.
Women's lung cancer mortality, socio-economic status and changing
smoking patterns. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 10,
1991. 1,105-10 pp. Elmsford, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"Mortality data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study were used to
determine whether the conventional classification of married women by
their husband's occupation under-estimates the extent of social
differences in lung cancer among this group. Differences existed for
social class measures but alternatives based on housing tenure and car
access defined socio-economic differences wider than any other
previously recorded for England and Wales: married women living in
rented housing and without a car were two and a half times as likely to
die from lung cancer than those in owner occupied housing with access
to a car....[The data also suggest] that wide differences in mortality
are likely to persist through the eighties and
beyond."
Correspondence: C. Power, Institute of Child
Health, Department of Paediatric Epidemiology, Child Health Monitoring
Unit, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (PR).
57:20202 Rosenberg,
Philip S.; Gail, Mitchell H. Backcalculation of flexible
linear models of the human immunodeficiency virus infection curve.
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C: Applied
Statistics, Vol. 40, No. 2, 1991. 269-82 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The authors present a regression approach to the backcalculation of
flexible linear models of the HIV infection curve. They note that
"because expected AIDS incidence can be expressed as a linear function
of unknown parameters, regression methods may be used to obtain
parameter and covariance estimates for a variety of interesting
quantities, such as the expected number of people infected in previous
time intervals and the projected AIDS incidence in future time
intervals. We exploit these ideas to show that estimates based on
maximum likelihood are, for practical purposes, equivalent to
approximate estimates based on quasi-likelihood and on Poisson
regression. These algorithms are readily implemented on a personal
computer." These concepts are illustrated by projecting AIDS incidence
in the United States up to 1993.
Correspondence: P. S.
Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute, Biostatistics Branch, Executive
Plaza North, Room 403, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20892.
Location: Princeton University Library (PF).
57:20203 Shai,
Donna. Cancer mortality in Cuba and among the Cuban-born
in the United States: 1979-81. Public Health Reports, Vol. 106,
No. 1, Jan-Feb 1991. 68-73 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"The
Cuban-born population of the United States, enumerated at 608,000 in
the 1980 census, has been little studied with regard to cancer
mortality. Being older and rarely migrating back to Cuba, Cuban
Americans present a good subject for comparative cancer mortality.
Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of cancer are compared in
this paper for Cubans in Cuba, the Cuban-born in the United States, and
all whites in the United States."
Correspondence: D. Shai,
Villanova University, Department of Sociology, Villanova, PA 19085.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20204 Smith,
Perry F.; Mikl, Jaromir; Hyde, Sue; Morse, Dale L. The
AIDS epidemic in New York State. American Journal of Public
Health, Vol. 81, Suppl., May 1991. 54-60 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"New York State reported some of the first AIDS cases and has the
highest number of cases in the nation, mostly from New York City. This
report describes the AIDS epidemic statewide and compares it with the
epidemic in the rest of the nation. It also compares data from the
state's Newborn HIV Seroprevalence Study with AIDS surveillance data
for women."
Correspondence: P. F. Smith, New York State
Department of Health, Center for Community Health, AIDS Epidemiology
Program, Albany, NY. Location: Princeton University Library
(SZ).
57:20205 Stolley,
Paul D. When genius errs: R. A. Fisher and the lung
cancer controversy. American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 133,
No. 5, Mar 1, 1991. 416-28 pp. Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
"R. A.
Fisher's work on lung cancer and smoking is critically reviewed. The
controversy is placed in the context of his career and personality.
Although Fisher made invaluable contributions to the field of
statistics, his analysis of the causal association between lung cancer
and smoking was flawed by an unwillingness to examine the entire body
of data available and prematurely drawn conclusions. His views may
also have been influenced by personal and professional conflicts, by
his work as a consultant to the tobacco industry, and by the fact that
he was himself a smoker." A comment by J. P. Vandenbroucke (pp. 426-7)
and a reply by the author (p. 428) are included.
For related paper
by H. J. Eysenck, see elsewhere in this issue.
Correspondence: P. D. Stolley, University of Pennsylvania
School of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, 220-L Nursing Education
Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6095. Location: Princeton
University Library (SZ).
57:20206 Thornton,
Russell; Miller, Tim; Warren, Jonathan. American Indian
population recovery following smallpox epidemics. American
Anthropologist, Vol. 93, No. 1, Mar 1991. 28-45 pp. Washington, D.C. In
Eng.
The demographic impact of diseases introduced into American
Indian populations following European contact is explored. The authors
analyze the effects of diseases such as smallpox on gross mortality
rates as well as on the age structure of mortality, the role of
fertility in population change, and the interaction of fertility and
mortality. They present simulations designed to clarify changes in
American Indian population size following hypothetical episodes of
smallpox.
Correspondence: R. Thornton, University of
California, Department of Sociology, Berkeley, CA 94720.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
57:20207 United
States. Centers for Disease Control [CDC] (Atlanta, Georgia).
Smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life
lost--United States, 1988. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
Vol. 40, No. 4, Feb 1, 1991. 62-71 pp. Atlanta, Georgia. In Eng.
"In this report, mortality data and estimates of smoking prevalence
for 1988 are used to calculate smoking-attributable mortality (SAM),
years of potential life lost (YPLL), and age-adjusted SAM and YPLL
rates for the United States....Based on these calculations, in 1988,
approximately 434,000 deaths and 1,199,000 YPLL before age 65
(6,028,000 before age 85) were attributable to cigarette
smoking...."
Correspondence: Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402-9235.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20208 Vallin,
Jacques; Mesle, France. The causes of death in France,
1925-1978: reclassification according to the Eighth Revision of the
International Classification of Diseases. In: Measurement and
analysis of mortality: new approaches, edited by Jacques Vallin, Stan
D'Souza, and Alberto Palloni. 1990. 295-327 pp. Oxford University
Press: New York, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"Elsewhere, we
proposed a method for reclassifying deaths according to two criteria,
aetiology and anatomy....and we have [produced] an
aetiological-anatomical reclassification of all deaths in France
between 1925 and 1978....In proceeding with this study, we undertook an
intermediate operation, which....was the reclassification of all deaths
in France between 1925 and 1978 according to the Eighth Revision of the
ICD [International Classification of Diseases]....This chapter
describes the difficulties we encountered in the course of this
intermediate stage and procedures we adopted for dealing with them. In
section 1 we describe the problems in establishing consistency between
successive revisions of the ICD; in Section 2 we outline the
reconstruction of the complete statistical series based on the Eighth
Revision of the ICD; and in Section 3 we discuss the treatment of
ill-defined or unspecified causes of death."
For related studies by
Vallin and Mesle, published in 1984 and 1988, see 51:10222 and
55:10209.
Correspondence: J. Vallin, Institut National
d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14,
France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20209 Way, Peter
O.; Stanecki, Karen. The demographic impact of an AIDS
epidemic on an African country: application of the iwgAIDS model.
CIR Staff Paper, No. 58, Feb 1991. xii, 69 pp. U.S. Bureau of the
Census, Center for International Research: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This report presents the results of the application of the iwgAIDS
mathematical model of the AIDS epidemic to data representative of a
subSaharan African country. The primary focus of the study is the
demographic impact of an AIDS epidemic, although other important
implications are discussed." The results indicate that population will
continue to grow in both rural and urban areas even with the AIDS
epidemic. However, by the end of the 25-year period, the population
will be about 5 percent smaller than projected in the absence of AIDS.
By the end of the 25-year period, AIDS will reduce urban life
expectancy by some 18 years.
Correspondence: U.S. Bureau of
the Census, Center for International Research, Washington, D.C. 20233.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
57:20210 Welsch,
H. Maternal mortality. [Mutterliche Mortalitat.]
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Vol. 245, No. 1-4, 1989. 321-8
pp. Berlin, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger.
Trends in
maternal mortality in East and West Germany, England and Wales, and
Austria are examined for the period 1953-1987. Differences in the
registration of maternal mortality in these countries are
discussed.
Location: New York Academy of Medicine.
57:20211 Whittemore,
A. S.; Gong, G. Poisson regression with misclassified
counts: application to cervical cancer. Journal of the Royal
Statistical Society, Series C: Applied Statistics, Vol. 40, No. 1,
1991. 81-93 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"Errors in disease
classification can give misleading inferences for covariate effects
when the probability of error is itself related to the covariates.
More accurate inferences are possible using supplemental data on both
true and fallible disease counts at various covariate levels. We
present a method for incorporating such supplemental data into disease
rate regression and use it to show that, although observed intercountry
differences in European cervical cancer mortality rates are exaggerated
by errors in death certification, they are not completely explained by
such errors." The data concern Belgium, England and Wales, France, and
Italy.
Correspondence: A. S. Whittemore, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Department of Health Research and
Policy, Stanford, CA 94305-5092. Location: Princeton
University Library (PF).
