56:10358 Bennett,
Neil G.; Bloom, David E.; Craig, Patricia H. The
divergence of black and white marriage patterns. American Journal
of Sociology, Vol. 95, No. 3, Nov 1989. 692-722 pp. Chicago, Illinois.
In Eng.
"This article examines the patterns and determinants of
first marriage among black and white women in the United States. Three
major differences exist between the first-marriage patterns of black
and white women: (1) lower proportions of blacks marry than whites;
(2) the proportion of women who ever marry has declined substantially
across cohorts for blacks but modestly across cohorts for whites; and
(3) while increased education is associated negatively, if slightly,
with the probability of ever marrying among whites, it is associated
positively among blacks. The observed racial divergence is consistent
with three factors experienced differentially by blacks and whites:
the marriage squeeze, labor-market success, and out-of-wedlock
childbearing."
This is a revised version of a paper originally
presented at the 1985 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of
America (see Population Index, Vol. 51, No. 3, Fall 1985, p.
454).
Correspondence: N. G. Bennett, Yale University,
Department of Sociology, Box 1965 Yale Station, New Haven, CT 06520.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPIA).
56:10359 Braun,
Werner. Divorces, 1988. [Ehescheidungen 1988.]
Wirtschaft und Statistik, No. 8, Aug 1989. 508-12 pp. Wiesbaden,
Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger.
Information is presented on
divorces in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1988. Comparative data
for earlier years are also provided. Topics covered include trends over
time; number of marriages and dissolutions of marriage; regional
variations in divorce; divorces by person seeking the divorce, cause,
number of children, and duration of marriage; and remarriage of
divorced persons.
Location: Princeton University Library
(PF).
56:10360 Chan, Luiza
Y. W.; Heaton, Tim B. Demographic determinants of delayed
divorce. Journal of Divorce, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1989. 97-112 pp.
Binghamton, New York. In Eng.
"The purpose of this study is to
identify factors that predict delayed divorce [in the United States].
The findings show that factors which influence marital stability in
general also correlate with delayed divorce in the same direction.
Wife's age at marriage, age of the youngest child, wife's religion,
region of residence, and metropolitan residence have substantial
effects on delayed divorce, but the effects of race, parental divorce,
premarital pregnancy and socioeconomic status are relatively
small."
Correspondence: L. Y. W. Chan, Brigham Young
University, Department of Sociology, Provo, UT 84602.
Location: New York Public Library.
56:10361 Cu,
Jiantang. A brief analysis of marital status from 1984 to
1986, China. Renkou Yanjiu, No. 4, Jul 1988. 32-3 pp. Beijing,
China. In Chi.
The author gives a brief analysis of the marital
status of the Chinese population for the period 1984-1986 based on
official surveys.
Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
56:10362 Dieleman,
F. M.; Schouw, R. J. Divorce, mobility and housing
demand. European Journal of Population/Revue Europeenne de
Demographie, Vol. 5, No. 3, Dec 1989. 235-52 pp. Amsterdam,
Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
The authors analyze the
relationship between divorce and housing in the Netherlands. "We first
describe the increase in the number of divorces since the early
seventies as a context for our subsequent analysis of residential
mobility and housing demand among the divorced. Expectations for
future developments from now till the year 2000 are evaluated. We base
our analysis on the general statistics compiled by the Dutch Central
Bureau of Statistics..., data from the 'National Survey of Housing
Needs' 1981..., and a small survey we conducted in the municipality of
Nieuwegein....As recently as the early seventies, divorce had a
relatively minor impact on the housing market in the Netherlands. But
in the last decade the role of divorce in the process of household
formation and dissolution has grown dramatically [and has had] an
increasing impact on mobility and housing
demand...."
Correspondence: F. M. Dieleman, University of
Utrecht, Department of Geography, P.O. Box 80 115, 3508 TC Utrecht,
Netherlands. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10363 Ferber,
Marianne A.; Sander, William. Of women, men, and divorce:
not by economics alone. Review of Social Economy, Vol. 47, No. 1,
Spring 1989. 15-26 pp. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In Eng.
The authors
"present an empirical exploration of the determinants of marital
dissolution which begins with variables found in economic models but
also incorporates at least one non-economic factor, religion. This
enables us both to examine to what extent this variable adds to the
explanatory power of the model, and also how it interacts with some of
the economic variables. Such evidence lends credence to the view that
norms also influence marital behavior." The geographical focus is on
the United States.
Correspondence: M. A. Ferber, University
of Illinois, Department of Economics, Urbana, IL 61801.
Location: Princeton University Library (PF).
56:10364 Goldman,
Noreen; Pebley, Anne. The demography of polygyny in
Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Reproduction and social organization in
Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Ron J. Lesthaeghe. 1989. 212-37 pp.
University of California Press: Berkeley, California/London, England.
In Eng.
"In this chapter, we investigate the contributions of age
differences between spouses at first marriage and widow remarriage in
permitting high levels of polygyny. We also examine the ways in which
these associations change with different demographic regimes, in order
to determine whether probable declines in future growth rates are
likely to make polygyny more difficult to maintain at current levels.
Our objective, however, is solely to describe the demographic
conditions that allow polygyny to occur. We make no attempt to argue
either that polygyny exists because African societies value universal
marriage of women, or that large age differences and universal marriage
exist to support polygyny." This study is based on 1976 census data
for Cameroon and Senegal.
Correspondence: N. Goldman,
Princeton University, Office of Population Research, 21 Prospect
Avenue, Princeton, NJ 08544-2091. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
56:10365 Heaton, Tim
B. Marital stability throughout the child-rearing
years. Demography, Vol. 27, No. 1, Feb 1990. 54-63 pp. Alexandria,
Virginia. In Eng.
"Although there is evidence that the number and
ages of children influence marital stability, studies have not
systematically tracked the risk of marital disruption throughout the
child-rearing years. This study uses marital and fertility histories
from the June 1985 [U.S.] Current Population Survey to examine this
issue. Continuous-time regression models with ages and numbers of
children as time-varying covariates are estimated. Net of controls for
age of marriage, year of marriage, education, and marital duration,
stability increases with family size up to the third child but starts
to decline as family size reaches five or more children. Aging of
children is disruptive until the youngest child reaches adulthood,
after which marriages become much more
stable."
Correspondence: T. B. Heaton, Brigham Young
University, Department of Sociology, Provo, UT 84602.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10366 Japan.
Institute of Population Problems (Tokyo, Japan). Marriage
dissolution tables for Japanese couples, 1935-1985. Institute of
Population Problems Research Series, No. 257, Jan 5, 1989. 47 pp.
Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
Life tables of marriage dissolution in Japan
are presented. The data also concern marriage duration by year of
marriage, delays in registration of marriage, divorce by duration of
marriage, and the relative chances of ending marriage by death or
divorce. The tables concern marriages in 1935, 1945, and five-year
intervals up to 1985.
Correspondence: Institute of
Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1-2-2
Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10367 Lesthaeghe,
Ron; Kaufmann, Georgia; Meekers, Dominique. The nuptiality
regimes in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Reproduction and social
organization in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Ron J. Lesthaeghe. 1989.
238-337 pp. University of California Press: Berkeley,
California/London, England. In Eng.
Nuptiality regimes in
Sub-Saharan Africa are examined in an attempt to show "the impact of
different schedules of widowhood or divorce and remarriage and of
different levels of fertility on a series of polygyny measures. [Most
of the chapter] is devoted largely to the measurement of regional and
ethnic variations in the actual incidence of polygyny and to the
analysis of the connections with the social organization features used
in Boserup's and Goody's theories....[The authors] assess trends in
ages at first marriage for both sexes and in polygyny levels. The
outcome is that not only the formal demographic potential for polygyny,
but also its actual incidence, show no major sign of decline despite
the widespread trend toward later ages at first marriage for women.
The reasons for the essentially horizontal trend in polygyny are the
age structure effects resulting from accelerations of population growth
and the increase in age at first marriage for
men."
Correspondence: R. Lesthaeghe, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10368 Liu, Zheng;
Goldstein, Sidney; Goldstein, Alice. Urban-rural and
educational differentials in marital status in China. Asian and
Pacific Population Forum, Vol. 3, No. 3, Fall 1989. 9-18, 28-32 pp.
Honolulu, Hawaii. In Eng.
"This article uses cross-tabulated data
from China's 1982 census to assess the effects of urban-rural residence
and educational level on the ages at which men and women have been
marrying. The data also reveal the effects of residence and education
on widowhood, divorce, and current marital status. As expected,
exposure to development, indicated by urban residence and higher
education, is associated with later marriage, but it also increases the
likelihood of ever marrying, especially for men. Women's tendency to
seek social mobility by marrying men from economically more developed
areas results in bachelorhood for a substantial percentage of rural
men, especially those who are illiterate."
Correspondence:
Z. Liu, People's University of China, Population Research Institute, 39
Haidian Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10369 Morocco.
Direction de la Statistique. Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches
Demographiques (Rabat, Morocco). Marriages and divorces:
Rabat wilaya, 1987. [Les mariages et les divorces: wilaya de
Rabat, 1987.] Jul 1989. 39, [18] pp. Rabat, Morocco. In Fre.
Official data on marriage and divorce in the wilaya (administrative
district) of Rabat-Sale, Morocco, is presented. Marriage
characteristics considered include age of both spouses and marital
history at marriage. Divorce characteristics include age, duration of
marriage, number of children, and place of
marriage.
Correspondence: Direction de la Statistique,
Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Demographiques, B.P. 178, Charii Maa
El Ainain, Rabat, Morocco. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
56:10370 Otani,
Kenji. Proportional hazards model analysis of marriage and
first birth probabilities. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of
Population Problems, Vol. 45, No. 2; 191, Jul 1989. 46-50 pp. Tokyo,
Japan. In Jpn.
Marriage and first birth probabilities in Japan are
analyzed using data from the 1987 Ninth National Fertility Survey.
Factors considered include age, occupation, employment status,
educational status, and geographic location.
Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10371 Peuckert,
Rudiger. The commuter marriage as an "alternative" life
style. The spreading of a new form of conjugal and familial "living
arrangement" in the individualized society. [Die Commuter-Ehe als
"alternativer" Lebensstil. Zur Ausbreitung einer neuen Form ehelichen
und familialen "Zusammenlebens" in der individualisierten
Gesellschaft.] Zeitschrift fur Bevolkerungswissenschaft, Vol. 15, No.
2, 1989. 175-87 pp. Wiesbaden, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger.
with sum. in Eng; Fre.
This article deals with trends in commuter
marriages in industrialized countries. "The term commuter marriages
denotes marriages in which both partners pursue a professional career
and are forced to establish two separate households...so that living
together is only possible on weekends or after substantial intervals.
The commuter marriage, offering the advantage that the partners are not
restricted to a narrow regional labour market, represents a further
degree of differentiation of the nuclear family under changed economic
and cultural conditions." Consideration is given to the improvement of
women's status and women's increased participation in the labor force,
especially in professional-level
occupations.
Correspondence: R. Peuckert,
Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Seminar fur Soziologie,
Politikwissenschaft und Didaktik der Geschichte, Waldweg 26, 3400
Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
56:10372 Rahman, M.
Mujibur. Marriage and its consummation in Bangladesh.
Biology and Society, Vol. 6, No. 4, Dec 1989. 159-63 pp. London,
England. In Eng.
The author examines the factors affecting the
length and variations in the delay of marriage consummation in
Bangladesh. The impact of increasing marriage age and higher
educational levels on the decrease in the delay between marriage and
comsummation are discussed. Data are from the 1975-1976 Bangladesh
Fertility Survey.
Correspondence: M. M. Rahman, University
of Chittagong, Department of Statistics, University Post Office,
Chittagong, Bangladesh. Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
56:10373 Timaeus,
Ian; Graham, Wendy. Labor circulation, marriage, and
fertility in Southern Africa. In: Reproduction and social
organization in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Ron J. Lesthaeghe. 1989.
365-400 pp. University of California Press: Berkeley,
California/London, England. In Eng.
This chapter "commences with a
brief description of the development of the migrant labor system within
and between the countries of Southern Africa. Against this background
we discuss the marriage systems of these countries and the effect of
labor circulation on each of the determinants of the proportion of
women of childbearing age who are living in conjugal unions. It is the
household that is the locus of the labor circulation and marriage
systems. The developmental cycle of domestic groups forms a framework
that shapes, and is shaped by, its members' migrant careers, marital
histories, and fertility. Following our analysis of these
interrelationships, we examine the direct impact of labor circulation
on levels of fertility. Finally we discuss the extent to which the
migrant labor system is related to the adoption of modern methods of
contraception in the region, and we assess the prospects for fertility
decline." The geographical focus is on the rural population of
Botswana and Lesotho.
Correspondence: I. Timaeus, London
School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London WC1E
7HT, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10374 Tuncbilek,
Ergul; Ulusoy, Mahir. Consanguinity in Turkey in
1988. Nufusbilim Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Population Studies,
Vol. 11, 1989. 35-46 pp. Ankara, Turkey. In Eng. with sum. in Tur.
The incidence of consanguineous marriage in Turkey is examined,
with a focus on the impact of selected background variables. Data from
the 1988 Fertility and Health Survey conducted by Hacettepe University
are analyzed, and the results are compared with those from the 1983
survey in an attempt to determine how the rapid social change in the
country during that period has affected the rate of consanguineous
marriage. Factors considered include regional distribution, size of
settlement place, birthplace, education, parental consanguinity,
family-arranged marriage, age at first marriage, and payment of bride
money.
Correspondence: E. Tuncbilek, Hacettepe University,
Nufus Etutleri Enstitusu, Hacettepe Parki, Ankara, Turkey.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10375 Uhlenberg,
Peter; Cooney, Teresa; Boyd, Robert. Divorce for women
after midlife. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, Vol. 45,
No. 1, Jan 1990. S3-11 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This study
used data from the U.S. Census, Vital Statistics, and Current
Population Survey to determine current divorce patterns for women aged
40+, project marriage and divorce experiences of future cohorts of
elderly women, and consider the socieconomic correlates of divorce for
middle-aged and older women. Given current marriage, divorce, and
widowhood rates, the findings indicate a marked decline in the
proportion of future elderly women who will be married or widowed, and
a dramatic increase in the proportion who will be divorced. Further,
the data show that the socioeconomic well-being of divorcees is
significantly below that of widowed or married
women."
Correspondence: P. Uhlenberg, University of North
Carolina, Department of Sociology, CB3210, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
Location: Princeton University Library (SW).
56:10376 Als,
G. The crisis of the family as illustrated by
statistics. [La crise de la famille illustree par la statistique.]
Bulletin du STATEC, Vol. 35, No. 5, 1989. 110-20 pp. Luxembourg. In
Fre.
Recent trends concerning the family in Luxembourg are
reviewed. The author examines fertility, marriage, and family
characteristics and the current changes that have caused many to
believe that the institution of the family is in crisis. The causes of
these trends are discussed, and future prospects are
explored.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10377 Altmann,
Michael. What makes a stopping rule sexist?
Mathematical Population Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1990. 145-61 pp. New
York, New York/London, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"Parents'
decisions to have children are modeled by a simple stopping rule that
describes the probability of having another child as a function of the
number of boys and girls already born to the parents. Because the
stopping rule depends on the sex of the offspring, the rule may
introduce a correlation between sex of offspring and the number of
siblings the offspring has. When this is coupled with a correlation
between number of siblings and well-being, a correlation between sex
and well-being may emerge despite equal treatment of the two sexes
within each family. The author provides sufficient conditions on a
stopping rule for it to be sexist in the sense that the average
well-being of one sex is higher than that of the other
sex."
Correspondence: M. Altmann, University of Minnesota,
Division of Health Computer Sciences, Box 511 UMHC, Minneapolis, MN
55455. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10378 Bledsoe,
Caroline; Isiugo-Abanihe, Uche. Strategies of
child-fosterage among Mende grannies in Sierra Leone. In:
Reproduction and social organization in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by
Ron J. Lesthaeghe. 1989. 442-74 pp. University of California Press:
Berkeley, California/London, England. In Eng.
"One of the most
striking institutional features of West African families is that
support for, and benefits from, raising children are rarely borne
exclusively by parents, but are shared by many people. A prime case of
this in West Africa is child-fosterage, in which children are sent to
be raised by nonnatal caretakers: friends, relatives, neighbors, or
patrons....This chapter analyzes one such fosterage relationship:
elderly Mende women in Sierra Leone who take in young children. We
describe how this mitigates the cost of high fertility to childbearers
at times in their lives when raising many young children would pose
difficulties. Conversely, for older women who provide care for
children..., who may be past the age of childbearing--or, indeed,
childless or neglected by their own children--we show that fostering
small children gives them far more possibilities for support than their
own fertility would dictate."
Correspondence: C. Bledsoe,
Northwestern University, Department of Anthropology, Evanston, IL
60201. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10379 Bonvalet,
Catherine. Changing family structures and consequences on
housing in France. In: Referate zum deutsch-franzosischen
Arbeitstreffen auf dem Gebiet der Demographie vom 21. bis 24. September
1987 in Rouen. Materialien zur Bevolkerungswissenschaft, No. 62, 1989.
149-62 pp. Bundesinstitut fur Bevolkerungsforschung: Wiesbaden,
Germany, Federal Republic of. In Eng.
Changes in family structure
in France since 1962 are analyzed, and the effect on housing needs is
assessed. The author finds that "changes in family structures have
created new housing demands which must be taken into account in the
future. Attempts should be made to diversify the stock and encourage
mobility in both the owner-occupied and rented sectors, particularly
the public or local authority rented
sector."
Correspondence: C. Bonvalet, Institut National
d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14,
France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10380 Bumpass,
Larry L.; Sweet, James A. Children's experience in
single-parent families: implications of cohabitation and marital
transitions. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 21, No. 6, Nov-Dec
1989. 256-60 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
Relationships among
unmarried cohabitation, marital disruption, and family structure in the
United States are examined using data from the National Survey of
Families and Households conducted in 1987 and 1988. "In all, 27
percent of nonmarital births between 1970 and 1984 were to cohabiting
couples....About two-thirds of cohabiting couples who had children
during the 1970s eventually married; however, before these children
reach age 16, 56 percent of them are likely to experience the
disruption of their parents' marriage, in comparison with 31 percent of
children born to married parents. Overall, about half of all children
born between 1970 and 1984 are likely to spend some time in a
mother-only family, and more than half of these children reach age 16
without having had a stepfather."
Correspondence: L. L.
Bumpass, University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology,
4412 Social Science Building, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison WI
53706-1393. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10381 Cain,
Mead. Family structure, women's status and fertility
change. In: International Population Conference/Congres
International de la Population, New Delhi, September/septembre 20-27,
1989. Vol. 1, 1989. 181-8 pp. International Union for the Scientific
Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Eng.
"In this paper
I will focus on three links between family structure and fertility
change which I believe are theoretically and empirically important. I
consider first the family as a welfare institution, or rather, the
locus of welfare provision, be it familial or extrafamilial; second,
the degree of gender inequality within the family; and, third,
variations in the boundary of the corporate family
group."
Correspondence: M. Cain, Population Council, One
Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10382 Cochrane,
Susan H.; Khan, M. Ali; Osheba, Ibrahim K. T. Education,
income, and desired fertility in Egypt: a revised perspective.
Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 38, No. 2, Jan 1990.
313-39 pp. Chicago, Illinois. In Eng.
Trends in desired fertility
in Egypt are analyzed using data from the 1980 Egyptian Fertility
Survey. Specifically, the authors use cross-sectional data to examine
how education and income affect desired family size of both husbands
and wives. The method selected for the analysis considers the fact
that there may be more than one decision-maker in each household and
takes into account the dichotomy concerning quality and quantity of
children as well as differences between Lower and Upper rural Egypt and
rural-urban differentials.
Correspondence: S. H. Cochrane,
World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPIA).
56:10383 De Vos,
Susan. The relationship between age and household type in
Sri Lanka. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3,
Autumn 1989. 291-307 pp. Calgary, Canada. In Eng. with sum. in Fre;
Spa.
The author uses household data gathered by the 1975 Sri Lanka
World Fertility Survey to examine the relationship between age and
household type. She notes that Sri Lanka differs from other South
Asian societies in the preference for a modified stem-family system
over a joint-family system. In Sri Lanka, "the proportion living in a
complex family household was lowest among children under 15 years of
age (at 35%) and again at 35-49 (at 36%), and was highest among
individuals 65 years or older (at 74%). However, this differed
significantly by marital status and sex, the overall pattern reflecting
the fact that few children are married, most middle-aged people are
currently married, many old people are formerly married and that
females tend to marry younger but live longer than males."
This is a
revised version of a paper by the author and K. R. Murty, which was
originally presented at the 1983 Annual Meeting of the Population
Association of America (see Population Index, Vol. 49, No. 3, Fall
1983, p. 382).
Correspondence: S. De Vos, University of
Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology, 4412 Social Science
Building, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1393.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
56:10384 Deaton,
Angus. The allocation of goods within the household:
adults, children, and gender. Living Standards Measurement Study
Working Paper, No. 39, Aug 1987. v, 28, 5 pp. World Bank, Population
and Human Resources Department: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The author
presents an empirical procedure that uses household survey data to
examine the allocation of resources within the household by sex in
developing countries. Specifically, it estimates the effects of
additional children on household expenditures for various adult goods
using data from the 1985 Living Standards Survey in the Cote d'Ivoire
(Ivory Coast). The results suggest that "additional children do indeed
reduce the demand for adult goods, but that the effects are identical
for boys and girls. Even so, the allocation of the adult goods
themselves is heavily biased towards adult males....These results are
shown to be robust to alternative empirical procedures as well as to
disaggregation of the Cote d'Ivoire by region. Analysis of the demand
for food shows that there is little evidence of any sex-bias in the
allocation of food."
Correspondence: World Bank, Welfare
and Human Resources Division, Population and Human Resources
Department, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10385 Denton,
Frank T.; Spencer, Byron G. Macro-effects of changes in
household preferences for children. Simulated history and future time
paths. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1989.
165-88 pp. New York, New York/Berlin, Germany, Federal Republic of. In
Eng.
"The basic ideas underlying the analysis in this paper are
that family size can be viewed as an economic life cycle decision and
that there are decision trade-offs among fertility, consumption, and
leisure. A micromodel of life cycle choice is developed and embedded
in an economic-demographic macromodel. The macromodel is then used in
a series of computer experiments to assess the effects on the
population and the economy of changes in household preferences for
children. The experiments include 'factual' and 'counterfactual'
simulations of Canadian historical demographic experience and
simulations of alternative future scenarios. The analysis and
conclusions have general relevance for countries that have been through
a fertility boom-and-bust sequence."
Correspondence: F. T.
Denton, McMaster University, Department of Economics, Hamilton, Ontario
L8S 4M4, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10386 Duraisamy,
P. An econometric analysis of fertility, child schooling
and labour force participation of women in rural Indian
households. Journal of Quantitative Economics, Vol. 4, No. 2, Jul
1988. 293-316 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"A household choice model,
based on the new theory of consumer behaviour, is derived to analyse
families' joint decisions concerning family size, investment in child
schooling and labour force participation of wife. The comparative
static properties of the model are examined and the theoretical
predictions are empirically tested within a simultaneous equations
system using rural household data [from India]. The empirical results,
in general, confirm the a priori expectations of the model and also
suggest that economic variables, namely wages (opportunity cost of
time) and income are important in explaining the demographic and
economic behaviour of the rural
households."
Correspondence: P. Duraisamy, University of
Madras, Department of Econometrics, Madras 600 005, India.
Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington,
D.C.
56:10387 Durr,
Jean-Michel; Audirac, Pierre-Alain. Large families in
France at the 1982 census. In: Referate zum deutsch-franzosischen
Arbeitstreffen auf dem Gebiet der Demographie vom 21. bis 24. September
1987 in Rouen. Materialien zur Bevolkerungswissenschaft, No. 62, 1989.
119-26 pp. Bundesinstitut fur Bevolkerungsforschung: Wiesbaden,
Germany, Federal Republic of. In Eng.
Results concerning family
size from the 1982 census of France are briefly reviewed.
Consideration is given to the overall decrease in the number of large
families, the growth in the proportion of large families headed by
foreign men, the labor force activity of fathers of large families,
regional differentials, and dwelling
conditions.
Correspondence: J.-M. Durr, Institut National
de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, 18 boulevard Adolphe
Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
56:10388 Florez,
Carmen E. Changing women's status and fertility decline in
Colombia. In: International Population Conference/Congres
International de la Population, New Delhi, September/septembre 20-27,
1989. Vol. 1, 1989. 189-200 pp. International Union for the Scientific
Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Eng.
"The objective
in this paper...is to compare the lives of two groups of urban and
rural [Colombian] women representing the behaviour before and after the
demographic transition. The comparison is made by examining changes
between the two cohorts in the different stages of the process of
family formation and expansion, and by documenting the effects of
women's status on the different demographic transitions characterising
the family formation process. Because of the large differences in
income existing in the country, three socioeconomic strata are
considered both in urban and rural areas."
Correspondence:
C. E. Florez, Universidad de Los Andes, Centro de Estudios sobre
Desarrollo Economico, Bogota, Colombia. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
56:10389 Gordon,
Chris. The Bevolkingsregisters and their use in analysing
the co-residential behaviour of the elderly. NIDI Report, No. 9,
1989. vii, 118 pp. Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute
[NIDI]: The Hague, Netherlands. In Eng.
The author utilizes Dutch
population registers to reconstitute households in the past and to
project future trends, with a focus on the household structure of the
elderly and the importance of kin in their living arrangements.
Findings indicate that the elderly show a high degree of independent
living and that familial support cannot be adequately assessed by
examining household composition. The author encourages a broad
contemporary investigation into familial support as well as an
understanding of historical experience to determine government
expenditures for the care of the elderly.
Correspondence:
NIDI, P.O. Box 11650, Lange Houtstraat 19, 2502 AR The Hague,
Netherlands. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10390 Grundy,
Emily. Demographic change, household evolution and housing
needs: England and Wales. In: Contemporary research in population
geography: a comparison of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands,
edited by John Stillwell and Henk J. Scholten. 1989. 148-58 pp. Kluwer
Academic: Boston, Massachusetts/Dordrecht, Netherlands. In Eng.
The
author "describes the effect of demographic trends on household
formation and housing demand in Britain. Two groups are discussed in
more detail; the young and the elderly. These groups are of particular
interest because they constitute the two main groups either entering
the housing market for the first time through household formation, or
leaving it altogether through household dissolution. Other trends,
such as household fission, will also continue to influence housing
demand." Life cycle stages in household formation and development and
secular changes in housing composition are
discussed.
Correspondence: E. Grundy, King's College, Age
Concern Institute of Gerontology, Chelsea Campus, 552 Kings Road,
London SW10 0UA, England. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
56:10391 Haskey,
John. Families and households of the ethnic minority and
white populations of Great Britain. Population Trends, No. 57,
Autumn 1989. 8-19 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"This article
examines the family and household composition of the different ethnic
minority populations in terms of the numbers of persons per household,
dependent children per family, families by type--including lone parent
families--and the demographic characteristics of heads of families.
Some results are also presented for each ethnic group of the extent to
which multi-family households are effectively extended families. On
all these topics, corresponding results are presented for the White and
total populations."
Correspondence: J. Haskey, Office of
Population Censuses and Surveys, Demographic Analysis and Vital
Statistics Division, St. Catherines House, 10 Kingsway, London WC2 6JP,
England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10392
Hendershott, Patric H.; Smith, Marc T. Transfer
programs and aggregate household formations. Population Research
and Policy Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, Sep 1989. 227-45 pp. Dordrecht,
Netherlands. In Eng.
"The number of households in the United States
increased by over fifty percent in the 1960s and 1970s, nearly double
the rate of population growth. Part of the increase is explained by
the movement of large cohort groups of the population into prime
household-forming age categories, but higher headship rates also
contribute. Age-specific headship rate increases result from
non-demographic factors, and this paper focuses on the role of
government transfer payment programs. Specifically considered are
Social Security, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and Food
Stamps. These programs are found to have accounted for as many as 4
million net household formations between 1961 and 1984. The findings
have implications for expected household formations in the
1990s."
Correspondence: P. H. Hendershott, Ohio State
University, Department of Finance, 1775 College Road, Columbus, OH
43210. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10393 Hirosima,
Kiyosi. Does very low fertility accelerate
nuclearization? Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population
Problems, No. 189, Jan 1989. 42-6 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
The
author estimates the impact of different fertility levels on the trend
toward the establishment of the nuclear family in
Japan.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10394 Hooimeijer,
Pieter; Linde, Marianne. Demographic change, household
evolution and housing needs: the Netherlands. In: Contemporary
research in population geography: a comparison of the United Kingdom
and the Netherlands, edited by John Stillwell and Henk J. Scholten.
1989. 158-71 pp. Kluwer Academic: Boston, Massachusetts/Dordrecht,
Netherlands. In Eng.
The authors "concentrate on household
evolution over the period 1960-1981 in the Netherlands and on the
housing market behaviour of the different types of households which
have come into existence as a result of this evlolution. Before
turning to these issues they provide some insight into the data
available for the analyses. They conclude by making a tentative
speculation about the future and stating some policy implications."
Housing needs are discussed and household changes during the life cycle
are described, including formation, expansion, contraction, and
dissolution.
Correspondence: P. Hooimeijer,
Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, Geografisch Instituut, Postbus 80115, 3508
TC Utrecht, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
56:10395 Kojima,
Hiroshi. Coresidence of young adults with their parents in
Japan: do sib size and birth order matter? Institute of
Population Problems Working Paper Series, No. 2, Jul 1989. 43 pp.
Institute of Population Problems: Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
"This paper
examines the effects of sib size and birth order on the coresidence of
never-married youth with their parents in Japan, where eldest sons are
often expected to live with their parents after marriage. Logistic
regressions are performed using the data from 1982 National Fertility
Survey (Single Youth Survey) conducted by the Institute of Population
Problems in Tokyo. While sib size has a significant and negative
effect among both sexes, eldest-child status has a significant and
positive effect among males only. Age affects coresidence positively
among males but negatively among females. Unexpectedly,
self-employment of father has a significant and negative effect among
both sexes, though that of youth has a significant and positive effect
among males."
This paper was originally presented at the 1988 Annual
Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index,
Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 511-2).
Correspondence: Institute of
Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1-2-2
Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-45, Japan. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10396 Kojima,
Hiroshi. Determinants of perinuptial parent-child
coresidence in Japan: an analytical framework. Institute of
Population Problems Working Paper Series, No. 3, Aug 1989. 33 pp.
Institute of Population Problems: Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
"In this
paper I...propose a theoretical framework for the analysis of
determinants of parent-child coresidence in Japan at the following two
life course stages surrounding marriage: prenuptial adult and early
postnuptial stages. I focus on these two stages because the
coresidence at the latter is found to have significant effects on
nuptiality and fertility in Japan....Prenuptial coresidence of each
spouse should also have effects on these demographic behaviors because
it is observed to affect postnuptial
coresidence...."
Correspondence: Institute of Population
Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-45, Japan. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
56:10397 Lehrer,
Evelyn L. Preschoolers with working mothers: an analysis
of the determinants of child care arrangements. Journal of
Population Economics, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1989. 251-68 pp. New York, New
York/Berlin, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Eng.
"This research
examines the determinants of child care mode choice for the
preschool-age children of working mothers. Attention is focused on two
main questions. First, do increases in economic resources raise the
likelihood that center care arrangements will be employed? And second,
is there a quality-quantity tradeoff in the context of child care? A
multinomial logit analysis of data on preschoolers from the 1982
National Survey of Family Growth (conducted in the United States)
yields positive answers to both of these
questions."
Correspondence: E. L. Lehrer, University of
Illinois, Department of Economics, P.O. Box 4348, Chicago, IL 60680.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10398 Levine,
David. Reproducing families: the political economy of
English population history. Themes in the Social Sciences, ISBN
0-521-33256-7. LC 86-26372. 1987. x, 251 pp. Cambridge University
Press: New York, New York/Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"Reviewing
the course of English population history from 1066 to the present, this
book challenges current orthodoxies about the evolution of English
family forms, and offers a bold new interpretation of the
inter-connections between social, economic, demographic, and family
history." The focus of the study is on how changes in the labor process
affected family formation. "The author argues that the explosive
transformations of family and demography that occurred between 1780 and
1815 were the culmination of a protracted transition from a feudal to a
capitalist social structure; and that the post-1870 decline in marital
fertility took place within a context of demographic, familial, social
and political adjustments which were themselves a response to the
earlier population explosion." The author also offers a new
interpretation of the data provided in Wrigley and Schofield's "The
Population History of England".
Correspondence: Cambridge
University Press, 32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.
56:10399 Marcoux,
Richard; Mongeau, Jael. Did your household have a new
"boss" between 1971 and 1981? [Votre menage a-t-il change de
"boss" entre 1971 et 1981?] Cahiers Quebecois de Demographie, Vol. 18,
No. 1, Spring 1989. 115-36 pp. Montreal, Canada. In Fre. with sum. in
Eng; Spa.
"The number of women head of the household has more than
doubled in Canada between 1971 and 1981. This paper investigates to
what extent this increase may be imputed to changes in household
structure (for instance, the rise in the number of lone-parent
families) and to what extent it may be due to the introduction, in
1981, of a new concept to identify the person who is 'head' of the
household....The existence of wide interprovincial disparities leads to
the hypothesis that the change of concept may have had a different
impact according to the characteristics of the household, and of the
spouses."
Correspondence: R. Marcoux, Universite du Quebec,
Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique--Urbanisation, 3465 rue
Durocher, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2C6, Canada. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10400 Menahem,
Georges. The influence of family background on domestic
relationships between spouses. [Les rapports domestiques entre
femmes et hommes s'enracinent dans le passe familial des conjoints.]
Population, Vol. 44, No. 3, May-Jun 1989. 515-30 pp. Paris, France. In
Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
The author examines the impact of
spouses' family background on the relationship between husbands and
wives in families with children. The data concern France and are from
a sample of 1,739 households with children, which was taken from a
survey on fertility and living standards undertaken in
1981.
Correspondence: G. Menahem, Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche sur l'Epargne, le
Patrimoine et les Inegalites, 26 rue Boyer, 75971 Paris Cedex, France.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10401 Nelissen,
J. H. M.; Vossen, A. P. Projecting household dynamics: a
scenario-based microsimulation approach. European Journal of
Population/Revue Europeenne de Demographie, Vol. 5, No. 3, Dec 1989.
253-79 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"Two
methods are brought together to estimate and analyse future household
structure [in the Netherlands]. Application of a scenario method
results in the construction of differing context scenarios. These
context scenarios function as alternative societal environments of the
future household system. Given these context scenarios and,
tentatively derived, general hypotheses relating relevant elements of
the context scenarios and household processes, future input parameters
of the household model are postulated. Subsequently, microsimulation
is used to calculate the future household structure. Emphasis in the
article is on methodology, rather than on substantive issues which have
a mainly illustrative function."
Correspondence: J. H. M.
Nelissen, Tilburg University, Department of Sociology, P.O. Box 90153,
5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
56:10402 Page,
Hilary J. Childrearing versus childbearing: coresidence
of mother and child in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Reproduction and
social organization in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Ron J. Lesthaeghe.
1989. 401-41 pp. University of California Press: Berkeley,
California/London, England. In Eng.
The authors examine the
prevalence of nonmaternal child rearing and its determinants in
Sub-Saharan Africa. Nonmaternal residence of children is found to be a
widespread phenomenon with implications for fertility and child health.
The findings "confirm the fundamental importance of family systems, as
opposed to education and, to a lesser extent, urbanization, in
determining the prevalence of nonmaternal residence....The overwhelming
importance of lineage and marriage patterns for the level of child
circulation is of considerable importance because it suggests that
child circulation and proparenthood are likely to remain common for
quite a long time. In general, family systems and the underlying
familial values they reflect change much more slowly than such
socioeconomic characteristics as educational and occupational diversity
or urbanization." Data are from World Fertility Surveys for Cameroon,
Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, and Sudan.
This is a
revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1986 Annual
Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index,
Vol. 52, No. 3, Fall 1986, pp. 459-60).
Correspondence: H.
J. Page, Rijksuniversiteit te Gent, Department of Sociology,
St.-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10403 Petrov, P.
P.; Kasymova, G. P. Medico-demographic characteristics of
young large families in the Kazakh SSR. [Mediko-demograficheskaya
kharakteristika molodykh mnogodetnykh semei v Kazakhskoi SSR.]
Sovetskoe Zdravookhranenie, No. 12, 1988. 29-33 pp. Moscow, USSR. In
Rus. with sum. in Eng.
Changes in family size in the Kazakh
Republic, USSR, are analyzed. The authors associate the observed trend
toward smaller families with rises in the standard of living, female
employment, and high rates of induced abortion and contraceptive use.
They emphasize the benefits for both parents and children of living in
an extended family, a trend that is widespread in the
region.
Correspondence: P. P. Petrov, 111 Kraevoi Patologii
Minzdrava Kazakhskoi SSR, Alma-Ata, USSR. Location: U.S.
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
56:10404 Poschl,
Hannelore. Forms of living together in 1988. [Formen
des Zusammenlebens 1988.] Wirtschaft und Statistik, No. 10, Oct 1989.
627-34 pp. Wiesbaden, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger.
Household and family characteristics in West Germany are examined
using data from the 1988 microcensus. Information is included on
household members by age group and household size, households by number
and age of children, family relationships within households, one-parent
and two-parent families, and families by age of
children.
Location: Princeton University Library (PF).
56:10405 Ray,
Ranjan. Household composition and optimal commodity taxes:
do demographic variables matter? Journal of Population Economics,
Vol. 1, No. 3, 1988. 213-24 pp. New York, New York/Berlin, Germany,
Federal Republic of. In Eng.
"This paper investigates conditions
under which demographic variables will have no impact on commodity
taxes. We allow nonlinear and nonseparable preferences, a general
demographic demand procedure, and a demogrant scheme linked to the
number of children. Formulae for demographic revision of tax estimates
are presented in a form that can be easily applied, and the only
marginal data requirement is the number of children in the household.
The paper extends an earlier exercise...in avoiding the need for
equivalence scales, and in using a demogrant scheme that is consistent
with current practice in several European countries. The study
confirms the robustness of the earlier discussion to the demogrant
scheme adopted."
Correspondence: R. Ray, Manchester
University, Faculty of Economics and Social Studies, Department of
Econometrics and Social Statistics, Manchester M13 9PL, England.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10406
Schlesinger, Benjamin; Schlesinger, Rachel.
Postponed parenthood: trends and issues. Journal of
Comparative Family Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3, Autumn 1989. 355-63 pp.
Calgary, Canada. In Eng.
Trends in delayed childbearing in the
United States and Canada are discussed, and the literature relevant to
such trends is reviewed. Issues related to postponed parenthood
include biological and economic factors; changes in women's status,
educational achievement, and labor force participation; older age at
marriage; new reproductive and contraceptive technologies; and such
psychological factors as maturity and ability to cope with the stress
of parenthood.
Correspondence: B. Schlesinger, University
of Toronto, Faculty of Social Work, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
56:10407 Shorter,
Edward. Some demographic effects of postmodern family
life. [Einige demographische Auswirkungen des postmodernen
Familienlebens.] Zeitschrift fur Bevolkerungswissenschaft, Vol. 15, No.
3, 1989. 221-33 pp. Wiesbaden, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger.
with sum. in Eng; Fre.
Changes in family structure and
characteristics in developed countries during the past 20 years are
examined. The author attempts to clarify what is meant by "postmodern"
as it applies to the emerging trends in the family and the demographic
effects of these changes.
Correspondence: E. Shorter,
University of Toronto, Department of History, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1,
Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10408
Sotoudeh-Zand, Mahmoud; Malik, Farrukh J.; Najeeb-ur-Rehman,
Agha. The economic value of children: a pilot
survey. 1988. 95 pp. National Institute of Population Studies:
Islamabad, Pakistan. In Eng.
The results of a study on the economic
value of children in Pakistan are presented. Following a description
of the survey methodology, the characteristics of the survey
respondents are outlined, including age and sex distribution, age at
marriage, duration of marriage, income, housing, literacy, and
employment and occupation. The study also compares desired and actual
fertility and the determinants of
fertility.
Correspondence: National Institute of Population
Studies, P.O. Box 2197, Islamabad, Pakistan. Location:
East-West Population Institute, Honolulu, HI.
56:10409 Trost,
Jan. Scandinavian families. Familjerapporter, No. 15,
1990. 32 pp. Uppsala Universitet: Uppsala, Sweden. In Eng.
The
author examines changes in fertility, marriage and divorce patterns,
cohabitation, and employment in Scandinavia and the impact of these
changes on family structure since the mid-nineteenth
century.
Correspondence: Uppsala University, Department of
Sociology, P.O. Box 513, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10410 United
States. Bureau of the Census (Washington, D.C.).
Households, families, marital status, and living arrangements:
March 1989 (advance report). Current Population Reports, Series
P-20: Population Characteristics, No. 441, Nov 1989. 15 pp.
Washington, D.C. In Eng.
Preliminary data on families, households,
marital status, and living arrangements for the United States in March
1989 are presented from the Annual Demographic Supplement to the
Current Population Survey. Retrospective data from 1940 are also
included.
Correspondence: Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10411 Wall,
Richard. Leaving home and living alone: an historical
perspective. Population Studies, Vol. 43, No. 3, Nov 1989. 369-89
pp. London, England. In Eng.
"This paper provides a temporal and
spatial perspective on a variety of household forms in present-day
Europe. Compared with the situation in pre-industrial England, many
more people now live on their own but there are some surprising
continuities in household forms. Notably, pre-industrial households
were no more likely than present-day ones to include distant relatives,
and the recent rise in the proportion of one-person families has simply
returned the position to that produced by early widowhood in the
seventeenth century. Nor has the general increase during recent
decades in the proportion of one-person households reduced the
variation within Europe in the frequency of living alone which remains
much less likely in southern and parts of eastern Europe than in
western Europe and Scandinavia....It is suggested that a standard set
of tables [describing household types] should be agreed and produced
for different national populations."
For a related study, published
in 1988, see 55:20473.
Correspondence: R. Wall, Cambridge
Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, 27
Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1QA, England. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10412 Watanabe,
Yoshikazu. Changes in Japanese households between
five-year intervals. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population
Problems, No. 189, Jan 1989. 31-41 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn. with sum.
in Eng.
The author analyzes recent changes in Japanese household
types. Data are from the 1985 Demographic Survey of Family Life-Course
and Household Change.
Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
56:10413
Wojtkiewicz, Roger A.; McLanahan, Sara S.; Garfinkel,
Irwin. The growth of families headed by women:
1950-1980. Demography, Vol. 27, No. 1, Feb 1990. 19-30 pp.
Alexandria, Virginia. In Eng.
"In this article, we use U.S. census
data from 1950 to 1980 to consider the extent to which population
growth, fertility change, decreased marriage, increased divorce, and
increased household headship have contributed to the growth of
female-headed families. For white women, the major source of growth
during the 1960s and 1970s was an increase in the number of formerly
married mothers due to increased divorce and decreased remarriage.
There is a similar pattern for black women for the 1960-1970 period.
During the 1970-1980 decade, however, the major source of growth for
black women was an increase in the number of never-married mothers due
to decreased marriage and increased fertility among nonmarried
women."
For an earlier version of this paper, published in 1988, see
55:10492.
Correspondence: R. A. Wojtkiewicz, Louisiana
State University, Department of Sociology and Center for Life Course
and Population Studies, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-5411. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
56:10414 Yamamoto,
Chizuko. Statistics on family households in Japan.
Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, No. 189, Jan 1989.
47-50 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
A selection of statistics on
families and households in Japan is presented. The data are from the
1985 census and from a number of surveys undertaken between 1982 and
1986.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
