F. Fertility

F.1. General Fertility

56:10188 Agounke, Akoua; Assogba, Mensan; Anipah, Kodjo. Demographic and Health Survey of Togo, 1988. [Enquete Demographique et de Sante au Togo, 1988.] Dec 1989. xvii, 169 pp. Direction Generale de la Sante, Direction de la Statistique, Unite de Recherche Demographique: Lome, Togo; Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Fre.
Results are presented of the 1988 Demographic and Health Survey of Togo, one in a series being conducted as part of the Institute for Resource Development's DHS program. The data concern 3,360 women aged 15-49. The methodology of the survey is first described. Chapters are included on nuptiality and other factors affecting fertility, fertility, contraception, fertility preferences, and maternal and child health and mortality.
Correspondence: Sidney H. Moore, DHS Program, IRD/Macro, 8850 Stanford Boulevard, Suite 4000, Columbia, MD 21045. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10189 Ainsworth, Martha. Socioeconomic determinants of fertility in Cote d'Ivoire. Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper, No. 53, ISBN 0-8213-1256-1. LC 89-16412. 1989. x, 52 pp. World Bank: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This paper examines the impact of schooling and income on fertility in Cote d'Ivoire [Ivory Coast] using data from the 1985 Cote d'Ivoire Living Standards Survey. The first part presents graphically the correlations between fertility and area of residence, female schooling and household income. The second part estimates a reduced form equation in which the number of children ever born is regressed on the mother's age and schooling, the location of the household and household income variables. This equation is estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS), maximum likelihood Tobit and a Poisson count model." The results suggest that in general, female schooling lowers fertility, while household income raises it.
Correspondence: World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.

56:10190 Aloui, Touhami; Ayad, Mohamed; Fourati, Habib. Demographic and Health Survey in Tunisia, 1988. [Enquete Demographique et de Sante en Tunisie, 1988.] Oct 1989. xx, 224 pp. Ministere de la Sante Publique, Office National de la Famille et de la Population, Direction de la Population: Tunis, Tunisia; Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Fre.
Results are presented from the 1988 Demographic and Health Survey of Tunisia, one in a series being conducted by the Institute for Resource Development in its DHS program. Chapters are included on the country background, survey organization and methodology, the characteristics of the sample surveyed, nuptiality and exposure to risk of pregnancy, fertility, contraception, fertility preferences, infant and child mortality, and maternal and child health. Appendixes deal with the planning of the survey and sampling errors.
Correspondence: IRD/Macro Systems, DHS Program, 8850 Stanford Boulevard, Suite 4000, Columbia, MD 21045. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10191 Aoun, Samar. An assessment of the paired comparison procedure for measuring early changes in fertility in Syria, Tunisia and Yemen Arab Republic. CPS Research Paper, No. 89-2, ISBN 0-902657-26-7. Dec 1989. ii, 38 pp. University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Population Studies: London, England. In Eng.
The paired comparison procedure, or truncation approach, to the life-table analysis of birth intervals is described and applied to fertility data from Syria, Tunisia, and the Yemen. The success of this approach in detecting fertility trends in these three countries is assessed, and ways to improve this method of fertility analysis are suggested.
Correspondence: University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Population Studies, 99 Gower Street, London WC1E 6AZ, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10192 Barkat-e-Khuda; Howaldar, Sushil; Harbison, Sarah P. The impact of development programmes on fertility in Bangladesh. Demography India, Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1988. 1-18 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This paper attempts a quantification of the impact of several major development inputs on contraceptive prevalence and fertility in Bangladesh making use of Bongaarts model of the determinants of fertility to do so....[It is noted] that development programme outputs affect the socio-economic status of households, which affects the demand for children, which in turn is translated into actual fertility behaviour through changes in the proximate determinants....Changes in the socio-economic status of household members (males and females) may directly affect the proximate determinants, which finally affect fertility. The proximate determinants of the Bongaarts model include age at first marriage, proportion of currently married women, postpartum amenorrhoea, breastfeeding, induced abortion, and contraceptive usage. This paper also presents a cost-effectiveness analysis of the relative efficiency of increasing contraceptive prevalence and/or decreasing fertility using increased family planning programme effort."
Correspondence: Barkat-e-Khuda, Dhaka University, Ramma, Dhaka 2, Bangladesh. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10193 Benavente, Jaime. Social change and early fertility decline in Catalonia. European Journal of Population/Revue Europeenne de Demographie, Vol. 5, No. 3, Dec 1989. 207-34 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"This article attempts a description of the fertility and nuptiality patterns of a group of selected localities in Catalonia [Spain] from the late eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century. The pattern of fertility transition in Catalonia can be described as starting from nuptiality conditions of early and quasi-universal marriage. The pattern of nuptiality is preserved throughout the process in its essentials. The transition, then, was largely limited to a decline in marital fertility. The evidence suggests an onset occurring in the 1830s, closer to the French experience than to that of any other Western European country. Finally, the analysis of the 84 local areas supports the proposition that structural factors had a significant effect on both the mid-nineteenth century level of marital fertility and the rate of decline during the 70-year period under study."
Correspondence: J. Benavente, Community Systems Foundation, 1130 Hill Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10194 Berkowitz, Gertrud S.; Skovron, Mary L.; Lapinski, Robert H.; Berkowitz, Richard L. Delayed childbearing and the outcome of pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 322, No. 10, Mar 8, 1990. 659-64 pp. Boston, Massachusetts. In Eng.
The effect of advancing maternal age on the outcome of pregnancy in first births is assessed using data on 3,917 women aged 20 or older in a hospital-based cohort study undertaken in New York City between 1985 and 1987. Women over age 35 had a slightly higher risk of having a low birth-weight infant. "However, there was no evidence that women between 30 and 34 or those 35 and older had an increased risk of having a preterm delivery or of having an infant who was small for gestational age, had a low Apgar score, or died in the perinatal period....This study suggests that although older primiparous women have higher rates of complications of pregnancy and delivery, their risk of a poor neonatal outcome is not appreciably increased."
Correspondence: G. Berkowitz, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1172, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029. Location: Princeton University Library (SZ).

56:10195 Bilsborrow, Richard; Hess, Peter; Tsui, Amy. Linkages between the demand for children, contraceptive use, and fertility: preliminary evidence from Mexico and unresolved issues. In: International Population Conference/Congres International de la Population, New Delhi, September/septembre 20-27, 1989. Vol. 1, 1989. 331-48 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Eng.
"In this paper, we have attempted to describe and empirically test portions of an expanded Easterlin-type synthesis model of the determinants of fertility, taking into account demand factors, supply factors and the costs of fertility regulation, and incorporating community context or structural factors. Considering demand as predetermined...we operationalised and estimated a two-equation recursive model, with the dependent variables being use of contraception and fertility. In the process, we developed and used improved operational measures of several key variables: index of effective use of contraception; (excess) demand for children as a proxy for motivation to use fertility regulation; aspects of fecundity...and exposure to the risk of conception resulting from life-cycle or marital stage...; and two community measures, indexes of physical access to family planning and norms regarding the use of modern methods." Data are from the 1982 National Demographic Survey of Mexico.
Correspondence: R. Bilsborrow, University of North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, University Square 300A, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10196 Blum, Alain. Fertility trends in France in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries--a regional analysis. [L'evolution de la fecondite en France aux XVIIIe et XIXe siecles--analyse regionale.] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 157-77 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
A chronological analysis of the early decline in fertility that occurred in France is presented using a regional approach. "This article studies the family reconstitutions made by INED for 40 villages and presents reconstitutions of period fertility from 1740 to the end of the XIXth century for a set of regions. The time series show that the French Revolution played a central role: a clear-cut break in the fertility trend appears during this period. Normandy is the only one of the regions studied to have started this fertility decline prior to 1789. A more technical problem is then examined, related to an estimation of variance of fertility rates and of completed fertility based on the Coale-Trussell method."
Correspondence: A. Blum, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10197 Bolivia. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (La Paz, Bolivia); Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems. Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS] (Columbia, Maryland). Bolivia: National Demographic and Health Survey, 1989. [Bolivia: Encuesta Nacional de Demografia y Salud, 1989.] Jan 1990. xix, 137 pp. La Paz, Bolivia. In Spa.
Results are presented of the 1989 Demographic and Health Survey of Bolivia, one in a series of surveys being conducted as part of the Institute for Resource Development's DHS program. This survey included 7,923 women aged 15-49 and 5,192 children under five years old. Chapters are included on maternal and child health; nuptiality, breast-feeding, and postpartum amenorrhea; fertility levels and trends; fertility control and contraceptive knowledge and use; and fertility preferences. Details of the survey methodology are also included.
Correspondence: Sidney H. Moore, DHS Program, IRD/Macro, 8850 Stanford Boulevard, Suite 4000, Columbia, MD 21045. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10198 Brunetti, P. M.; Jouhet, P. An attempt to measure fertility in the French population. [Essai de mesure de la fertilite dans la population francaise.] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 35-40 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"The measurement of the biological components of human fertility is not easy when birth-control is widely used. The results discussed in this paper come from a sample of 150 women (aged 29), randomly selected among the electors in two cities of France. For 196 planned pregnancies, the mean time to conception (after cessation of all kinds of birth control) slightly exceeded 4 months. The proportion of long delays seems to be higher for miscarriages than for live births."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10199 Bubnowa, Helena. Demographic swings. Causes, nature, forecasts. [Falowanie demograficzne. Przyczyny, charakter, prognozy.] Studia Demograficzne, No. 1/95, 1989. 35-53 pp. Warsaw, Poland. In Pol. with sum. in Eng; Rus.
The author examines the periodic highs and lows of births in European countries, the republics of the USSR, the United States, Canada, and Japan. Changes in the timing of births among successive female cohorts are analyzed as they affect these "demographic waves".
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10200 Butt, Abdul R. Determinants of fertility: a microeconomic approach. Economic Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1-2, 1988. 11-21 pp. Lahore, Pakistan. In Eng.
The author identifies microeconomic factors affecting the fertility of the individual couple in Pakistan. Theoretical and methodological issues are first addressed. The results of a regression analysis are then presented.
Correspondence: A. R. Butt, University of the Punjab, 1 Shahrah-e-al-Beruni, Lahore, Pakistan. Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.

56:10201 Casterline, John B. The state, social stratification, and fertility transition. In: International Population Conference/Congres International de la Population, New Delhi, September/septembre 20-27, 1989. Vol. 1, 1989. 303-13 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Eng.
"This essay considers the relationship between nation-state formation and fertility transition. The paper has two principal objectives: first, to specify the ways in which the development of the modern state directly and indirectly influences the emergence of a reproductive regime characterised by small family sizes (achieved chiefly through deliberate control of marital fertility); second, to interpret socio-economic differentials in reproductive behaviour...in light of the pervasive determining role of the state with respect to both socio-economic variables and reproduction."
Correspondence: J. B. Casterline, Brown University, Population Studies and Training Center, Box 1916, Providence, RI 02912. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10202 China (Taiwan). Executive Yuan. Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (Taipei, Taiwan). Report on fertility and employment of married women, Taiwan area, Republic of China, 1988. [1989]. [202] pp. Taipei, Taiwan. In Eng; Chi.
This is a report from an annual survey on the fertility and employment of women in Taiwan. Data are included on women aged 15-64 by marital status, whether living with parents after marriage, fertility, and employment status.
Location: East-West Population Institute, Honolulu, HI.

56:10203 Compton, Paul A.; Coward, John. Fertility and family planning in Northern Ireland. ISBN 0-566-05628-3. 1989. xviii, 230 pp. Avebury: Brookfield, Vermont/Aldershot, England. In Eng.
"This book presents the main results of the [1983] Northern Ireland Fertility Survey (NIFS)....A variety of themes have been investigated using the survey data. One major topic concerns the measurement of current levels of fertility and the assessment of recent fertility trends....A second theme concerns the examination of attitudes to fertility and family planning as well as the usage of various forms of contraception....Thirdly, differences within the population regarding attitudes to fertility, use of family planning and actual patterns of fertility have been assessed. In this context, the clearly defined religious differences are an obvious topic for investigation, but variations by socio-economic status [and] region of residence...may also be examined. Fourthly, the survey, by providing data on past trends as well as anticipated family size, provides a means of assessing the future level of fertility. Lastly, the fertility survey provides the first detailed information on certain broader themes of interest concerning, for example, attitudes to abortion legislation and the incidence of mixed marriages."
Correspondence: Avebury, Gower Publishing, Gower House, Croft Road, Aldershot, Hampshire GU11 3HR, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10204 Congdon, Peter. Fertility forecasts and structural interpretations: an application to London and England and Wales. Espace, Populations, Societes, No. 2, 1989. 177-88 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"Time series forecasts of fertility series [for London and for England and Wales] are investigated in terms of control cycles arising from fluctuations in relative cohort size. Use of autoregressive-moving average models applied to fertility series reproduces cycles longer than the generational cycles expected under the classic renewal model, both at national and regional levels. The cohort size effect is explicitly incorporated into a time series model and found to differ by age group of mother, with evidence that large cohorts tend to postpone fertility. The cohort size model is verified against other explanatory variables (e.g. changes in marriage age) and in terms of forecasts within the period of known fertility."
Correspondence: P. Congdon, London Research Centre, Population and Statistics Group, Parliament House, 81 Black Prince Road, London SE1 7SZ, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10205 Consejo Nacional de Poblacion (La Paz, Bolivia); Pathfinder Fund (Watertown, Massachusetts). Women, work, and human reproduction in three urban environments in Bolivia, 1986-1987. [Mujer, trabajo y reproduccion humana en tres contextos urbanos de Bolivia, 1986-1987.] [1989?]. xxv, 260 pp. La Paz, Bolivia. In Spa.
These are the results of a 1986 survey on the relationship between women's work and fertility, carried out in Bolivia's three largest cities, La Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz. The survey involved 2,554 households and interviews with just over 3,000 women of fertile age. The results concern such topics as the role of women in Bolivian urban society; nuptiality characteristics; pregnancy outcomes and fertility; female labor force participation; contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and practice; and an analysis of differential mortality in childhood.
Correspondence: Pathfinder Fund, 9 Galen Street, Suite 217, Watertown, MA 02172. Location: New York Public Library.

56:10206 Dalla Zuanna, Gianpiero. The estimation of fertility and abortion data in small areas. [Stima di dati su fecondita ed abortivita in piccole aree.] Statistica, Vol. 49, No. 1, Jan-Mar 1989. 89-108 pp. Bologna, Italy. In Ita. with sum. in Eng.
The possibilities for obtaining reliable estimates of fertility and of spontaneous and induced abortion for small areas in Italy are examined. The advantages of the own-children method are described, and the method is applied to 1971 and 1981 census data or municipal records for 1986 for the five major cities of the Veneto. "The differences in the results are discussed, comparing estimates of the same years resulting from two different surveys (1971 vs 1981 and 1981 vs 1986), and comparing the own-children estimates with the official statistics." The author then combines hospital data with official statistics in an attempt to provide the best estimates of fertility and abortion.
Correspondence: G. Dalla Zuanna, Istituto Regionale di Studi e Ricerche Economico-Sociali del Veneto, Venice, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10207 Damas, Henriette; Wattelar, Christine. A regional analysis of fertility in Belgium (1961-1981). [Analyse regionale de la fecondite en Belgique (1961-1981).] Espace, Populations, Societes, No. 2, 1989. 215-23 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"Within a generation's span, fertility has declined in Belgium, like in other industrialized countries, to the point that the renewal of the population is not ensured any longer. Regional differences, still very important in 1961, are now diminishing, but the age patterns of fertility have retained some urban or rural characteristics. A comparative analysis of the intensity and tempo of regional fertility has been carried out, based on the age-specific fertility rates of the 43 Belgian 'arrondissements', computed at the time of the last censuses (1961, 1970 and 1981) and condensed into three classical parameters: average number of children per woman, mean age at childbearing, and the variance of the latter."
Correspondence: H. Damas, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Demographie, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10208 Dollamore, Gillian. Live births in 1988. Population Trends, No. 57, Autumn 1989. 20-6 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"This article presents the latest annual figures for live births (1988) and conceptions (1987) in England and Wales, with summary results for the United Kingdom, Great Britain, Scotland and Northern Ireland. There were 694 thousand live births in England and Wales during 1988, 2 per cent more than in 1987. The total period fertility rate (the average number of children who would be born per woman given current age specific fertility rates) was 1.82 in 1988 compared with 1.81 in 1987. Over 25 per cent of all births in England and Wales during 1988 occurred outside marriage."
Correspondence: G. Dollamore, Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, Demographic Analysis and Vital Statistics Division, St. Catherines House, 10 Kingsway, London WC2 6JP, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10209 Duza, M. Badrud. The conditions of fertility transition in East and South-East Asia and prospects for the 1990s. In: International Population Conference/Congres International de la Population, New Delhi, September/septembre 20-27, 1989. Vol. 1, 1989. 3-13 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Eng.
The author examines the magnitude and tempo of the fertility transition in Eastern and Southeastern Asia and reflects on the prospects for the 1990s.
Correspondence: M. B. Duza, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, P.O. Box 128, Dhaka 2, Bangladesh. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10210 Dyrvik, Stale. Economy or culture? The introduction of birth control in the town of Stavanger, Norway, 1900-1935. [Economie ou culture? L'introduction de la prevention des naissances dans la ville de Stavanger, Norvege, 1900-1935.] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 127-39 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
The relative importance of economic and cultural factors in the demographic transition is examined using data from the 1920 and 1930 censuses of Norway for 609 randomly selected families living in the town of Stavanger. A two-stage analysis was carried out, involving the calculation of fertility rates for various subpopulations and the classification of couples into planners and non-planners. The results indicate that differences by social or economic status were slight. "Legitimate fertility shows greater differences by place of birth, district of residence and branch of economic activity. These observations suggest that the new fertility model spread through communication networks belonging to communities on several geographical levels. Birth control is thus an essentially cultural phenomenon."
Correspondence: S. Dyrvik, University of Bergen, 5014 Bergen Universitetet, Norway. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10211 Festy, P.; Prioux, F. The analysis of fertility in the developed countries: new challenges. [L'analyse de la fecondite en pays developpes: nouveaux defis.] In: International Population Conference/Congres International de la Population, New Delhi, September/septembre 20-27, 1989. Vol. 1, 1989. 285-301 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Fre.
Some problems concerning the analysis of fertility trends in developed countries are considered, with particular reference to changes in marriage patterns. The authors note that it is no longer valid to assume that fertility analysis should concentrate on the period following marriage. The growing prevalence of consensual unions or previous marriages requires the demographer to redefine the concepts of cohorts, time, and birth order in fertility analysis.
Correspondence: P. Festy, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Cedex 14, Paris, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10212 Gandotra, M. M.; Padhiyar, A. C.; Dey, A. S. Interrelationship between development and fertility. Demography India, Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1988. 19-28 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
The authors examine the relationship between levels of development and fertility in rural villages in India. Five dimensions of development were integrated to create an index of development for 37 villages. Factors considered include energy supply, sanitation, existence of health facilities, educational status, agricultural development, industry, dependency burden, and population density. The levels of development were then compared to fertility levels. Findings indicate a decrease in fertility occurring along with an increase in development.
Correspondence: M. M. Gandotra, M. S. University of Baroda, Population Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Baroda 390 002, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10213 Garcia, Brigida; De Oliveira, Orlandina. The effects of variation and change in female economic roles upon fertility change in developing countries. In: International Population Conference/Congres International de la Population, New Delhi, September/septembre 20-27, 1989. Vol. 1, 1989. 171-80 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Eng.
"The aim of this paper is to carry out an evaluation of theoretical and empirical progress concerning the relationship between women's participation in the labour market and fertility in developing countries....We are interested above all in stressing not only the way in which the relationship between work and fertility is conceived, quantified and interpreted, but also the framework of social relationships in which it is found immersed in the case of Third World countries."
Correspondence: B. Garcia, Colegio de Mexico, Camino al Ajusco 20, 10740 Mexico DF, Mexico. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10214 Garnot, Benoit. "Natural fertility" and the people of Chartres in the eighteenth century. [La "fecondite naturelle" et les Chartrains au XVIIIe siecle.] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 91-8 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
Trends in fertility among the working class of the French town of Chartres during the eighteenth century are analyzed, using data from a reconstitution of 630 closed families. "The marked decrease in mean family size observed over this period is the result of several birth control strategies; two strategies appear jointly in urban families and then spread to suburban ones, whereas a third strategy which arrives later does not affect the latter." Some problems concerning the identification of natural and controlled fertility among traditional societies are discussed.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10215 Greenhalgh, Susan. Fertility trends in China: approaching the 1990s. Population Council Research Division Working Paper, No. 8, 1989. 24 pp. Population Council, Research Division: New York, New York. In Eng.
The author discusses probable fertility trends in China in the 1990s. "The first section documents trends in fertility over the four decades since the founding of the People's Republic, noting the marked differences between urban and rural demographic patterns. The second section describes the explicit fertility policies adopted by the Chinese government in the last two decades and quantifies the concurrent changes in contraceptive prevalence and the distribution of births by parity....The following sections sketch the profound transformations in social structure and social relations, in both the cities and the countryside, that preceded the introduction of the planned birth program and greatly facilitated its success. Extrapolating forward, a final section discusses likely scenarios for the 1990s."
Correspondence: Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10216 Gulati, S. C. Fertility in India: an econometric analysis of a metropolis. Studies in Economic Development and Planning, No. 46, ISBN 81-7036-099-4. LC 88-9419. 1988. 203 pp. Sage Publications: New Delhi, India; Institute of Economic Growth: Delhi, India. In Eng.
The author formulates and tests alternative socioeconomic hypotheses concerning fertility using data from a survey of 5,624 women undertaken in Delhi, India, between 1968 and 1970. A cohort analysis is used to identify the relevance and varying importance of different socioeconomic and cultural factors. The analysis involves 34 selected variables that can affect fertility. The author considers both short- and long-term policy implications of the study's conclusions.
Correspondence: Sage Publications India Pvt, 32 M Block Market, Greater Kailash I, New Delhi 110 048, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10217 Harbison, Sarah F.; Khaleque, T. M. Kibriaul; Robinson, Warren C. Female autonomy and fertility among the Garo of North Central Bangladesh. American Anthropologist, Vol. 91, No. 4, Dec 1989. 1,000-7 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The relationship between the status of women and fertility is examined using the example of a tribal people, the Garo, living in northeastern Bangladesh. The data are for 211 Garo women surveyed in 1984 and concern fertility, contraception, age at marriage, breast-feeding, infant mortality, and other socio-cultural practices that seem likely to affect fertility. The authors conclude that female autonomy and high status are neither necessary nor will they provide sufficient conditions for fertility decline among the Garo.
Correspondence: S. F. Harbison, Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

56:10218 Heckman, James J.; Walker, James R. Forecasting aggregate period-specific birth rates: the time series properties of a microdynamic neoclassical model of fertility. JASA: Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 84, No. 408, Dec 1989. 958-65 pp. Alexandria, Virginia. In Eng.
"This article demonstrates the value of microdata for understanding the effect of wages on life cycle fertility dynamics. Conventional estimates of neoclassical economic fertility models obtained from linear aggregate time series regressions are widely criticized for being nonrobust when adjusted for serial correlation. Moreover, the forecasting power of these aggregative neoclassical models has been shown to be inferior when compared with conventional time series models that assign no role to wages. This article demonstrates that, when neoclassical models of fertility are estimated on microdata using methods that incorporate key demographic restrictions and when they are properly aggregated, they have considerable forecasting power." Data are from the 1981 Swedish Fertility Survey.
Correspondence: J. J. Heckman, Yale University, Department of Economics, New Haven, CT 06520. Location: Princeton University Library (SM).

56:10219 Henripin, Jacques. To be born or not to be. [Naitre ou ne pas etre.] Diagnostic, No. 10, ISBN 2-89224-101-4. 1989. 140 pp. Institut Quebecois de Recherche sur la Culture [IQRC]: Quebec, Canada. In Fre.
The process whereby the Canadian province of Quebec has changed from being one of the highest-fertility regions of the developed world to one of the lowest is analyzed. The first two chapters consider the process of human reproduction and how societies achieve, or fail to achieve, a demographic balance. The next two chapters describe the high-fertility situation in the past and the fertility decline that has occurred over the past century. Next, the brief baby boom that followed World War II and the widespread adoption of contraception and induced abortion are analyzed. The author considers the causes and consequences of below-replacement fertility in developed countries. The study concludes with a review of possible strategies and policies that could be used to reverse current trends of low fertility.
Correspondence: IQRC, 14 rue Haldimand, Quebec G1R 4N4, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10220 Itoh, Tatsuya; Bando, Rieko. Marital fertility taking into account marriage duration and age at marriage in the early 1980s in Japan. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, No. 189, Jan 1989. 51-69 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
A new method of calculating marital fertility that considers marriage duration and age at marriage is developed and applied to official Japanese data. Comparisons are made with marital fertility rates calculated using traditional methods.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10221 Jones, Huw. Fertility decline in Mauritius: the role of Malthusian population pressure. Geoforum, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1989. 315-28 pp. Elmsford, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
The rapid decline in fertility that has occurred in recent years in Mauritius is analyzed. "It is argued that fertility decline in Mauritius has been hindered by cultural composition, assisted only modestly by ongoing development, but aided significantly by family planning programme intervention and by a remarkably wide recognition at government and individual levels of the diseconomies associated with population growth in a congested society; comparisons are made with other densely peopled, small islands. Spatial variations in fertility and in family planning activity are slight, but Western economic theories of fertility are found to be helpful in interpreting significant temporal fluctuations."
Correspondence: H. Jones, University of Dundee, Department of Geography, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland. Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

56:10222 Kaijuka, Emmanuel M.; Kaija, Edward Z. A.; Cross, Anne R.; Loaiza, Edilberto. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey, 1988/1989. Oct 1989. xvi, 137 pp. Ministry of Health: Entebbe, Uganda; Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Eng.
This is a report of the findings of the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS), which was carried out from September 1988 to February 1989. "The objectives of the UDHS were to collect data on fertility, family planning knowledge, attitudes and use among women; and on maternal and child health coverage such as immunisation, breastfeeding, diarrhoeal diseases in children, nutrition, maternity care and child morbidity and treatment." Findings indicate a continuation in the high rate of fertility, with major contributing factors being young age at marriage and low levels of contraceptive use. High rates and long duration of breast-feeding are found to offer some protection against conception, and increased educational levels have had a positive impact on family planning acceptance. It is also noted that infant and child mortality remain high and nutritional status of children is very low.
Correspondence: IRD/Macro Systems, DHS Programme, 8850 Stanford Boulevard, Suite 4000, Columbia, MD 21045. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10223 Kenya. Ministry of Home Affairs and National Heritage. National Council for Population and Development (Nairobi, Kenya); Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems. Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS] (Columbia, Maryland). Kenya: Demographic and Health Survey, 1989. Oct 1989. xxii, 158 pp. Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
This is a report of the findings of "the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey [which] was conducted between December 1988 and May 1989 to collect data regarding fertility, family planning and maternal and child health. The survey covered 7,150 women aged 15-49 and a subsample of 1,116 husbands of these women, selected from a sample covering 95 percent of the population. The purpose of the survey was to provide planners and policymakers with data useful in making informed programme decisions." Sections are included on nuptiality, breast-feeding, and postpartum insusceptibility; fertility; fertility regulation; fertility preferences; and mortality and health. A separate section presents data from the husbands' survey.
Correspondence: IRD/Macro Systems, DHS Program, 8850 Stanford Boulevard, Suite 4000, Columbia, MD 21045. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10224 Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane. The fertility of women of Florence (fourteenth to sixteenth centuries). [La fecondite des Florentines (XIVe-XVIe siecles).] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 41-57 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
Fertility trends in Florence, Italy, from 1300 to 1530 are analyzed based on domestic records kept by merchant families. The data indicate that there was very little attempt to limit fertility among the upper classes and that their fertility was high. Particular attention is paid to the impact on fertility of the use of paid wet-nurses and of changes in age at marriage.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10225 Kritz, Mary M.; Gurak, Douglas T. Women's status, education and family formation in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 15, No. 3, Sep 1989. 100-5 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
The authors examine women's status and its relation to fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. Factors affecting women's status considered include access to education and age at marriage. Findings indicate that countries that had greater equity between the sexes in education in 1960 experienced greater declines in fertility in the 1980s.
Correspondence: M. M. Kritz, Cornell University, Department of Rural Sociology, Ithaca, NY 14853. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10226 Landry, Yves. Fertility and environment among the French immigrants to New France. [Fecondite et habitat des immigrantes francaises en Nouvelle-France.] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 259-76 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"The main goal of this work is to analyse, with standard indices, the fertility of a population of French women who immigrated to Canada from 1663 to 1673, according to the urban or rural nature of their place of origin in France and of their place of settlement in Canada." Although fertility differentials by residence characteristics in Canada were not significant, the fertility of immigrants was significantly influenced by residence characteristics in country of origin.
Correspondence: Y. Landry, Universite de Montreal, CP 6128, Succursale A, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10227 Lelievre, Eva. Female activity and fertility. [Activite feminine et fecondite.] In: Referate zum deutsch-franzosischen Arbeitstreffen auf dem Gebiet der Demographie vom 21. bis 24. September 1987 in Rouen. Materialien zur Bevolkerungswissenschaft, No. 62, 1989. 127-48 pp. Bundesinstitut fur Bevolkerungsforschung: Wiesbaden, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Fre.
Longitudinal data are used to analyze the fertility and labor force activity of French women. The data, from a survey undertaken by INED, concern 2,390 women aged 45-69 in 1981 who were married during and after World War II. The focus of the article is on the active and inactive phases of women's professional lives and their correspondence to fertility levels.
Correspondence: E. Lelievre, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10228 Lesthaeghe, Ron; Vanderhoeft, Camille; Gaisie, Samuel; Delaine, Ghislaine. Regional variation in components of child-spacing: the role of women's education. In: Reproduction and social organization in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Ron J. Lesthaeghe. 1989. 122-66 pp. University of California Press: Berkeley, California/London, England. In Eng.
"In this chapter, our primary aim is the assessment of the effect of female education on each of the fertility components separately as well as on their overall balance with respect to child-spacing [in Sub-Saharan Africa]....Only the postpartum variables (lactation, lactational amenorrhea, postpartum abstinence) and contraception are considered. The other components of fertility, namely abortion and coital frequency, are omitted for lack of reliable data....We shall pay attention to the balance between the fertility-increasing potential of shorter lactation or abstinence and the fertility-lowering effect of contraception. This involves a more technical section in which we evaluate the joint effect of declining lactational amenorrhea and postpartum abstinence. The data used in this chapter are [from] the World Fertility Survey."
Correspondence: R. Lesthaeghe, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10229 Lin, Fude. The establishment of parity-variable fertility model based on family planning practice. Population Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, Jun 1989. 18-32 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
The author creates a parity-variable fertility model to examine fertility trends in China. Factors considered include marriage patterns, birth spacing, population policy, and socioeconomic and cultural conditions.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10230 Lutz, Wolfgang. Distributional aspects of human fertility: a global comparative study. Studies in Population, ISBN 0-12-460470-6. 1989. xi, 282 pp. Academic Press: San Diego, California. In Eng.
The distributional aspects of fertility are analyzed from both period and cohort perspectives using data from 41 WFS surveys, 14 surveys conducted in developed countries under WFS guidelines, and data from the Finnish population register for 1984. Chapter 1 introduces the general concept of demographic dimensions and develops a logit model to assess their relative effects on fertility. Chapter 2 focuses on distributions in respect to parity among countries and socioeconomic groups from a cohort perspective. Chapter 3 looks at similar questions from a period perspective. Chapter 4 "summarizes the information given in the complete parity distribution using a single distributional indicator--a coefficient of concentration. Here, special attention is given to the changing relationship between the level and concentration of fertility. In the Epilogue an effort is made to point out that--in addition to the consequences of the level of fertility--distributional aspects of reproduction have important consequences on the individual, on society, and on the economy."
Correspondence: Academic Press, Book Marketing Department, 1250 Sixth Avenue, San Diego, CA 92101-9665. Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.

56:10231 Macunovich, D. J.; Easterlin, R. A. Application of Granger-Sims causality tests to monthly fertility data, 1958-1984. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 1, No. 1, Jun 1988. 71-88 pp. New York, New York/Berlin, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Eng.
The authors apply Granger-Sims causality tests to monthly age-specific data to identify the effective lag between business cycles and fertility in the United States. "Male and female monthly age-specific unemployment rates are used as a proxy for the business cycle, and test results are presented for first and higher order birth rates, as well as total age-specific monthly fertility rates. The period is subdivided (January 1958-May 1973 and June 1973-December 1984) in order to identify possible trends." Results demonstrating the relationship between unemployment and fertility are presented.
This paper was originally presented at the 1987 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index, Vol. 53, No. 3, Fall 1987, pp. 401-2).
Correspondence: D. J. Macunovich, University of Southern California, Department of Economics, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0152. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10232 Martinelle, Sten. A cohort model for analysing and projecting fertility by birth order. In: International Population Conference/Congres International de la Population, New Delhi, September/septembre 20-27, 1989. Vol. 1, 1989. 315-29 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Eng.
"In this paper a cohort model for analysing and projecting fertility by birth order is presented. The model is formulated in...terms of progression ratios (directly related to the final parity distribution) and birth intervals. To do so the concepts of 'relative age' and 'progression function' are introduced." Data from Sweden are applied to the model.
Correspondence: S. Martinelle, Statistiska Centralbyran, Population Research Office, Karlavagen 100, S102 50 Stockholm, Sweden. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10233 Natarajan, K. S.; Retherford, Robert D.; Singh, Phool. Fertility estimates for Kerala derived from India's 1981 census. Occasional Paper, No. 12 of 1988, [1989]. xi, 162 pp. Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi, India; Census Commissioner: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
This report is a product of a workshop held September 9-25, 1987, on the own-children method of fertility estimation and its application to Indian data. Data from the 1981 census are used to estimate fertility for the state of Kerala using this method. The project is part of an ongoing cooperative arrangement between the United States and India concerning analysis of 1981 census data.
Correspondence: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, 2/A Mansingh Road, New Delhi, India. Location: East-West Population Institute, Honolulu, HI.

56:10234 Noin, Daniel. The decline of fertility in Europe: presentation and commentary on documents published by the Princeton Group. [La baisse de la fecondite en Europe: presentation et commentaire de documents publies par le groupe de Princeton.] Espace, Populations, Societes, No. 2, 1989. 249-56 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. In Fre.
This is an introduction to the studies and publications resulting from the European Fertility Project carried out under the auspices of the Office of Population Research at Princeton University. It includes a selection of the maps illustrating the fertility decline over time that were produced during the course of the project.
Correspondence: D. Noin, Universite de Paris I, Institut de Geographie, 191 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005 Paris, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10235 Oris, Michel. Legitimate and illegitimate fertility: the poor of Huy (Belgium) from 1815 to 1875. [Fecondite legitime et illegitime: les indigents de Huy (Belgique) de 1815 a 1875.] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 141-55 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
The demographic transition in the Belgian city of Huy is analyzed, using family reconstitution of 482 of the poorer families in the community in the nineteenth century. The author identifies the beginning of efforts to control fertility around 1850. However, considerable differences among this social group persisted, with those having children before marriage being less likely to use birth control.
Correspondence: M. Oris, State University of Liege, F.N.R.S., Place du 20 Aout 7, 4000 Liege, Belgium. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10236 Otani, Kenji. Proportional hazards model analysis of women's reproductive career in present-day Japan. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, No. 189, Jan 1989. 1-17 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn. with sum. in Eng.
Using data from the 1982 and 1987 Japanese National Fertility Surveys, the author constructs a proportional hazards model to analyze trends in birth intervals and abortion.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10237 Ozgur, Servet. Fertility rates in women in rural Turkey. JPMA: Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, Vol. 39, No. 3, Mar 1989. 72-4 pp. Karachi, Pakistan. In Eng.
Fertility trends in a rural area of Turkey are analyzed using data from a survey of 450 women aged 15-44 conducted in 1981-1982 in the district of Yildizeli. The results show high rates of fertility and neonatal mortality. Information is included on age-specific fertility and on induced and spontaneous abortion. "Sixty percent of the pregnancy outcome below the age of 39 and 53% of those in the 40-44 age group survived, whereas the others were recorded as abortions, stillbirths and deaths."
Correspondence: S. Ozgur, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Sivas 58140, Turkey. Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

56:10238 Pantelides, Edith A. Argentine fertility since the middle of the twentieth century. [La fecundidad argentina desde mediados del siglo XX.] Cuaderno del CENEP, No. 41, Mar 1989. viii, 66 pp. Centro de Estudios de Poblacion [CENEP]: Buenos Aires, Argentina. In Spa.
The author describes and analyzes fertility trends in Argentina from 1947 to 1980. Introductory chapters are included on historical trends between 1869 and 1947 and on the availability of data and methods of estimation used in the study. Fertility is then analyzed by five-year age group for the country as a whole and for its individual administrative districts. The magnitude of, and possible explanations for, the increase in fertility that occurred in the 1970s are examined.
Correspondence: CENEP, Seccion Publicaciones, Casilla 4397, Correo Central, 1000 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10239 Pebley, Anne R.; Mbugua, Wariara. Polygyny and fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Reproduction and social organization in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Ron J. Lesthaeghe. 1989. 338-64 pp. University of California Press: Berkeley, California/London, England. In Eng.
"In this chapter, our focus is limited to the association between polygyny and the fertility of individual women within marriage....To examine this association, we use data from national fertility surveys conducted in six sub-Saharan African countries in the late 1970s in connection with the World Fertility Survey program....A central objective of this analysis is to determine whether the associations between polygyny and fertility are observed in all countries in our analysis, which would imply common behavioral or biological differences between polygynous and monogamous marriage across regional and cultural boundaries. The countries involved in the analysis--Senegal, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Cameroon, Kenya, and Lesotho--include a broad range of regions and cultures in sub-Saharan Africa." Societal level effects are discussed briefly.
Correspondence: A. R. Pebley, Princeton University, Office of Population Research, 21 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ 08544-2091. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10240 Pfister, Ulrich. Social mobility and the fertility transition: the case of Zurich (Switzerland) in the seventeenth century. [Mobilite sociale et transition de la fecondite: le cas de Zurich (Suisse) au XVIIe siecle.] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 111-25 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"The fertility decline started early in Zurich, in the mid-XVIIth century. The same trend is observed for other Protestant areas, suggesting the importance of religious doctrine. The present study, based on detailed information concerning the fertile life and social status of each family and an index for distinguishing between planners and non-planners, attempts to take into account on the one hand, this general factor, and on the other hand, the specific circumstances which encouraged birth control. A freeze of the social structure, with the consequences on the cost of individual promotion for children, is at the heart of the process. The families threatened with downward social mobility and those seeking to improve their position in society more readily used birth control."
Correspondence: U. Pfister, Universitat Zurich, Ramistr. 71, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10241 Poirier, Jean; Piche, Victor; Neill, Ghyslaine. Female employment and fertility in developing countries: what does the World Fertility Survey tell us? [Travail des femmes et fecondite dans les pays en developpement: que nous a appris l'Enquete Mondiale de la Fecondite?] Cahiers Quebecois de Demographie, Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring 1989. 159-84 pp. Montreal, Canada. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
"The purpose of this paper is to investigate to what extent the data of the World Fertility Survey (WFS) are useful for analysing the links between female labor and fertility. Starting with a review of the general objectives of the WFS, the authors present the theoretical expectations and the questions used for testing them. A third section is devoted to the main existing comparative studies, to the results obtained and the various interpretations to which they led. The authors conclude by assessing that the WFS data may indeed be useful, at least if due account is made of the global institutional context of each society."
Correspondence: J. Poirier, Universite de Montreal, Departement de Demographie, CP 6128, Succursale A, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10242 Prioux, France. Fertility and family size in Western Europe. [Fecondite et dimension des familles en Europe occidentale.] Espace, Populations, Societes, No. 2, 1989. 161-76 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
Fertility trends in Western Europe (defined as Europe excluding Eastern Europe) since World War II are analyzed. The author notes that the shifts toward younger ages at childbearing, the two-child norm, and low rates of childlessness were superseded in the 1960s. From then on, an increasing tendency to reject both marriage and motherhood can be identified, although the trend away from large families seems to have slowed. Differences in the timing of the trends among European countries are noted.
Correspondence: F. Prioux, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10243 Qu, Yibin. A discussion on causes of and measures to control the evident rise of China's birth rate. Population Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, Mar 1989. 33-8 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
The author explores reasons for the rise in China's birth rate during 1985-1986. Suggestions are made for changes in family planning programs to slow the birth rate.
Correspondence: Y. Qu, Family Planning Committee, Tonghua City, Jilin Province, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10244 Rallu, Jean-Louis. An example of very low natural fertility: the Marquesas Islands (1886-1945). [Un cas de tres basse fecondite naturelle: les Iles Marquises (1886-1945).] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 193-204 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
Fertility trends in the Marquesas Islands of French Polynesia from the late nineteenth century to 1945 are analyzed. The author notes that fertility was already low in the late nineteenth century due to a high level of infecundity among women. "Total fertility (after correction for unregistered births) was 2.5 births per woman in generations 1866-1875 and 4.0 births per woman in generations 1876-1885." The main cause of infecundity is identified as venereal disease.
Correspondence: J.-L. Rallu, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10245 Reher, David S.; Iriso-Napal, Pedro L. Marital fertility and its determinants in rural and in urban Spain, 1887-1930. Population Studies, Vol. 43, No. 3, Nov 1989. 405-27 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"Based primarily on census data between 1887 and 1920, the present article explores the basic structure of the social and economic factors that influenced marital fertility levels during the early part of the fertility transition in Spain. Multiple regression analysis is applied to ecological models based on separate rural and urban data. While some of the conclusions from the Princeton European Fertility Project have been corroborated, a number of the results have been quite noteworthy. Not the least of these are the sharply differing structures of causality in rural and urban areas, and the surprising and consistent role played by literacy as a stimulant of marital fertility. In the discussion of the results, we have insisted on the importance of interpreting different demographic, economic, and cultural indicators within concrete historical contexts."
Correspondence: D. S. Reher, University of Madrid, School of Political Science and Sociology, Department of Population, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10246 Rindfuss, Ronald R.; Morgan, S. Philip; Swicegood, Gray. First births in America: changes in the timing of parenthood. Studies in Demography, No. 2, ISBN 0-520-05907-7. LC 87-5073. 1988. xi, 291 pp. University of California Press: Berkeley, California/London, England. In Eng.
The substantial changes that have occurred in the timing of parenthood, particularly concerning first births, in the United States during the twentieth century are reviewed and the determinants of those changes analyzed. The authors consider whether current fertility trends are revolutionary or if they have historical precedents. Comparisons are made with other developed countries. The impact of socioeconomic factors on the timing of parenthood, the extent of cyclical patterns in fertility, and differences in the timing of parenthood among socioeconomic, religious, and racial groups are also considered. Data are from a variety of sources, including the Current Population Survey, the National Longitudinal Survey of the High School Class of 1972, and the series of U.S. fertility surveys.
Correspondence: University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 94720. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10247 Rochon, Madeleine. The current reproductive life of women. The Quebec case. [La vie reproductive des femmes aujourd'hui. Le cas du Quebec.] Cahiers Quebecois de Demographie, Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring 1989. 15-61 pp. Montreal, Canada. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
The author reviews the current reproductive patterns of women in the province of Quebec, Canada. "Through birth control and family planning, Quebec women experience an average of two pregnancies and give birth to 1.7 children. Sexual life is not reserved any more to married women, and starts at an increasingly early age. The percentage of teenagers experiencing a pregnancy is increasing. The rate of induced abortion is the highest at age 18-24. From the age of 18, more than half of the young women use oral contraceptives. The most educated women have the smallest number of pregnancies; they start their marital and reproductive life later than other women, and declare a larger percentage of induced abortion. Less educated women resort however to sterilization at an earlier age." Data are from the Quebec Health Survey of 1987 and other official sources.
Correspondence: M. Rochon, Ministere de la Sante et des Services Sociaux, Service des Etudes Socio-Sanitaires, Quebec, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10248 Rombouts, L.; Hagenaars, A. Determinants of the baby bust. [Determinanten van het kinderdal.] Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking, Vol. 37, No. 11, Nov 1989. 13-8 pp. Voorburg, Netherlands. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
The results of a multivariate analysis of data from the 1988 Netherlands Fertility Survey are presented, using female labor force participation after having a first child and age at first birth as the dependent variables. The results show that female educational status has a major impact on both variables. Particular attention is given to measures that could raise the current low levels of fertility.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10249 Rouyer, Alwyn R. The state and fertility decline in low-income countries. In: International Population Conference/Congres International de la Population, New Delhi, September/septembre 20-27, 1989. Vol. 1, 1989. 201-14 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Eng.
"This study examines the relationship of the state and political structure to fertility patterns in low-income countries. I argue that under conditions of economic backwardness, as exist in much of the developing world, the state's capacity to extract and distribute resources has a much greater effect, albeit indirectly, on the decline of fertility than the level of economic development....Under circumstances where the modern economic system is not widespread throughout the population and poverty is prevalent, the state through its capacity to implement redistributive social development and family planning policies can become the key actor in the struggle to bring population growth under control."
Correspondence: A. R. Rouyer, University of Idaho, Department of Political Science, Moscow, ID 83843. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10250 Serditykh, V. N. Features of demographic behavior of the urban population of the Urals: a collection of scholarly works. [Osobennosti demograficheskogo povedeniya gorodskogo naseleniya Urala: sbornik nauchnykh trudov.] LC 88-136073. 1987. 102 pp. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Ural'skii Nauchnyi Tsentr: Sverdlovsk, USSR. In Rus.
This is a collection of studies by various authors concerning the demographic factors affecting both families and individuals and their subsequent effect on fertility among the urban population of the Ural region of the USSR. Papers are included on the transformation of traditional blue-collar families into modern urban families, the duration of marriage, differential fertility by marital status, and reasons for migration.
Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

56:10251 Shiwakoti, Dhruba R. Fertility and education: a case study of the teachers of Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal. Economic Journal of Nepal, Vol. 11, No. 3, Jul-Sep 1988. 30-6 pp. Kathmandu, Nepal. In Eng.
The relationship between fertility and education among highly educated couples in Nepal is examined using data on 85 married male teachers at Tribhuvan University.
Correspondence: D. R. Shiwakoti, Tribhuvan University, Faculty of Education, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.

56:10252 Srinivasan, T. N. Fertility and old age security in an overlapping generations model. Journal of Quantitative Economics, Vol. 4, No. 1, Jan 1988. 11-7 pp. Delhi, India. In Eng.
The impact on fertility of parents' desire to have children in order to provide support in old age is analyzed. "Two alternatives are compared with respect to their fertility outcome; one in which a parent in his old age receives a customary contribution from each of his children and another in which the society allocates the output produced by working young among the young and non-working old for their consumption. It is shown that there is no theoretical support for the view that old age security motive necessarily leads to higher fertility than socially optimal....It is [also] shown that under certain assumptions about the shape of parental preferences over consumption in their working and retired life, exogenous changes in infant mortality will have no impact on fertility."
Correspondence: T. N. Srinivasan, Yale University, Economic Growth Center, New Haven, CT 06520. Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.

56:10253 Thibon, Christian. Natural and controlled fertility: a review of fertility trends in Burundi and the Great Lakes region of Africa from the end of the nineteenth century to the present day. [Fecondite "naturelle" et fecondite controlee: un apercu de l'evolution de la fecondite au Burundi et dans la region des Grands Lacs, de la fin du XIXe siecle a nos jours.] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 179-92 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
The author reviews fertility trends in Burundi and the parts of Rwanda and Zaire adjacent to the Great Lakes of Central Africa. "In the case of Burundi, three distinct periods can be discerned: a pronatalist family model which, imposing a 'social regulation', structured and stabilized the pre-colonial society; a period of circumstantial, then structural fertility decline throughout most of the colonial years (1880 to 1950); finally, a rise in fertility corresponding to a compensation/recomposition of the populations, but also to a challenging of traditional family norms." The factors that promote the continuance of high levels of fertility are considered.
Correspondence: C. Thibon, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 68 rue Montpensier, BP 576 Pau-Universite, 64010 Pau Cedex, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10254 Trussell, James; Reinis, Kia I. Age at first marriage and age at first birth. Population Bulletin of the United Nations, No. 26, 1989. 126-94 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This paper presents findings on patterns of age of first marriage and age of first birth for 41 countries participating in the World Fertility Survey programme. The age distribution of first marriage and first birth is summarized with three statistics: the mean, the standard deviation and the proportion ever experiencing the event. The particular method of estimation is based on a model that ensures that estimates for all cohorts are comparable, even though some women have completed their reproductive experience while others have not. The analysis provides insights into sources of error in the reporting of age at first birth. In addition, trends and cross-country patterns are documented and conclusions are drawn about the adequacy of those statistics for the description of patterns of age at first birth and age at first marriage."
Correspondence: J. Trussell, Princeton University, Office of Population Research, 21 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ 08544-2091. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10255 Tuladhar, Jayanti M. The onset of a fertility decline in Nepal? Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, Sep 1989. 15-30 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
Fertility trends and levels in Nepal are examined using data from the 1986 Nepal Fertility and Family Planning Survey. Factors considered are sex ratios at birth, current levels of infant and child mortality, age-specific fertility rate, and contraceptive use. "The survey indicates that, compared with earlier periods (i.e. 1980-1985) when the total fertility rate (TFR) was around 5.6 per woman, TFR seems to have declined by 9 per cent during the past decade, with the main decline occurring during the last five years."
Correspondence: J. M. Tuladhar, Nepal Family Planning/Maternal and Child Project, P.O. Box 820, FP/MCH Building, Panchayat Plaza, Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10256 Tzougas, J.; Tziafetas, G. The impact of international migration on fertility: an econometric population model. International Migration/Migrations Internationales/Migraciones Internacionales, Vol. 27, No. 4, Dec 1989. 581-94 pp. Geneva, Switzerland. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
The authors develop an econometric model to examine the impact of migration on fertility in Greece in the period 1968-1986. In the model, the fertility equation is considered within a simultaneous equation system, and international migration is included as an explanatory factor of both fertility and per capita income.
Correspondence: J. Tzougas, National Technical University, Department of Mathematics, Odos 28 Octovriou 42, 106 82 Athens, Greece. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10257 United States. Centers for Disease Control [CDC] (Atlanta, Georgia). Postponed childbearing--United States, 1970-1987. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 38, No. 47, Dec 1, 1989. 810-6 pp. Atlanta, Georgia. In Eng.
Data on maternal age at childbirth in the United States from 1970 to 1987 are presented. "The annual birth rate for women aged 30-34 years declined from 73 per 1,000 women in 1970 to 52 per 1,000 in 1975, but rose to 71 per 1,000 in 1987....A large proportion of the overall increase in birth rate for women aged 30-34 years is attributable to an increase in the rate of first births, which more than doubled (from 8.0 to 18.4 first births per 1,000 women) between 1975 and 1987....In contrast, the rate of first births for women aged 20-24 years ranged from 52.4 to 57.3 over this period. The distribution and number of first births among women aged [30 years or over] have also changed dramatically. In 1970, 4% of women having their first child were aged [30 years or over], compared with 16% in 1987....The number of first births to women aged [30 years or over] increased from 56,728 in 1970 to 250,304 in 1987."
Correspondence: CDC, Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10258 van de Walle, Etienne. From nature to natural fertility. [De la nature a la fecondite naturelle.] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 13-9 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"Eighteenth century writers were often linking Nature and fertility. In their mind, there were alternative reasons to do so, either normatively because reproduction should be subject to the Natural Law, or empirically because it fell under the rule of instinct. Louis Henry borrowed the term natural fertility from current usage among demographers, and gave it a technical meaning. The term remains useful as a first approximation to characterize the marital fertility regime of historical populations, and it applies to present day Third World populations which do not limit the size of their families."
Correspondence: E. van de Walle, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10259 Vasary, Ildiko. "The sin of Transdanubia": the one-child system in rural Hungary. Continuity and Change, Vol. 4, No. 3, Dec 1989. 429-68 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ger.
The author reviews the literature concerning fertility control practices and the one-child Hungary beginning in the late nineteenth century. This system was "a community-wide practice of rigorously controlled fertility with a comprehensive system of practices and an ethos backing it up." The focus is on the perception of the system in the literature and the subsequent attention paid to the phenomenon. Aspects considered include studies of fertility patterns, the effects of inheritance practices, economic and ethical influences, family characteristics and marriage patterns, the impact of community ideals, and nationalistic concerns.
Correspondence: I. Vasary, University College, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10260 You, Shuanglin. Several theoretical issues on China's marriage and fertility transition during 1950-1979. Population Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, Mar 1989. 15-25 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
The author examines China's marriage and fertility transition for the period 1950-1979. The focus is on the short-term impact of fluctuations in marriage and fertility rates on the overall demographic transition. China's natural increase pattern and the differentials among urban and rural populations are described.
Correspondence: S. You, Family Planning Administrators College, Nanjing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

F.2. Differential Fertility

56:10261 Brunetta, Giovanna; Rotondi, Graziano. Regional fertility differentials in Italy since 1950. [Differenciation regionale de la fecondite italienne depuis 1950.] Espace, Populations, Societes, No. 2, 1989. 189-99 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
Reasons for the deep and persistent regional differences in fertility in Italy during the period of striking fertility decline since 1950 are explored. The authors conclude that in North and Central Italy, cultural factors predominate, whereas neither cultural nor socioeconomic factors seem to have a significant impact on fertility in the South.
Correspondence: G. Brunetta, Universita de Padova, Dipartimento di Geografia, Via del Santo 26, 35123 Padua, Italy. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10262 Chauvire, Y.; Noin, D. Geographical fertility differentials in France. [Les disparites geographiques de la fecondite en France.] Espace, Populations, Societes, No. 2, 1989. 261-71 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. In Fre.
Geographical differences in fertility in France are reviewed using data from official sources. A series of maps illustrates regional differences in the impact of various factors affecting fertility, including age at completion of education, entrance into the labor force, marriage, and birth of children.
Correspondence: Y. Chauvire, Universite de Paris I, Institut de Geographie, 191 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005 Paris, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10263 Gauthier, Anne H. The Quebec-Ontario fertility differential. [A propos de la difference de fecondite entre le Quebec et l'Ontario.] Cahiers Quebecois de Demographie, Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring 1989. 185-94 pp. Montreal, Canada. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
"Various economic, political, social and demographic factors may explain the different evolution of fertility in Quebec and Ontario. After a brief historical outlook, the author analyses more specifically the distribution of the population according to place of birth. This leads to the conclusion that the high proportion of immigrant women in Ontario, jointly with their above-average fertility, has played a major role in increasing the fertility gap between Quebec and Ontario at the beginning of the 1980's."
Correspondence: A. H. Gauthier, Statistics Canada, Demography Division, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0T6, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10264 Gozalvez Perez, Vicente. Crises and spatial contrasts in Spanish fertility. [Crise et contrastes spatiaux de la fecondite espagnole.] Espace, Populations, Societes, No. 2, 1989. 201-13 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
Recent trends in fertility in Spain are reviewed using data from a variety of official sources, including the 1985 Fertility Survey. The results show a decline in the total fertility rate from 2.8 in 1976 to 1.7 in 1984, a decline that is continuing. Regional fertility differentials persist, although a trend toward homogeneity can be identified. Although internal migration no longer affects regional fertility differentialss significantly, the timing of fertility remains different among regions. The impact of educational status on fertility and on contraceptive knowledge and use is noted.
Correspondence: V. Gozalvez Perez, Universidad Alicante, Departement de Geographie Humaine, 03071 Alicante, Spain. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10265 Holland, Bart. Seasonality of births: stability and change in a developing country. Human Biology, Vol. 61, No. 4, Aug 1989. 591-8 pp. Detroit, Michigan. In Eng.
The author reports "on cyclic birth patterns in peninsular Malaysia for the period 1970-1985. Rapid economic development has occurred during this time and has brought with it demographic changes, such as a massive rise in contraceptive use and a decline in birth rates. These demographic changes have been accompanied by the loss of the pronounced seasonal pattern of births among the Malays. The seasonality of Malay births is now of roughly the same magnitude as the seasonality in the United States and Canada, whereas seasonality of births among the Chinese in Malaysia remains essentially unchanged."
Correspondence: B. Holland, UMDNJ, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Newark, NJ 07103. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10266 King, Miriam; Ruggles, Steven. American immigration, fertility, and race suicide at the turn of the century. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 20, No. 3, Winter 1990. 347-69 pp. Cambridge, Massachusetts. In Eng.
The basis for nineteenth-century fears of race suicide in the United States is examined, namely "the differential fertility of immigrant women, native-born women of foreign parentage, and native-born women of native parentage. The analysis is based on the 1900 Public Use Sample, a national random sample of households drawn from the federal census, which includes information on the fertility of over 22,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44. Our study reports fertility differentials at the turn of the century and explores the determinants of contrasting levels of childbearing. The results show that overall fertility levels cannot be explained by the degree of American assimilation. We found that second-generation women experienced strikingly low overall fertility, relative to both foreign-born women and native-born women of native parentage. Moreover, the data indicate that the ethnic population had lower fertility than the third-generation native-born population."
Correspondence: M. King, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Location: Princeton University Library (SH).

56:10267 Leete, Richard. Overseas Chinese: towards a one-child family norm? In: International Population Conference/Congres International de la Population, New Delhi, September/septembre 20-27, 1989. Vol. 1, 1989. 15-27 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Eng.
The author describes the transition toward a one-child family among Chinese living in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. Factors affecting the below-replacement level of fertility within this ethnic group and future trends are examined.
Correspondence: R. Leete, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department, Jalan Dato' Onn, 50502 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10268 Lutz, Wolfgang; Scherbov, Sergei. Scenarios of the impact of regional fertility differentials on the future regional population distribution in the Soviet Union. [Modellrechnungen zum Einfluss regional unterschiedlicher Fertilitatsniveaus auf die zukunftige Bevolkerungsverteilung in der Sowjetunion.] Zeitschrift fur Bevolkerungswissenschaft, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1989. 271-92 pp. Wiesbaden, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
The authors analyze differentials in age-specific fertility rates for geographical regions of the USSR. Findings indicate variations from a total fertility rate as high as 5.6 to as low as or slightly below replacement level. They also project fertility and mortality rates to the year 2050 and conclude that the Central Asian republics are likely to have increasing proportions of the total Soviet population.
Correspondence: W. Lutz, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Population Program, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10269 Poston, Dudley L.; Jia, Zhongke. Socio-economic structure and fertility in China: a county-level investigation. In: International Population Conference/Congres International de la Population, New Delhi, September/septembre 20-27, 1989. Vol. 1, 1989. 69-81 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Eng.
The authors use regional studies of fertility patterns to "examine the relationship between socio-economic structure and fertility among the more than 2,300 counties of China....We show in this brief review that findings from some of these studies have confirmed the existence among the Chinese subregions of direct effects of socio-economic structure on fertility that are independent of the effects of family planning programmes and policies. We then use newly available data for the circa-1982 period for the counties of China and examine among them the relationships between socio-economic factors and fertility."
Correspondence: D. L. Poston, Cornell University, International Population Programme, Ithaca, NY 14853. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10270 Rindfuss, Ronald R.; Parnell, Allan M. The varying connection between marital status and childbearing in the United States. Population and Development Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, Sep 1989. 447-70, 603, 605 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"This article addresses a straightforward question: To what extent is a [U.S.] woman's marital status related to the likelihood of her conceiving a child during the following year? The answer is complex because the effect of marital status interacts with race, education, and parity. In general, the difference in the fertility behavior of married versus unmarried women is largest for white, better educated, and lower parity women....The results suggest that racial and educational variation in fertility arises from differences in behavior among members of these groups while they are unmarried rather than when they are married. The standard race and education differentials in fertility are not present among the currently married."
Correspondence: R. R. Rindfuss, University of North Carolina, Carolina Population Center, University Square 300A, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10271 Saw, Swee-Hock. Muslim fertility transition: the case of the Singapore Malays. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, Sep 1989. 31-40 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"This article discusses the fertility transition that has taken place among the Singapore Malays in spite of their total adherence to the Islamic faith. The fertility decline to replacement level shows that Islamic teachings concerning birth control do not pose a serious obstacle to the Malays in achieving very low fertility. However, the Government's policy changes since 1987 and introduction of pronatalist incentives have resulted in a rise in the total fertility rate among the Singapore Malays."
Correspondence: S.-H. Saw, National University of Singapore, Department of Economics and Statistics, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 0511. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10272 Stephen, Elizabeth H. At the crossroads: fertility of Mexican-American women. Garland Studies in Historical Demography, ISBN 0-8240-3397-3. LC 89-37797. 1989. v, 184 pp. Garland Publishing: New York, New York/London, England. In Eng.
"The present study examines data from both Mexico and the United States in order to investigate fertility behavior among Mexican immigrant women in the United States. The fertility levels of Mexican origin women according to their age and nativity status are examined in order to discern fertility patterns that are otherwise obscured when looking at the Mexican origin population as a whole....This study seeks to determine what factors, such as age, immigrant status, and country of education, might have [an effect] on the immigrant's acquisition of the U.S. fertility norms." Data are from the 1970 and 1980 censuses and the Mexican World Fertility Survey of 1976-1977.
Correspondence: Garland Publishing, 136 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10273 Tapia Uribe, Faustino M. Women's schooling, fertility and child survival in a Mexican village. Pub. Order No. DA8915425. 1989. 147 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"This study poses two sets of questions regarding the relationship between women's education and fertility and child survival in a Mexican rural community. The first set focuses on how women's schooling relates to fertility and to certain child-rearing practices. The second set addresses how women's schooling relates to child mortality and child-rearing practices that increase the likelihood of survival." Data are from a survey of 178 Mexican rural women aged 15-35 who were raising a child under 48 months of age. "The path analysis models show that women's exposure to television and reading material, and to a lesser extent, women's cognitive development, as reflected by their everyday use of language, explain the connection between women's education and their child-rearing practices."
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at Harvard University.
Correspondence: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 50(4).

56:10274 Toros, Aykut. Average number of living children of the members of parliament. [Turkiye buyuk millet meclisi uyelerinin cocuk sayilari.] Nufusbilim Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Population Studies, Vol. 11, 1989. 47-52 pp. Ankara, Turkey. In Tur. with sum. in Eng.
"This study compares the average number of living children of the members of the parliament [in Turkey] with the average number of living children of the general public as found in the 1988 Population and Health Survey. The findings indicate that the average number of living children of the members of the parliament [is] substantially lower than that of the general public. Under the light of these findings the members of the parliament are invited not to refrain from speeches promoting family planning in Turkey."
Correspondence: A. Toros, Hacettepe University, Nufus Etutleri Enstitusu, Hacettepe Parki, Ankara, Turkey. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

F.3. Sterility and Other Pathology

56:10275 Kallen, Bengt. Epidemiology of human reproduction. ISBN 0-8493-6452-3. LC 87-32543. 1988. 197 pp. CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida. In Eng.
The author examines aspects of human reproductive wastage and its analysis, with a focus on enviromental factors. The data are primarily concerned with the Swedish population and are from the central health registries in Stockholm. Chapters are included on endpoints in the epidemiology of reproduction; epidemiological techniques; population characteristics that may confound analysis; drugs, diseases, and reproductive hazards; contraceptive practice and reproductive outcomes; personal and social chemicals (such as alcohol and smoking); occupational exposure; the general environment; and risk assessment and information problems.
Correspondence: CRC Press, 2000 Corporate Boulevard NW, Boca Raton, FL 33431. Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

56:10276 Larsen, Ulla. A comparative study of the levels and the differentials of sterility in Cameroon, Kenya, and Sudan. In: Reproduction and social organization in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Ron J. Lesthaeghe. 1989. 167-211 pp. University of California Press: Berkeley, California/London, England. In Eng.
"In this chapter, the discussion begins with a description of the geographic distribution of subfertility in sub-Saharan Africa. Next, theoretical models of sterility are established, previous research on differentials in subfertility is reviewed, and the covariates of sterility to be examined in this study are defined. Subsequently, age-specific sterility rates and the levels of primary sterility are estimated for all women and for selected subgroups. Finally, in order to examine the effects of several covariates simultaneously on the prevalence or incidence of sterility at different time points or across cohorts, a hazards models analysis is conducted." Data are from the World Fertility Surveys for Cameroon, Kenya, and Sudan.
Correspondence: U. Larsen, Lunds Universitet, Department of Statistics, POB 117, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

F.4. Actions and Activities Directly Affecting Fertility

F.4.1. General Fertility Control and Contraception

56:10277 Adjei, Sam; Adansi-Pipim, G. Biomedical issues in family planning in Africa. In: Developments in Family Planning Policies and Programmes in Africa. 1989. 68-96 pp. University of Ghana, Regional Institute for Population Studies [RIPS]: Legon, Ghana. In Eng.
"The main objective of this background paper...is to discuss fully and extensively the biological and medical factors that have promoted or impeded the successful implementation of family planning programmes in Africa." Aspects considered include biological determinants of high fertility, physiological consequences of family size, causes of infertility and sterility, female circumcision, contraceptive availability and effectiveness, premarital and adolescent pregnancy, and the effect on pregnancy of various medical conditions.
Correspondence: S. Adjei, Government of Ghana, Ministry of Health, Accra, Ghana. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10278 Akadli Ergocmen, Banu; Kulu, Isik. Unmet need for family planning in Turkey. Nufusbilim Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Population Studies, Vol. 11, 1989. 5-17 pp. Ankara, Turkey. In Eng. with sum. in Tur.
"This study aims at estimating the magnitude of unmet need for family planning [in Turkey] taking into account the currently married, fecund but non-contracepting women who wish to postpone their next birth or who wish to terminate their childbearing....The analyses were performed on the basis of data from '1988 Turkish Fertility and Health Survey'. The results show that one quarter of currently married women in Turkey are in the in-need group to avoid an unplanned or unwanted birth and, in general, the unmet need for family planning is for limiting childbearing rather than spacing the births."
Correspondence: B. Akadli Ergocmen, Hacettepe University, Nufus Etutleri Enstitusu, Hacettepe Parki, Ankara, Turkey. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10279 Arango, Humberto. The MEXFAM Community Doctors Project: an innovative service delivery strategy. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 15, No. 3, Sep 1989. 96-9, 105 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
The author reviews the Community Doctors Project established in 1985 by the Mexican Foundation for Family Planning (MEXFAM). "MEXFAM's objective was to develop a more effective [health and family planning] service delivery model that would require a lower initial investment than the traditional approaches, achieve self-sufficiency in a reasonable amount of time and involve the community to such an extent that its members would eventually share responsibility for the project." The organization and administration of the project are discussed and evaluated.
Correspondence: H. Arango, International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF/WHR), Western Hemisphere Regional Office, 902 Broadway--10th Floor, New York, NY 10010. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10280 Atoh, Makoto. Socio-economic differentials in fertility control behavior among Japanese married couples. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, Vol. 45, No. 2; 191, Jul 1989. 1-14 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn. with sum. in Eng.
The author examines family planning behavior among married couples in Japan using data from the 1987 Ninth National Fertility Survey and focusing on socioeconomic differentials. Findings indicate that contraceptive efficacy increased for all couples when the purpose was fertility control rather than birth spacing. It is noted that couples of higher socioeconomic status, educational level, or occupational status utilize abortion less frequently than couples of lower socioeconomic status.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10281 Behrman, Jere R. The simple analytics of contraceptive social marketing. World Development, Vol. 17, No. 10, Oct 1989. 1,499-521 pp. Elmsford, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"Contraceptive Social Marketing (CSM) programs have been advocated for the dissemination of contraceptives in developing countries. This paper considers CSM programs from a simple economic perspective. It begins with a review of the major economic models of private fertility determinants and the associated private demand for contraceptives, and then adds private contraceptive supply to obtain market equilibrium. Next, inefficiencies due to negative externalities of added children and due to imperfect information and distributional concerns are considered. Finally this framework is utilized to point to lacunae in our knowledge of CSM programs and their impact and to suggest some promising areas for research."
Correspondence: J. R. Behrman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

56:10282 Colombia. Ministry of Health. Office of Population Dynamics (Bogota, Colombia); Colombia. Health Services of Magdalena. Maternal Child Health Division (Santa Marta, Colombia); Family Health International (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina). Compliance and continuation of oral contraceptive acceptors in Magdalena, Colombia, 1986-87. Final report. Jun 1989. 194 pp. Bogota, Colombia. In Eng.
Data from a study on oral contraceptive acceptance and continuation among a rural population in Colombia in 1986 and 1987 are analyzed. The objectives of the study are "to determine how women take oral contraceptives. If they skip pills when, why and how frequently do they do so? Do they make up those missed pills and, if so, how? Do they take more pills than directed? How closely does their pill use conform to what is recommended? [and] to determine what characteristics of the user, method, and distribution system affect pill compliance and to determine the effect of these characteristics on pill compliance and on continuation rates after six months or more." Consideration is given to acceptor age, marital status, and parity; employment and educational status; knowledge, beliefs, and social support; reproductive and health history; and contraceptive history. An outline of rural health-care provider characteristics is included. An executive summary of the study's results is published separately, and Spanish translations of both reports are also available from Family Health International.
Correspondence: Family Health International, Publications Division, P.O. Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10283 Entwisle, Barbara; Casterline, John B.; Sayed, Hussein A.-A. Villages as contexts for contraceptive behavior in rural Egypt. American Sociological Review, Vol. 54, No. 6, Dec 1989. 1,019-34 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This research joins sociological and demographic traditions in a study of villages as contexts for contraceptive behavior in rural Egypt. Using survey data collected in the early 1980s, we explore the effects of village, household, and individual characteristics on contraceptive use and expectations about future use. Primary interest centers on the effects of the village variables, including the structure of the village economy, modernization of agriculture, level of school participation, and family planning service environment. The analysis demonstrates clearly that contraceptive behavior in rural Egypt varies systematically with these features of the village setting. In addition, village effects appear to vary according to characteristics of individual respondents: women respond differently depending on the stage in their reproductive career and their motivation to regulate fertility."
This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1988 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index, Vol. 54, No. 3, Fall 1988, p. 490).
Correspondence: B. Entwisle, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10284 Fayorsey, Clara. Family planning in Africa: the relevance of gender issues. In: Developments in Family Planning Policies and Programmes in Africa. 1989. 194-229 pp. University of Ghana, Regional Institute for Population Studies [RIPS]: Legon, Ghana. In Eng.
"This paper has attempted to examine the philosophy, content, management and delivery systems of family planning in Africa, bringing out the role of the African woman in the traditional current and future perspectives." The author emphasizes the need to improve women's status and to encourage men's participation in family planning.
Correspondence: C. Fayorsey, University of Ghana, Department of Sociology, POB 25, Legon, Ghana. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10285 Filshie, Marcus; Guillebaud, John. Contraception: science and practice. ISBN 0-407-01720-8. LC 88-26213. 1989. x, 321 pp. Butterworths: Sevenoaks, England. In Eng.
This is a selection of studies by various authors on major issues in family planning in light of global population trends. The topics covered include "Birth control: a world view; Metabolic effects of combined oral contraceptives; Complications of combined oral contraception; Oral contraception and cancer; Practical prescribing of the combined oral contraceptive pill; The progestogen-only pill; Systemic hormonal contraception by non-oral routes; Postcoital contraception; Intrauterine contraceptive devices; Male and female barrier contraceptive methods; Natural family planning; Contraception for the older woman; Cervical ripening prior to termination of pregnancy; Abortion; Female sterilization and its reversal; Vasectomy and vasectomy reversal; [and] Progress towards a systemic male contraceptive."
Correspondence: Butterworths, Borough Green, Sevenoaks, Kent TN15 8PH, England. Location: Population Council Library, New York, NY.

56:10286 Fort, Alfredo L. Investigating the social context of fertility and family planning: a qualitative study in Peru. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 15, No. 3, Sep 1989. 88-95 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Focus-group sessions conducted in 1986 and 1987 with Peruvian women living in two cities far from the capital indicated that women's control of their fertility is undermined by their low status in society and their ignorance of reproductive physiology. Contributing factors are their lack of any concept of planning for the future and a weak family planning program. Although there has been some increase in the use of modern methods of contraception, nearly half of all current users rely on traditional methods such as rhythm, which is often used in reverse and is therefore ineffective....Focus-group discussions revealed that women who were using modern methods were as fearful of harmful effects as women who were not using such methods." Another major deterrent to the use of modern contraceptives is its association with marital infidelity.
Correspondence: A. L. Fort, University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, London WC1E 7HU, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10287 Ghana. Statistical Service (Accra, Ghana); Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems. Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS] (Columbia, Maryland). Ghana: Demographic and Health Survey, 1988. Sep 1989. xxii, 190 pp. Accra, Ghana. In Eng.
This is a report on the findings of "the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey [which] is a nationally representative self-weighting sample survey of 4,488 female respondents aged 15-49 and a subsample of 943 co-resident husbands of the interviewed women. The survey was carried out by the Ghana Statistical Service between February and June 1988. The basic objective of the survey is to make available to planners and policymakers current information on fertility levels and trends, reproductive intentions of men and women, knowledge and use of contraception, and the current state of maternal and child health." Data are also included on nuptiality, mortality, and health.
Correspondence: IRD/Macro Systems, DHS Program, 8850 Stanford Boulevard, Suite 4000, Columbia, MD 21045. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10288 Head, Anne-Lise. Fertility control in a pre-Alpine environment: the example of Protestant parishes in the Glarus region (eighteenth and nineteenth centuries). [Le controle de la fecondite en milieu prealpin: l'exemple de paroisses protestantes dans le pays glaronais (XVIIIe-XIXe siecles).] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 99-109 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
The development of fertility control in a rural Protestant community in the Swiss canton of Glarus in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is explored using family reconstitution data from parish records. Evidence of fertility control is apparent as early as the 1761-1790 marriage cohort. A clear relationship between falling fertility and age at marriage is noted.
Correspondence: A.-L. Head, Universite de Geneve, 3 place de l'Universite, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10289 Issacs, Stephen; Fincancioglu, Nuray. Promoting family planning for better health: policy and programme implications. Population Bulletin of the United Nations, No. 26, 1989. 102-25 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Renewed emphasis is being given to the role of family planning in health-care programmes. This review of the lessons learned during the past decade provides guidance to policy-makers and programme managers on ways to improve maternal, infant and child health through family planning and related health and development activities. It covers policies and laws, accessibility to services, acceptability and quality of services, provision for the special needs of high-risk groups, the use of communications programmes, the importance of improving the status of women and the quality of life, and the resources needed to implement such a programme globally. Practical steps for integrating family planning fully into maternal and child health care are described."
Correspondence: S. Issacs, Columbia University, Center for Population and Family Health, 60 Haven Avenue, New York, NY 10027. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10290 Jain, Anrudh K. Revising the role and responsibility of the Family Welfare Programme in India. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 24, No. 49, Dec 9, 1989. 2,729-37 pp. Bombay, India. In Eng.
The achievements and limitations of India's national family planning program are reviewed. The author proposes that "instead of remaining solely responsible for decreasing population growth rate, the family planning programme should become responsible for delivering quality services. The overall responsibility of reducing the rate of population growth should be assumed by some other organisation, such as the planning commission, which is also responsible for co-ordinating and influencing relevant development sectors."
Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

56:10291 Jejeebhoy, Shireen. Measuring the quality and duration of contraceptive use: an overview of new approaches. Population Bulletin of the United Nations, No. 26, 1989. 1-38 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This paper provides an overview of recently developed approaches to the measurement of contraceptive continuation and failure rates, using retrospective survey data....The approaches fall into two categories, one relying on retrospective contraceptive histories and the other on current status information. The first section of the paper discusses the need for new methodologies; conventional applications using clinic and acceptor data are described, some recent results from the less developed countries presented, and their limitations illustrated. In the second section, each new approach is presented in terms of its data requirements, methods of calculation and empirical applications. Finally, potential sources of bias and the ability of the approaches to accommodate them are discussed." The geographical scope is worldwide, with a focus on developing countries.
Correspondence: S. Jejeebhoy, Family Planning Association of India, Research and Evaluation, Bajaj Bhavan, Nariman Point, Bombay 400 021, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10292 Jones, Elise F.; Forrest, Jacqueline D.; Henshaw, Stanley K.; Silverman, Jane; Torres, Aida. Pregnancy, contraception, and family planning services in industrialized countries. A Study of the Alan Guttmacher Institute, ISBN 0-300-04474-7. LC 89-5475. 1989. x, 276 pp. Yale University Press: New Haven, Connecticut/London, England. In Eng.
"This study utilizes a comparative international approach to examine the relationships between fertility, pregnancy (especially unintended pregnancy), and contraceptive use and between contraceptive use and public policies and programs related to family planning. The U.S. experience is compared with that of a group of similarly advanced countries in order to identify ways in which the level of unintended pregnancy in the United States might be reduced." The focus is on the period 1982-1986. Data are from a variety of sources, including a country-level survey undertaken by the Alan Guttmacher Institute. Case studies are included on the United States, Ontario and Quebec, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. The authors conclude that "the service-delivery system in the United States is different from other Western countries' in ways that make it less conducive, on the whole, to use...the modern, highly effective methods of contraception. In addition, readily available information about contraceptive methods and services is lacking in the United States, especially simple, objective materials in the mass media. The high U.S. incidence of abortion and unplanned births can be attributed at least partially to these circumstances."
Correspondence: Yale University Press, 302 Temple Street, New Haven, CT 06520. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10293 Leridon, Henri. Natural fertility and birth spacing. [Fecondite naturelle et espacement des naissances.] Annales de Demographie Historique, 1988. 21-33 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"The concept of 'natural fertility' had been introduced to provide a reference that could be used to detect the spreading of family limitation in a population. From this point of view, the concept (and the various indices that have been built on it) is still valid and useful, and it has been unduly criticized. Attempts to space births, which eventually affect also the final size of the family, are much more difficult to prove, as it is demonstrated in the second part of the paper. A proposal is made to call 'pseudo-natural' a situation where only signs of spacing behavior have been found."
Correspondence: H. Leridon, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10294 Lewis, Maureen; Kenney, Genevieve. The private sector and family planning in developing countries. Policy, Planning, and Research Working Paper, No. WPS 96, Sep 1988. x, 140, 20 pp. World Bank, Population and Human Resources Department: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The role of the private sector in the provision of family planning services in developing countries is examined. The authors conclude that "in harnessing the private sector to provide more family planning services to both middle and low income people, governments can use incentives to stimulate private sector investment and can ensure quality control through regulation."
Correspondence: World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.

56:10295 Logan, David; Friedman, Matthew; Lown, Marianne. Mobilizing the resources of the for-profit sector to support the expansion of family planning services in the developing world. Population Technical Assistance Project Occasional Paper, No. 3, Pub. Order No. 88-045-102. Dec 7, 1989. v, 35, [20] pp. International Science and Technology Institute, Population Technical Assistance Project: Arlington, Virginia. In Eng.
"Drawing upon the experience of for-profit projects undertaken by A.I.D. [U.S. Agency for International Development], this paper outlines a plan to enlist the varied resources of the for-profit sector to increase access to and transfer the costs of family planning services in the developing world." Topics discussed include goals, objectives, and overall strategy of future work in the for-profit sector; working with the organized employment sector; working with service providers; and working to leverage corporate resources.
Correspondence: International Science and Technology Institute, Population Technical Assistance Project, 1601 North Kent Street, Suite 1014, Arlington, VA 22209. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10296 Marcil-Gratton, Nicole; Lapierre-Adamcyk, Evelyne. North America at the hour of the third contraceptive revolution: the spectacular rise of sterilization to the first position among methods used. [L'Amerique du Nord a l'heure de la troisieme revolution contraceptive: la montee spectaculaire de la sterilisation au premier rang des methodes utilisees.] Espace, Populations, Societes, No. 2, 1989. 239-48 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
"This paper presents the main trends in contraceptive use in North America from the sixties to the eighties, focusing on Canada's geographic and cultural regions. The authors examine the changing contraceptive behavior of young at the beginning of their marital life, and the recourse to sterilization at ever younger ages."
Correspondence: N. Marcil-Gratton, Universite de Montreal, Departement de Demographie, C.P. 6128, Succursale A, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10297 Measham, Anthony R.; Rochat, Roger W. Slowing the stork: better health for women through family planning. Policy, Planning, and Research Working Paper, No. WPS 66, Jul 1988. 24 pp. World Bank, Population and Human Resources Department: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The authors review family planning needs in developing countries. They point out that each year, some 500,000 women die from causes related to pregnancy. Nearly all of these deaths occur in developing countries; many of these pregnancies are unwanted and could have been prevented by better family planning. It is noted that "there is also a huge pool of women of lower risk who want no more children and whose health would benefit substantially from limiting the number of children they bear. In virtually all developing countries, the number of women who want no more children exceeds the number of contraceptive users. [The authors consider] what factors determine women's use of contraceptives, and how...family planning programs [can] reach the large numbers of women at risk from further pregnancies."
Correspondence: World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. Location: World Bank, Joint Bank-Fund Library, Washington, D.C.

56:10298 Mugwagwa, N. O. Evolution and growth of family planning in Zimbabwe. In: Developments in Family Planning Policies and Programmes in Africa. 1989. 523-47 pp. University of Ghana, Regional Institute for Population Studies [RIPS]: Legon, Ghana. In Eng.
The author traces the evolution of family planning in Zimbabwe. The status of women and related gender issues are first considered. The history of the country's family planning movement is then outlined, and the orientation, objectives, and achievements of family planning programs are assessed. It is found that "despite the magnitude of Zimbabwe's population problem, the combination of a clear political commitment and sizable resource inputs, systematic application of strategic analysis, planning and management of well-designed programmes, a clear articulation of short and long-term goals and objectives and an objective selection of appropriate strategies, has enabled its population programme to be one of the best in Sub-Saharan Africa."
Correspondence: N. O. Mugwagwa, National Family Planning Council, Harare, Zimbabwe. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

56:10299 Ness, Gayl; Sattar, Ellen. Strategic management of population programmes. Management Contributions to Population Programmes Series, Vol. 7, Feb 1989. xxix, 326 pp. ICOMP: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In Eng.
These are the proceedings of an international conference on the strategic management of population programs, held in Beijing, China, May 2-6, 1988. Included are six theme papers on aspects of program management, including service delivery, the provision of quality family planning services, and women in management, as well as country case studies concerning West Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Colombia, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, the Repu