55:10633 Ahlburg,
Dennis A. Is population growth a deterrent to development
in the South Pacific? Journal of the Australian Population
Association, Vol. 5, No. 1, May 1988. 46-57 pp. Carlton South,
Australia. In Eng.
"Some have argued that population growth deters
development, while others claim that population growth either aids
development or has no significant effect on development. In a sample
of South Pacific nations, population growth and size were found to be
unrelated to economic development, defined as GDP per capita. However,
when indices of quality of life or social development such as
mortality, health services and education were used, population growth
and size were found to be negatively related to these indices. If
these 'quality of life' indices are valued by nations, an argument may
exist for policy support for family
planning."
Correspondence: D. Ahlburg, Industrial Relations
Center, University of Minnesota, 271 19th Avenue S., Minneapolis, MN
55455. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10634
Aleksandrov, Yu. G. Agrarian overpopulation in
Eastern countries. [Agrarnoe perenaselenie v stranakh vostoka.]
1988. 167 pp. Nauka: Moscow, USSR. In Rus. with sum. in Eng.
This
is a theoretical study of the problem of overpopulation in Asian
countries, with a focus on the relationship between population growth
and economic development in the region. The first chapter examines the
forces of production, the socioeconomic basis, and forms of
overpopulation in pre-colonial times. In the second chapter, the
impact of colonialism is assessed; the main cause of rural
overpopulation is seen to be the conversion of the region's economy
into a peripheral one for the capitalist heartland in more developed
Western countries. The third chapter considers more recent shifts in
the development of the labor force in the context of commodity supplies
and capitalist production and its impact on overpopulation. The author
concludes that the primary cause of overpopulation is not high rates of
population growth, but rather the continuing bias of the system of
production toward the need of the capitalist heartland in the developed
world.
Location: Princeton University Library (FST).
55:10635 Bardhan,
Pranab. Demographic effects on agricultural
proletarianization: the evidence from India. In: Population, food
and rural development, edited by Ronald D. Lee, W. Brian Arthur, Allen
C. Kelley, Gerry Rodgers, and T. N. Srinivasan. International Studies
in Demography, 1988. 175-83 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In
Eng.
"This chapter puts together some scattered evidence on the
socio-economic and demographic factors [in India] that impinge on
agricultural proletarianization and focuses on the relative importance
of demographic factors in contrast to the others, noting their varying
importance at different levels of disaggregation of
data."
Correspondence: P. Bardhan, Department of Economics,
University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10636 Bloom,
David E.; Freeman, Richard B. Economic development and the
timing and components of population growth. Journal of Policy
Modeling, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1988. 57-81 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This paper examines the relationship between population growth and
economic growth in developing countries from 1965 to 1985. Our results
indicate that developing countries were able to shift their labor force
from low-productivity agriculture to the higher-productivity industry
and service sectors, and to increase productivity within those sectors,
despite the rapid growth of their populations. We also find that, at
given rates of population growth, income growth is related to the time
path of population growth and that population growth due to high birth
and death rates is associated with slower income growth than population
growth due to relatively low birth and death rates. Hence, the timing
and components of population growth are important elements in the
process of economic development."
Correspondence: D. E.
Bloom, Department of Economics, Columbia University, New York, NY
10027. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10637 Burney,
Nadeem A. Workers' remittances from the Middle East and
their effect on Pakistan's economy. Pakistan Development Review,
Vol. 26, No. 4, Winter 1987. 745-63 pp. Islamabad, Pakistan. In Eng.
"This paper makes an attempt to analyse the impact of remittances
on the Pakistani economy, in particular, on broad economic indicators
[such] as GNP growth, saving, and balance of payments (BOP), from
1969-70 to 1985-86. Section II estimates the contribution of the
remittances, from the Middle East, to the growth in the Gross National
Product (GNP), over different sub-periods. In Section III, an analysis
of the relationship between national/domestic savings and remittances
is given. Section IV discusses the impact of remittances on the
balance of payments position of Pakistan. Finally, the main findings
are summarized in Section V." Comments by Meekal A. Ahmad are included
(pp. 762-3).
Correspondence: N. A. Burney, Pakistan
Institute of Development Economics, P.O. Box 1091, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10638 Cain, Mead;
McNicoll, Geoffrey. Population growth and agrarian
outcomes. In: Population, food and rural development, edited by
Ronald D. Lee, W. Brian Arthur, Allen C. Kelley, Gerry Rodgers, and T.
N. Srinivasan. International Studies in Demography, 1988. 101-17 pp.
Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
The case is made that
most current models of the relationship between population growth and
agricultural development present a misleading picture. The authors
present an argument for more research on agrarian outcomes, defined in
terms of the rate of growth of per capita product, to include
consideration of the permanence of fundamental societal institutions
throughout the process of agricultural change in the face of population
growth. The institutions studied are family and household systems,
community, and local administrative organization. The authors cite
examples from historical European and Asian agrarian societies. The
primary focus is on developing countries.
Correspondence:
M. Cain, Center for Policy Studies, Population Council, 1 Dag
Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
55:10639 Chipande,
Graham. The impact of demographic changes on rural
development in Malawi. In: Population, food and rural development,
edited by Ronald D. Lee, W. Brian Arthur, Allen C. Kelley, Gerry
Rodgers, and T. N. Srinivasan. International Studies in Demography,
1988. 162-74 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This
chapter shows how population growth and associated demographic changes
have substantially influenced the pattern of development in rural
Malawi. Specifically, population growth and associated demographic
changes in rural Malawi have affected smallholder agricultural
development, mostly through changes in cultivated area, and this has
altered income distribution among the rural populations." These issues
are discussed using data from Malawi censuses for the period
1901-1977.
Correspondence: G. Chipande, Economics
Department, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 280,
Zomba, Malawi. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10640 Dandekar,
V. M. Population front of India's economic
development. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 23, No. 51, Dec
17, 1988. 2,709-11 pp. Bombay, India. In Eng.
The author responds
to comments by P. H. Reddy and by V. Bhate and S. Mulay on a previous
article concerning the demographic factor in India's economic
development. The focus of the debate is on the demographic
effectiveness of the national family planning program.
For the
articles by Reddy and by Bhate and Mulay, both published in 1988, see
54:40654 and 54:40353.
Location: Princeton University
Library (PF).
55:10641 Evenson,
Robert E. Population growth, infrastructure, and real
incomes in North India. In: Population, food and rural
development, edited by Ronald D. Lee, W. Brian Arthur, Allen C. Kelley,
Gerry Rodgers, and T. N. Srinivasan. International Studies in
Demography, 1988. 118-39 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
An empirical perspective on the economic effects of increases in
population density is presented in four steps using data from India for
the years 1959-1975. In the first step the author develops an analysis
of the determinants, including population density, of the structure of
Indian agriculture. Second, the impact of the structural environment
(including physical, biological, economic, and technological factors)
on the supply of agricultural goods and on the demand for labor force
is estimated. In the final two steps, a model of the northern Indian
agricultural sector is developed that allows for computation of the
impact of population growth on demand for agricultural goods, price
changes, labor supply, and real income in
India.
Correspondence: R. E. Evenson, Economic Growth
Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06810. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10642 Herrin,
Alejandro N. Demographic impact of development projects:
a review of selected Philippine case studies. Population and
Labour Policies Programme Working Paper, No. 162, ISBN 92-2-106839-0.
Sep 1988. v, 71 pp. International Labour Office [ILO]: Geneva,
Switzerland. In Eng.
"The purpose of this paper is to review
Philippine studies dealing with the demographic impact of selected
development projects." Projects reviewed include rural electrification,
irrigation and rural roads, and a small-scale industry promotion.
"Section II provides a brief background...on the demographic and
socio-economic situation in the Philippines, including population
objectives and population programme activities. Sections III to VI
review selected studies dealing with assessments of the socio-economic
and demographic impact of development projects. Finally, Section VII
summarises the more salient substantive results of the studies as well
as their policy implications. It also discusses some methodological
lessons obtained from the case studies that might be relevant for
future research." Data from official Philippine
sources.
Correspondence: ILO Publications, International
Labour Office, Route des Morillons, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10643 Hull,
Terence H.; Hull, Valerie J. The impact of development
projects, initiatives and processes on demographic behaviour. Country
review: Indonesia. Population and Labour Policies Programme
Working Paper, No. 161, ISBN 92-2-106838-2. Sep 1988. v, 46 pp.
International Labour Office [ILO]: Geneva, Switzerland. In Eng.
"In
this review various individual elements of economic and social change
are examined in the context of planned economic development....A number
of development projects in Indonesia which might have had an impact on
fertility or infant and child mortality [are examined]." The paper
provides "an overview of Indonesia's demographic and economic situation
from 1965 to the present.., an inventory and categorisation of
development projects in Indonesia from the early 1970s to the present,
and a description of possible links between certain types of
development project and demographic behaviour....[as well as] detailed
reviews of selected projects representing a variety of donors and types
of project....[and] implications and recommendations for further
research."
Correspondence: ILO Publications, International
Labour Office, Route des Morillons, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10644 Kelley,
Allen C. Economic consequences of population change in the
third world. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 26, No. 4, Dec
1988. 1,685-728 pp. Nashville, Tennessee. In Eng.
The impact of
rapid population growth on economic development in third world
countries is explored. "Section I provides an empirical point of
reference by summarizing some of the salient demographic trends in the
Third World. Section II takes up analytical perspectives useful to
assessing the impacts of population on development. A preliminary
empirical appraisal of the relationship between population and economic
growth is provided in Section III, followed in Sections IV-VI by an
examination of the effects of demographic change on the scale of
production, the rate of saving and the composition of investment, and
the rate and form of technical change in agriculture. Section VII
concludes with a summary assessment and some qualifications relating to
government policies, ecology, and values."
Correspondence:
A. C. Kelley, Duke University, Durham, NC 27706. Location:
Princeton University Library (PF).
55:10645 Khan,
Azizur R. Population growth and access to land: an Asian
perspective. In: Population, food and rural development, edited by
Ronald D. Lee, W. Brian Arthur, Allen C. Kelley, Gerry Rodgers, and T.
N. Srinivasan. International Studies in Demography, 1988. 143-61 pp.
Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This chapter includes
discussion of the effect of demographic growth in Asia on (a) the
distribution of access to land and (b) rural poverty." Countries
considered include Bangladesh, China, India, the Republic of Korea,
Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand. The ways in which
these countries did or did not avoid the typical pattern of rapid
population growth, limited growth in land supply, and the resultant
increased impoverishment of large masses of people are examined.
Whether these are permanent or temporary mechanisms to cope with such
expansion is also discussed. Bangladesh, a country where the typical
pattern has been followed, is explored in detail. The author concludes
that in Asia, long-term policies should be created to reduce the
population growth rate, provide for the expanding labor force, and
ensure equitable access to land.
Correspondence: A. R.
Khan, Country Policy Department, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW,
Washington, D.C. 20433. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
55:10646 Lee,
Ronald; Cohen, Nigel. Evaluating externalities to
childbearing in developing countries: the case of India. Program
in Population Research Working Paper, Dec 9, 1988. 28, [11) pp.
University of California, Institute of International Studies, Program
in Population Research: Berkeley, California. In Eng.
This study is
concerned with externalities to childbearing, defined as the costs or
benefits passed to others than the parents concerned. An attempt is
made to identify and quantify such externalities "for a country with
resources and budget like India's, but in which everyone has the same
tastes and socioeconomic circumstances. Externalities are here claimed
to arise in five ways: 1) diluting the per capita share of common
property resources; 2) diluting the per capita share of public wealth;
3) spreading the costs of public goods; 4) affecting the age
distribution of non-familial intergenerational transfers; 5) inducing
technological progress. For the first, an expression is derived for
the size of the externality, and it is shown to persist even under
optimal management, but no evaluation is attempted, although it is
suggested that this is the most important of the five." Preliminary
estimates are derived for three of the remaining four
externalities.
Correspondence: Program in Population
Research, Institute of International Studies, Graduate Group in
Demography, University of California, 2232 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley,
CA 94720. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10647 Pant,
Raghab D.; Acharya, Sunil. Population and development in
Nepal. Jun 1988. 303, [4] pp. National Commission on Population:
Kathmandu, Nepal. In Eng.
This report is designed as a training
document for middle-level planners and program personnel in Nepal. It
is divided into five parts, each with several chapters. Part A reviews
population and development, and population characteristics and trends
in Nepal. Part B is concerned with the sources of population growth
and their relationship to economic development, with consideration
given to fertility, mortality, and migration. Part C discusses the
impact of population growth on the economy, health, education, and the
environment. Part D presents papers on population development in
relation to the status of women, family planning, and agriculture.
Policy and other recommendations are presented in the final
section.
Correspondence: National Commission on Population,
Singh Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
55:10648 Patterson,
John G.; Shrestha, Nanda R. Population growth and
development in the third world: the neocolonial context. Studies
in Comparative International Development, Vol. 23, No. 2, Summer 1988.
3-32 pp. New Brunswick, New Jersey. In Eng.
The authors attempt a
synthesis of Malthusian and Marxist approaches to the analysis of the
relationship between population and development in contemporary third
world countries. They suggest that under current capitalist systems
prevalent in most developing countries, rapid population growth weakens
the position of the working class and their ability to wage a
successful class struggle against landlords and capitalists. The
authors conclude with a series of propositions based on this synthesis
which they suggest are relevant to the development of policies designed
to alleviate the problems of population and
development.
Correspondence: J. G. Patterson, University of
Wisconsin, Whitewater, WI 53190. Location: Princeton
University Library (PR).
55:10649 Rosenzweig,
Mark R.; Binswanger, Hans P.; McIntire, John. From land
abundance to land scarcity: the effects of population growth on
production relations in agrarian economies. In: Population, food
and rural development, edited by Ronald D. Lee, W. Brian Arthur, Allen
C. Kelley, Gerry Rodgers, and T. N. Srinivasan. International Studies
in Demography, 1988. 77-100 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In
Eng.
"In this chapter we have attempted to delineate the principal
behavioural and technological factors which act as determinants of
production relations in agriculture in order to assess how such
relations are transformed as a consequence of the shift from land
abundance to land scarcity associated with population growth. Our
analysis departed from many of those in the existing literature in its
application of the general risk and information problems...to the
unique technological characteristics of agriculture in order to provide
an internally consistent explanation of many well-documented
institutional features of land-abundant and land-scarce economies with
poorly developed transport and communication networks." The primary
geographical focus is on developing
countries.
Correspondence: M. R. Rosenzweig, Department of
Economics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10650 Sudoplatov,
A. P.; Pervushin, A. S. Population issues and world
development (capitalist and developing countries). [Problemy
narodonaseleniya i mirovoe razvitie (kapitalisticheskie i
razvivayushchiesya strany).] LC 87-150037. 1986. 126 pp. Izdatel'stvo
Moskovskogo Universiteta: Moscow, USSR. In Rus.
The causes and
consequences of contemporary demographic problems in Western countries
are reviewed. The focus is on the effect of population dynamics on
socioeconomic development in third-world countries that were previously
subject to colonial rule. The process of the formation of labor
resources in these countries is given special attention. The authors
apply a systems approach to the analysis of the impact of demographic
trends on social development and social policy.
Location:
U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
55:10651 United
Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
[ESCAP] (Bangkok, Thailand). Population and development:
frameworks for research and planning. Report of the Workshop on an
Analytical Framework for Population and Development Research and
Planning, Bangkok, Thailand, 16-20 February, 1987. Asian
Population Studies Series, No. 82; ST/ESCAP/596, 1988. iii, 101 pp.
Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
This is a report from an ESCAP workshop
designed to provide developing countries in Asia and Oceania with a
framework for the analysis of the relationship between population and
socioeconomic development as part of the development planning process.
The focus of the workshop was on Bangladesh, Nepal, the Philippines,
and Thailand. Its objectives were to review and discuss the research
methodology and study design for the proposed country studies. The
report includes three background papers on aspects of the
population-development relationship. Priority areas for future
research are also discussed.
Correspondence: ESCAP, United
Nations Building, Rajdamnern Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10652 van den
Oever-Pereira, Pietronella. Women in Sub-Saharan Africa's
village economy: demographic and economic aspects. 1987.
University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"The purpose of this study is to [historically] examine the
interplay of women in Sub-Saharan African village economy, their
motivation for high fertility, and their changing status in
agricultural production. Evidence is based on experience from field
work, supplemented by secondary sources." Since the early 1900s when
industrial development began to affect agricultural methods, women have
helped with cash crop production. Present-day women have responded to
development changes by attempting to "increase their production
potential by having many children who can help with domestic and
agricultural tasks and strengthen their position in the husband's
family."
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the
University of Southern California.
Correspondence:
Micrographics Department, Doheny Library, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0182. Source: Dissertation
Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 48(12).
55:10653 Ben-Porath,
Yoram. Market, government, and Israel's muted baby
boom. In: Economics of changing age distributions in developed
countries, edited by Ronald D. Lee, W. Brian Arthur, and Gerry Rodgers.
International Studies in Demography, 1988. 12-38 pp. Clarendon Press:
Oxford, England. In Eng.
The emphasis of this study is on the
phenomenon of rapid change and its effect on society, specifically,
Israel's adaptability to the baby boom of the 1950s. The role of the
government in responding to the change in cohort size is examined "by
following the evolution of the school system as it coped with the
uneven arrival of students at different levels." The effect of the
large cohort on the labor market, wages, unemployment, and the
macroeconomy is discussed.
Correspondence: Y. Ben-Porath,
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10654 Cigno,
Alessandro. Macroeconomic consequences of the "new home
economics" In: Economics of changing age distributions in
developed countries, edited by Ronald D. Lee, W. Brian Arthur, and
Gerry Rodgers. International Studies in Demography, 1988. 139-50 pp.
Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
"We set out in this
chapter to examine the consequences of grafting an economic theory of
fertility onto a simple model of economic growth. Our first discovery
was that the existence of a sustainable equilibrium with growing per
capita income imposes certain local restrictions on the form of the
utility function. By exploiting those restrictions we were able to
derive firm conclusions about the effects of government intervention on
the long-term behaviour of the model economy. The most striking of
these conclusions was that a policy of taxing income and redistributing
the proceeds to the families in proportion to the number of children
would increase income, consumption, and the number of children per
adult, but would permanently reduce the amount spent on each
child."
Correspondence: A. Cigno, University of Hull,
Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, England. Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
55:10655 Keyfitz,
Nathan. Some demographic properties of transfer schemes:
how to achieve equity between the generations. In: Economics of
changing age distributions in developed countries, edited by Ronald D.
Lee, W. Brian Arthur, and Gerry Rodgers. International Studies in
Demography, 1988. 92-105 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
The author considers some transfer schemes designed to provide
financial equity between generations in the United States. He examines
"the amounts that are paid by the baby boom generation, now supporting
the small generation that preceded it, and the large amount that its
smaller successor will have to pay. The difference is great enough to
throw doubt on whether pensions will actually be paid in the years
after 2015." The author presents three possible intergenerational
transfer schemes that are directed principally to social security,
analyzes each one, and concludes that a combination of the three would
best serve future generations.
Correspondence: N. Keyfitz,
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg,
Austria. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10656 Schapiro,
Morton O. Socio-economic effects of relative income and
relative cohort size. Social Science Research, Vol. 17, No. 4, Dec
1988. 362-83 pp. Duluth, Minnesota. In Eng.
"A nonlinear
three-stage least-squares technique is used to estimate a four-equation
model in which age-specific fertility, marriage, divorce, and female
labor force participation rates are the dependent variables. In
addition to a range of explanatory variables, two proxies for the
Easterlin hypothesis are tested within the model, one measuring
relative income and the other measuring relative cohort size. Findings
indicate that the Easterlin proxies, while not statistically
significant in all cases, help to explain time-series movements in
various socio-economic variables in the postwar United
States."
Correspondence: M. O. Schapiro, Department of
Economics, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
55:10657 Simon,
Julian L. Re-linking fertility behavior and economic
security in old age: comment on Demeny. Population and Development
Review, Vol. 14, No. 2, Jun 1988. 327-37 pp. New York, New York. In
Eng.
The author comments on a recent article by Paul Demeney
concerning a revival of the linkage between fertility and old-age
security in developed countries. A reply by Demeney (pp. 332-7) is
included.
For the article by Demeny, published in 1987, see
53:30473.
Correspondence: J. L. Simon, College of Business
and Management, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10658 Willis,
Robert J. Life cycles, institutions, and population
growth: a theory of the equilibrium interest rate in an overlapping
generations model. In: Economics of changing age distributions in
developed countries, edited by Ronald D. Lee, W. Brian Arthur, and
Gerry Rodgers. International Studies in Demography, 1988. 106-38 pp.
Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
"In this chapter I
present a theoretical framework in which microeconomic models of
individual and family life-cycle economic and demographic behaviour can
be integrated into a dynamic general equilibrium model of the
determination of the equilibrium rate of interest in a competitive
economy....The focus of this discussion is chiefly on the consequences
of population growth and family behaviour for the equilibrium interest
rate." The primary geographical emphasis is on developed
countries.
Correspondence: R. J. Willis, University of
Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10659 Bittles, A.
H. Famine and man: lessons from the Irish past, a guide
to the future? Biology and Society, Vol. 5, No. 3, Sep 1988.
109-18 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"The intention of the present
study was to examine such information as is available on the Ethiopian
famine of the 1980s, and to compare it with known sequelae of the Irish
Famine [of the mid-nineteenth century]. From this comparison it may be
possible to determine if features common to all disasters of this
nature are identifiable, and ultimately, whether the information gained
can be employed to prevent their recurrence and further large-scale
loss of life."
Correspondence: A. H. Bittles, Department of
Anatomy and Human Biology, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R
2LS, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10660 Brown,
Lester R. The changing world food prospect: the nineties
and beyond. Worldwatch Paper, No. 85, ISBN 0-916468-86-0. LC
88-51287. Oct 1988. 58 pp. Worldwatch Institute: Washington, D.C. In
Eng.
This is a review of the world food situation and prospects for
its future. The author notes that the world's food reserves have
decreased over the past two years primarily because of a rise in demand
due to population growth and a decline in supply caused by a monsoon
failure in India and drought-reduced harvests in China and North
America. He suggests that the food surpluses of the early and
mid-eighties were a short-term phenomenon resulting from over-plowing
and overuse of water. Population growth is estimated to be at its peak
in the 1990s, leading to an increase of one billion people by the year
2000. The author concludes that the problem of feeding these extra
numbers may be complicated by the lack of new agricultural technology,
the need to practice soil conservation, and the impact of global
warming trends.
Location: Princeton University Library
(SPR).
55:10661 Durham,
David F.; Fandrem, Jim C. The food "surplus": a staple
illusion of economics; a cruel illusion for populations.
Population and Environment, Vol. 10, No. 2, Winter 1988. 115-21 pp. New
York, New York. In Eng.
"Disjunction between market surpluses of
food and worldwide nutritional shortfalls appears to be symptomatic of
underlying vulnerabilities, raising questions about the sustainability
of agricultural production." The authors assert that the need to
maintain the earth's carrying capacity entails the limiting of
population growth.
Correspondence: D. F. Durham, Durham
Associates, 251 Kearny Street, Suite 608, San Francisco, CA 94108.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10662 Gilland,
Bernard. Population, economic growth, and energy demand,
1985-2020. Population and Development Review, Vol. 14, No. 2, Jun
1988. 233-44, 378-80 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre;
Spa.
"A world energy demand projection for the years 2000 and 2020
is developed on the basis of projected population, assumed economic
growth rates, and a postulated relation between elasticity of energy
demand and gross domestic product per capita. The principal problem on
the supply side is shown to be the rise in global carbon dioxide
emission from increased consumption of fossil
fuels."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10663 Hardin,
Garrett. Wilderness, a probe into "cultural carrying
capacity" Population and Environment, Vol. 10, No. 1, Fall 1988.
5-13 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
The author explores population
theory in this brief discussion of the relationship between population
policy and the environment. "Population policy for human beings must be
governed by a commitment never to transcend the cultural carrying
capacity. Determining this capacity is a problem in values. As
concerns material goods, the cultural carrying capacity is inversely
proportional to the quality of life demanded. Inherently scarce goods
like wilderness, which can be enjoyed by only a few, pose this ethical
problem: can we agree on a basis for choosing an elite, or must we,
like the French revolutionary Gracchus Babeuf, insist on equal
distribution even if the only possible allotment is then zero? If we
reject Babeuf we must recognize that the maximum population cannot be
the optimum."
Correspondence: G. Hardin, 399 Arboleda Road,
Santa Barbara, CA 93110. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
55:10664 Lee, Ronald
D.; Arthur, W. Brian; Kelley, Allen C.; Rodgers, Gerry; Srinivasan, T.
N. Population, food and rural development.
International Studies in Demography, ISBN 0-19-828646-S. LC 88-19627.
1988. vii, 215 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
This
volume is a compilation of papers by various authors addressing the
issue of population density and growth and its impact on food supply,
labor force, agricultural technology, market institutions, economy,
land supply, and the growth of a rural proletariat. The problem of
agricultural productivity as affected by capital and technological
inputs is addressed, and the impact of migration and an open frontier
on the alleviation of the problems of rapid growth is considered.
"These issues are discussed both in general terms and in the context of
specific developing countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia." The
papers were originally prepared for an IUSSP seminar held in New Delhi,
India, December 15-18, 1984.
Selected items will be cited in this or
subsequent issues of Population Index.
Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
55:10665 MacKellar,
F. L.; Vining, D. R. Research policy and review 26: where
does the United States stand in the global resource scarcity
debate? Environment and Planning A, Vol. 20, No. 12, Dec 1988.
1,567-73 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"U.S. policy on world
resources and population underwent a drastic shift between the 1970s
and 1980s. Underlying this shift were deep and persistent divisions
among social scientists and policy scientists who are students of the
global resource scarcity hypothesis. This article consists of a brief
review of the history of the debate between those who believe that
resources are becoming increasingly scarce and those who do not. Major
focuses include the ambiguities of scarcity measures, and economic
literature such as The Limits to Growth, Global 2000, the critique of
Julian Simon, and The Resourceful Earth."
Correspondence:
F. L. MacKellar, Department of Economics, Queens College, City
University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367. Location:
Princeton University Library (UES).
55:10666 Pingali,
Prabhu; Binswanger, Hans P. Population density and farming
systems: the changing locus of innovations and technical change.
In: Population, food and rural development, edited by Ronald D. Lee, W.
Brian Arthur, Allen C. Kelley, Gerry Rodgers, and T. N. Srinivasan.
International Studies in Demography, 1988. 51-76 pp. Clarendon Press:
Oxford, England. In Eng.
The authors discuss "the farmer-based and
modern technological options available to societies for achieving
growth in agricultural output through increases in land and labour
productivity....The determinants of the intensity of land use [are
examined], emphasizing the consequences of population concentration and
improvements in transport infrastructure. [A] subsequent section
discusses the farmer-based innovations in response to agricultural
intensification, and...the role of science- and industry-based
innovations in achieving rapid increases in agricultural
output."
Correspondence: P. Pingali, International Rice
Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10667 Reid, Ann
C. Population change, natural resources, and
regionalism. Breaking New Ground, No. 1, ISBN 0-938549-00-9. LC
86-25682. 1986. Grey Towers Press: Milford, Pennsylvania. In Eng.
These are the proceedings of a conference held at Grey Towers,
Pennsylvania, September 18-19, 1985, on the relationship between
population and resources and its meaning for national and state policy
in the United States. Topics covered include the impact of population
distribution on natural resources and U.S. regional initiatives to
utilize and preserve local resources.
Correspondence:
National Friends of Grey Towers, P.O. Box 188, Milford, PA 18337.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10668 Reidel,
Carl. Natural resources and the environment: the
challenge of economic and social development. Population and
Environment, Vol. 10, No. 1, Fall 1988. 48-58 pp. New York, New York.
In Eng.
"The purpose of this paper is to bring some new
perspectives to the debate about the proper balance between economic
development and environmental protection." The focus is on how natural
resource professionals can and should integrate an understanding of the
world's population and environmental problems into their perspectives
on natural resource management.
Correspondence: C. Reidel,
153 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401-13595.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10669 Russell, W.
M. S. Population, swidden farming and the tropical
environment. Population and Environment, Vol. 10, No. 2, Winter
1988. 77-94 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Swidden farming has
been blamed for the degradation of tropical forest, where it is widely
used. However, when the cropping period is short and the fallow period
long, the system is shown to be ideally suited to this environment.
But this entails a low population density. When this is exceeded, the
fallow must be shortened, resulting in loss of forest through grassland
invasion, or of the soil itself through erosion or laterization, as
shown by modern examples and by the history of the Maya. The
degradation blamed on swidden farming is thus not due to the system
itself, but to overpopulation, in H. G. Wells's words, 'the fundamental
evil out of which all the others that afflicted the race
arose.'"
Correspondence: W. M. S. Russell, Department of
Sociology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Box 218, Reading RG6
2AA, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10670 Srinivasan,
T. N. Population growth and food: an assessment of
issues, models, and projections. In: Population, food and rural
development, edited by Ronald D. Lee, W. Brian Arthur, Allen C. Kelley,
Gerry Rodgers, and T. N. Srinivasan. International Studies in
Demography, 1988. 11-47 pp. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. In Eng.
Using 1984 data from the World Bank for "projected increases in
population and per capita income until the year 2000 [the paper first]
examines whether the global food economy can generate enough supplies
to avoid a sustained increase in the relative price of food that
otherwise would have to occur to bring about a balance between supply
and demand....Second, it analyses the likely impact of exogenous
reduction in rate of growth of population on the food consumption and
energy intake of the poor. Finally, it assesses the strengths and
weaknesses of some recent models of the world food economy. In
particular, a model of the Indian economy is used to assess the impact
of alternative assumptions regarding the growth of Indian population
until the year 2000." Comments by Hans Linnemann are included (pp.
40-7).
Correspondence: T. N. Srinivasan, Department of
Economics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06810. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10671 Strong,
Maurice. Managing for global survival. Proceedings of
the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 132, No. 2, 1988. 196-203 pp.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In Eng.
The need to manage human
activities worldwide and to control our impact on the planet's
environmental and natural resource system in the light of projected
rates of population growth is discussed. Particular attention is drawn
to the environmental impact of current socioeconomic development trends
in developed countries. The author ends by pointing out that a global
system of management will require a level of discipline, constraint,
and mitigation of sovereignty by individual
nations.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
55:10672 Anker,
Richard; Anker, Martha. Improving the measurement of
women's participation in the Egyptian labour force: results of a
methodological study. Population and Labour Policies Programme
Working Paper, No. 163, ISBN 92-2-106855-2. Sep 1988. viii, 121 pp.
International Labour Office [ILO]: Geneva, Switzerland. In Eng.
"This paper is concerned with female labour force data for Egypt;
with the tendency for women's participation in the labour force to be
underreported in labour force surveys and population censuses and thus
in official government statistics; and with identifying the reasons for
this underreporting....This survey, which is a controlled experiment
designed to provide statistical evidence on how various questionnaire
types and fieldwork techniques affect the reporting and thus the
measurement of female labour force activity, has a sample size of about
1,000 households. It was conducted in late 1984 in rural areas of
Egypt by CAPMAS (the Egyptian Government's Statistical Office) in
collaboration with the ILO." Included in the study are comparisons of
questionnaires, sex of interviewer and respondent, characteristics of
households and interview environment, marital and educational status of
women, and interviewer's assessment of quality of
data.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10673 Brown,
E. The economically active population in French Polynesia:
the current situation and future perspectives. [La population
active en Polynesie Francaise: situation et perspectives.] Travaux et
Recherches de l'IDP, No. 2, Dec 1988. 62 pp. Universite de Paris I,
Institut de Demographie de Paris [IDP]: Paris, France. In Fre.
Labor force participation in French Polynesia is analyzed based on
data from the 1983 census. The first part examines labor force
activity and the education and training of the population, with
consideration given to differences in economic activity by ethnic group
and sex. The second part presents population projections up to
1998.
Correspondence: IDP, 22 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris,
France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10674 Ermisch,
John. British labour market responses to age distribution
changes. In: Economics of changing age distributions in developed
countries, edited by Ronald D. Lee, W. Brian Arthur, and Gerry Rodgers.
International Studies in Demography, 1988. 76-86 pp. Clarendon Press:
Oxford, England. In Eng.
The author investigates the impact of age
distribution changes on the labor force in Great Britain. "The
analysis...begins by examining how relative wages among age groups in
the labour force would need to respond to changes in the size of
different age groups in order to maintain full employment of all
workers. It is shown how the degree of complementarity...between the
various groups of workers determines the nature of this response....The
empirical analysis focuses on three groups of workers: young men (aged
under 21), older men, and women....The evidence for substitutability
between women and young men suggests that the growth in the supply of
women workers and changes in their relative earnings may be closely
related to changes in the supply, relative earnings, and employment
experience of young male workers."
Correspondence: J.
Ermisch, Policy Studies Institute, 100 Park Village East, London NW1
3SR, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10675 Espenshade,
Thomas J.; Goodis, Tracy A. Are Mexican immigrant and U.S.
native workers substitutes or complements in production? Lessons from
Southern California and the American Southwest. Program for
Research on Immigration Policy Discussion Paper, No. PRIP-UI-3, Oct
1988. 27 pp. Urban Institute: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
Using 1980
U.S. census data, the authors "synthesize what is currently known about
the possibly competitive roles of Mexican immigrant and native workers
in the Los Angeles labor market." In particular, they consider whether
Mexican immigrants are competing or complementary factors of production
with the domestic black labor force. The authors find that "labor
markets tend to adjust to minimize the importance of either strong
substitution or complementary effects." An attempt is made to
generalize from the Los Angeles experience to the entire United
States.
Correspondence: Urban Institute,
Library/Information Clearinghouse, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, D.C.
20037. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10676 Ishikawa,
Akira. Abridged working life tables for the Japanese men
and women: 1985. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population
Problems, No. 184, Oct 1987. 84-94 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
Abridged working life tables are presented for men and women in
Japan for the year 1985.
Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
55:10677 Ortiz,
Vilma; Fennelly, Katherine. Early childbearing and
employment among young Mexican origin, black, and white women.
Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 4, Dec 1988. 987-95 pp. Austin,
Texas. In Eng.
"This paper describes an analysis of data from
several waves of interviews with young Hispanic, black, and white women
[in the United States] who gave birth to their first children before
age 22. The pre- and post-birth labor force participation rates of
women from these three racial/ethnic groups before and after adjusting
for differences in several background variables are compared....This
study has shown that the employment patterns of young Mexican origin,
black, and white women are very different before bearing a child [but
that] the birth of a first child has an equalizing effect upon
employment....Among all women in the study, educational attainment was
an important predictor of employment around the first
birth."
Correspondence: V. Ortiz, Department of Sociology,
University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1551.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).
55:10678 Schwarz,
Karl. The extent of employment after World War II.
[Umfang der Erwerbstatigkeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg.] Zeitschrift
fur Bevolkerungswissenschaft, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1988. 275-94 pp.
Wiesbaden, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
Changes in the structure of the labor force in the Federal Republic
of Germany since World War II are analyzed. Aspects considered include
a shorter span of economic activity due to increased levels of
education and to early retirement pension plans, reductions in the
length of the work week, an increase in part-time employment, smaller
family size, and changes in the employment patterns of
women.
Correspondence: K. Schwarz, Klopstockstrasse 14,
6200 Wiesbaden, Federal Republic of Germany. Location:
Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10679 Sommer,
Bettina. Employment in March 1987: results of the
micro-census. [Erwerbstatigkeit im Marz 1987: Ergebnis des
Mikrozensus.] Wirtschaft und Statistik, No. 8, Aug 1988. 513-23 pp.
Wiesbaden, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger.
Employment
statistics from the March 1987 micro-census of the Federal Republic of
Germany are presented and discussed. Comparisons are also made with
results for 1986. Topics covered include labor force size, major
source of income, labor force participation by age group and by sex,
income, and working hours.
Location: Princeton University
Library (PF).
55:10680 Wainerman,
Catalina H. Improving censal accounting of female
workers. In: African Population Conference/Congres Africain de
Population, Dakar, Senegal, November/novembre 7-12, 1988. Vol. 1, 1988.
1.1.31-46 pp. International Union for the Scientific Study of
Population [IUSSP]: Liege, Belgium. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
The
author assesses the collection of labor force statistics, particularly
the quality of data on women in developing countries. She tests "1)
the extent to which the standard census procedure distorts the portrait
of [female labor force] participation, mainly in the agricultural and
the informal sector, 2) the effects of various factors assumed
responsible for it, and 3) the adequacy of an alternative procedure
which follows closely the [International Labour Office] standards and
is able to be applied in censuses."
Correspondence: C. H.
Wainerman, CONICET, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).
55:10681 Wiatrak,
Andrzej P. Changes in the labor force resources employed
in Polish agriculture, 1950-1985. [Zmiany w zasobach sily roboczej
zaangazowanej w rolnictwie Polskim w latach 1950-1985.] Studia
Demograficzne, No. 1/91, 1988. 51-81 pp. Warsaw, Poland. In Pol. with
sum. in Eng; Rus.
Data from official sources are used to analyze
changes in the agricultural labor force in Poland between 1950 and
1985, with consideration given to age, sex, place of employment, branch
of agricultural economy, and education.
Location: Princeton
University Library (SPR).
55:10682 Young,
Christabel. Life cycle experience of cohorts in the
evolution of female labour force participation in Australia.
Working Papers in Economic History, No. 86, ISBN 0-86784-811-1. Sep
1987. 36 pp. Australian National University, Research School of Social
Sciences, Department of Demography: Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
"This paper examines the experience of cohorts of women [in
Australia] with regard to their lifetime demographic history, the ages
at which they would have benefitted from new legislation and changes in
community attitudes, and the outcome of their experience in terms of
trends in age-specific labour force participation rates....Also
considered are women's contribution to the total labour force, the
sources of growth of the female labour force in terms of the share
between part-time and full-time work and between major occupation
groups, and trends in dependency ratios during the post-war
years."
Correspondence: Department of Demography, Research
School of Social Science, Australian National University, GPO Box 4,
Canberra ACT 2600, Australia. Location: Princeton University
Library (SPR).
