F. Fertility

F.1. General Fertility

54:20254 Acheampong, Konadu. Structural change, individual modernity and fertility preference in Taiwan. Pub. Order No. DA8721867. 1987. 167 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"Using data from interviews with 973 Taiwanese women of childbearing age (15-44 years), having at least one child and living with husbands, a general theory of human fertility preference is derived and tested. Drawing from socio-structural, social-psychological and economic theories, the proposed theory posits that human fertility preference is a function of the changing socioeconomic and demographic milieu as well as some specific modal characteristics of the individual....The overall theory and hypothesis derived therefrom are tested with Joreskog and Sorbom's 'Analysis of Linear Structural Relationships by the Method of Maximum Likelihood' (LISREL Versions V and VI)....Of all the structural change variables examined, education appears to have the strongest direct and indirect impacts on individual modernity and fertility preference respectively."
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at Iowa State University.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 48(7).

54:20255 Agyei, William K. A. Fertility and family planning in the third world: a case study of Papua New Guinea. ISBN 0-7099-5125-6. 1988. xv, 208 pp. Croom Helm: New York, New York/London, England. In Eng.
"This book is based on a demographic survey of 2,923 rural and 3,360 urban male and female respondents in Papua New Guinea. The survey focused on fertility, mortality (infant and child) and family planning." The first three chapters provide an explanation of the demographic transition theory in developing countries, a description of the survey methodology, and an examination of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the survey population. Chapters 4-7 present the project findings, with a focus on regional, rural-urban, and educational differentials. "Considerable attention is directed towards fertility and related areas. Chapter 4 reports on breastfeeding and sexual abstinence....Chapter 5 presents the results of the fertility analysis....The results of analysis in Chapter 6 show that infant and child mortality have declined in all parts of the country in the past 15 years prior to the survey....In Chapter 7 we found that both the rural and urban respondents favour large families, there was a relatively high level of contraceptive awareness, but the overall practice of modern contraception in both the rural and urban areas is low....The concluding chapter discusses the policy implications for Papua New Guinea."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20256 Agyei, William K. A. Fertility levels, patterns and differentials in Papua New Guinea. Genus, Vol. 43, No. 1-2, Jan-Jun 1987. 69-92 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ita.
"This paper presents some new evidence on changes of fertility levels, patterns and differentials in Papua New Guinea. The paper is based on data collected on fertility and family planning between November 1979 and March 1980 in eight provinces of Papua New Guinea. A total of 3,986 females (1,857 in rural areas and 2,129 in urban areas) in the childbearing age group 15-49 years old were interviewed. The results of the estimated fertility measures for the rural and urban areas of Papua New Guinea are high by world standards. Adjusted estimates of total fertility rates of between 6 and 7, gross reproduction rates of 2.99 and 2.76, and net reproduction rates of 2.25 and 2.08 for the urban and rural areas are even high by the South Pacific Islands standards. Nevertheless, there is some evidence of possible decline in fertility levels." The significance of educational status for lower fertility is noted.
Correspondence: W. K. A. Agyei, United Nations Development Programme, Kampala, Uganda. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20257 Alvarez Vazquez, Luisa. Proximate determinants of fertility in Cuba. The Bongaarts model. [Determinantes proximos de la fecundidad en Cuba. Modelo de Bongaart.] Revista Cubana de Administracion de Salud, Vol. 13, No. 4, Oct-Dec 1987. 437-54 pp. Havana, Cuba. In Spa. with sum. in Eng; Fre.
"The results of the implementation of the Bongaarts method for quantitating the effects of [proximate] determinants on fertility are presented. The model used is of the multiplicative kind and relates the global fertility rate to the so called natural fertility rate. Thus, it is possible to quantitate and separate the effect of each determinant and thus find out what factors have been responsible for the rapid change in fertility [in Cuba] from 1972 on. The determinant of highest impact on the fertility level attained in each province was assessed. The most important results point [to] the use of contraceptives as the cause for the rapid decline in the fertility level and the married state as the variable conditioning provincial differences."
Correspondence: L. Alvarez Vazquez, Instituto de Desarrollo de la Salud, Apartado 9082, Havana 9, Cuba. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20258 Antonov, A. I. Evolution of childbearing norms and types of demographic behavior. [Evolyutsiya norm detnosti i tipov demograficheskogo povedeniya.] In: Detnost' sem'i: vchera, segodnya, zavtra, edited by L. L. Rybakovskii. Demografiya: Problemy i Perspektivy, 1986. 10-25, 200 pp. Mysl': Moscow, USSR. In Rus. with sum. in Eng.
"Strict social norms of family size for many centuries maintained high fertility [in the USSR]. The author shows how radical change of family functions along with mortality decline have destroyed this regulatory mechanism and led to [a] decrease in fertility. In the context of social development the changes in reproductive motivation are [outlined] and the main causes of fertility decline are analysed."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20259 Arora, Y. L.; Kumar, Anil. Quantification of intermediate variables influencing fertility performance. Demography India, Vol. 16, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1987. 144-9 pp. New Delhi, India. In Eng.
An attempt is made to quantify the influence of four intermediate variables--proportion married, contraception, induced abortion, and lactational infecundability--on total fertility rates for Maharashtra, India, for 1972 and 1978.
Correspondence: Y. L. Arora, Institute for Research in Reproduction, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Bombay-400 012, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20260 Asociacion Demografica Costarricense (San Jose, Costa Rica). National Survey of Fertility and Health: Costa Rica, 1986. [Encuesta Nacional de Fecundidad y Salud: Costa Rica 1986.] Sep 1987. 94, [10], 18 pp. San Jose, Costa Rica. In Spa.
This is a collection of articles by different authors reporting the results of a national survey of fertility and health conducted in Costa Rica in 1986. Chapters are included on survey objectives and methodology; general characteristics of the survey population, which consisted of approximately 3,500 women aged 15-49; contraception, including knowledge, acceptance, use of family planning services, method availability, use differentials, and sources of supplies; fertility; reproductive preferences, including birth spacing, unwanted pregnancies, and desired family size; women's health; maternal and child health; and reproduction and sexuality among youth.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20261 Balakrishnan, T. R.; Rao, K. Vaninadha; Krotki, Karol J.; Lapierre-Adamcyk, Evelyne. Age at first birth and lifetime fertility. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 20, No. 2, Apr 1988. 167-74 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
The relationship between age at first birth and lifetime fertility among Canadian women is examined. "Among a national sample of Canadian women in the Canadian National Fertility Survey of 1984, the excess cumulative fertility of those who started their families early over others has steadily decreased. A difference of approximately two births between early and late starters among older women is reduced to approximately half a child among the younger women. Except for those who start childbearing after age 25, there is little evidence of attempts to catch up after age 30, irrespective of starting age."
Correspondence: T. R. Balakrishnan, Department of Sociology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20262 Bantje, Han F. W. Female stress and birth seasonality in Tanzania. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 20, No. 2, Apr 1988. 195-202 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"Delivery records from Tanzanian hospitals reveal a marked seasonality of births in areas with holoendemic malaria. Accepted explanations of variations in conception rate are inadequate to account for these seasonal variations. The magnitude of the variation increases with high parity but it has decreased over the past decade. The differences are related to different activity patterns of younger and older women, and to recent changes in the rural economy. Contraception rate has a negative association with rainfall 4 months earlier; birth seasonality is therefore considered in relation to the agricultural cycle. While seasonal variations in sexual activity and pregnancy loss may be contributory factors, female stress due to the combination of malarial infection and physical exhaustion emerges as the major cause of seasonally depressed fecundity in areas with holoendemic malaria."
Correspondence: H. F. W. Bantje, Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35091, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20263 Barkalov, N. Microsimulation of a cohort fertility model. [Mikroimitatsionnaya model' rozhdaemosti pokoleniya.] Narodonaselenie, 1987. 170-96 pp. Moscow, USSR. In Rus.
The author presents a mathematical, statistical approach to the study of reproductive behavior. The effect of socioeconomic factors on fertility is accounted for in the model in an attempt to calculate indicators of the extent to which individuals realize their family-size expectations. Data for the USSR are used to illustrate the model.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20264 Bhattacharya, B. N.; Singh, K. K.; Pandey, C. M. Some models for number of births and estimates of natural age-specific fecundability and sterility for a rural part of northern India. Mathematical Biosciences, Vol. 87, No. 2, Dec 1987. 141-60 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Probability models describing observed distributions of births occurring to women in different segments of the reproductive span are proposed. By applying the models to real data, the values and trends in fecundability and sterility of women in rural areas of northern India are studied."
Correspondence: B. N. Bhattacharya, Centre of Population Studies, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, UP, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SM).

54:20265 Borisov, V. A. Population growth in the USSR: trends and prospects. [Vosproizvodstvo naseleniya SSSR: tendentsii i perspektivy.] In: Demograficheskoe razvitie v SSSR, edited by L. L. Rybakovskii. Demografiya: Problemy i Perspektivy, 1985. 34-52 pp. Mysl': Moscow, USSR. In Rus. with sum. in Eng.
The author discusses trends in the birth rate in the USSR for the country as a whole and for different regions. Causes of the fertility decline in several Union republics are analyzed. The need for cooperation among those working in different branches of the social and natural sciences is noted.
Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

54:20266 Brunborg, Helge. Boy or girl? [Gutt eller jente?] Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening/Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association, Vol. 107, No. 14, May 20, 1987. 1,207-9, 1,248 pp. Oslo, Norway. In Nor. with sum. in Eng.
The impact of sex preferences on fertility in Norway is examined using data from official sources for the period 1950-1985. The data indicate that although sex preferences are weak, there is a strong desire to have children of both sexes. However, the author uses the data to argue that the chances of having a child of the opposite sex diminish with each child of the same sex that a woman has.
Correspondence: H. Brunborg, Forskningsavdelingen, Statistisk Sentralbyra, Skipperg 15, 0033 Oslo 3, Norway. Location: New York Academy of Medicine.

54:20267 Burieva, M. The study of fertility among women in families in Uzbekistan. [Izuchenie plodovitosti zhenshchin v Uzbekskikh sem'yakh.] Narodonaselenie, 1987. 142-55 pp. Moscow, USSR. In Rus.
Trends in fertility among Uzbek women in the USSR are analyzed. A decline in fertility in recent generations is noted, with a focus on differences between urban and rural areas.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20268 Chieh-Johnson, Dorothy; Cross, Anne R.; Way, Ann A.; Sullivan, Jeremiah M. Liberia Demographic and Health Survey, 1986. Feb 1988. xii, 117 pp. Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs: Monrovia, Liberia; Westinghouse Institute for Resource Development, Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS]: Columbia, Maryland. In Eng.
"This report presents the findings of the Liberia Demographic and Health Survey, implemented by the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs in 1986. The survey is part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Programme which is designed to collect data on fertility, family planning, and maternal and child health." The survey involved a nationally representative sample of 5,239 women aged 15-49. The report includes chapters on demographic background, marriage and exposure to risk of pregnancy, fertility, contraceptive knowledge and use, fertility preferences, and mortality and health.
Correspondence: DHS, IRD/Westinghouse, P.O. Box 866, Columbia, MD 21044. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20269 China. State Statistical Bureau. Population Statistics Department (Beijing, China). A preliminary report of the first round in-depth survey of fertility in China. Renkou Yanjiu, No. 3, May 29, 1986. 8-15 pp. Beijing, China. In Chi.
This is the second of a two-part preliminary report on a survey conducted in the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Shaaxi, and Shanghai. The data and results concerning marital status are discussed in an earlier report. In the present publication, attention is given first to fertility and infant mortality and then to contraception. Cohort fertility rates, parity fertility rates, age at first birth, first birth intervals, infant mortality, distribution of various contraceptive methods, and contraceptive use by education and number of living children are considered.
For the first part of the report, also published in 1986, see 54:10420.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20270 Choi, C. Y.; Ruzicka, L. T. Recent trends in fertility and family formation. Journal of the Australian Population Association, Vol. 4, No. 2, Nov 1987. 123-36 pp. Carlton South, Australia. In Eng.
"Australia's fertility has declined significantly since the 1950s, and has remained below the long-term replacement level since 1976. The current trend appears to be towards a further decline. This paper describes the patterns of the fertility decline in terms of age and parity of the mother, and the effect on recent fertility decline of the postponement of marriage and family formation. The implications of the continued decline in fertility on completed family size are studied by reference to fertility patterns of marriage cohorts."
Correspondence: C. Y. Choi, Australian Bureau of Statistics, PO Box 10, Belconnen, ACT 2616, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20271 Coale, Ansley J. Marriage and childbearing in China since 1940. Population Studies Center Research Report, No. 87-116, Dec 1987. 15, [10] pp. University of Michigan, Population Studies Center: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
The author presents a technical analysis of developments in marriage and childbearing in China since 1940. Changes in age at marriage and in marital fertility are discussed, and attention is given to the role these factors have played in overall fertility changes. A mathematical "law" of the distribution of marriage by age is applied to selected cohorts, and changes both over time and following the implementation of restrictive marriage policies are considered. It is concluded that "the increase in age at marriage in China over the last several decades has reduced by more than 10% the number of births that would have occurred since 1950, had there been no change in age at marriage and had the actual fertility rates by duration of marriage occurred. The reduction is about 100 million births. Since 1970, when age at marriage has risen especially sharply, the reduction in the number of births has been about 60 million."
Correspondence: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, 1225 S. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20272 de Carvalho, Jose A. M.; Pinheiro, Silvia de M. G. Fertility and mortality in Brazil, 1970-1980. [Fecundidade e mortalidade no Brasil--1970/80.] CEDEPLAR Relatorio de Pesquisa, Feb 1986. 152 pp. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional [CEDEPLAR]: Belo Horizonte, Brazil. In Por.
Brass's technique is applied to census data to estimate urban and rural fertility and mortality in Brazil as a whole, in the federal states, in the 5 large geographic regions, and in 10 regions defined in the 1970 census. Data are presented separately for men and women.
Correspondence: CEDEPLAR, Rua Curitiba 832, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20273 Desai, Sonalde. A model of sequential fertility decisions: with an application to Sri Lanka. Pub. Order No. DA8720379. 1987. 132 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"A model about both the timing and the level of fertility [is applied] to retrospective fertility histories collected in the Sri Lanka World Fertility Survey." The hypotheses that fertility rate depends on birth order and that socioeconomic differences in fertility are greater for later births than for early births are tested using a piece-wise constant hazard model estimated by maximum likelihood.
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at Stanford University.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 48(6).

54:20274 Entwisle, Barbara; Mason, William M. Multilevel effects of socioeconomic development and family planning programs on children ever born. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 91, No. 3, Nov 1985. 616-49 pp. Chicago, Illinois. In Eng.
"This article describes an approach to an explanation of fertility that is sensitive to the dependence of the behavior of individuals or couples on social context and sets forth hypotheses about micro and macro determinants of children ever born (CEB). Data from 15 World Fertility Survey countries are used in a multilevel test of these hypotheses. The findings are that per capita GNP and family planning program effort affect not only country-specific average levels of CEB, but also the direction and magnitudes of the within-country effects of two micro socioeconomic variables on CEB. These findings, which are largely consistent with the hypotheses, illustrate the utility of a multilevel approach."
Correspondence: W. M. Mason, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, 1225 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2590. Location: Princeton University Library (SPIA).

54:20275 Etzler, Cecilia. The first child: a demographic study of childbearing among Swedish women born 1936-1960. [Forsta barnet: en demografisk studie av barnafodandet bland svenska kvinnor fodda 1936-60.] Stockholm Research Reports in Demography, No. 44, ISBN 91-7820-031-8. Dec 1987. 82 pp. University of Stockholm, Section of Demography: Stockholm, Sweden. In Swe.
This is a study of the trend toward older maternal age at first birth in Sweden. An intensity regression analysis is performed using data for married and cohabiting Swedish women born between 1936 and 1960. Factors related to increased age at first birth include level of education, family's social status, occupation, marital status, and age at the time of first cohabitation. The study finds low fertility among young women and increasing fertility among older women.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20276 Fei, Shihong; Liu, Shaohui. Discussions on fertility pattern. Population Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, Apr 1987. 41-5 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
"This article mainly discusses the components of the fertility pattern [in China] and, taking into consideration the characteristics of the family planning program, develops a method of fertility projection with the parity rate as a fertility control indicator."
This is a translation of the Chinese article in Renkou Yanjiu (Beijing, China), No. 1, 1986.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20277 Fernandez, Rogelio E.; Carvalho, Jose A. M. The evolution of fertility in Brazil: 1957-1970. An application of the own-children method to estimate annual fertility rates. [A evolucao de fecundidade no Brasil, periodo 1957-1979. Aplicacao de tecnica dos filhos proprios para se estimar a fecundidade ano a ano.] Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Populacao, Vol. 3, No. 2, Jul-Dec 1986. 67-86 pp. Sao Paulo, Brazil. In Por. with sum. in Eng.
The own-children method is used to estimate trends in fertility in Brazil from 1957 to 1970 using 1970 and 1980 census data. The total fertility rate is estimated for each year by region and place of residence. Comparisons are made with estimates made using Brass's methods of indirect estimation. It is found that estimates using the own-children method give more detailed information for the earlier period.
Correspondence: R. E. Fernandez, CEDEPLAR, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Cidade Universitaria, Pampulha, CP 1621, 1622, 30000 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20278 Freedman, Ronald; Xiao, Zhenyu; Li, Bohua; Lavely, William R. Education and fertility in two Chinese provinces: 1967-1970 to 1979-1982. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, Mar 1988. 3-30 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"In fertility studies, education is generally recognized as the best single indicator of individual modernity. At the aggregate level, it is usually highly correlated with other major socio-economic indicators of development. Because the rapid decline of fertility in China during the 1970s coincided with a rapid rise in the educational attainment of Chinese women, this article attempts to determine the role and importance of education in that decline. It finds that very large fertility declines at every educational level in two provinces i.e. Sichuan and Liaoning, suggest that China's family planning programme has been able to transcend the barriers of illiteracy and low educational levels, but that education was nevertheless related to reproductive levels in the rural sector both before and after the major programme effects." Data are from the 1982 1-in-1,000 fertility sampling survey and concern 252,000 women aged 15-49.
Correspondence: R. Freedman, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20279 Freedman, Ronald. Fertility determinants. In: The World Fertility Survey: an assessment, edited by John Cleland, Chris Scott, and David Whitelegge. 1987. 773-95 pp. Oxford University Press: New York, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
The author summarizes the contribution of the World Fertility Survey to the study of determinants of human fertility. Separate consideration is given to the proximate determinants of fertility, family size preferences, socioeconomic determinants of fertility, region and ethnicity, community-level determinants, intra-country relationships, and multilevel analyses. The author concludes that the WFS has not yet provided the basis for a new general theory of fertility, although its contributions to fertility theory have been significant. He also notes that "the distinctive WFS contribution is in giving us for the first time information on the cross-national variations in relationships for a large set of countries."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20280 Freedman, Ronald; Xiao, Zhenyu; Li, Bohua; Lavely, William. Local area variations in reproductive behaviour in the People's Republic of China, 1973-1982. Population Studies, Vol. 42, No. 1, Mar 1988. 39-57 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"The very large decline in fertility in the People's Republic of China and the powerful family planning programme associated with it have led to the impression that the phenomenon is uniform across China. This article, based on the One-per-Thousand Fertility Survey of 1982, shows that there is considerable variability among rural production brigades in many aspects of reproductive behaviour in four provinces covering about one-quarter of China's population. The article illustrates for Sichuan and Liaoning very rapid fertility declines at all educational levels, but with the educational level of the production brigade having an effect additional to that of individual education."
This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1986 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index, Vol. 52, No. 3, Fall 1986, pp. 399-400).
Correspondence: R. Freedman, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20281 Gomez, Victor. Birthspacing and fertility decline in Costa Rica. CDE Working Paper, No. 87-17, [1987]. 20 pp. University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology: Madison, Wisconsin. In Eng.
"This paper uses data from the Latin American Comparative Fertility Surveys as well as from the World Fertility Survey to study trends and differentials in birth spacing among ever married women in Costa Rica during the period 1945-1974. A good deal of attention is placed on the pace of fertility in threshold, early and late stages of the fertility decline that this country experienced during the sixties and early seventies. The results show a good deal of similarity in the tempo of reproduction across parities and geographical areas. However, an analysis of the background variables affecting birthspacing shows differences between urban and rural zones. Finally, it is postulated that the recent plateau in period rates may be a consequence of changes in the tempo of family building, with women at low parities having their postponed births now, offsetting the trends of decline generated among women at higher parities who still may be curtailing reproduction."
This paper was originally presented at the 1987 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index, Vol. 53, No. 3, Fall 1987, pp. 425-6).
Correspondence: CDE, University of Wisconsin, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53606-1393. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20282 Handwerker, W. Penn. Sampling variability in microdemographic estimation of fertility parameters. Human Biology, Vol. 60, No. 2, Apr 1988. 305-18 pp. Detroit, Michigan. In Eng.
"This paper reports the results of an empirical investigation of sampling fluctuations in age specific fertility rates (ASFR), total fertility rates (TFR), and the ratios of ASFRs used to identify the age pattern of childbearing (ASFR at age X/ASFR at age 20-24)....The sampling distribution of ASFRs and their derived ratios are estimated. A test is made of the ability of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov one sample goodness-of-fit test to discriminate reliably between differences in the shape of age-specific fertility and age-pattern of childbearing schedules. Finally, an indication is made as to how we can use Tukey's jackknife technique to generate point estimates and standard errors for ASFRs and TFRs." It is found that "we can accurately estimate fertility parameters from birth histories collected from as few as 50 women." The data used as an example are from Liberia and were collected in 1977-1978.
Correspondence: W. P. Handwerker, Program in Anthropology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20283 Hicks, W. Whitney; Martinez-Aguado, Timoteo. The determinants of marital fertility in Spain. [Las determinantes de la fecundidad dentro del matrimonio en Espana.] Revista Espanola de Investigaciones Sociologicas, No. 39, Jul-Sep 1987. 195-212 pp. Madrid, Spain. In Eng.
The authors analyze the determinants of marital fertility in Spain using data from the 1985 National Fertility Survey. The determinants include 18 regions of the country, size of place of residence, female and male education, male occupation at time of survey, religious belief and practice, number of siblings, and age. The results of an analysis using a single-equation ordinary least squares model are consistent with those using economic models based on demand for and supply of children. Education was generally significant and region was not. Comparisons are made with results from earlier studies.
Correspondence: W. W. Hicks, College of Arts and Science, Department of Economics, University of Missouri, 118 Professional Building, Columbia, MO 65211. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20284 Hobcraft, John. The proximate determinants of fertility. In: The World Fertility Survey: an assessment, edited by John Cleland, Chris Scott, and David Whitelegge. 1987. 796-837 pp. Oxford University Press: New York, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
The World Fertility Survey's contribution to the study of the proximate determinants of fertility is examined, with the geographical focus on developing countries. The author describes the WFS contribution of providing a solid empirical foundation for the study of these determinants and also points out its uneven coverage on some crucial topics. He distinguishes between various analyses concerned with individual proximate determinants and attempts to treat all measurable proximate determinants in coherent and integrated frameworks. It is concluded that the WFS has heightened awareness of the proximate determinants of fertility.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20285 Hotz, V. Joseph; Miller, Robert A. An empirical analysis of life cycle fertility and female labor supply. Econometrica, Vol. 56, No. 1, Jan 1988. 91-118 pp. Clevedon, England. In Eng.
"This paper examines household fertility and female labor supply over the life cycle. We investigate how maternal time inputs, market expenditures on offspring, as well as the benefits they yield their parents, vary with ages of offspring, and influence female labor supply and contraceptive behavior. Our econometric framework combines a female labor supply model and a contraceptive choice index function. It also accounts for the fact that conceptions are not perfectly controllable events. Using longitudinal [U.S.] data on married couples from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we estimate these equations and test alternative specifications of the technologies governing child care. Our findings suggest that while parents cannot perfectly control conceptions, variations in child care costs do affect the life cycle spacing of births. Furthermore, our results demonstrate the gains of modelling the linkages between female labor supply and fertility behavior at the household level."
Correspondence: V. J. Hotz, Program in Quantitative Economic Analysis/NORC, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20286 Hull, Terence H.; Dasvarma, Gouranga L. Fertility trends in Indonesia, 1967-1985. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1, Apr 1988. 115-22 pp. Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
Fertility trends in Indonesia for the period 1967-1985 are analyzed. Data are from the Indonesian censuses of 1971 and 1980 and from the 1985 Intercensal Survey (SUPAS 85); they concern fertility rates by province, marital status, and for the general population. An overview of the sociocultural factors that affect data reliability and a discussion of the effectiveness of the date of last birth method are included. The authors conclude that the evidence "has confirmed the existence of a major fertility decline throughout Indonesia. The pace of the decline has been faster in 1980-85 than during the 70s. On present trends, it should be possible to reach the ambitious target of halving fertility between 1979 and 1990."
Correspondence: T. H. Hull, Australian National University, GPO 4, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

54:20287 Hungary. Kozponti Statisztikai Hivatal (Budapest, Hungary). The cohort fertility of females born in 1937-1968. 1986. 77 pp. Budapest, Hungary. In Eng.
Data on fertility for women born between 1937 and 1968 in Hungary are presented. The data concern all females and married females by year of birth, age, and number of live-born children; probabilities of having more children by age; and live birth rates by cohort, age, and number of children.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20288 Inaba, Hisashi. On the relationship between period total fertility rate and cohort fertility. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, No. 178, Apr 1986. 48-53 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
This study is concerned with the effect of temporal variation in cohort fertility on the period total fertility rate (TFR). The author attempts to develop a simple model to test the conclusion of Shigemi Kono and Akira Ishikawa that a delay in cohort fertility can reduce the TFR. The limitations of such an approach are discussed.
For the study by Kono and Ishikawa, also published in 1986, see 52:30290.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20289 Islamov, S. I. Features of reproductive behavior among Tadzhik families. [Osobennosti reproduktivnogo povedeniya tadzhikskoi sem'i.] In: Detnost' sem'i: vchera, segodnya, zavtra, edited by L. L. Rybakovskii. Demografiya: Problemy i Perspektivy, Vol. 132-45, 201, 1986. Mysl': Moscow, USSR. In Rus. with sum. in Eng.
"Specific traits of childbearing practice [among] native Tadzhik [USSR] females are analysed. Some links between socio-economic factors and fertility in this republic and its regions are established."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20290 Japan. Institute of Population Problems (Tokyo, Japan). Indexes of population reproduction for the Japanese population in 1980-1985. Institute of Population Problems Research Series, No. 243, Dec 24, 1986. 31 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
Tables and charts containing population reproduction rates and indexes for Japan for the period 1980-1985 are presented. Some retrospective data on fertility from 1920 are included. Information is provided on the sources of data.
For a previous report concerning the period 1975-1980, published in 1985, see 52:10269.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20291 Jiang, Zhenghua. Impact of socio-economic factors on China's fertility. Population Research, Vol. 3, No. 4, Oct 1986. 9-17 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
The effects of socioeconomic factors on fertility and mortality in China are first examined. A multiple regression model is developed, with education, income, population density, and family planning as independent variables affecting fertility. The data are from several socioeconomic surveys taken around 1982 as well as the census. The results show that the most significant variables affecting fertility are education and income.
This is a translation of the Chinese article in Renkou Yanjiu (Beijing, China), No. 3, 1986, pp. 25-30.
Correspondence: Z. Jiang, Population Research Institute, Xi'an Communication University, Xi'an, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20292 Kabir, M.; Uddin, M. Mosleh. Fertility transition in Bangladesh: trends and determinants. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4, Dec 1987. 53-72 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
Fertility patterns in Bangladesh between 1975 and 1985 are examined with some reference to data for earlier periods. "The basic question raised in this note is whether any fertility transition occurred in Bangladesh. If there has been a transition, then what is its extent, and what was the timing of the start of that transition. The aim is also to assess the current level of fertility. The findings are discussed in socioeconomic and cultural terms; implications for the future are suggested in light of the findings." Attention is given to problems of data quality, crude birth rates, age-specific fertility rates, urban-rural differentials, and proximate determinants of fertility.
Correspondence: M. Kabir, Department of Statistics, Jahangirnager University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20293 Kadyrov, Sh. Kh. Fertility in Turkmenian families (results of a pilot study). [Rozhdaemost' v turkmenskoi sem'e (rezul'taty pilotazhnogo obsledovaniya).] In: Detnost' sem'i: vchera, segodnya, zavtra, edited by L. L. Rybakovskii. Demografiya: Problemy i Perspektivy, 1986. 117-31 pp. Mysl': Moscow, USSR. In Rus. with sum. in Eng.
"It is argued that fertility in...Soviet Central Asia has begun to [decline]. It is obvious that within limits of traditional reproductive behavior high fertility is being put under control. The females in rural areas with developing industry now use more and more contraception."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20294 Kallan, Jeffrey E.; Udry, J. Richard. Demographic components of seasonality of pregnancy. CDE Working Paper, No. 87-18, Aug 1987. 12, [5] pp. University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology: Madison, Wisconsin. In Eng.
"Previous studies of the seasonality of birth and/or pregnancy have been based on monthly numbers or proportions of births or pregnancies (i.e., their distribution throughout the year) without any explicit accounting of the size of the population actually at risk of pregnancy by month. The data on which past studies have been based permitted little more than such a numerator analysis. The present paper presents data on monthly populations at risk and monthly probabilities of pregnancy [in the United States] and we subsequently determine the relative contribution of each component to the monthly distribution of pregnancies. The data come from the National Survey of Family Growth, cycle III [January 1979 - December 1981]. We find that while there is some seasonality in the size of the population at risk, it contributes little, in fact, to the overall seasonality of pregnancy. The latter is, instead, determined almost completely by seasonality of pregnancy probability (fecundability)."
Correspondence: CDE, University of Wisconsin, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1393. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20295 Katkova, I.; Shurandina, I. Infant mortality and family formation. [Detskaya smertnost' i formirovanie sem'i.] Narodonaselenie, 1987. 241-64 pp. Moscow, USSR. In Rus.
The relationship between infant deaths and reproductive behavior in the USSR is examined. Factors associated with infant mortality are also considered. Data are from a 1980-1982 survey of 350 Moscow families who had had an infant death in the previous two and a half years.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20296 Kazi, Shahnaz; Sathar, Zeba A. Productive and reproductive choices: report of a pilot survey of urban working women in Karachi. Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 25, No. 4, Winter 1986. 593-608 pp. Islamabad, Pakistan. In Eng.
The relationships between employment status and the domestic roles of women in Karachi, Pakistan, are examined using data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of households. The data are for 110 working women between the ages of 19 and 50, of which 93 were married, 6 were separated or divorced, and 11 were widowed. "The survey data are used to explore the relationship between women's work and such demographic variables as fertility, age at marriage, and contraception adoption....The results from the survey most certainly confirm that there are strong inter-linkages between socio-economic conditions of different households which influence both productive and reproductive choices of women belonging to them." A comment by Nasra M. Shah is included (pp. 607-8).
Correspondence: S. Kazi, Senior Research Economist, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20297 Kestenbaum, Bert. Seasonality of birth: two findings from the decennial census. Social Biology, Vol. 34, No. 3-4, Fall-Winter 1987. 244-8 pp. Madison, Wisconsin. In Eng.
"Two results on the seasonality of birth phenomenon are derived from tabulations of 1980 [U.S.] census data: first, that the familiar pattern of spring trough and summer peak prevailed in the decades before the establishment of a national birth registration data system; second, that the seasonal pattern is most pronounced for the lower socioeconomic group."
Correspondence: B. Kestenbaum, Office of the Actuary, Social Security Administration, Baltimore, MD. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20298 Kim, Ik Ki. Socioeconomic development and fertility in Korea. 1987. xv, 142 pp. Seoul National University, Population and Development Studies Center: Seoul, Korea, Republic of. In Eng.
This study is concerned with the socioeconomic determinants of fertility in the Republic of Korea. The author develops a model that takes into account both individual and community-level factors and applies the model to data from the 1974 Korean National Fertility Survey and official Korean data. Separate consideration is given to age at first birth, early fertility, and later fertility for three cohorts of women, those aged 30-34, 35-39, and 40-44. "The results of this study indicate that socioeconomic development results in increased age at first birth and reduced number of children....In addition to the developmental change, Korea's fertility decline was found to be facilitated by the family planning programs....The effect of women's education on fertility was proved to be greater in the settings with more family planning inputs than in the settings with less inputs of family planning....[and] the effect of socioeconomic development on fertility is greater among less-privileged women than among more-privileged women."
Correspondence: Ik Ki Kim, Population and Development Studies Center, Seoul National University, Sinlim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151, Republic of Korea. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20299 Krishnan, Vijaya. Homeownership: its impact on fertility. Population Research Laboratory Discussion Paper, No. 51, Feb 1988. 28 pp. University of Alberta, Department of Sociology, Population Research Laboratory: Edmonton, Canada. In Eng.
"The fertility of Canadian women is investigated using data from the 1984 Canadian Fertility Survey (CFS). Attention is focussed on several social and cultural-demographic factors (age, education, religion, religiosity, homeownership, nativity, income, value of home, and number of siblings) that are associated with fertility of couples. Multivariate analysis of the data indicates that: age of wife, education of wife and homeownership are the three most important variables explaining the fertility behaviour of Canadian couples...."
Correspondence: Population Research Laboratory, Department of Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H4, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20300 Kyriazis, Stella. Economic approaches to fertility: a comparative analysis of the New Home Economics and Easterlin theories. [Approches economiques de la fecondite: une analyse comparative des theories du New Home Economics et d'Easterlin.] Cahiers Quebecois de Demographie, Vol. 16, No. 2, Oct 1987. 167-85 pp. Montreal, Canada. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
"The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of the New Home Economics and Easterlin theories of fertility, within a critical context. It is emphasized that in spite of similarities between the two theories, each makes distinct contributions: while one stresses the cost of children as a determinant of fertility, the other stresses the importance of material aspirations through the relative income concept."
Correspondence: S. Kyriazis, Departement de Demographie, Universite de Montreal, CP 6128 Succursale A, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20301 Lelievre, Eva. Labor force participation and fertility: choices and determinations among French women, 1930-1960. [Activite professionnelle et fecondite: les choix et les determinations chez les femmes francaises, de 1930 a 1960.] Cahiers Quebecois de Demographie, Vol. 16, No. 2, Oct 1987. 209-36 pp. Montreal, Canada. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
"Using longitudinal data, the author analyses the interactions between labor force participation and fertility of French women born between 1911 and 1935. After identification of types of sequences integrating family and working life cycle events, a non-parametric modelling of interactions between these events is proposed. The 1911-1935 cohorts, which start to show high labor force participation rates, have not yet reduced their fertility level, and one may observe how they have combined working life and family life."
Correspondence: E. Lelievre, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 Rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20302 Lewin, David. Limitations of historical and geographic comparisons of fertility. [Limite des comparaisons historiques et geographiques de la natalite.] Bulletin de l'Academie Nationale de Medecine, Vol. 171, No. 2-3, Feb 1987. 207-14 pp. Paris, France. In Fre.
The consequences of changes in the birth rate are examined, with particular reference to the situation in France concerning unemployment and the financing of old-age security. The causes of fluctuations in the birth rate are also considered. The author concludes that governments have a greater likelihood of affecting the consequences of such changes than of influencing changes in fertility directly.
Correspondence: D. Lewin, Service de Gynecologie-Obstetrique, Centre Hospitalier, 78303 Poissy Cedex, France. Location: New York Academy of Medicine.

54:20303 Lin, Fude. Characteristics of fertility transition in China. Population Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, Apr 1987. 1-9 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
Fertility trends in China from the 1960s to the 1980s are reviewed using data from the 1982 1-in-1,000 fertility survey, the 10 percent sample of the 1982 census, and official publications. Particular attention is given to changes in the speed of the fertility transition, in urban and rural fertility patterns, and in the parity structure of fertility.
This is a translation of the Chinese article in Renkou Yanjiu (Beijing, China), No. 4, 1986.
Correspondence: F. Lin, Institute of Population Research, People's University of China, 39 Hai Dian Road, Beijing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20304 Lutz, Wolfgang; Yashin, Anatoli. Comparative anatomy of fertility trends: the aging of the baby boom. IIASA Working Paper, No. WP-87-12, Jan 1987. 34 pp. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [IIASA]: Laxenburg, Austria. In Eng.
The authors discuss changes in fertility patterns in developed countries as they relate to demographic aging. The focus is on "the anatomy of the most pronounced fertility change in recent times, the post-war baby boom. The presentation makes much use of newly-available graphical techniques, which allow the reader to visualize the demographic trends in great detail. The graphical tools also facilitate comparative analyses...." Graphs depicting age distribution for 14 countries for the years 1950-2025 are included in the appendix.
Correspondence: IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20305 Mahadevan, K.; Sumangala, M. Social development, cultural change and fertility decline: a study of fertility change in Kerala. ISBN 81-7036-056-0. LC 87-15001. 1987. 190 pp. Sage Publications: Newbury Park, California/New Delhi, India. In Eng.
The relationship between social development and fertility decline in India is analyzed, focusing on a village in Kerala and using a village in Andhra Pradesh as the control group. "Using both qualitative and quantitative data, the authors have combined the anthropological and survey methods to...demonstrate the importance of socio-cultural factors in rapid fertility decline in the state [of Kerala]. This book confirms that a higher age at marriage, a decline in infant mortality, an extensive family planning infrastructure and the widespread use of contraceptive methods are important influences on fertility decline....Using case studies as illustrations, the authors argue that the relatively low value attached to the sex of children, the revival of polyandry, the recognition of deep-rooted kinship obligations, the emancipation of women and modernisation, all contribute significantly towards a decline in fertility." A model explaining fertility decline in Kerala is generalized to apply to other regions in the developing world.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20306 Mason, Karen O. The impact of women's social position on fertility in developing countries. Sociological Forum, Vol. 2, No. 4, Fall 1987. 718-45 pp. Ithaca, New York. In Eng.
"This paper examines ideas about possible ways in which the extent of women's autonomy, women's economic dependency, and other aspects of their position vis-a-vis men influence fertility in Third World populations. Women's position of 'status' seems likely to be related to the supply of children because of its links with age at marriage. Women's position may also affect the demand for children and the costs of fertility regulation, though some connections suggested in the literature are implausible. The paper ends with suggestions for future research."
Correspondence: K. O. Mason, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2590. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20307 Menken, Jane. Proximate determinants of fertility and mortality: a review of recent findings. Sociological Forum, Vol. 2, No. 4, Fall 1987. 697-717 pp. Ithaca, New York. In Eng.
"Social, cultural, and economic factors that influence fertility must work through the intermediate variables or proximate determinants that directly affect reproduction. This paper reviews the proximate determinants framework amd recent advances in knowledge of its components. In addition, efforts to develop a comparable model for analysis of mortality are described. It is concluded that, for fertility, although gaps in knowledge of proximate determinants remain and continuing periodic measurement is necessary to monitor their levels and changes, the primary need now is to improve understanding of the causal links between the social and economic features of a population and the proximate determinants."
Correspondence: J. Menken, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, 21 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ 08540. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20308 Mhloyi, Marvellous M. Fertility determinants and differentials: the cases of Kenya and Lesotho. Zambezia, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1986. 81-107 pp. Harare, Zimbabwe. In Eng.
Fertility determinants and differentials in Kenya and Lesotho are analyzed based on data from surveys carried out in 1977-1978 as part of the World Fertility Survey. The author attempts to determine the extent to which the populations of the two countries are still under the influence of natural fertility and the impact of their respective family planning programs on fertility.
Correspondence: M. M. Mhloyi, Department of Sociology, University of Zimbabwe, POB MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

54:20309 Monnier, Alain. Intended and achieved fertility. A longitudinal survey: 1974, 1976, 1979. [Projets de fecondite et fecondite effective. Une enquete longitudinale: 1974, 1976, 1979.] Population, Vol. 42, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1987. 819-42 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
"Consecutive observations made in 1974, 1976 and 1979 on the same sample of women [in France] show that statements about fertility intentions provide a reliable means of predicting the behaviour of individuals (77 per cent over five years), but are inadequate to project birth rates for the population in general. There is usually some ambiguity about statements of intention, depending on whether women are asked whether they want an additional child, or about the total number of children they want. Generally speaking the number of wanted children stated as intended turns out to be larger than the number actually achieved. These findings raise the question whether couples really have definite ideas about the total number of children they want. It would seem as if each new birth leads to a revision of intentions defined on a short-term basis."
Correspondence: A. Monnier, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 Rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20310 Munoz-Perez, Francisco. The decline of fertility in southern Europe. [Le declin de la fecondite dans le sud de l'Europe.] Population, Vol. 42, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1987. 911-41 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
"After the second world war, birth rates in Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal remained relatively high, because of the delayed demographic transition. The author shows that during the following 30 years developments in these countries paralleled those in the more industrialized nations. In spite of falling birth rates, there was a sharp rise in marriage rates and rather less childlessness. It is clear that the populations of these regions were liable to the same influences which had shaped demographic developments in the rest of Europe. Therefore, the recent fall in birth rates recorded in those countries, ten years later than in the remainder of Europe seems less surprising. The author analyzes certain aspects of the current troughs in fertility which signal the end of a development that began at the turn of the century, and the adoption of reproductive behaviour which is very similar to that found throughout Western Europe."
Correspondence: F. Munoz-Perez, Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques, 27 Rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14, France. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20311 Petrioli, Luciano; Menchiari, Andrea. Model fertility tables. Dec 1986. 241 pp. Universita di Siena, Istituto di Statistica, Facolta di Scienze Economiche e Bancarie: Siena, Italy. In Eng.
"In this paper we propose a new group of standard tables based on a mathematical function (Gompertz's function) which has been widely tested in the demographic field and which is particularly appropriate for the representation of empirical fertility distributions....Each model of the new group of standard tables was obtained by estimating the parameters of the above mentioned function, after establishing certain limitations derived from the original data, so as to be able to represent real situations of fertility....Instead of examining the fertility of one population in the course of time, or of several populations at the same time, we have gathered a great number of fertility rate distributions from different countries at different times. The set of fertility distributions thus assembled represents the fertility of a group of females that are part of the world population. Consequently, the models derived from it can be applied freely without limitations of space or time."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20312 Pillai, Vijayan K. The postwar rise and decline of American fertility: the pace of transition to motherhood among 1950-1969 marital cohorts of white women. Journal of Family History, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1987. 421-36 pp. Greenwich, Connecticut/London, England. In Eng.
"This study supports the theoretical argument that historical experiences of the marital cohorts, and the changes in the social and demographic composition of the cohorts, determine the pace of childbearing among white American women married during 1950-1969. During the period 1965-1969 environmental factors supported a delay in the birth of the first child among working women. This may be the result of socioenvironmental responses to the threshold proportion of working women in the 1965-1969 cohort. In the past, compositional changes, such as an increase in the proportion of working women, have resulted from structural changes absorbing women into the labor market. These trends might have broght about attitudinal and environmental changes during these years enabling many women to become more work committed. Thus, both structural and environmental changes now support delayed childbearing."
Correspondence: V. K. Pillai, Iowa Urban Community Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20313 Poston, Dudley L.; Rogers, Richard G. Development and childlessness in the states and territories of Brazil. Texas Population Research Center Papers, Series 8: 1986, No. 8.020, 1987. 32, [3] pp. University of Texas, Texas Population Research Center: Austin, Texas. In Eng.
"In this paper we analyze the relationships between modernization and childlessness among 25 geographical units of Brazil, including 21 states, 3 territories, and the Federal District. We use seven age-specific rates of childlessness computed for 1980 grouped in 5-year intervals. We find both variation within the childlessness rates, as well as important associations between measures of economic development in 1970 and the rates of childlessness." The analysis is based on a review of the literature and the development of a theoretical model.
Correspondence: Texas Population Research Center, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20314 Prada, Elena; Ojeda, Gabriel. Selected findings from the Demographic and Health Survey in Colombia, 1986. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 13, No. 4, Dec 1987. 116-20 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
Summary results from the 1986 Demographic and Health Survey of Colombia are presented. The results show that fertility continues to decline but that the rate of decline has lessened considerably in recent years. "The total fertility rate...is 3.3 children per woman, and the average number of live births among women who have completed childbearing is 6.1. Rural women continue to have two more children, on average, than do urban women; and women with no education have three more children than do women with secondary schooling. Contraceptive knowledge is virtually universal....Contraceptive prevalence among married women has reached 65 percent, and urban-rural differentials in prevalence have declined since 1978--from a difference of 25 percentage points to one of 17 percentage points. The leading method of contraception in Colombia is now female sterilization--18 percent of all married women use this method--followed by the pill, used by 16 percent and the IUD, 11 percent."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20315 Proebsting, Helmut. The number of children of married German women by length of marriage, husband's income, and wife's occupational status, 1986. [Kinderzahl verheirateter deutscher Frauen nach Ehedauer, Einkommen des Mannes und Erwerbstatigkeit der Frau 1986.] Wirtschaft und Statistik, No. 1, Jan 1988. 23-5 pp. Wiesbaden, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger.
Selected fertility data from the 1986 microcensus for the Federal Republic of Germany are compared with similar figures for 1976 and 1981. Factors examined include number of children, marriage duration, husband's income, and wife's occupational status. It is found that, on average, employed married women have fewer children than their unemployed counterparts and that families of husbands with a lower income have a significantly lower number of children than families of husbands with a higher income. Marriage and fertility trends among women grouped by duration of marriage are noted.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20316 Rantala, Maja-Liisa. Childlessness in Helsinki. Biology and Society, Vol. 4, No. 4, Dec 1987. 191-4 pp. London, England. In Eng.
Childlessness in Finland is analyzed using data collected by questionnaire from 4,730 women living in Helsinki who participated in a cervical cancer screening program in 1981-1982. "About half (48%) of the women aged 30 had no children. In the age group of 35 years, 28% were nulliparous as were 24% of the women aged 40."
Correspondence: M.-L. Rantala, Department II of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 2, SF-00290 Helsinki, Finland. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20317 Rauniyar, Krishna K. Demand for children in the Nepal Tarai. Winrock International Research Paper Series, No. 29, Nov 1985. 16 pp. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development: Kathmandu, Nepal. In Eng.
"This study uses the micro-economic demand theory of fertility to examine forces influencing current fertility decisions of Tarai farm families [in Nepal]. Determinants of demand for farm children include value of mother's time, child labor contributions, farm income, child mortality, duration of marriage, migration, contraceptive use, and education." Data concern 270 couples surveyed in 1982. The main factors affecting the demand for children were child labor and marriage duration. "Three dependent variables were tried in the analysis of demand for children--number of children ever born (NCB), ideal family size (IFS), and average (current) fertility (NCE). Average (current) fertility was found to be more consistent with the idea of fertility than the aggregate measures (NCB, IFS) used in the other equations."
Correspondence: Winrock International, P.O. Box 1312, Kathmandu, Nepal. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20318 Retherford, Robert D. An integration of two fertility analysis frameworks. Genus, Vol. 43, No. 1-2, Jan-Jun 1987. 1-18 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ita.
"The conceptual building blocks of Easterlin's well-known framework for fertility analysis are tastes, income and prices, as portrayed by indifference maps and budget constraints. An alternative but equivalent formulation, useful for conceptualizing rapid diffusion of birth control and sudden and rapid fertility decline, starts with family size preference functions of the type used by psychometricians. This paper demonstrates the complementarity of these two approaches."
Correspondence: R. D. Retherford, East-West Population Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, HI 96848. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20319 Reunion des Directeurs d'Instituts (Paris, France); Centres Universitaires de Demographie (Paris, France); France. Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques [INED] (Paris, France); Association Internationale des Demographes de Langue Francaise [AIDELF] (Paris, France). Sixth National Demographic Conference. Fertility in industrialized countries, Lille, April 24-26, 1979. [VI Colloque National de Demographie. La fecondite dans les pays industrialises, Lille, 24-26 avril 1979.] ISBN 2-222-03740-9. 1986. 566 pp. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique [CNRS]: Paris, France. In Fre.
These are the proceedings of a conference on fertility in developed countries, with particular emphasis on France, held in Lille, France, in April 1979. The first section includes 12 papers on factors affecting fertility, including residence characteristics, social class, educational status, female employment, religion, cultural background, contraception, and other socioeconomic factors. The second section has 3 papers on the consequences of fertility levels, including production and consumption, the limits of population decline, and demographic aging. The third section contains 4 papers on government policy. A selection of 17 unsolicited papers is included in the next part.
Location: New York Public Library.

54:20320 Rindfuss, Ronald R.; Palmore, James A.; Bumpass, Larry L. Analyzing birth intervals: implications for demographic theory and data collection. Sociological Forum, Vol. 2, No. 4, Fall 1987. 811-28 pp. Ithaca, New York. In Eng.
"In the last decade, the study of birth intervals has been greatly facilitated by a rapid expansion in data availability and by improvements in analytical techniques. Unfortunately, the results emerging from individual level, empirical studies of birth interval dynamics do not correspond with the predictions of standard demographic theory. This paper reviews a series of individual level studies that find substantial socioeconomic variation in childspacing after controlling statistically for the major intermediate or proximate variables. It then offers possible explanations for the lack of fit between theory and results at the micro level, concluding that the two most likely explanations are poor measurement of the four principal proximate determinants and the exclusion of additional proximate determinants." The individual-level studies concern the Republic of Korea, Peru, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
Correspondence: R. R. Rindfuss, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20321 Roy, S. Guha. Parameterizing Indian fertility experience by Gompertz function. Demography India, Vol. 16, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1987. 136-43 pp. New Delhi, India. In Eng.
The author develops a relational Gompertz fertility model and applies it to the experience of India based on official statistics.
Correspondence: S. G. Roy, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Calcutta-700 035, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20322 Sakai, Hiromichi. On preferences for sex of children among the Japanese. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, No. 182, Apr 1987. 51-5 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn.
The author reviews the few studies available on sex preferences in Japan. The emphasis is on actual preferences based on fertility decisions as opposed to attitudes. The available data for Japan on sex preference are analyzed.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20323 Sandoval, Guillermo; Brenes, Abelardo; Gonzalez, Alfonso. Costa Rican development and male fertility. [El desarrollo costarricense y la fecundidad del hombre.] 1985. 233 pp. Universidad Nacional, Instituto de Estudios Sociales en Poblacion [IDESPO]: Heredia, Costa Rica. In Spa.
The authors report the results of a 1980 survey of the male role in fertility trends in Costa Rica, in which 800 men aged 18-55 were interviewed. Emphasis is on the contribution of males to fertility decisions, in particular male participation in the fertility decline that has taken place in Costa Rica in the past three decades and the impact of socioeconomic changes on reproductive behavior. The first section contains chapters on previous research on fertility in Costa Rica, models of reproductive behavior, fertility and development in Latin America, social development in Costa Rica from 1950 to 1980, and problems involved in explanatory models of male reproductive behavior. The second section is a comparative analysis of social factors associated with male and female reproductive behavior. The third section concerns the relationship between number of children and male occupational activity. Section 4 contains a multivariate analysis of male fertility; variables considered include number of living children, educational level, urban or rural residence, occupation, and age at first union.
Correspondence: IDESPO, Universidad Nacional, Apdo. 86, Heredia, Costa Rica. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20324 Sathar, Zeba. Birth spacing in Pakistan. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 20, No. 2, Apr 1988. 175-94 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"Life table analysis is applied to data from the Pakistan Fertility Survey (1975) to examine the effects on birth spacing of a number of socioeconomic variables. Women of more modern backgrounds seem to space their families more closely, but differ little in achieved family size from the more traditional groups. Important factors are age at marriage, age at first birth, province of residence, and whether the woman had ever used contraception. Multivariate analysis taking into account interaction between variables shows that education, urban-rural residence, and province exert independent effects, and so does the cohort of the mother. But the variable with the strongest effect on length of interval, other than that from marriage to first birth, is duration of breast-feeding."
Correspondence: Z. Sathar, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, P.O. Box 1091, Islamabad, Pakistan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20325 Shariff, Abusaleh. A micro investigation of social change, status of woman and fertility decisions in Karnataka: methodology and some findings. Demography India, Vol. 16, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1987. 48-69 pp. New Delhi, India. In Eng.
The author reports on fieldwork conducted in 1981 in four rural villages of Karnataka, India, "to investigate the causes and processes of fertility decline in south India with emphasis on tracing the pattern and process of decision-making." Following data collection on demographic characteristics and pregnancy histories, in-depth interviews were conducted with samples of family planning acceptors and non-acceptors. Attention is given to stages of fertility decision making, social change and the status of women, and family relationships and the decision-making process.
Correspondence: A. Shariff, Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore-560 072, India. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20326 Siegers, J. J. A prospective analysis of fertility based on the Willis model. [Een prospectieve analyse van het kindertal met behulp van het model van Willis.] Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking, Vol. 36, No. 2, Feb 1988. 12-21 pp. Voorburg, Netherlands. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
"In this article, Willis' micro-economic model of fertility is tested with data obtained from the 1982 Netherlands Fertility Survey of the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics." This model enables a prospective as well as a retrospective analysis of fertility and helps analyze the impact of husband's and wife's educational status on fertility. The probability of couples having three or more children is shown to be higher when both partners have had only a primary education or when both have had a university-level education.
Correspondence: J. J. Siegers, Economic Institute, State University of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 8, POB 80125, 3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20327 Simonelli, Jeanne M. Two boys, a girl, and enough! Reproductive and economic decisionmaking on the Mexican periphery. Women in Cross-Cultural Perspective, ISBN 0-8133-7190-2. LC 85-50696. 1986. xxii, 231 pp. Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado/London, England. In Eng.
The rate of change in fertility among women in Baviacora, in the state of Sonora, Mexico, is studied using information from fieldwork conducted by the author. Evidence is found for a decreasing birth rate as a result of changing behaviors and reproductive strategies. Attention is given to fertility and economic change, the geography and history of the region, modernization in the area since 1945, economic resources in Baviacora, and female employment and demographic change. The author concludes that traditions of male migration and female access to modern medicine have together made it possible for women to take rational steps to promote the survivorship and well-being of their children.
Location: Princeton University Library (FST).

54:20328 Soomro, Ghulam Y. Determinants of aggregate fertility in Pakistan. Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 25, No. 4, Winter 1986. 553-70 pp. Islamabad, Pakistan. In Eng.
"The objective of this paper is to investigate and identify policy-relevant factors which influence fertility at an aggregate level by looking at the supply, demand and cost factors of fertility regulation [in Pakistan]....The analysis of fertility determinants was carried out by employing socioeconomic development variables where unit of analysis was a district. The ordinary least-square method of regression was applied to study the effects. To avoid multicollinearity among the independent variables, a composite variable of socio-economic development variables was structured to study the effects of development and family planning programme on fertility. The results revealed that fertility was significantly affected by [school] enrolment and nuptiality variables." A comment by Margaret E. Greene is also included (pp. 567-70).
Correspondence: G. Y. Soomro, Research Demographer, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20329 Sundstrom, William A.; David, Paul A. Old-age security motives, labor markets, and farm family fertility in antebellum America. Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 25, No. 2, Apr 1988. 164-97 pp. Duluth, Minnesota. In Eng.
The relationships among fertility, old-age security, and nonagricultural employment opportunities among farm families in the United States before the Civil War are explored. The authors develop a simple, two-period model of intertemporal resource allocation, which summarizes the effects upon desired family size of changes in the old-age asset value assigned to children. The results indicate that "the demand for children on the part of farm couples in antebellum America declined as labor market opportunities outside the agricultural sector improved. A connection between these two secular developments was forged by the operation of the old-age security motive for raising children. In exchange for their role in providing old-age security for their parents, the mature offspring of a farm couple expected to receive a portion of the farm family's wealth, either as an inheritance or as an inter vivos transfer." Measures of nonagricultural labor market opportunities are found to have a significant and negative effect on fertility and to explain geographical fertility differences. In contrast, the availability of cheap land is shown to have had little impact on fertility.
Correspondence: W. A. Sundstrom, Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

54:20330 Tol'ts, M. S. The relationship between matrimonial and reproductive behavior. [Vzaimosvyazi brachnogo i reproduktivnogo povedeniya.] In: Detnost' sem'i: vchera, segodnya, zavtra, edited by L. L. Rybakovskii. Demografiya: Problemy i Perspektivy, 1986. 39-53, 200 pp. Mysl': Moscow, USSR. In Rus. with sum. in Eng.
"The association between marriage and childbearing patterns at the modern phase of demographic development [in the USSR] is examined. It is shown how the woman's age influences the length of the interval between the wedding and the first birth. The way current marriage patterns affect fertility is characterized."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20331 United Nations. Department of International Economic and Social Affairs (New York, New York). Family building by fate or design: a study of relationships between child survival and fertility. No. ST/ESA/SER.R/74, 1987. ix, 103 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
This report attempts "to identify what is clearly and unambiguously known about the relationship between child survival chances and fertility, to formulate policy guidelines based on this knowledge and to identify promising areas for future research....[It is noted that] improvements in child survival generate various distinct but closely interdependent types of changes in patterns of reproduction resulting in lower fertility levels and these depend on prevalent family building strategies." Such changes in both the physiological effect and the replacement effect can lead to lower fertility. "Other effects of child survival operate on fertility by altering parents' perceptions about their environment, in particular their perceptions about their children's survival chances." These effects are identified as the transition effect and the insurance effect. Consideration is given to the different impact of such effects in the various developing regions of the world.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20332 United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific [ESCAP]. Population Division. Fertility and Family Planning Section (Bangkok, Thailand). Female autonomy and fertility: an overview of the situation in South Asia. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4, Dec 1987. 43-52 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"This article explores several dimensions of the socio-cultural milieu in countries of the South Asian subcontinent that account for the persistence of moderate to high fertility. It finds that, because the resistance to change is deep-rooted at the structural and cultural level, policy intervention, the emphasis of which is on service delivery only, is not likely to bring about any appreciable shift in the behaviour of the population. It concludes that fertility will tend to decline slowly until the forces of modernization help women in South Asia to resist pronatalist pressures."
Correspondence: Fertility and Family Planning Section, Population Division, ESCAP, United Nations Building, Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20333 Vaupel, James W.; Goodwin, Dianne G. The concentration of reproduction among U.S. women, 1917-80. Population and Development Review, Vol. 13, No. 4, Dec 1987. 723-30, 764-5, 767 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"For cohorts of U.S. women completing their fertility from 1917 to 1980, roughly a fifth to a quarter of the women had half the children. This concentration of reproduction is analyzed by tracing time series of various summary measures and by plotting concentration curves that display the relationship between proportions of women and proportions of children. Concentration analyses may be relevant to policy decisions, especially those relating to the targeting of an intervention. If a fifth of women are bearing half the children, perhaps policies to reduce (or to increase) births should be directed toward this group."
Correspondence: J. W. Vaupel, Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20334 Ventura, Stephanie J.; Taffel, Selma M.; Mosher, William D. Estimates of pregnancies and pregnancy rates for the United States, 1976-85. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 78, No. 5, May 1988. 506-11 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
Trends in pregnancies and pregnancy rates in the United States during the period 1976-1985 are analyzed. Differences in rates and in pregnancy outcomes are examined according to age and race. "The estimates of pregnancies in this article are based on data compiled by the Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and are prepared by summing the three outcomes of pregnancy: live birth, induced abortion, and fetal loss."
Correspondence: S. J. Ventura, Natality Statistics Branch, Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Room 1-44, 3700 East-West Highway, Hyattsville, MD 20782. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

54:20335 Watanabe, Yoshikazu. Age patterns of reproductive life stages in female cohorts of the Japanese: 1900-1930. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, No. 183, Jul 1987. 23-33 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn. with sum. in Eng.
Ages at marriage, first birth, and last birth for Japanese women born in 1900 and in 1930 are compared. Fertility dropped between the two cohorts from 4.95 children per married woman in the 1900 cohort to 2.19 children per married woman in the 1930 cohort. Trends toward older ages at marriage and first birth and a younger age at last birth are observed.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20336 Watkins, Susan C. The fertility transition: Europe and the third world compared. Sociological Forum, Vol. 2, No. 4, Fall 1987. 645-73 pp. Ithaca, New York. In Eng.
"This article compares the declines in fertility in Europe and the Third World. Lower levels of fertility were largely due to the adoption of innovative behavior within marriage. So far this transformation of reproduction has been monotonic and rapid. Socioeconomic development is associated with the timing of the onset of the transition and is responsible for differences among groups during the transition, although it is not yet possible to rule out alternative explanations such as ideational or institutional change. The pace and pervasiveness of the declines, however, suggest that a mechanism of diffusion is involved."
Correspondence: S. C. Watkins, Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20337 Williams, Richard A. Indianapolis revisited: a new look at social and psychological factors affecting fertility. Pub. Order No. DA8620921. 1986. 272 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
This is a reanalysis of the results of the 1941 Indianapolis Fertility Survey. "Based on a review of social-psychological and demographic research of the past twenty years, a model of fertility attitude-behavior consistency is developed....To test the model, parity progression models are estimated, using both logistic regression and event history analysis techniques. Results show that attitudes strongly influence behavior....Past fertility experiences, age, income and education, the husband's desires, and planning ability are all shown to affect the wife's attitude-behavior consistency and fertility outcomes."
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Wisconsin at Madison.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 47(11).

54:20338 Wilson, Chris; Oeppen, Jim; Pardoe, Mike. What is natural fertility? The modelling of a concept. Population Index, Vol. 54, No. 1, Spring 1988. 4-20 pp. Princeton, New Jersey. In Eng.
"Our purpose in this paper is to assess the value of the concept of natural fertility through a detailed examination of the most widely used model that incorporates it, the Coale-Trussell model of marital fertility." The authors first describe Henry's formulation of the concept of natural fertility and the Coale-Trussell model of marital fertility and review the original data used by Henry. They then consider the determinants of the age pattern of natural fertility. They conclude that "natural fertility can best be thought of as the pattern of natural sterility, modified to a greater or lesser degree by various social factors. In this context it is wrong to say that a clear and universally applicable dichotomy exists between natural and controlled fertility." However, because the effect of the intervening factors is often weak, the concept of natural fertility remains a useful one. With regard to the Coale-Trussell model, they conclude "that maximum likelihood estimation offers by far the most informative way of implementing it. In particular, the calculation of joint confidence regions is a major step forward for analysts dealing with small populations."
Correspondence: C. Wilson, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20339 Wright, Robert E.; Maxim, Paul S. Canadian fertility trends: a further test of the Easterlin hypothesis. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie et d'Anthropologie, Vol. 24, No. 3, Aug 1987. 339-57 pp. Toronto, Canada. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
The Easterlin hypothesis that the fertility rate of a given cohort is inversely related to the size of that cohort is examined using official Canadian data for the period 1922-1984. The results indicate that the data do not support the hypothesis. In general, larger cohorts have had relatively higher rates of fertility than smaller cohorts, despite the fact that fertility has declined for all cohorts in recent years.
Correspondence: R. E. Wright, Department of Sociology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada. Location: New York Public Library.

54:20340 Wright, Robert E.; Madan, Ashok K. Union instability and fertility in three Caribbean societies. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 20, No. 1, Jan 1988. 37-43 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"This paper examines empirically the relationship between sexual union instability and fertility in three English-speaking Caribbean societies, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad/Tobago, using data collected in the World Fertility Survey Programme. An index of cumulative fertility, the duration ratio, that controls for the biological effects of age and age at first union is used as the dependent variable in a multiple regression analysis. The statistical findings are in general agreement with previous research that has found a positive association between fertility and the number of sexual unions in these societies. However, the estimated fertility effect of belonging to different union types (i.e. married, common-law and visiting) is not uniform across the three societies."
Correspondence: R. E. Wright, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, England. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20341 Wu, Cangping. Theoretical explanations of the rapid fertility decline in China. Population Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, Jul 1986. 16-23 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
The author seeks reasons for the rapid decline in fertility that has occurred in China. Factors considered include social and economic changes brought about by the development of socialism as well as the successful development of a family planning program.
This is a translation of the Chinese article published in 1985 and cited in 54:10295.
Correspondence: C. Wu, Institute of Population Research, People's University of China, 39 Hai Dian Road, Beijing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20342 Yudina, S. P. The influence of changes in the age and sex distribution of the population on fertility levels in the Ukrainian SSR. [Vliyanie izmenenii v vozrastno-polovom sostave naseleniya na uroven' rozhdaemosti v Ukrainskoi SSR.] Demograficheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 11, 1987. 104-9 pp. Kiev, USSR. In Rus. with sum. in Eng.
The author investigates the impact of changes in the age and sex distribution of the population on fertility levels in the Ukrainian SSR.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20343 Zhai, Zhenwu. Marital fertility models. Population Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, Jan 1987. 41-9 pp. Beijing, China. In Eng.
"The purpose of this paper is firstly to re-examine Coale's marital fertility model, using an amount of data in order to discover precisely the conditions under which the model does not work, and secondly, to try to develop a new model of marital fertility which seems to be more precise than Coale's formulation." The revised model is tested using data for China and selected other countries.
This is a translation of the Chinese article published in 1986 and cited in 54:10297.
Correspondence: Z. Zhai, Institute of Population Research, People's University of China, 39 Hai Dian Road, Beijing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

F.2. Differential Fertility

54:20344 Abeykoon, A. T. P. L. Ethnic models of fertility behaviour in Sri Lanka. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4, Dec 1987. 29-42 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
Ethnic and socioeconomic differentials in fertility behavior in Sri Lanka are discussed. "The data for the study come from the 1982 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey....The study sample consisted of 4,483 ever-married women aged 15 to 49 years. In order to explain the effects of ethnicity on fertility behaviour, predictive models of fertility behaviour were developed for each of the four ethnic groups....The models consist of four hierarchical sub-models focused on four dependent variables: (1) children ever born, (2) additional children wanted, (3) contraceptive knowledge and (4) effectiveness of contraceptive use, the ultimate dependent variable." The author examines how each of these four dependent variables is affected by socioeconomic and demographic factors, including education, current residence, work status, husband's occupation, age, marriage age, child mortality, and ideal family size.
Correspondence: A. T. P. L. Abeykoon, Population Division, Ministry of Plan Implementation, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20345 Carvajal, Manuel J.; Geithman, David T. Empirical findings on socioeconomic determinants of fertility differentials in Costa Rica. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, Vol. 16, No. 1, Spring 1986. 19-35 pp. New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"This paper seeks to (1) identify socioeconomic variables that are expected to generate fertility differentials; (2) hypothesize the direction and magnitude of the effect of each variable by reference to a demand-for-children model; and (3) test empirically the model using evidence from Costa Rica. The estimates are obtained from a ten-percent systematic random sample of all Costa Rican individual-family households. There are 15,924 families in the sample...." The authors specifically seek "to capture the effects of changing relative prices and available income and time constraints on parental preferences for children. Least-squares estimates show statistically significant relationships between household fertility and opportunity cost of time, parental education, occurrence of an extended family, medical care, household sanitation, economic sector of employment, and household stock of nonhuman capital."
Correspondence: M. J. Carvajal, Department of Economics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20346 Goodwin, Norma J. Black adolescent pregnancy: prevention and management. Journal of Community Health, Vol. 11, No. 1, ISBN 0-89885-332-X. Spring 1986. 74 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
This special issue is a product of a symposium on the prevention and management of black adolescent pregnancy sponsored by the Empire State Medical Association in 1984 at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. It contains 13 papers on various aspects of the selected topic. The geographical focus is on the United States.
Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

54:20347 Han, Jing-Qing; Cho, Lee-Jay; Choe, Minja Kim; Tuan, Chi-Hsien. The fertility of Korean minority women in China: 1950-1985. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, Mar 1988. 31-54 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
"This article presents an analysis of the fertility, during the period 1950-1985, of Korean minority women residing in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin province, where 43 per cent of ethnic Koreans in China reside. The fertility levels and trends of this group are estimated and compared with those for women in China as a whole and in Jilin province. The timing of fertility is examined using estimated fertility rates by women's age and birth order. Fertility is also examined by women's level of education. The discussion includes a comparison of the fertility of Korean minority women in Yanbian with that for all women in China and Jilin province, as well as women in the Republic of Korea."
It is found that "three factors played a major role in the early and rapid fertility reduction: a) because they were relatively recent migrants, the Korean minority put less value on traditional norms and [were] willing to accept new norms; b) once accepted these norms could spread through their own communication and education networks; and c) the Chinese Government's family planning campaign provided the necessary techniques for implementing the norms and achieving fertility reduction."
Correspondence: J.-Q. Han, Institute of Systems Science, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20348 Kollehlon, Konia T. Residence and fertility: some evidence from Liberia. Liberia-Forum, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1986. 61-78 pp. Mucke, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Eng.
The relationship between residence factors and fertility in Liberia is analyzed using data from a 10 percent sample of the population from the 1974 census. The results indicate that the fertility of rural and urban women is similar. The author suggests that the reasons for this similarity may be found in the relative lack of urbanization in Liberia.
Correspondence: K. K. Kollehlon, Department of Social Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853. Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

54:20349 Kulin, Howard E. Adolescent pregnancy in Africa: a programmatic focus. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 26, No. 7, 1988. 727-35 pp. Elmsford, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"This report will discuss adolescent pregnancy in Africa as a controversial problem, still poorly defined, but very much in need of direction. Of particular note will be the relevance of tremendous efforts currently being expended in this field in the United States and the appropriateness of cross-cultural transference. Despite a paucity of background data in Africa, worldwide directions in adolescent health dictate a framework for effective programs. Most importantly, from the perspective of this observer, is the question of leadership of efforts dealing with teenage fertility. Kenya and Zimbabwe will be used as examples of countries where programmatic needs are great and the time appropriate to initiate action."
Correspondence: H. E. Kulin, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

54:20350 Maciak, Barbara J.; Spitz, Alison M.; Strauss, Lilo T.; Morris, Leo; Warren, Charles W.; Marks, James S. Pregnancy and birth rates among sexually experienced U.S. teenagers--1974, 1980, and 1983. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 258, No. 15, Oct 16, 1987. 2,069-71 pp. Chicago, Illinois. In Eng.
Pregnancy and birth rates among U.S. teenagers are reviewed for the years 1974, 1980, and 1983, using official data. "Between 1974 and 1980, the pregnancy rate among all teens increased; the pregnancy rate among sexually experienced teens declined. From 1980 to 1983, the pregnancy rate declined among all teens...." The results suggest that the decline in the birth rate from 1974 to 1980 was primarily due to abortion, whereas the decline from 1980 to 1983 was related to a decrease in the incidence of teenage pregnancy.
Correspondence: B. J. Maciak, Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. Location: New York Academy of Medicine.

54:20351 Maxwell, Nan L. Influences on the timing of first childbearing. Contemporary Policy Issues, Vol. 5, No. 2, Apr 1987. 113-22 pp. Long Beach, California. In Eng.
The author develops the hypothesis that women from different population subgroups respond differently to economic and background influences when timing initial childbearing. Data are taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience and concern some 5,000 U.S. women followed from 1968 to 1978. "Among all groups examined, age at first birth tends to increase as education levels increase, and married women with spouses present tend to be older than other women at first childbirth. Among whites, all economic influences considered--hourly pay rate, nonmarket income, and work during the year prior to childbearing--have a significant influence in deferring first childbirth, but family background does not. Among blacks, family background plays a significant role in determining age at first childbirth, but only one economic influence--the hourly pay rate--is significant."
Correspondence: N. L. Maxwell, Department of Economics, California State University, Hayward, CA 94542. Location: U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

54:20352 Ridley, Jeanne C.; Myers, David E.; Young, Leila R.; Nassim, Janet. Farm background, socioeconomic status, and fertility: the two-generation hypothesis. Social Biology, Vol. 34, No. 3-4, Fall-Winter 1987. 220-33 pp. Madison, Wisconsin. In Eng.
"This paper reports on an examination of whether the effects of farm background on socioeconomic differentials in fertility are diminished among nonfarm couples. The data are for a sample of white [U.S.] ever-married women belonging to the 1901-1910 birth cohorts. The research provides another test of the two-generation-urbanite hypothesis first advanced by Goldberg. Unlike a number of other studies, the findings do not support the hypothesis. Reasons for the lack of support are discussed, and methodological weaknesses of previous studies are identified."
Correspondence: J. C. Ridley, Department of Demography, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20353 Ross, G. Alexander. Fertility differentials in an agricultural society: Saginaw County, Michigan, in 1850. Michigan Academician, Vol. 20, No. 1, Winter 1988. 71-84 pp. Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"The detailed examination of geographically limited areas reveals interesting patterns which are hidden when we aggregate data at the national or regional level. The discovery of such patterns is the main focus of this research, an analysis of fertility differentials in Saginaw County, Michigan, in 1850. Where possible, I have replicated other recent studies of fertility in selected areas of the United States in the nineteenth century by using a comparable methodology. My intention in the study is, therefore, not only to add to our information about Saginaw County but to help refine our understanding of general patterns of fertility in nineteenth-century America." The impact on fertility of woman's place of birth, duration of and age at marriage, husband's occupation, and extent of urbanization are considered.
Correspondence: G. A. Ross, Department of Sociology, Saginaw Valley State College, Saginaw, MI. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20354 Sindiga, Isaac. Fertility control and population growth among the Maasai. Human Ecology, Vol. 15, No. 1, Mar 1987. 53-66 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This paper inquires into the reasons for the comparatively lower fertility and population growth among the Maasai (than among other Kenyan communities, particularly cultivators). It hypothesizes that a number of factors including male elder control of society, sexually transmitted diseases, seasonal food shortages, and general environmental health hazards all act together to suppress fertility. This situation must certainly change with further socioeconomic progress."
Correspondence: I. Sindiga, Department of Geography, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43833, Nairobi, Kenya. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

54:20355 van Hoorn, W. D. Number of Surinam- and Antillean-born children in the Netherlands. [Het kindertal van Surinamers en Antillianen in Nederland.] Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking, Vol. 36, No. 1, Jan 1988. 18-21 pp. Voorburg, Netherlands. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
"A multivariate analysis of the 1985 Quality of Life-Survey among Surinam and Antillean born persons in the Netherlands reveals some telling results about their fertility. For both groups a low current number of children is associated with a high educational level, no religion, a long stay in the Netherlands, an urban environment and--only in the case of females--employment. To a lesser extent, the same holds true for education attended (partly) in the Netherlands and having a Dutch partner."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20356 Vicentijevic, Radmila. Socioeconomic position of women as a determinant of population reproduction in villages. [Drustveno-ekonomski polozaj zene kao faktor reprodukcije stanovnistva na selu.] Statisticka Revija, Vol. 36, No. 1-2, 1986. 104-7 pp. Belgrade, Yugoslavia. In Scr.
The impact of women's socioeconomic status on fertility in Yugoslavia is examined. The data, which are mainly from the 1981 census, concern the rural population in the greater Belgrade metropolitan area.
Correspondence: R. Vicentijevic, Gradski Zavod za Statistiku, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20357 Vinovskis, Maris A. An "epidemic" of adolescent pregnancy? Some historical and policy considerations. ISBN 0-19-504997-7. LC 87-11075. 1988. xix, 284 pp. Oxford University Press: New York, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
This is a historical analysis of adolescent pregnancy in the United States. The author first examines adolescent sexuality, pregnancy, and childbearing in early America and attempts to determine whether there has in fact been an "epidemic" of teenage pregnancy. It is shown that the trend in adolescent pregnancy peaked more than 20 years before it was identified by the government as a major problem in 1978. Current administration policies such as parental notification and paternal involvement are evaluated. The author concludes with policy recommendations concerning teenage sexuality, pregnancy, and childbearing.
Location: New York Public Library.

54:20358 Wineberg, Howard. Education, age at first birth, and the timing of fertility in the United States: recent trends. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 20, No. 2, Apr 1988. 157-65 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"This paper enquires whether education and age at first birth, both strongly associated with completed fertility, are related to the timing of fertility, in particular the timing of the first three births, among once married white women. Analysis of data from the June 1985 United States Current Population Survey indicates that education is related to the timing of fertility; this relationship has remained relatively constant over time. Age at first birth is associated with the timing of fertility among older but not younger women."
Correspondence: H. Wineberg, Center for Population Research and Census, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20359 Wineberg, Howard. The timing of the second birth. Sociology and Social Research, Vol. 72, No. 2, Jan 1988. 96-101 pp. Los Angeles, California. In Eng.
Trends in the timing of the second birth among white and black U.S. women during the period 1969-1984 are examined using official statistics. Particular attention is given to education and race differentials in the timing of the second birth. It is found that "education was related to the mean interval from the first to second birth for black but not white women....[For both black and white women] the median interval between the first two births has increased from 1969 to 1984 while the proportion having the second birth within 18 months of the first birth has decreased. Little change, however, has occurred in these measures since the mid 1970's. Black women continue to have a greater percentage of closely spaced second births but since 1975 they have also had the longer median interval."
Correspondence: H. Wineberg, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207. Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

54:20360 Wright, Kathleen H. Teenage pregnancy and abortion: demographic, epidemiological and anthropological considerations in relation to EuroAmerican family formation. Pub. Order No. DA8716950. 1986. 260 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
The author suggests that "current levels of teenage pregnancy reflect an endemic and periodic trend in EuroAmerican fertility. The cultural and historical foundations of this trend were traced to the AngloAmerican process of family formation. It [is] further shown that the neolocal rule of residence serves tacitly to mandate that a pregnant teenage daughter either have an abortion or face expulsion from her natal family unit. The hypothesis examined [is] that abortion is a culturally consistent strategy employed by pregnant white American teenagers to preserve the integrity of their natal family unit." Data are from surveys and interviews with U.S. adolescents.
This work was prepared as doctoral dissertation at Syracuse University.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 48(6).

F.3. Sterility and Other Pathology

54:20361 DeCherney, Alan H. Reproductive failure. ISBN 0-443-08346-0. LC 86-2654. 1986. xi, 308 pp. Churchill Livingstone: New York, New York/Edinburgh, Scotland. In Eng.
This is a collection of papers by various authors on infertility, early pregnancy wastage, and other clinical problems associated with reproduction. "Its major scope is one of total inclusiveness in the field of reproductive failure, starting with an historical perspective, and leading through epidemiologic and universal issues with regard to reproduction. Specific areas in male and female diagnosis and treatment are evaluated, as is human sexuality. Specific topics such as ovulation induction, infertility surgery, endometriosis, infection, and ectopic pregnancy are addressed. In addition, extensive current work is included in the section on in vitro fertilization. This is not only a book on infertility but includes early pregnancy wastage as well, addressing habitual abortion and the immunological factors responsible for the condition."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

F.4. Actions and Activities Directly Affecting Fertility

F.4.1. General Fertility Control and Contraception

54:20362 Ahmed, Ghyasuddin; Schellstede, William P.; Williamson, Nancy E. Underreporting of contraceptive use in Bangladesh. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 13, No. 4, Dec 1987. 136-40 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
Problems concerning differences in contraceptive practice as reported by husbands and wives in Bangladesh are explored, with particular reference to differences in reported condom use. "The researchers believe that a reasonably accurate measure of prevalence can be obtained by interviewing couples and classifying them as users if either spouse reports that they use a method within marriage. Using this couple approach, they found that 11 percent of husbands in urban areas underreported condom use, as did 15 percent of their wives; in semirural areas, 12 percent of husbands underreported condom use, as did 44 percent of their wives."
Correspondence: G. Ahmed, Demography Department, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20363 Akin, John S.; Schwartz, J. Brad. The effect of economic factors on contraceptive choice in Jamaica and Thailand: a comparison of mixed multinomial logit results. Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 36, No. 3, Apr 1988. 503-27 pp. Chicago, Illinois. In Eng.
The sensitivity of potential contraceptive users to changes in the prices charged for contraceptives in developing countries is examined. Specifically, a mixed conditional/unconditional multinomial logit econometric model is used to estimate contraceptive method choice in Jamaica and Thailand using survey data. The results indicate that in both countries, factors other than price tend to determine whether a woman or her partner will purchase contraceptives, particularly for methods such as the pill, IUD, injections, and sterilizations in Thailand, and the pill in Jamaica. However, prices do affect condom use in both countries and injections in Jamaica, and increased prices would probably lead to declines in use.
Correspondence: J. S. Akin, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. Location: Princeton University Library (SPIA).

54:20364 Alimoeso, Sudibyo; Lewis, Gary L. Factors affecting the use of contraception in urban areas of Indonesia. Technical Report Series Monograph, No. 51, Sep 1987. 23 pp. National Family Planning Coordinating Board: Jakarta, Indonesia. In Eng.
"The purpose of this paper is to present some characteristics of contraceptors and non-contraceptors in five cities covered by the 1983 Indonesia Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (ICPS)." The focus is on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with contraceptive use. The results show that contraceptive use in the cities examined varied from 40 to 64 percent. It is also indicated that although parental education is strongly linked to contraceptive use, the links between contraceptive use and age of woman, parity, presence of sons, female employment outside the home, and infant mortality are weak. Government employment and exposure to the media are also linked positively to contraceptive use.
Location: East-West Population Institute, Honolulu, HI.

54:20365 Allman, James; Allman, Suzanne N. Women's status and family planning in Haiti. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, Vol. 17, No. 1, Spring 1987. 109-20 pp. New Delhi, India. In Eng.
"The paper argues that women's status in Haiti is a factor favorable to the spread of modern contraception and a potential rapid demographic transition from high to low fertility. After briefly reviewing recent theories on the determining of fertility declines, the paper considers women's status in Haiti. It discusses family patterns, conjugal unions, and economic activities. Finally, it reviews current patterns of contraceptive use and considers how these are related to various aspects of women's status."
Correspondence: J. Allman, Center for Population and Family Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Avenue, New York, NY 10032. Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20366 Babin, E. B. Contraceptive behavior of spouses in urban families. [Kontratseptivnoe povedenie suprugov v gorodskikh sem'yakh.] In: Detnost' sem'i: vchera, segodnya, zavtra, edited by L. L. Rybakovskii. Demografiya: Problemy i Perspektivy, 1986. 146-56, 201 pp. Mysl': Moscow, USSR. In Rus. with sum. in Eng.
Contraceptive behavior of spouses living in urban areas of the USSR is analyzed. The distribution of various contraceptive methods and the attitudes of men and women toward their use and acceptability are described.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

54:20367 Balassone, Mary L. Adolescents and birth control: a study of oral contraceptive use. Pub. Order No. DA8726121. 1987. 240 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"This prospective study employs a sample of [U.S.] adolescent oral contraceptive users to investigate correlates of the continued use of birth control and family planning clinics....A sample of 76 teens, who made initial appointments at a family planning clinic for oral contraceptives, were interviewed at both their initial clinic visit and again three months later. Information was gathered in four major areas--demographics, reproductive health history, contraceptive decision-making, and actual contraceptive use experience. Data from the interview sample were complemented by information from case record reviews of a random sample of 218 adolescent oral contraceptive users. Multivariate analysis using data from both samples led to the development of a prediction model to assist family planning providers in distinguishing adolescents unlikely to return to the clinic for follow-up and to use oral contraceptives consistently."
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of California at Berkeley.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 48(9).

54:20368 DaVanzo, Julie; Tan, Boon Ann; Othman, Ramli; Peterson, Jane R. Determinants of contraceptive method choice in Peninsular Malaysia, 1961-1975. Rand Note, No. N