F. Fertility

F.1. General Fertility

52:30270 Adeokun, Lawrence A. Fertility inhibiting effects of the intermediate fertility variables in two Nigerian sub-groups. Genus, Vol. 41, No. 3-4, Jul-Dec 1985. 89-106 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ita.
"In this paper, the fertility-inhibiting effects of the intermediate fertility variables among the Ikale-Yoruba are contrasted against those of the Ekiti, another Yoruba group for which more conventional family building practices have been reported. The objectives of the comparative approach are as follows: (a) to show that abstinence is not a factor in the reduction of marital fertility among the Ikale-Yoruba, as it is in other sub-groups studied so far; (b) that alternative outlets of fertility reduction, such as reliance on the protection offered by post-partum amenorrhoea, and some practice of folk and modern methods of contraception, are employed."
The data, which were collected in Nigeria in 1977, concern 460 currently married Ikale-Yoruba women and some of their husbands, and 535 eligible Ekiti-Yoruba women. The results show that although total fertility rates between the two groups were similar, there were significant differences concerning the relative reliance by each group on postpartum abstinence and contraception.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30271 Arnold, Fred; Liu, Zhaoxiang. Sex preference, fertility, and family planning in China. Population and Development Review, Vol. 12, No. 2, Jun 1986. 221-46, 376-8 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"Data from a large, nationally representative fertility survey in China provide important new evidence of the existence of son preference in every part of China except Beijing and Shanghai. The survey documents difference in son preference by place of residence, nationality, and educational attainment. Contraceptive use, abortion, fertility, childspacing, and the acceptance of a one-child certificate are all affected by the sex of the surviving first child or the sex composition of surviving children in the family." The authors conclude that the prevalence of son preference is not a major problem for the country's population program.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30272 Bean, Frank D.; Swicegood, Gray. Mexican American fertility patterns. Mexican American Monograph, No. 10, ISBN 0-292-75087-0. LC 85-20363. 1985. x, 178 pp. University of Texas Press: Austin, Texas. In Eng.
"This monograph reports research findings dealing with the effects of generation on fertility and with the relationship between linguistic patterns and fertility among Mexican Americans. Research results are also presented concerning the manner in which several variables that measure access to social and economic opportunities condition the effects of female education on fertility within not only the Mexican American but also the black population." The relative effects of opportunity costs and minority group status are considered.
The study is based on data from the 1970 and 1980 U.S. census Public Use Sample and the 1976 Survey of Income and Education. Consideration is given both to fertility variations within the Mexican American population and between Mexican Americans and other U.S. populations.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30273 Chaudhry, Mahinder D.; Choudhry, Nanda K. The fertility rate in Canada, 1950-1976: a socio-econometric analysis. Canadian Studies in Population, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1985. 1-30 pp. Edmonton, Canada. In Eng.
The causes of the fertility decline that has occurred in Canada since the 1950s are analyzed. "Use is made of a four-equation model, which determines simultaneously the fertility rate, an age-specific female labour force participation rate, age-specific marital ratio (proportion of women who are married) and the infant mortality rate."
The results suggest that "the age-specific female labour force participation rate (20-44 years) and the age-specific marriage rate (15-44 years) were the most important variables in determining the fertility rate over the sample period." The factors affecting nuptiality and female labor force participation are also considered.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30274 Chaudhury, Rafiqul H. Female labour force status and fertility behaviour in Bangladesh: search for policy interventions. Bangladesh Development Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, Sep 1983. 59-102 pp. Dhaka, Bangladesh. In Eng.
Published studies and official data for Bangladesh are examined in this analysis of the impact of female labor force participation on fertility behavior. Contraceptive use and numbers of children ever born among women with varying levels of work experience and education, age, place of residence, and income are considered. Experiences in neighboring countries are compared.
The author finds that "providing employment opportunities to rural poor women even in the traditional sector will not only improve their personal and family income but also motivate them to limit their fertility through wider use of contraception." The factors resulting from improved employment opportunities for women "will create an environment favourable for small family size norm, leading to restriction of fertility on the part of working women either through wide use of contraception or delayed marriage or longer birth-spacing or all of them together."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30275 Chhabra, S.; Jajoo, U. N.; Wagh, R. N. Child loss and fertility in rural Eastern Mahararhtra. Indian Journal of Public Health, Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan-Mar 1985. 55-8 pp. Calcutta, India. In Eng.
The relationship between child loss and fertility in a rural area of Eastern Mahararhtra, India, is explored. The data concern a population of some 743 couples. Differences in replacement fertility between acceptors and nonacceptors of family planning are analyzed.
Location: Johns Hopkins University, Population Information Program, Baltimore, Md.; U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.

52:30276 Cutright, Phillips; Smith, Herbert L. Multiple thresholds and fertility declines in third world populations: paths to low fertility by the years 2000 and 2010. In: Persistent patterns and emerging structures in a waning century, edited by Margaret P. Karns. 1986. 273-302 pp. Praeger: New York, New York. In Eng.
"This chapter reviews recent empirical research on the determinants of fertility among [developing countries] LDCs and then develops a new method of forecasting birth rates. The results indicate reason for optimism in some large LDCs, but also suggest that population growth rates in the year 2010 will remain high (2 percent a year or greater) in 15 of the 33 largest less-developed nations." The method used involves the linkage of the achievement of multiple development thresholds with fertility trends.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30277 Desplanques, Guy. Fifty years of French fertility: birth rates and birth intervals. [50 ans de fecondite en France: rangs et intervalles entre naissances.] Population, Vol. 41, No. 2, Mar-Apr 1986. 233-58 pp. Paris, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng; Spa.
The author examines changes in fertility in France over a 50-year period, drawing particularly from the results of a survey of 300,000 women conducted in conjunction with the 1982 census. "The results may be compared with those obtained from routine statistics, but they make possible two new types of investigation, dealing with the number of children born and the parity progression ratios for cohorts born in 1917 or later, and with changes in birth intervals during the period of low fertility which began in 1965. During the 1960s there were relatively few childless women and intervals between first and second births were relatively short. The fall in fertility after 1965 can be attributed to changes in these two variables."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30278 Desplanques, Guy; de Saboulin, Michel. First birth and marriage from 1950 to the present. [Premiere naissance et mariage de 1950 a nos jours.] Espace, Populations, Societes, No. 2, 1986. 10, 47-55 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
Trends in the relationship between timing of first birth and marriage in France from 1950 to the present are examined. The authors note that until 1972, an increasing proportion of first births were being conceived outside of marriage. This trend was changed by the spread of effective modern contraception. Since 1978, the trend toward conception outside marriage has reemerged, particularly among older women; however, more frequently such conceptions result in births outside of formal marriage.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30279 Donkov, Kiril. The status and dynamics of fertility and mortality in Bulgaria. [Sastoyanie i dinamika na razhdaemostta i smartnostta v Balgariya.] Naselenie, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1985. 27-50 pp. Sofia, Bulgaria. In Bul. with sum. in Eng; Rus.
Fertility and mortality trends in Bulgaria are analyzed for the period 1960-1983. Changes are examined for the country as a whole and for urban and rural areas. The impact of demographic factors and of the country's pro-natalist policy is assessed.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30280 Grindstaff, Carl F. The baby bust revisited: Canada's continuing pattern of low fertility. Canadian Studies in Population, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1985. 103-10 pp. Edmonton, Canada. In Eng.
The author updates a 1975 study on the fertility decline in Canada using official data and shows that the predicted trends in fertility have continued into the 1980s. The importance for future fertility trends of choice in childbearing for women is stressed.
For the author's original study, published in 1975, see 43:3326.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30281 Guatemala. Consejo Nacional de Planificacion Economica. Departamento de Poblacion y Empleo (Guatemala City, Guatemala). Fertility in Guatemala, 1950-1981. [La fecundidad en Guatemala, 1950-1981.] Serie: Resultados, No. 3, Jun 1983. [345] pp. Guatemala City, Guatemala. In Spa.
An analysis of fertility trends in Guatemala from 1950 to 1981 is presented. The sources of data are first described; these include vital statistics, censuses, and surveys. Basic fertility measures are provided, and fertility differentials are considered by ethnic group, rural or urban residence, and region. Aspects of age-specific fertility are then analyzed. Separate consideration is given to the estimation of fertility using census data. The various methods used to estimate fertility and factors affecting fertility levels are also reviewed.
Location: International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland.

52:30282 Jain, R. K.; Sharma, R. D.; Jain, S. Application of ARIMA model in adjustment of seasonal and non-seasonal variations in births of Ontario. Genus, Vol. 41, No. 3-4, Jul-Dec 1985. 127-33 pp. Rome, Italy. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Ita.
"The objective of this paper is to justify the use of Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models for birth time series data of the province of Ontario [Canada]." The results show that the model provides satisfactory short-term forecasts. "It shows that along with seasonal varations, non-seasonal variations due to reporting etc. must be taken into account for interpreting similar time series data."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30283 Joe, Shirley. Regional fertility in Quebec, 1961-1982. [Les fecondites regionales au Quebec, 1961-1982.] Mar 1986. 76 pp. Bureau de la Statistique du Quebec, Service de l'Analyse et de la Prevision Demographiques: Quebec, Canada. In Fre.
An analysis of fertility trends in the province of Quebec, Canada, is presented, with the focus on the period 1961-1982. The first two sections present a period analysis and a cohort analysis of fertility trends in Quebec. The next two sections examine regional differences in fertility using both the period and cohort approaches. The author concludes that fertility has declined from a high level to below replacement level in nearly all parts of the province and that there is no evidence for a change in this situation in the forseeable future.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30284 Kamuzora, C. L. Socialisation and high fertility behaviour in early modernisation: a case study of Wasukuma of Mwanza region, Tanzania. In: Population and development. Proceedings of the symposium held at Cairo Demographic Centre, 3-7 November 1985. CDC Research Monograph Series, No. 14, 1986. 167-76 pp. Cairo, Egypt. In Eng.
The author presents a statistical analysis of fertility behavior among the Wasukuma of the Mwanza region in Tanzania. Data are from a 1980 pregnancy history survey based on a random sample of 3,000 rural and urban women. The author concludes that "the apparent increase in fertility among younger women may be the result of change in the process of socialisation relating to child-bearing and child-rearing (or family life education)." Specifically, the effect of education is discussed.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30285 Kanjanapan, Wilawan. A study on the relationship between fertility behaviour and size, structure, and functions of the family in Thailand. IPSR Publication, No. 92, Sep 1985. [x], 127 pp. Mahidol University, Institute for Population and Social Research [IPSR]: Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
This report represents the Thai contribution to a comparative project on the relationship between fertility behavior and family size, structure, and functions, being carried out under the auspices of the U.N. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). The focus is on "the impact of family structure and intra-household obligations upon the decision-making process of the married couple with respect to the number and spacing of children as well as family planning practice."
The data concern 611 married women aged 20-49 living in Roi Et and Chiang Rai provinces; both rural and urban residents were included. The results confirm the importance of relatives sharing the same residence, and other relatives, friends, and neighbors on a couple's fertility-related behavior.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30286 Kapala, Karl-Heinz. Recent trends in population development and reproductive behavior in Poland. [Neuere Tendenzen der Bevolkerungsentwicklung und des generativen Verhaltens in Polen.] In: Geographie als Sozialwissenschaft: Beitrage zu ausgewahlten Problemen kulturgeographischer Forschung, Wolfgang Kuls zum 65. Geburtstag, edited by Franz-Josef Kemper, Hans-Dieter Laux, and Gunter Thieme. Colloquium Geographicum, Vol. 18, ISBN 3-427-74181-8. 1985. 108-43 pp. Ferdinand Dummlers: Bonn, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger. with sum. in Eng.
Changes in fertility in Poland between 1950 and 1982 are analyzed using data taken primarily from official sources. Regional differences in fertility are also examined. The data indicate that fertility rates remained high until the late 1950s, decreased substantially during the 1960s, and rose again during the 1970s and early 1980s. A slight weakening of regional differentials is evident. Attention is also given to factors affecting fertility, including age structure, marriage patterns, female employment, educational levels, consumer behavior, income and housing conditions, contraceptive use, abortion, and population policy measures.
Location: State University of New York Library, Albany, N.Y.

52:30287 Khalifa, M. A. Determinants of natural fertility in Sudan. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 18, No. 3, Jul 1986. 325-36 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
Data from the 1979 Sudan Fertility Survey are analyzed in order to examine determinants of fertility in the northern part of the country. It is observed that "the fertility of the Sudanese population (North) is close to natural. The high observed fertility rate in Sudan is found to be a function of the high proportion married and ineffective family planning procedures. The main inhibitor is prolonged lactational amenorrhoea. The high level of fertility exists in spite of a low level of fecundability. The duration of separation between spouses, due to temporary or seasonal migration of husbands, and the pathological causes of high primary sterility, which contribute to the low fecundability, need further investigation."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30288 Klijzing, F. K. H.; Keilman, N. W. Fertility and living arrangements in the Netherlands: some expectations. [Vaker 'alternatieve' relatievorming dan 'alternatieve' vruchtbaarheid.] Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking, Vol. 34, No. 6, Jun 1986. 25-8 pp. Voorburg, Netherlands. In Dut. with sum. in Eng.
Selected results from the Survey of Living Arrangements, conducted in the Netherlands in 1984, are presented. The data concern approximately 1,600 men and women aged 18-54. The focus is on living arrangements, partner relationships, and fertility. The results show that most children will be born within marriage, although most men and women have experienced a nonfamily living arrangement before starting a family.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30289 Knodel, John; Chamratrithirong, Aphichat; Debavalya, Nibhon. The cultural context of Thailand's fertility decline. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar 1986. 23-48 pp. Bangkok, Thailand. In Eng.
The recent decline in fertility in Thailand is analyzed. The focus is on the various aspects of Thai culture that are relevant to understanding how such a rapid change in reproductive behavior has taken place. Data are from a variety of sources, including ethnographic studies, sample surveys, and focus group discussions conducted among rural people.
"The major thesis is that the ready limitation of family size and the adoption of birth control by Thai couples as ways to adjust to changing socio-economic circumstances have been facilitated by several important features of Thai culture. These include the notable absence of several pro-natalist cultural props to high fertility and barriers to fertility decline characteristic of many third world societies. The analysis starts with a consideration of parent repayment expectations....Three other crucial cultural features, i.e. the locus of reproductive decision making, the extent of female autonomy and the influence of Theravada Buddhism, are then discussed."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30290 Kono, Shigemi; Ishikawa, Akira. Age, parity, and time in fertility. Jinko Mondai Kenkyu/Journal of Population Problems, No. 178, Apr 1986. 18-32 pp. Tokyo, Japan. In Jpn. with sum. in Eng.
The authors analyze fertility trends in Japan from 1935 to 1969 using "vital statistics data upon which age-parity adjusted net reproduction tables were constructed for 35 different female birth cohorts." These tables are used to calculate "cohort net reproduction rate and total fertility rate by parity and age, [as well as] mean age at first birth, second birth, etc. and average length of birth interval in each cohort."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30291 Lavely, William R. Age patterns of Chinese marital fertility, 1950-1981. Demography, Vol. 23, No. 3, Aug 1986. 419-34 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Coale and Trussell's model of marital fertility is used to analyze data from China's National One-per-Thousand Fertility Survey. Rural China experienced a regime of natural fertility until 1970, after which levels of fertility control rose with unprecedented speed and with an age pattern starkly dissimilar from that observed in other populations. Urban marital fertility was apparently under a modest level of deliberate control in the 1950s, with a sustained rise in control beginning in 1963. Natural fertility was low relative to other populations, with the urban level exceeding the rural."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30292 Marques, Rubens M. Least squares fitting of a beta distribution to age-specific fertility rates. [Ajuste, por minimos quadrados, de uma distribuicao beta as taxas de fecundidade por idade.] Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Populacao, Vol. 2, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1985. 145-62 pp. Sao Paulo, Brazil. In Por. with sum. in Eng.
"The paper shows at first that using the method of moments to estimate the parameters of a Beta function to fit age specific fertility rates is inadequate. A solution by means of the least squares method is proposed, under the constraint that the implied Total Fertility Rate should equal the observed value."
This "iterative solution by means of the Newton-Raphson method turns out to be extremely efficient, converging in only a few steps. In addition, some characteristics of the Beta distribution related to the problem are obtained. The results, applied to 1980 data from the State of Sao Paulo [Brazil], clearly show a better global fit, especially in the area around the peak of the fertility curve."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30293 Menken, Jane; Larsen, Ulla. Fertility rates and aging. In: Aging, reproduction, and the climacteric, edited by Luigi Mastroianni and C. Alvin Paulsen. ISBN 0-306-42142-9. LC 85-28299. 1986. 147-66 pp. Plenum Press: New York, New York/London, England. In Eng.
"The purpose of this chapter is to review evidence of the level and age pattern of decline in fecundity for women and for men and then to focus on delayed childbearing." Attention is given to both modern and historical populations; the geographic focus is worldwide. Consideration is also given to the role of disease in the analysis of the relationship between fertility and aging.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30294 Nerlove, Marc; Razin, Assaf; Sadka, Efraim. Some welfare theoretic implications of endogenous fertility. International Economic Review, Vol. 27, No. 1, Feb 1986. 3-31 pp. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In Eng.
The authors explore the implications of endogenous fertility for a number of population policy issues. "By endogenous fertility the authors mean that parents determine their number of children and their bequests to them in the forms of human and physical capital by maximizing their own satisfaction subject to a set of economic constraints. This framework is used to provide new insights regarding the optimal size and rate of growth of population, the optimal within-generation income distribution, the potential for market failure due to public goods, Malthusian scarcity, differential ability, marriages tied to bequests, and old-age security needs." The geographic scope is worldwide.
Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

52:30295 Ni Bhrolchain, Maire. Women's paid work and the timing of births: longitudinal evidence. European Journal of Population/Revue Europeenne de Demographie, Vol. 2, No. 1, May 1986. 43-70 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"It has been suggested that work-motivated women may shorten their birth intervals to allow a faster return to the workforce. This paper: (i) considers the circumstances under which such contraction would be expected; (ii) argues that British conditions in the 1940s to 1970s were favourable to the adoption of this strategy, among others; [and] (iii) discusses some methodological issues arising in the empirical treatment of the question...."
The analyses of the relationship between work and birth interval are based on data from the National Survey of Health and Development, a longitudinal study of a sample of children born in 1946 and their mothers, and on retrospective data from the Family Formation Survey of 1976. The results, presented in tabular form, "suggest that during the post-war period, labour-force participation was associated with both a contraction and a lengthening of birth intervals."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30296 Nosseir, Nazek. Measurement of intermediate variables affecting fertility in rural Egypt. Population Bulletin of ESCWA, No. 27, Dec 1985. 109-25 pp. Baghdad, Iraq. In Eng.
This study examines socioeconomic and demographic characteristics as well as the fertility behavior of 22,803 married women under age 45 from 38 villages in Egypt using the results of a 1977 survey. A Bongaarts model is applied to assess the intermediate variables that affect fertility, including exposure factors, deliberate marital fertility control factors, and natural marital fertility factors.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30297 Nour, El-Sayed. Parity-specific fertility tables. In: American Statistical Association, 1984 proceedings of the Social Statistics Section. [1984]. 187-92 pp. American Statistical Association: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The author proposes procedures for constructing fertility tables using female parity, rather than age. Sample tables are presented for ever-married white females in the United States, aged 15-44, for 1970. "A parity-specific statistical model of fertility which forms the theoretical basis for these tables is outlined...."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30298 Patnaik, M. M. Socio-economic, cultural and demographic rationality of fertility behaviour. 1985. viii, 208 pp. Janaki Prakashan: Patna, India. In Eng.
This is an analysis of the socioeconomic, cultural, and demographic factors affecting fertility behavior in India. Data are from a sample survey conducted in Bihar in 1977 and 1978 and concern approximately 800 households, most of which are in the city of Patna. Univariate and bivariate rather than multivariate methods are used to analyze the data. The first chapter focuses on the socioeconomic factors affecting fertility. The author concludes that high fertility is associated with low education, low occupational status, and low income.
Chapters are also included on the effect of age at marriage on fertility, cultural factors affecting fertility, and the impact of infant mortality on birth intervals and fertility.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30299 Rao, K. Vaninadha; Beaujot, Roderic. Effect of infant mortality on subsequent fertility in Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 18, No. 3, Jul 1986. 297-303 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"The relation between infant mortality and fertility is studied using data from the 1975 fertility surveys in Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It is found that the unadjusted data support child replacement, but that this is much less the case once controls are introduced for demographic and socioeconomic factors. Replacement is slightly more pronounced when there are fewer surviving male children."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30300 Redburn, David E. The world system and demographic responses: the case of fertility. Pub. Order No. DA8604911. 1985. 183 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"The relationship between world system position, as measured by the Snyder-Kick model and fertility levels, is investigated. The data are from the World Fertility Survey....Additional data were obtained from other international sources including the United Nations and the World Bank....Multiple regression models were estimated which included terms to test for the interaction between position in the world system and certain intranational indicators of development....These analyses suggest that there are important structural differences between modernization and fertility. In addition, the importance of strong family planning programs in terms of subsequent fertility levels is confirmed."
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Utah.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 46(12).

52:30301 Robinson, W. C. High fertility as risk-insurance. Population Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2, Jul 1986. 289-304 pp. London, England. In Eng.
This is a critical analysis of the hypothesis developed by Mead Cain that insurance against risk is a contributing cause of high fertility in poor South Asian countries. The proposition is subjected to a series of historical and cross-sectional empirical tests. The author concludes "that there are serious conceptual and theoretical weaknesses in the basic argument which cast serious doubt on its validity. Also the empirical tests undertaken lead us to reject the hypothesis." A reply by Cain (pp. 299-304) is included.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30302 Robinson, Warren C. Studies in the fertility impact of development programmes in Bangladesh. Dec 1985. 70 pp. Planning Commission, Population and Development Planning Unit: Dhaka, Bangladesh. In Eng.
These are the proceedings of a seminar held in Dhaka, Bangladesh, May 15-18, 1985, on the relationship between development and demographic variables in Bangladesh. Six papers are included in which the impact on fertility of rural development, rural electrification, female education, women's programs, female labor force participation, and social welfare programs are considered. A final paper summarizes the impact of such factors on fertility.
Location: University of Pennsylvania, Demography Library, Philadelphia, Pa.

52:30303 Rodriguez Wong, Laura. Recent trends in fertility in the state of Sao Paulo. [Tendencia recente da fecundidade no estado de Sao Paulo.] Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Populacao, Vol. 2, No. 1, Jan-Jun 1985. 75-103 pp. Sao Paulo, Brazil. In Por. with sum. in Eng.
Fertility trends in the Brazilian state of Sao Paulo are analyzed for the period 1960-1980 using census and vital statistics data. The total fertility rate declined from 4.69 in 1960 to 3.40 in 1980; however, fertility has remained constant since 1975 following a rapid decline in the early 1970s.
"The stability of the 1975-80 period is explained by an increase in the order of 10% of the native population of the State, an increase of the proportion of migrants, and an improvement of mortality levels, favoring women in the reproductive ages. Taking the socio-economic conjuncture of the State and the birth registration data of the first years of the 1980 decade as a reference, it is expected that the fertility decline will continue."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30304 Rosenzweig, Mark R. Birth spacing and sibling inequality: asymmetric information within the family. International Economic Review, Vol. 27, No. 1, Feb 1986. 55-76 pp. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In Eng.
The author argues that the timing of childbearing is an important source of both within- and across-family income and human capital inequality. "The paper formulates a dynamic model of birth spacing under uncertainty of each child's endowments and determines how the spacing of children responds to shocks in prior birth outcomes. New estimation techniques are developed to test the importance of heterogeneity bias arising from intrafamily optimal allocations and to estimate spacing determinants. The empirical results indicate that intrafamily heterogeneity bias is more important in a health outcome equation than interfamily heterogeneity bias."
The model is tested using data from a probability sample of U.S. white, married couples. The data are analyzed to describe the extent of intra-family variation in birth outcomes and spacing and to test for heterogeneity bias.
Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

52:30305 Rothman, Barbara K. The products of conception: the social context of reproductive choices. Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 11, No. 4, Dec 1985. 188-92 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"This paper addresses the changing ideology regarding reproduction, an evolving [U.S.], and potentially worldwide, value system regarding children and parenthood. Children are increasingly being seen as products, and the new technology of reproduction, including the sale of reproductive material and services and especially prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion, encourage this commodification of the fetus. While the new technology does indeed offer new choices, it also creates new structures and new limitations on choice. In the contemporary [U.S.] social structure, these choices are inevitably couched in terms of production and commodification, and thus do not offer individuals genuine choice or control."
Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.

52:30306 Saghayroun, Atif A. R. Feasibility of fertility control in rural areas in the Sudan. Economic and Social Research Council Bulletin, No. 99, LC 84-980256. Sep 1983. ii, 25 pp. National Council for Research, Economic and Social Research Council: Khartoum, Sudan. In Eng.
Fertility in rural Sudan is analyzed, with a focus on the prospects for developing programs designed to control fertility. Previous research on fertility in the Sudan is first reviewed. Consideration is next given to fertility differences among provinces and between rural and urban areas. Finally, the socioeconomic factors affecting fertility in rural areas are outlined, including religion, cultural factors, poverty, illiteracy, and infant mortality.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, N.Y.

52:30307 Sander, William. Farm women, work, and fertility. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 101, No. 3, Aug 1986. 653-7 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
The author examines fertility among U.S. farm families in light of the economic theory of fertility. "I shall provide new evidence regarding the negative effect of female earning ability on fertility. I shall demonstrate that state-level population density, an exogenous measure of the value of female time in the farm sector, increases the value of the farm wife's time in off-farm market work and reduces fertility. After a review of farm family fertility, I shall present estimates of fertility in the farm sector for 1980. The estimates will be discussed in a concluding section."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPIA).

52:30308 Shields, Michael P.; Tracy, Ronald L. Four themes in fertility research. Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 53, No. 1, Jul 1986. 201-16 pp. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. In Eng.
This study is concerned with four main themes that have been combined to describe U.S. fertility trends since 1920. These themes are identified as a time adjustment mechanism, income, the wife's labor force activities, and some intergenerational factor. "In order to obtain an unambiguous picture each theme will be represented by only one variable. After selecting the variables and estimating a model, an examination of the changing role these variables have had in explaining changes in fertility (the total fertility rate) throughout much of this century will be made. Finally, the implications these themes have for future fertility will be examined."
The authors conclude that "in interpreting historical U.S. fertility rates, the results seem to indicate that much of the early decline in U.S. fertility was due to falling infant mortality. After the Second World War, fertility rose sharply as the age-structure variable declined and income rose. Eventually both women's labor force participation rates and the age-structure variable rose and, consequently, fertility fell." They also suggest that the age structure variable may cause a temporary upward swing in fertility in the near future.
Location: Princeton University Library (PF).

52:30309 Somalia. Ministry of Health (Mogadishu, Somalia); Westinghouse Public Applied Systems (Columbia, Maryland). Fertility and family planning in urban Somalia. Results of the Somali Family Health Survey in five cities, 1983. Jul 1985. xi, 100, [15] pp. Mogadishu, Somalia. In Eng.
This report presents results from a survey carried out in Somalia in 1983. "The main objective of the survey was to collect information concerning fertility, attitudes towards and use of family planning methods, and family health practices in the five major urban areas in Somalia. A total of 3,016 ever married women were interviewed in Mogadishu, Hargeisa, Kismayo, Baydhaba, and Burco....These cities were selected because they were the focus of a recently-launched family health/family planning project."
Information is also included on survey methodology, respondents' characteristics, breast-feeding, and contraceptive knowledge and availability.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30310 Stark, Oded. Inducing fertility change: a game-theoretic approach. European Journal of Population/Revue Europeenne de Demographie, Vol. 2, No. 1, May 1986. 31-42 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
"This paper explores the inducement of fertility change in situations where actual fertility levels do not coincide with socially optimal fertility levels." The analysis is equally applicable to higher than socially optimal fertility levels in developing countries and to suboptimal levels in developed countries as well; the focus of the paper is on the former situation. The author outlines what is referred to as a prisoner's dilemma characterization and its resolution through the generation of mutual altruism.
"The prisoner's dilemma characterization hinges on the assumption that there is some social sharing of the costs associated with a given level of fertility but less or none with respect to the benefits. The mutual altruism solution depends on representing an agent's preferences as a specific convex combination of his/her and the other agent's original utilities. The unique critical level of such altruism is identified and hence a stopping rule is provided."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30311 Stokes, C. Shannon; Schutjer, Wayne A.; Bulatao, Rodolfo A. Is the relationship between landholding and fertility spurious? A response to Cain. Population Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2, Jul 1986. 305-17 pp. London, England. In Eng.
The relationship between landholding and fertility is reviewed, with particular reference to a recent study by Mead Cain that suggested that this relationship was not a significant determinant of fertility. The geographic focus is on developing countries. The authors conclude that both the demand for and the supply of children appear to be influenced by landholding. A reply by Cain (pp. 313-7) is included.
For the study by Cain, published in 1985, see 51:20232.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30312 Streatfield, Kim. Fertility decline in a traditional society: the case of Bali. Indonesian Population Monograph Series, No. 4, ISBN 0-86784-711-5. 1986. xvii, 177 pp. Australian National University, Department of Demography: Canberra, Australia. In Eng.
The author analyzes the fertility decline that has occurred in Bali, Indonesia. The focus is on how such a decline has taken place in a society that has remained largely traditional in terms of living arrangements, family relationships, community cooperation, economic distribution, and social control. The data are primarily from a 1980 survey of approximately 1,000 women in the regency of Klungkung. The factors associated with the rapid spread of family planning are identified as concern about the shortage of agricultural land combined with a strong desire to remain in the natal village. The linkage between central government policy and the community-level administration, or banjar, is seen as a key factor in the success of the family planning program.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30313 Suchindran, C. M.; Horne, A. Dale. Some statistical approaches to the modeling of selected fertility events. In: American Statistical Association, 1984 proceedings of the Social Statistics Section. [1984]. 629-34 pp. American Statistical Association: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
The authors "develop analytic expressions for the distributions of age at first birth, age at last birth, span of childbearing, and number of children ever born when only age specific birth and death rates are known....[A] proportional hazards type model is suggested to study the effect of covariables on age specific fertility rates. Examples are provided with data from Egypt."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30314 Surbey, Michele K.; de Catanzaro, Denys; Smith, Martin S. Seasonality of conceptions in Hutterite colonies of Europe (1758-1881) and North America (1858-1964). Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 18, No. 3, Jul 1986. 337-45 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"Birth records of Hutterite colonies were examined for the presence of seasonal variation in conception rate. Month of conception was inferred by counting back 9 months from date of birth. Over 4,300 births, occurring between 1758 and 1964 and spanning the years that the colonies inhabited the Ukraine and then migrated to the United States and Canada, were included in the analysis. When combined, the European and North American births showed a seasonal pattern with a general rise in conceptions from December to June followed by a decline in conceptions from July to November. The major peaks in conceptions were in April and June, with a minor peak in December."
When the European and North American populations are considered separately, the seasonal pattern in the former is shown to be more marked than in the latter. "It is assumed that both biological and cultural factors are responsible for the seasonal variation observed. The influences of light cycle, date of marriage, and work and holiday schedules on conception rates are discussed."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30315 Swicegood, Gray; Bean, Frank D.; Stephen, Elizabeth H.; Opitz, Wolfgang; Cardenas, Gilberto. Language usage and fertility in the Mexican-origin population: results from the 1980 census. Texas Population Research Center Papers, Series 8: 1986, No. 8.013, 1986. 38 pp. University of Texas, Texas Population Research Center: Austin, Texas. In Eng.
"This paper presents evidence concerning the effects of English proficiency and female education on both cumulative and recent fertility within the Mexican origin population in the United States....Using data from the 1980 United States Census five-percent Public Use Microdata Sample for ever-married Mexican origin women aged 15-44, we find that for almost all age cohorts, the effects of English proficiency on fertility are negative and increase with rising education."
This paper was originally presented at the 1986 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. For more detailed information, see the abstracts of PAA papers at the beginning of this issue.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30316 Teachman, Jay D. Historical and subgroup variations in the association between marriage and first childbirth: a life-course perspective. Journal of Family History, Vol. 10, No. 4, Winter 1985. 379-401 pp. Saint Paul, Minnesota. In Eng.
"This paper takes a life-course approach in examining empirically the patterning of marriage and first childbirth among white and black [U.S.] women first married between 1950 and 1971. The results indicate considerable historical and racial differences in the joint arrangements of marriage and childbirth." Data are from the 1973 National Survey of Family Growth.
"A major distinction is that the historical variation among white women was a consistent shortening of maritally conceived first-birth intervals over the 1950s followed by a consistent lengthening of these intervals over the 1960s and early 1970s. Among black women, on the other hand, historical variations have been less consistent and have involved the sequencing rather than the timing of maritally conceived births."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30317 Trent, Katherine. Determinants of parity distribution: a cross-national analysis of the effects of modernization on fertility. Pub. Order No. DA8527661. 1985. 285 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"This dissertation addresses the inconsistent effects of social and economic development on fertility reported in previous studies. The main objective is to incorporate current knowledge of the determinants of fertility at the cross-national and sub-national levels into an investigation of parity differentials in the modernization/fertility relationship." The focus is on developing countries.
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Texas at Austin.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 46(10).

52:30318 United States. Bureau of the Census (Washington, D.C.). Fertility of American women: June 1985. Current Population Reports, Series P-20: Population Characteristics, No. 406, Jun 1986. iv, 65 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
Fertility trends in the United States are reviewed using data from the June 1985 supplement to the Current Population Survey. The introduction includes sections on current fertility patterns, changes in childlessness between 1976 and 1985, and birth expectations. The bulk of the report consists of statistical tables, which present data on distribution of women and average number of children ever born by race, age, and marital status; children ever born and childlessness by race; children born to married couples; women who have had a child in the last year by race; and expected fertility by various characteristics including marital status.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30319 Weiss, Thomas. Economic determinants of fertility in Western industrial countries. [Okonomische Bestimmungsgrossen der Fertilitat in westlichen Industrielandern.] Materialien zur Bevolkerungswissenschaft: Sonderheft, No. 5, 1986. 222 pp. Bundesinstitut fur Bevolkerungsforschung: Wiesbaden, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger.
The aim of this publication is to examine various economic theories that seek to explain fertility trends and differentials and to assess these theories in the light of empirical data. The geographic focus is on Western industrial countries. In the first four chapters, several theories are outlined, including the new household economics, the relative income hypothesis, theories involving social mobility, and theories based on cross-sectional data for the Federal Republic of Germany and Canada.
In the next two chapters, trends in Western fertility over time are summarized, and an attempt is made to explain these trends in terms of the theories already discussed. Fertility trends in selected countries are then investigated more closely. A final chapter deals with possible future developments.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30320 Wolfe, Barbara L.; Behrman, Jere R. Child quantity and quality in a developing country: family background, endogenous tastes, and biological supply factors. Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 34, No. 4, Jul 1986. 703-20 pp. Chicago, Illinois. In Eng.
The authors explore the implications of the "Chicago-Columbia" economic model and the "Pennsylvania" economic model for the determination of child quality and quantity in developing countries using data collected in 1977-1978 on Nicaraguan adult female siblings. The focus is on "the relevance of the alternative child quantity-quality approaches, with significant implications for understanding fertility and school determinants and for formulating related policies."
The authors conclude that their "empirical estimates basically support the Pennsylvania extension of the economic model of fertility beyond the Chicago-Columbia model to incorporate endogenous taste and biological supply factors in the analysis of child quantity and quality determinants in a particular developing country."
Among the implications of this finding for developing countries are that increased female education and expanded employment opportunities for women may have a smaller fertility impact than some studies have maintained; that fertility declines may be largely attributable to changing tastes, thus implying more ambiguous private welfare effects; and that health and nutrition improvements may work through biological supply channels to increase fertility.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPIA).

52:30321 Wong, George Y.; Mason, William M.; Entwisle, Barbara. A generalization of the hierarchical normal linear model for multilevel analysis. In: American Statistical Association, 1984 proceedings of the Social Statistics Section. [1984]. 181-6 pp. American Statistical Association: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"The specific problem this paper concentrates on arises as part of the work of the Michigan Comparative Fertility Project, which is using the data of the World Fertility Survey to carry out comparative fertility analyses." The authors elaborate a model and obtain initial results concerning age at first birth.
"We have extended the multilevel linear model to allow for context-specific variables, and variables whose effects are constant over contexts [and have] developed a strategy for the treatment of ethnicity in comparative, multilevel analysis....[We have also] developed an approach for modelling age at first birth as a function of both micro and macro characteristics."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30322 Zha, Ruichuan; Ji, Yonghua. An analysis of the fertility of Chinese women. Renkou Yanjiu, No. 6, Nov 29, 1984. 11-20 pp. Beijing, China. In Chi.
Fertility in China is analyzed using data from a 10 percent sample of the 1982 census. Topics covered include the current status and the historical development of China's fertility norms; the continuation of high fertility rates; basic changes in the fertility model; social factors influencing fertility; and changes in women's lifetime fertility. The authors conclude that since family planning began in the 1970s, the birth rate has declined from over 30 per 1,000 to about 20 per 1,000; childbearing is concentrated within the 20-29 year range; some high fertility is due to the continued existence of a relative large number of multiple births; the declining fertility rate is due to the increase in the ratio of one-child families; and fertility rates vary greatly from area to area.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30323 Zhao, Xuedong. An analysis of the birth rate in the Soviet Union after World War II. Renkou Yanjiu, No. 5, Sep 29, 1984. 51-5 pp. Beijing, China. In Chi.
Trends in fertility in the USSR since World War II are reviewed. The author identifies three phases during this period. From the end of the war to the end of the 1950s, fertility and marriage rates were the highest of the entire postwar period, while divorce and abortion rates were relatively low. During the 1960s, the birth rate declined irrespective of various social and demographic influences. In the 1970s, the birth rate began to increase because the number of women of fertile age increased. Graphs and tables showing fertility rates by age are included.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

F.2. Differential Fertility

52:30324 Basu, Alaka M. Birth control by assetless workers in Kerala: the possibility of a poverty induced fertility transition. Development and Change, Vol. 17, 1986. 265-82 pp. The Hague, Netherlands. In Eng.
Official data for the state of Kerala, India, are analyzed to support the hypothesis of a poverty-induced fertility transition, in which a fertility decline occurs in response to undesirable changes in material welfare. The author argues that "(i) a significant proportion of the fertility decline in Kerala is due to birth control by one group--the assetless labourers--of the poorest section in the state; and (ii) the lot of this section of the population in Kerala has not unambiguously improved as much as is generally imagined, and may actually have worsened in the areas relevant to fertility behaviour."
The evidence presented indicates that the assetless workers "are becoming less and less able than their socio-economic counterparts in other occupations to have several children with the assurance that these children will soon support themselves at least partly. Given such an unenviable set of circumstances, it seems more reasonable to infer that this group is reducing its fertility because it just cannot afford the number of children it would like, rather than because it nourishes hopes of fulfilling new material and personal ambitions through reduced childbearing."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30325 Bean, Frank D.; Williams, Dorie G.; Zsembik, Barbara. Religious background as a factor in the relationship between sibship structure and fertility. Texas Population Research Center Papers, Series 8: 1986, No. 8.015, 1986. 16, [10] pp. University of Texas, Texas Population Research Center: Austin, Texas. In Eng.
"Using data from the 1970 [U.S.] National Fertility Study, this paper examines the effects of sibship structure (as indicated by the birth order of the respondent and by the gender composition of her siblings) on wanted and unwanted fertility. We develop hypotheses about such effects on the basis of relationships between sibship structure and patterns of sex-role socialization reported in the literature. The strength of hypothesized relationships between sibship structure and fertility variables is also predicted to depend upon childhood religious background...."
It is found that "among women from more conservative religious backgrounds, those who grew up without brothers exhibit higher levels of unwanted births than do women who grew up with other gender combinations of siblings. Also, among women from more liberal religious backgrounds, those who grew up without brothers and were last-born exhibit lower levels of wanted births than women with other sibship structures."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30326 Bennett, Claudette E. The effect of minority group status on differential fertility. Pub. Order No. DA8528725. 1985. 233 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
The author develops a model that "predicts that membership in a numerical minority group is an important determinant of racial fertility differences. A secondary analysis of data collected by the [U.S.] National Center for Health Statistics, Survey of Family Growth Cycle II, was performed. [Data concern] 8,611 ever-married women between the age of 15 and 44. The interviews were conducted between January and September 1976."
Evidence is found to "lend support for the causal link between selected background, socioeconomic and demographic variables and fertility differences between white and black ever-married women."
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at Howard University.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 46(12).

52:30327 Bhatia, Jagdish C. Polygamy-fertility inter-relationship: the case of Ghana. Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 31, No. 4, Jun 1985. 46-55 pp. Bombay, India. In Eng.
The impact of polygyny on fertility is examined using data for 857 married women aged 15-44 collected during the course of the DANFA Comprehensive Rural Health and Family Planning Project carried out in Ghana in the early 1970s. The results indicate that fertility among polygynous wives is significantly lower than that of monogamous wives.
Location: Columbia University, CPFH Library, New York, N.Y.

52:30328 Das, Narayan; Pandey, Divya. Fertility differentials by religion in India: an analysis of 1971 census fertility data. Canadian Studies in Population, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1985. 119-35 pp. Edmonton, Canada. In Eng.
"The association between religion and marital fertility, based on Indian census fertility data, has been explored. The results indicate that religion has a significant effect on marital fertility in India. Of the various religious groups studied, Buddhists were found to have the highest fertility, followed by Christians, Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs; Jains exhibited the lowest fertility. Religious differential in fertility persisted even after controlling for the effect of several major indices of social and economic development, such as, urbanisation, women's education and age at marriage."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30329 Day, L. H. The age of women at completion of childbearing: Australian differentials by religion and country of birth. Population Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2, Jul 1986. 237-45 pp. London, England. In Eng.
"The proportions of mothers completing their childbearing by various ages were calculated for different groups with different religions and countries of birth within the Australian population using data from the Census of 1971....The oldest ages at birth of the last child are found among mothers born in the Netherlands; the youngest, among those born in Yugoslavia or Greece. There is also a consistent and marked difference by religion: Catholic mothers complete childbearing at a generally later age than do non-Catholics."
The results also show that "age at completion of childbearing varies directly with age at marriage (controlling for parity), but, in general, is determined mostly by the number of births. However, spacing appears to be an important element in certain groups. In some instances this derives from an interruption of childbearing following immigration; in others, from the differential exercise of control over births."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30330 Evans, M. D. R. American fertility patterns: a comparison of white and nonwhite cohorts born 1903-56. Population and Development Review, Vol. 12, No. 2, Jun 1986. 267-93, 377, 379 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"This paper focuses attention on the general pattern of racial differences in cohort fertility in the United States. The mean age at fertility, standard deviation of age at fertility, cohort total fertility rate, percent ever having a birth, and mean completed parity of mothers are presented for single-year cohorts using actual data for the cohorts of 1903-31 and partially projected data for subsequent cohorts. Bounds for projections are also developed. Mean age at fertility for whites and nonwhites diverges after the 1940 cohort, but the total fertility rate and completed fertility of mothers converge."
This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1983 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index, Vol. 49, No. 3, Fall 1983, p. 403).
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30331 Ketema, Teserach. Modernization and differential fertility in Ethiopia--a multivariate analysis. Pub. Order No. DA8600235. 1985. 177 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
"Based on the results of national sample surveys, this dissertation explores the social and demographic factors that influenced fertility differentials in Ethiopia around 1970, employing multiple regression and path analysis. More specifically, the study involves 74 urban areas and 13 provinces (rural populations only) and attempts to explore the extent to which modernization as measured by urbanization, education and proportion of females married at ages 20-24 contributes to variations in fertility."
The author finds that "the country is approaching the threshold of the second transitional stage in the process of demographic change."
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 46(11).

52:30332 Krishnan, P.; Yeung, W. Jean. Fertility differentials by religion in India, 1971. In: American Statistical Association, 1984 proceedings of the Social Statistics Section. [1984]. 175-80 pp. American Statistical Association: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Census data are analyzed in an attempt to study the fertility dynamics of the six major religious groups in India, i.e., Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains. Education, age at marriage and minority status are used as independent variables to explain fertility differentials among these religious groups."
It is found that "education and age at marriage are significant predictors of fertility in both urban and rural areas. Minority status is significant only in urban areas. Fertility differentials within some religious groups are partly explained by the socio-economic characteristics of the followers."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30333 Lancaster, Jane B.; Hamburg, Beatrix A. School-age pregnancy and parenthood: biosocial dimensions. Foundations of Human Behavior, ISBN 0-202-30321-7. LC 86-1054. 1986. xvii, 403 pp. Aldine de Gruyter: Hawthorne, New York. In Eng.
This is a collection of papers by various authors on aspects of adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. The 19 papers are divided into four substantive sections. The first is concerned with the life cycle and biological development and includes consideration of changes in age at menarche. The next section is concerned with the emotional, cognitive, and sexual aspects of sexual development and includes consideration of adolescent contraceptive behavior. The third section is concerned with comparative dimensions of adolescent sex behavior, pregnancy, and parenthood. The final section deals with some problems specifically related to the modern world. The geographic focus is worldwide.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30334 Mosher, William D.; Johnson, David P.; Horn, Marjorie C. Religion and fertility in the United States: the importance of marriage patterns and Hispanic origin. Demography, Vol. 23, No. 3, Aug 1986. 367-79 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"The marital fertility of white Catholic wives in the United States was higher than that of non-Catholic wives in 1977-1981, but when Hispanics were excluded, the differential disappeared; therefore, the Catholic-non-Catholic differential in recent years was due entirely to the higher fertility of Hispanic Catholics. The Total Fertility Rates (TFR) of Catholics were slightly lower in 1977-1981 than those for white Protestants, primarily because Catholic women tend to marry later than Protestant women." Data are from Cycle III of the National Survey of Family Growth.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30335 Ogawa, Naohiro; Hodge, Robert W. Urbanization, migration and fertility in contemporary Japan. NUPRI Research Paper Series, No. 28, Mar 1986. vi, 22 pp. Nihon University, Population Research Institute: Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
The authors first "draw heavily upon the 17th Mainichi Survey of Fertility and Family Planning conducted in 1984, to examine urban-rural fertility differentials as observed in contemporary Japan. Second, the fertility behavior of migrants is analyzed. Third, based upon birth history records, we examine the development of urban-rural fertility differentials in recent cohorts."
The analysis indicates that "as Japan moves through the final stages of her demographic transition, a small urban-rural differential in fertility still continues to persist, and this differential is intertwined with migration status. Moreover, cohort data reconstructed from birth histories reveal that the urban-rural differential in fertility varies over the life cycle of a cohort."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30336 Plutzer, Eric. Fertility and agricultural structure: rural America in 1930. Rural Sociology, Vol. 51, No. 2, Summer 1986. 156-68 pp. Bozeman, Montana. In Eng.
Aggregate data from the 1930 U.S. census for 197 rural counties are used to explore and test a model linking variation in fertility rates to characteristics of agricultural structure and to nonagricultural socioeconomic determinants. "The model includes four dimensions of agricultural structure: (1) land tenure arrangements, (2) farm occupational structure, (3) inputs into agricultural production, and (4) type of agricultural product."
A multivariate regression analysis "shows statistically significant relationships between fertility and variables from all four dimensions, net of the effects of education and urbanization. The model, strongly supported by the data, explains 54 percent of the total variation in rural fertility rates. The structure-of-agriculture dimensions explain nearly half of this."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30337 Retherford, Robert D.; Sewell, William H. Intelligence and family size reconsidered. CDE Working Paper, No. 86-3, Jan 15, 1986. 75, [12] pp. University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology: Madison, Wisconsin. In Eng.
The authors examine the relationship between measured intelligence and fertility using data for approximately 9,000 Wisconsin high school graduates from the class of 1957 who were reinterviewed in 1975. Following a critical review of the literature on intelligence and family size, the authors analyze the relationship between the respondents' intelligence as measured by tests taken during school and the number of children born alive to them by age 35. Estimates of mean IQ, fertility, and mortality for high school dropouts, not included in the Wisconsin sample, are also derived.
From an analysis of previous studies, it is concluded that "differential fertility by IQ in the United States appears to have been negative in this century. It probably became less negative during the baby boom (and positive for some samples). It seems to have diverged again in the negative direction after the baby boom....Our own empirical results, based on the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), confirm a small but statistically significant negative relationship between fertility and IQ for a large representative sample of the cohort of Wisconsin high school graduates in 1957, whose reproduction commenced at the end of the baby boom."
Differences in the findings according to sex are noted.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30338 Rumbaut, Ruben G.; Weeks, John R. Fertility and adaptation: Indochinese refugees in the United States. International Migration Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, Summer 1986. 428-66 pp. Staten Island, New York. In Eng.
"Levels of fertility among Indochinese refugees in the United States are explored in the context of a highly compressed demographic transition implicit in the move from high-fertility Southeast Asian societies to a low-fertility resettlement region. A theoretical model is developed to explain the effect on refugee fertility of social background characteristics, migration history and patterns of adaptation to a different economic and cultural environment controlling for marital history and length of residence in the U.S." The chief source for the data and analyses is the Indochinese Health and Adaptation Research Project (IHARP), San Diego State University.
"Multiple regression techniques are used to test the model which was found to account for nearly half of the variation in refugee fertility levels in the United States. Fertility is much higher for all Indochinese ethnic groups than it is for American women; the number of children in refugee families is in turn a major determinant of welfare dependency. Adjustments for rates of natural increase indicate a total 1985 Indochinese population of over one million, making it one of the largest Asian-origin populations in the United States."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30339 Sautory, Olivier. Trends in regional disparities in fertility from 1954 to 1982. [Evolution des disparites geographiques de fecondite de 1954 a 1982.] Espace, Populations, Societes, No. 2, 1986. 9, 37-46 pp. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. In Fre. with sum. in Eng.
Trends in differential fertility by region in France are examined. "Since 1954, a geographical homogenisation process characterizes fertility in France: reduction in the relative dispersion of regions and [departmental] fertility indicators; convergence of fertility in rural communes (traditionally the most fertile) and big agglomerations to the national average; slight diminution of regional differences in the proportion of illegitimate births."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30340 Sorenson, Ann M. Ethnicity and fertility: the fertility expectations and family size of Mexican-American and Anglo adolescents and adults, husbands and wives. Pub. Order No. DA8603356. 1985. 243 pp. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan. In Eng.
The author analyzes "cultural as well as socioeconomic factors which may contribute to higher Mexican-American fertility....The sample, which is drawn from the 1980 Census data for Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico, is limited to Mexican-American and Anglo women who have been married only once and live with their husbands. Two complementary methods of analysis are used. Linear regression describes the significance of husband's and wife's language use, nativity, and socioeconomic characteristics to mean family size. Parity progression ratios are used to study the contribution of these variables to the likelihood of the addition of one more child at each stage of the family building process."
It is found that "while wife's characteristics are sufficient to account for most of the variation observed in Anglo fertility, husband's socioeconomic characteristics significantly contribute to variation observed in the fertility of Mexican-American couples. Husbands' identification with Mexican-American culture may be somewhat more important to couples' fertility than that of their wives. This is consistent with research which suggests that children are more central to male sex role expectations as they are expressed in the context of Mexican-American culture than in that of Anglos."
This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Arizona.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences 46(12).

52:30341 Tienda, Marta; Gonzalez Diaz, Violeta; Smith, Shelley A. Community education and differential fertility in Peru. Canadian Studies in Population, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1985. 137-57 pp. Edmonton, Canada. In Eng.
"This paper investigates how community characteristics moderate the influence of individual characteristics on completed fertility in Peru. Although the median community education level did not condition the influence of women's education on completed fertility as hypothesized, this contextual variable exerted a significant negative effect on fertility. Thus, the social climate in which women make decisions about family formation does affect reproductive behaviour above and beyond what one would predict on the basis of individual characteristics alone; but it operates to set boundaries on the range of feasible alternatives rather than to amplify the influence of individual characteristics."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30342 Wineberg, Howard; McCarthy, James. Differential fertility in the United States, 1980: continuity or change? Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 18, No. 3, Jul 1986. 311-24 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"This paper considers how changes in women's socio-cultural characteristics have influenced recent patterns of differential fertility in the United States and whether the convergence of fertility differentials observed up to 1970 has continued." The data are from the June 1980 U.S. Current Population Survey.
"Age at first birth, length of first birth interval, income and education were all negatively associated with fertility, among both older and younger women. When fertility expectations were examined, however, the association of the independent variables with expected completed fertility was weaker among younger women, indicating that there has been some convergence in expected completed fertility. Further narrowing of differentials in actual fertility depends on how successful the younger women are in preventing future unplanned births."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30343 Wong, Aline K.; Ng, Shui Meng. Ethnicity and fertility in Southeast Asia: a comparative analysis. Research Notes and Discussions Paper, No. 50, ISBN 9971-988-02-X. 1985. xii, 393 pp. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies: Singapore. In Eng.
The relationship between ethnicity and fertility among the major ethnic groups in five Southeastern Asian countries is analyzed. The data are from comparable surveys carried out in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand in the period 1980-1982. The objectives of the research were to describe and explain ethnic fertility differentials, to assess their role on ethnic relationships, and to suggest policies for dealing with such fertility differentials. The samples consist of approximately 600 husbands and wives from each of the 20 ethnic groups investigated. Consideration is also given to ethnic differences in family planning and contraceptive behavior.
The results indicate that ethnic fertility differentials have been reduced most in Singapore and to a lesser extent in Malaysia, while persisting in importance particularly among underprivileged groups in the region. Approval of family planning is general, but cultural factors affect methods chosen, and problems of access to contraceptive services play a critical role. The importance of child mortality and son preference is noted.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

F.3. Sterility and Other Pathology

52:30344 Bostofte, E.; Serup, J.; Bischoff, N.; Rebbe, H. Socio-economic status and fertility of couples examined for infertility, social status and fertility. Andrologia, Vol. 17, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1985. 564-9 pp. Berlin, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Eng. with sum. in Ger.
The fertility of 1,000 couples originally examined for infertility in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1950-1952 and followed up 20 years later is examined. The relationship between socioeconomic class and number of living children, abortions, and abnormal pregnancies is analyzed. Reasons for the higher fertility of those of higher socioeconomic status are considered.
Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.

52:30345 Ridley, Jeanne C.; Myers, David E. The determinants of sterility among ever married women: a proportional hazards analysis. In: American Statistical Association, 1984 proceedings of the Social Statistics Section. [1984]. 318-23 pp. American Statistical Association: Washington, D.C. In Eng.
Hazards models are used to study the effects of women's age at first marriage, age at first birth, religion, and education on changes in the fecundity of 1,049 white ever-married U.S. women belonging to the 1901-1910 birth cohort. Estimates of the likelihood of becoming sterile from various causes are presented.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30346 Strobino, Barbara; Fox, Harold E.; Kline, Jennie; Stein, Zena; Susser, Mervyn; Warburton, Dorothy. Characteristics of women with recurrent spontaneous abortions and women with favorable reproductive histories. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 76, No. 8, Aug 1986. 986-91 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"Women with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortions (repeaters) are compared with women who have had live births and no spontaneous abortions (multiparae) and women who have had live births and only one spontaneous abortion (sporadics) to identify characteristics of the women and their abortuses that might predict subsequent fetal loss." The data are for 3,755 women in New York City who sought medical care for spontaneous abortion between April 1974 and July 1979 and a comparison group of 1,633 women who delivered at 28 weeks gestation or later.
"A number of risk factors for recurrent spontaneous abortion have been identified: the loss of a chromosomally normal conception, loss after the first trimester of pregnancy, a delay in conceiving prior to the study pregnancy, a diagnosis of cervical incompetence, and a history of very low birthweight deliveries. The odds ratios associated with being a repeater vary from 1.4 to 5.6 depending on the number of characteristics present."
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

F.4. Actions and Activities Directly Affecting Fertility

F.4.1. General Fertility Control and Contraception

52:30347 Abdel-Aziz, Abdallah; Anderson, John E.; Morris, Leo; Wingo, Phyllis; Shrydeh, Borhan. Family planning in Jordan: 1983 survey data. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 17, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1986. 199-206 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"Data from the 1983 fertility survey in Jordan indicate that 26 percent of married women were using contraceptives, reflecting a very small relative increase in use in the seven years before the survey. Only 5 percent of nonusers stated that they desired to use a method. Other data from the same survey suggest a potential demand for contraception, for spacing as well as limiting births, among those not using."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30348 Ayad, Mohamed; Pierre, Fritz; Jemai, Hedi. Family planning, fertility, and family health in Haiti, 1983. Report on the results of the Haitian Contraceptive Prevalence Survey. [Planification familiale, fecondite et sante familiale en Haiti, 1983. Rapport sur les resultats de l'Enquete Haitienne sur la Prevalence de la Contraception.] Aug 1985. xv, 174 pp. Departement de la Sante Publique et de la Population, Direction d'Hygiene Familiale et de Nutrition: Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Westinghouse Public Applied Systems: Columbia, Maryland. In Fre.
Results from the 1983 Haitian Contraceptive Prevalence Survey are presented. Initial chapters are included on the demographic situation and the country's policies concerning population and family planning. The methodology of the survey and characteristics of the respondents are described. The survey included 1,125 urban and 3,196 rural women aged 15-49. Chapters are also concerned with nuptiality, fertility, knowledge and use of contraception, reasons for nonuse and future possibilities for contraceptive use, availability of contraceptive services, and maternal and child health.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30349 Ayad, Mohamed; Zoughlami, Younes. Fertility and family planning in Tunisia, 1983. Report on the results of the Tunisian Contraceptive Prevalence Survey. [Fecondite et planification familiale en Tunisie, 1983. Rapport sur les resultats de l'Enquete Tunisienne sur la Prevalence de la Contraception.] Jul 1985. xv, 176 pp. Ministere de la Famille et de la Promotion de la Femme, Office National de la Famille et de la Population: Tunis, Tunisia; Westinghouse Public Applied Systems: Columbia, Maryland. In Fre.
The results of the 1983 Tunisian Contraceptive Prevalence Survey are presented. The report begins with a review of demographic trends and population policy in Tunisia. The survey methodology and characteristics of those surveyed are then described. The survey included some 2,500 women of reproductive age from both urban and rural areas. Chapters are included on nuptiality, fertility, and infant mortality; knowledge and use of contraception; and availability of contraceptive services.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30350 Barkat-e-Khuda. Population control in Bangladesh: the prospects. In: Demographic transition in Asia, edited by Gavin W. Jones. ISBN 9971-954-20-6. LC 84-942134. 1984. 147-69 pp. Maruzen Asia: Singapore. In Eng.
A review of the current status of family planning practice in Bangladesh is presented using data from the Bangladesh Fertility Survey undertaken in 1975 and the Bangladesh Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys of 1979 and 1981. The development of a national family planning program is first described, and evidence from KAP surveys is summarized. Other topics considered include the demand for family planning, the efficiency of services supplying contraception, the popularization of sterilization, and the impact of religious Islamic teaching on family planning. The author concludes that family planning practice remains low and reviews some possible policy measures to rectify this situation.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30351 Bean, Frank D.; Burr, Jeffrey A.; Opitz, Wolfgang; Trent, Katherine; Williams, Dorie G. Heterogamy and the decision for voluntary sterilization. Texas Population Research Center Papers, Series 8: 1986, No. 8.011, 1986. 14, [10] pp. University of Texas, Texas Population Research Center: Austin, Texas. In Eng.
"This research examines the relationships of religious and age heterogamy to the choice of sterilization and to the decision for a male or a female procedure. Two perspectives are set forth that provide bases for expecting heterogamy effects. One is a 'strain' perspective, which predicts that heterogamous couples would be less likely than homogamous couples to elect sterilization and to elect male sterilization. The other is a 'selectivity' perspective, which predicts that heterogamous couples would be more likely than others to obtain a sterilization procedure and to choose a male procedure." The data are for the United States and are from three large, national probability samples.
It is found that "in the case of choosing sterilization over other contraceptive methods, the results support the [selectivity] perspective, with couples of disparate ages and mixed-faith marriages exhibiting a greater tendency to elect sterilization than other couples. No relationship emerges, however, between the measures of heterogamy and the tendency to choose male over female sterilization."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30352 Bean, Frank D.; Williams, Dorie G.; Opitz, Wolfgang; Burr, Jeffrey A.; Trent, Katherine. Sociodemographic and marital heterogamy influences on the decision for voluntary sterilization. Texas Population Research Center Papers, Series 8: 1986, No. 8.016, 1986. 25 pp. University of Texas, Texas Population Research Center: Austin, Texas. In Eng.
This is a revised version of a paper concerning the relationships between religious and age heterogamy and voluntary male and female sterilization in the United States.
An earlier version of this paper, also published in 1986, is cited elsewhere in this issue.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30353 Beck, L.; Freundl, G. Final observations and critical remarks on natural family planning. [Schlussbetrachtung und kritische Bemerkungen zur naturlichen Familienplanung.] Gynakologe, Vol. 18, No. 4, Dec 1985. 234-6 pp. New York, New York/Berlin, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger.
Some critical remarks on natural family planning and its advantages and disadvantages are presented. This article serves as a conclusion to several other articles published in the same issue of Gynakologe.
Location: New York Academy of Medicine.

52:30354 Bertrand, Jane T.; Landry, Evelyn G.; Araya Zelaya, Jose D. Is female sterilization voluntary in El Salvador? International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 12, No. 2, Jun 1986. 40-4 pp. New York, New York. In Eng. with sum. in Fre; Spa.
"To examine assertions that poor women in El Salvador are being sterilized without their full knowledge or consent, researchers interviewed 648 women who underwent the operation in one of seven facilities in 1984. The women were questioned within one month of surgery, and their responses indicate that female sterilization in El Salvador is in fact voluntary."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30355 Bone, Margaret. Family planning in Scotland in 1982: a survey carried out on behalf of the Scottish Home and Health Department. ISBN 0-11-691147-6. 1985. v, 97 pp. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys [OPCS], Social Survey Division: London, England. In Eng.
The results of a survey on family planning in Scotland in 1982 are presented. The main purposes of the survey were to describe the two main family planning service outlets, general medical practitioners and family planning clinics, and the reasons for using one outlet rather than the other; to examine recent trends in sterilization; and to identify the effects of changes in contraceptive usage on unplanned and unwanted conception rates. The survey included 3,410 women aged 16 to 54.
"Over the past 20 years three factors, apart from changes in the population, have affected the extent and composition of potential demand for the family planning services in Scotland. They are: the rise and decline in popularity of the pill; the widespread adoption of sterilisation; and a reduction in the age at which sexual relationships begin."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30356 Bumpass, Larry. The risk of an unwanted birth: the changing context of contraceptive sterilization in the U.S. CDE Working Paper, No. 85-27, 1985. 40 pp. University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology: Madison, Wisconsin. In Eng.
"Data from the 1976 and 1982 National Surveys of Family Growth are used to analyze the changing structure of factors affecting contraceptive sterilization in the U.S. The paper begins with life-table estimates of the age at which women have their last wanted birth....Life-table estimates are then considered of the timing of sterilization after the last wanted birth."
Logistic regression analysis is used to examine the determinants of male and female sterilization. "Covariates considered are age and parity at last wanted birth, year and duration of marriage at last wanted birth, wife's and husband's education, wife's and husband's religion, whether residence is in a central city, region, pill use history and timing failure histories prior to last wanted birth, and unwanted birth." Similar models by race for female sterilization show significant similarity in terms of most variables except region, with regional variations being pronounced among white but not among black women.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30357 Carroll, Jennifer J. Family planning: a population study of women aged 40-44 years. Community Medicine, Vol. 7, No. 4, Nov 1985. 248-56 pp. Bristol, England. In Eng.
The use of family planning services and contraceptive methods by women aged 40 to 44 in England is examined. The data, which concern approximately 150 women living in Melton Mowbray who had not had a hysterectomy or a sterilization operation, were collected in 1981. The results indicate that 15 percent of fecund ever-married women did not know of any place where they could obtain contraceptive advice and that knowledge of the location of the local family planning clinic was slight.
Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.

52:30358 Choi, H. Hoyle; Park, Jae Young. Political capacity, development and family planning programs in developing countries: a cross-national analysis. Studies in Population Problems, Vol. 1, Dec 1984. 45-94 pp. Pusan, Korea, Republic of. In Eng. with sum. in Kor.
The relationship between political and economic factors on the one hand and the successful development of national family planning programs on the other is explored using data for 30 non-Communist Asian countries for the period 1960-1975. The emphasis is not on policy formation but on the relative capacity of a given political system to carry out an adopted policy efficiently. The results indicate that the addition of such a capacity variable to a model for investigating differences in program performance among countries substantially increases the proportion of the total explained variance in performance using level of development and program implementation.
"The general conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that: the overall success or effectiveness of family planning programs in the developing countries is most likely to be achieved in countries where [a] strong, stable political system has been the major vehicle for sustained efforts of modernization and development."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30359 Clarke, Lynda; Gregson, Sue. Who has a vasectomy reversal? Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 18, No. 3, Jul 1986. 253-9 pp. Cambridge, England. In Eng.
"The characteristics of the first 200 cases of vasectomy reversal [in the United Kingdom] have been analysed. The mean time from vasectomy to reversal was 4.8 years. It varied according to the reason for requesting reversal, and was particularly short when the operation had been performed at the time of the partner's pregnancy. Thirty percent of the men were with the same partner and 70% a new partner. Vasectomy reversal cases tended to be younger than vasectomy patients as a whole but did not differ significantly in social class."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30360 Cliquet, Robert; Lodewijckx, Edith. The contraceptive transition in Flanders. European Journal of Population/Revue Europeenne de Demographie, Vol. 2, No. 1, May 1986. 71-84 pp. Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Eng. with sum. in Fre.
The authors use data from quinquennial probability surveys on fertility behavior to document changes in contraceptive use between 1966 and 1983 in Flanders, Belgium. "Particular attention is paid to changes in the methods of contraception used. The contraceptive transition observed for Flanders is compared with information for other countries to assess whether a specific pattern can be delineated."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30361 Covington, Deborah L.; Otolorin, E. O.; Janowitz, Barbara; Gates, Deborah S.; Lamptey, Peter; Ladipo, O. A. Physician attitudes and family planning in Nigeria. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 17, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1986. 172-80 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This study examines family planning attitudes and practices of 681 Nigerian physicians selected from cities in which large university teaching hospitals are located. About half of the physicians were practicing family planning; the method of choice was the IUD. Obstetrician/gynecologists and general practitioners were more likely to provide methods to their patients than were other types of physicians. The physicians were concerned about population growth and favored family planning, yet a substantial minority believed that family planning is foreign to the culture and that it promotes promiscuity. Physicians were reluctant to promote family planning on a wide scale; many disapproved of non-physicians providing oral contraceptives or IUDs."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30362 Danda, Ajit K. Family planning: an adaptive strategy (a case study from West Bengal). LC 84-900475. 1984. xiii, 138 pp. Inter-India Publications: New Delhi, India. In Eng.
This study involves the use of an anthropological approach to the analysis of the adoption of family planning in rural India. The data concern the village of Basudha in West Bengal and were primarily collected in 1967-1968. Consideration is given to family planning knowledge, information dissemination, attitudes, and family planning acceptance, with particular emphasis on the factors associated with the adoption of family planning.
Location: Population Council Library, New York, N.Y.

52:30363 DeClerque, Julia; Tsui, Amy O.; Abul-Ata, Mohammed F.; Barcelona, Delia. Rumor, misinformation and oral contraceptive use in Egypt. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1986. 83-92 pp. Elmsford, New York/Oxford, England. In Eng.
"Rumor and misinformation about oral contraceptives continue to prevail in much of Egypt. This study tests the hypothesis that rumor involvement can have a negative and independent impact on pill usage by focusing on a common misbelief that the pill causes 'weakness'. The data come from a 1981-1982 national self-weighted sample survey of 3,283 currently married men and women dealing with family planning and mass media behaviors." The results confirm that such rumors decrease current or future use of oral contraceptives and emphasize the need for strong contraceptive education programs.
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

52:30364 Dholakia, Ruby R.; Kindra, G. S.; Pangotra, Prem. Marketing of birth control in LDCs: with special references to India. Revue Canadienne d'Etudes du Developpement/Canadian Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, Summer 1985. 147-59 pp. Ottawa, Canada. In Eng.
The authors outline a marketing approach for family planning programs in developing countries, with references to experiences in India. Following an overview of types of population programs, suggestions for strengthening program efforts are offered, and a framework for marketing birth control is described.
"This approach was based on the recognition that acceptance of a small family norm is interwoven with the freedom to make that choice....This framework suggests that marketing plans should be aimed at the three-dimensional goal of increasing the population's desire, ability, and capability toward acceptance of the small family norm and the practice of birth control [and] that in consideration of the wide geographical variations in population growth, per capita income, and the level of development in general, programs should be designed in a segmented manner to suit the socio-economic nature of each group."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30365 Dominican Republic. Consejo Nacional de Poblacion y Familia [CONAPOFA] (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic); United Nations Fund for Population Activities [UNFPA] (New York, New York); Westinghouse Health Systems (Columbia, Maryland). Dominican Republic. National Contraceptive Prevalence Survey: men. Report on findings. [Republic Dominicana. Encuesta Nacional de Prevalencia de Anticonceptivos: hombre. Informe de resultados.] 1984-1985. xiii, 149 pp. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. In Spa.
The results of the Contraceptive Prevalence Survey concerning men, carried out in the Dominican Republic in 1984, are presented. The data concern some 4,200 men from both rural and urban areas. Survey methodology and the characteristics of those surveyed are first described. Chapters are then included on fertility and fertility preferences, attitudes toward family planning, knowledge and availability of contraception, contraceptive usage, attitudes toward other social issues, and issues such as sexual experience and sexually transmitted disease.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30366 Dueholm, Margit; Moller, Margrethe. Choice of contraception in connection with the closing of a contraception clinic. Results of an anonymous questionnaire answered by 401 women. [Valg af kontraception i relation til lukning af svangerskabsforebyggende klinik. En konsekutiv anonym sporgeskemaundersogelse af 401 kvinder.] Ugeskrift for Laeger, Vol. 147, No. 48, Nov 25, 1985. 3,940-6 pp. Copenhagen, Denmark. In Dan. with sum. in Eng.
The impact of the closing of a contraceptive clinic in Viborg, Denmark, in 1983 on contraceptive choice is analyzed. The data concern 401 clinic users. The results indicate that economic considerations play an important role in method choice and that 13 percent of the clinic clientele, mainly women under 20 years of age who had been using the pill, planned to change to less effective methods.
Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.

52:30367 Frank, P.; Freundl, G.; Gray, R. H. Natural family planning: introduction and epidemiologic studies. [Naturliche Familienplanung: Einfuhrung und epidemiologische Untersuchungen.] Gynakologe, Vol. 18, No. 4, Dec 1985. 224-30 pp. New York, New York/Berlin, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger.
An introduction to natural family planning methods is presented, and the epidemiological literature on these methods is reviewed. Methods discussed include the calendar rhythm method, temperature rhythm method, Billings method, and sympto-thermal method. Attention is given to the extent of use in developing and developed countries, use-effectiveness, method acceptability, and possible risks.
Location: New York Academy of Medicine.

52:30368 Gairola, Gerry A.; Hochstrasser, Donald L.; Garkovich, Lorraine E. Modern contraceptive practice in rural Appalachia. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 76, No. 8, Aug 1986. 1,004-8 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This paper examines contraceptive practice in a traditionally high fertility and economically disadvantaged rural county of central Appalachia [in Kentucky]. A key consideration is the extent to which the modernization of birth control observed nationally has diffused to and been adopted within this rural area. Data from the community study indicate that professional family planning services are, in fact, widely available and easily accessible to the vast majority of county residents."
The data are from interviews with a random sample of 407 currently married women aged 15-45. It is found that "87 per cent of contraceptors were using either sterilization, the pill, or the IUD, with sterilization used by close to half of all couples practicing family planning. Moreover, this widespread use of modern contraceptives and sterilization was found among all educational and income groups."
Location: Princeton University Library (PR).

52:30369 Gallen, Moira E.; Rinehart, Ward. Operations research: lessons for policy and programs. Population Reports, Series J: Family Planning Programs, No. 31, May-Jun 1986. [40] pp. Johns Hopkins University, Population Information Program [PIP]: Baltimore, Maryland. In Eng.
The authors review the use of operations research techniques to improve the delivery of health and family planning services around the world. The emphasis is on the results of operations research into the community-based distribution of family planning services, the integrated delivery of family planning and primary health services, and the cost-effectiveness of different approaches. An extensive bibliography is included.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30370 Heisler, Douglas; Lewis, Gary L. The Dominica Male Family Planning Survey Country Report 1982. LC 85-50794. Aug 1985. ix, 66 pp. Dominica Planned Parenthood Association: Rouseau, Dominica; Westinghouse Public Applied Systems: Columbia, Maryland. In Eng.
The results of a male family planning survey carried out in Dominica in 1982 as part of a worldwide series of contraceptive prevalence surveys are reported. The survey, which included 961 men aged 15 to 49, was designed to provide information on male use of family planning, attitudes toward various family planning methods, attitudes toward marriage, and attitudes toward children. Survey methodology and respondents' characteristics are first described. Information is also included on contraceptive knowledge and the availability of family planning services.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30371 Hodge, Robert W.; Ogawa, Naohiro; Kobayashi, Kazumasa. Contraceptive use and childbearing in contemporary Japan. NUPRI Research Paper Series, No. 30, Mar 1986. vi, 35 pp. Nihon University, Population Research Institute: Tokyo, Japan. In Eng.
"The present paper attempts to examine the relationship between contraceptive and reproductive behavior at the micro-level, utilizing the 16th round of a series of studies on fertility and family planning [in Japan] conducted by the Mainichi Newspapers the first round of which was conducted in 1950. One of the principal findings of the present study is that current contraceptive use and cumulative fertility are positively related, owing to the conjunction of relatively late marriages, small family size goals, entry into marriage only when prepared to begin family formation, and the acceptance of contraceptives primarily after family size goals are complete."
It is also found that "while about three-fifths of married Japanese women of childbearing age are currently using contraceptives, the experience of younger cohorts strongly suggests that probably ninety percent or more of the cohorts presently in the prime ages of reproduction will use contraceptives at some point in their life cycle....Tastes, as measured by family size goals, are generally more potent determinants of reproductive behavior than are the social positions of respondents."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30372 Janowitz, Barbara; Covington, Deborah L.; Suazo, Margarita; Potts, Malcolm. Knowledge and practices of community distributors of contraceptives in Honduras. [Conocimientos y practicas de las distribuidoras comunitarias de anticonceptivos en Honduras.] Boletin de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, Vol. 101, No. 1, Jul 1986. 48-57 pp. Washington, D.C. In Spa. with sum. in Eng; Fre; Por.
An evaluation of the activities of community distributors of contraceptives in Honduras carried out in 1983 is presented. "The purpose was to determine how they applied the specified screening procedures and the follow-up advice given to the users of the products distributed: two brands of standard-dose oral contraceptives, one of low dosage, spermicides, and condoms." The need for distributors to learn more about the differences among the oral contraceptive brands they distribute and between standard and low dose brands is emphasized.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30373 Kluge, Debbie. Selected papers of the 1984 Annual Conference of the National Council for International Health. Conference theme--international health and family planning: controversy and consensus, June 11-13, 1984, Arlington, Virginia. 1985. iv, 273 pp. National Council for International Health [NCIH]: Washington, D.C.; Samaritan Medical Foundation: Phoenix, Arizona. In Eng.
These are the proceedings of the 1984 Annual Conference of the National Council for International Health, which was devoted to international health and family planning. The 27 papers are divided into the following topics: policy issues; methodological issues, with the focus on evaluation of programs; training programs; communication strategies; economic and cost considerations; program integration of family planning with health services, including malaria programs; and administrative and management issues in Sudan, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Indonesia, Nepal, and Egypt. The geographic focus is on developing countries.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30374 Kulig, John W. Adolescent contraception: an update. Pediatrics, Vol. 76, No. 4, Pt. 2, Suppl, Oct 1985. 675-80 pp. Elk Grove Village, Illinois. In Eng.
A review of recent trends in adolescent sex behavior in the United States over the past 10 years is presented. "Increased adolescent sexual activity in the past decade has resulted in corresponding increases in pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion, as well as a changing spectrum of sexually transmitted diseases. Contraceptive use in this age group remains limited and is subject to developmental, peer, family, and cultural influences. The most appropriate contraceptive methods may differ among adolescents when compared with older parous women based upon such factors as efficacy, availability, cost, side effects, reversibility, and the need for preplanning."
The author describes "changes in patterns of contraceptive use among adolescents, presents recent data on both the benefits and the potential risks of the oral contraceptive pill, and addresses the risk of complications with the intrauterine device."
Location: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.

52:30375 Lanctot, C. A. Natural family planning: international developments, current status, future aspects. [Naturliche Familienplanung: internationale Entwicklung, derzeitiger Stand, Zukunftsaspekte.] Gynakologe, Vol. 18, No. 4, Dec 1985. 231-3 pp. New York, New York/Berlin, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Ger.
An international overview of the development of the natural family planning movement is presented, and the current status and results of research on natural family planning are examined. Expected future developments in this area are also noted.
Location: New York Academy of Medicine.

52:30376 Lassner, Karen J.; Janowitz, Barbara; Rodrigues, Cecelia M. B. Sterilization approval and follow-through in Brazil. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 17, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1986. 188-98 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that affect approval for and completion of sterilization in Rio de Janeiro [Brazil]. Of 2,186 new female family planning clients, 1,256 requested sterilization and 925 were approved for surgery. Among the approved women, 639 scheduled surgery and, of these, 595 were sterilized within three months of approval. While approval is dependent mainly on demographic variables, especially age and parity, follow-through by a woman is related to her education and income. The steps that a woman must complete to obtain a sterilization also affect whether she ultimately undergoes surgery."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30377 Lebanon Family Planning Association (Beirut, Lebanon); Westinghouse Public Applied Systems (Columbia, Maryland). Family planning in rural Lebanon, 1983-1984. May 1985. ix, 66 pp. Beirut, Lebanon. In Eng.
Results from the Lebanon Contraceptive Prevalence Survey of 1983-1984 are presented. The survey was carried out in two rural areas and included 1,445 currently married women of reproductive age. The survey methodology and respondents' characteristics are first described. Chapters are then included on fertility behavior and attitudes, knowledge and use of family planning, and contraceptive availability.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30378 Lewis, Gary L.; Heisler, Douglas. The Barbados Male Family Planning Survey Country Report 1982. LC 85-50795. Aug 1985. ix, 68 pp. Barbados Family Planning Association: Bridgetown, Barbados; Westinghouse Public Applied Systems: Columbia, Maryland. In Eng.
The results of a male family planning survey carried out in Barbados in 1982 as part of a worldwide series of contraceptive prevalence surveys are presented. The survey included 1,301 males aged 15 to 49. The report first describes the survey methodology and survey variables. Chapters are included on contraceptive knowledge, contraceptive use, male attitudes, and availability and attitudes toward family planning services.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30379 Lewis, Gary L.; Heisler, Douglas. The St. Kitts-Nevis Male Family Planning Survey Country Report 1982. LC 85-50793. Aug 1985. ix, 70 pp. St. Kitts-Nevis Family Planning Association: Basseterre, St. Kitts; Westinghouse Public Applied Systems: Columbia, Maryland. In Eng.
The results of a male family planning survey carried out in St. Kitts-Nevis in 1982 as part of a worldwide series of contraceptive prevalence surveys are presented. The survey included 967 men aged 15 to 49. The report first describes the survey methodology and survey variables. Chapters are then included on contraceptive knowledge, contraceptive use, male attitudes, and availability and attitudes toward family planning services.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30380 MacCormack, C. P. Lay concepts affecting utilization of family planning services in Jamaica. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 88, No. 4, Aug 1985. 281-5 pp. London, England. In Eng.
Factors affecting the utilization of contraceptive services in Jamaica are analyzed using data on 268 women. These factors included fears about altered patterns of menstruation, about irreversible sterility, and about other contraceptive side effects. Recommendations for improved services and public education are made.
Location: New York Academy of Medicine.

52:30381 Makani, Bakutuvwidi; Niwembo, Kinavwidi L.; Way, Ann. Family planning, fertility, and family health in Zaire, 1982-1984. Report on the results of a regional survey on contraceptive prevalence. [Planification familiale, fecondite et sante familiale au Zaire, 1982-1984. Rapport sur les resultats d'une enquete regionale sur la prevalence contraceptive.] May 1985. xxii, 210 pp. Institut National de la Statistique: Kinshasa, Zaire; Westinghouse Public Applied Systems: Columbia, Maryland. In Fre.
This report presents results from a contraceptive prevalence survey carried out in four urban and two rural locations in Zaire between 1982 and 1984. The survey included some 5,500 women aged 13 to 49. Following an introduction to the country and its demography, the methodology of the survey is described, and the characteristics of those surveyed are outlined. Chapters are included on nuptiality and fertility, knowledge and practice of family planning, past or present use of contraception, maternal and child health, and family health services.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30382 Mia, Ahmadullah. Development of rural women and population implications: the Bangladesh experience. In: Population and development. Proceedings of the symposium held at Cairo Demographic Centre, 3-7 November 1985. CDC Research Monograph Series, No. 14, 1986. 303-15 pp. Cairo, Egypt. In Eng.
After reviewing the chief issues affecting women's development and fertility behavior, the author discusses the national family planning program in Bangladesh. The focus is on contraceptive use among members of the government-sponsored Rural Mother's Centre. Changes in the role and socioeconomic status of women are also assessed.
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30383 Morrison, Diane M. Adolescent contraceptive behavior: a review. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 3, Nov 1985. 538-68 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"This review examines the psychologically oriented literature on adolescent contraceptive use [in the United States]. Descriptive studies, individual difference studies, and theory-based studies from family planning, medical, and applied journals are covered, as well as studies appearing in psychology journals. The research covered suggests that adolescents are largely uninformed about reproductive physiology and about many methods of contraception. They have negative attitudes toward contraception generally and toward using contraceptives. The widespread nonuse of contraception by sexually active adolescents is not irrational, given their levels of information and their beliefs and attitudes."
Location: Columbia University, CPFH Library, New York, N.Y.

52:30384 Mosher, William D.; Horn, Marjorie C. Source of service and visit rate of family planning services: United States, 1982. Public Health Reports, Vol. 101, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1986. 405-16 pp. Washington, D.C. In Eng.
"The factors that affect how women choose their source of family planning care and how often they go for such care were investigated in the [U.S.] National Survey of Family Growth. The survey is based on a national sample of women 15-44 years of age interviewed in 1982, 4,318 of whom had family planning visits in the last 3 years."
The results indicate that "race, income, and insurance coverage had important effects on provider choice; marital status was important for white women, but not for black women. Contraceptive method, insurance coverage, and race were important determinants of the frequency of family planning visits, independent of other variables. It is suggested that relative costs or ability to pay, confidentiality, knowledge of alternative sources, and convenience of location affect choice of provider and visit rates."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30385 Ogbeide, D. O.; Edebiri, A. A. A two-year study of organised family planning services in a developing country: experiences in Bendel State of Nigeria. East African Medical Journal, Vol. 61, No. 6, Jun 1984. 470-6 pp. Nairobi, Kenya. In Eng.
An analysis of family planning trends in Bendel State, Nigeria, is presented using data on 1,131 new patients in 1975 and 2,144 new patients in 1979 who registered at Planned Parenthood Federation of Nigeria clinics. The focus is on changes over time in the educational status of acceptors. The average number of children of women aged 40-44 was about seven.
Location: New York Academy of Medicine.

52:30386 Oni, Gbolahan A.; McCarthy, James. Use of contraceptives for birth spacing in a Nigerian city. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 17, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1986. 165-71 pp. New York, New York. In Eng.
"This paper examines the use of contraceptives among women aged 15-35 in the urban area of Ilorin, Nigeria, with particular focus on use for the purpose of spacing births. Approximately 19 percent of ever-married women in the sample had used contraceptives at some time and approximately 6 percent were using at the time of the survey. Results suggest that some women have used or are using contraceptives as a substitute for prolonged periods of postpartum sexual abstinence....Other variables found to have a significant independent effect on contraceptive use were total number of children desired, maternal age, and maternal education."
Location: Princeton University Library (SPR).

52:30387 Ouakrim, M'hamed; Ayad, Mohamed. Family planning, fertility, and family health in Morocco, 1983-1984. Report on the National Contraceptive Prevalence Survey. [Planification familiale, fecondite et sante familiale au Maroc 1983-84. Rapport de l'Enquete Nationale de Prevalence Contraceptive.] Feb 1985. xv, 184 pp. Ministere de la Sante Publique, Direction des Affaires Techniques, Service d'Exploitation Mecanographique (Statistiques Sanitaires): Rabat, Morocco; Westinghouse Public Applied Systems: Columbia, Maryland. In Fre.
This report concerns the National Contraceptive Survey carried out in Morocco in 1983-1984. It is concerned both with contraceptive knowledge and practice and with the impact of a system being developed to assess the merits of a household contraceptive distribution system currently being expanded throughout the country. The data concern some 6,000